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  • Articles  (27)
  • phosphorus
  • wheat
  • Springer  (27)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Hindawi
  • 2010-2014
  • 1995-1999  (27)
  • 1997  (27)
  • Biology  (27)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a lux-based procedure to rapidly visualize root colonisation by Pseudomonas fluorescens in the wheat rhizosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72 (1997), S. 365-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bioluminescence ; Pseudomonas ; root colonization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bioluminescently marked Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 5RL, has been used previously to follow colonisation of soy bean roots (De Weger et al. [1991] Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:36-41). In the present paper the method has been further developed and optimized for wheat roots and it is used to get a quick overview of the colonisation patterns of many different root systems at the same time. Colonisation was followed on wheat plants grown in our gnotobiotic sand system (Simons et al., 1996. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9: 600–607) and the following results were obtained. (i) A spatio-temporal analysis of the colonisation of wheat roots showed that 4 days after planting the highest bacterial activity was observed at the upper part of the root. After 6 days the high bacterial activity at the upper part was further increased, whereas spot-like activities were observed on the lower root parts, possibly due to micro-colonies. (ii) Bacterial mutations causing lack of motility or auxotrophy for amino acids resulted in impaired colonisation of the lower root parts, indicating that motility and prototrophy for the involved amino acid(s) are important factors for wheat root colonisation by strain 5RL. (iii) Coinoculation of strain 5RL with other wild type Pseudomonas strains on the root influenced the colonisation pattern observed for strain 5RL. Colonisation was not visually affected when the competing strain was a poor root coloniser, but was severely reduced when the competing strain was a good root coloniser. The results show that the spatio-temporal colonisation of wheat root by P. fluorescens strain 5RL and derivatives is similar to that of strain WCS365 on tomato. The advantage of the use of lux-marked strains is that the results are obtained much quicker than when conventional methods are used and that the result is supplied as an image of the colonisation pattern of many different roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000565413024
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Hydroxamic Acid Induction in Wheat Triggered by Aphid Infestation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2695-2705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; herbivory ; aphids ; wheat ; Gramineae ; hydroxamic acids ; Defense theory ; Carbon/Nutrient theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxamic acids (Hx) are natural products of Gramineae that are associated with cereal resistance to pests. We aimed at characterizing the induction of Hx accumulation in seedlings of wheat,Triticum aestivum, by short-term infestation of the cereal aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi. A load of 25 aphids increased significantly the Hx levels in the infested primary leaf in comparison with control levels. Lower loads did not increase Hx concentration. Aphid infestation lasting 16 hr did not elicit induction of Hx, even after a time-lag of 32 hr to allow the expression of any induced response. Forty-eight hours was the minimum duration of aphid infestation required to trigger Hx induction. The age of the infested tissue (the primary leaf) did not affect induction. Similar increases of Hx were found in unfolding, expanding, and totally expanded primary leaves. It was determined that the regime of nutrient supply (N-intensive nutritive solutions at low and high concentration) to wheat seedlings had no effect on the magnitude of the aphid-induced Hx (N-based secondary metabolites). Results obtained are discussed in the framework of general theories of plant defense allocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022554708782
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a wheat ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene during development of normal and water-stress-affected anthers (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 34 (1997), S. 445-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; anther ; pollen ; male sterility ; water stress ; wheat ; starch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), water deficit during meiosis in the microspore mother cells (MMCs) induces pollen abortion, resulting in the failure of fertilization and a reduction in grain set. In stressed plants, meiosis in MMCs proceeds normally but subsequent pollen development is arrested. Unlike normal pollen grains, which accumulate starch during the late maturation phase, stress-affected anthers contain pollen grains with little or no starch. Stress also alters the normal distribution of starch in the anther wall and connective tissue. To determine how starch biosynthesis is regulated within the developing anthers of stressed plants, we studied the expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), which catalyzes the rate limiting step of starch biosynthesis. Two partial-length cDNAs corresponding to the large subunit of AGP were amplified by RT-PCR from anther RNA, and used as probes to monitor AGP expression in developing anthers of normal and water-stressed plants. These clones, WAL1 and WAL2, had identical deduced amino acid sequences and shared 96% sequence identity at the nucleic acid level. In normal anthers, AGP expression was biphasic, indicating that AGP expression is required for starch biosynthesis both during meiosis and later during pollen maturation. AGP expression in stressed anthers was not affected during the first phase of starch accumulation, but was strongly inhibited during the second phase. We conclude from these results that the reduced starch deposition later in the development of stressed pollen could be the result of a lower expression of AGP. However, this inhibition of AGP expression is unlikely to be the primary cause of male sterility because anatomical symptoms of pollen abortion are observed prior to the time when AGP expression is inhibited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005882118506
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of dynamics of the psbD light-induced transcription in mature wheat chloroplasts (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 33 (1997), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; in vitro transcription ; light ; psbA ; psbD/C operon ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamical aspects of three chloroplast promoters responding to change in light condition were examined in mature chloroplasts of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by in vitro transcription. The wheat psbD/C operon has four distinct promoters, two of which named as D/C-3 and D/C-4 promoters dominantly function in mature chloroplasts to produce the mRNAs encoding D2/CP43 and CP43 alone, respectively. Activity of the D/C-3 promoter in mature chloroplasts was reduced to less than 30% by 24 h dark adaptation and recovered by re-illumination to the original level within 30 to 60 min. The activation of the D/C-3 promoter which requires de novo cytoplasmic protein synthesis was induced by low fluence of light (e.g. 16 µE m-2 s-1), but the extent of activation increased with increasing light fluence. The accumulation of mRNAs from the D/C-3 promoter saturated at 2- to 3-fold higher level within 2 h when the dark-adapted seedlings were transferred to the lig at 72 µE m-2 s-1, concomitant with the increase in rate of D2 synthesis, suggesting that synthesis of D2 in mature chloroplasts is controlled via the D/C-3 promoter activity in a light-dependent way. Activity of the D/C-4 promoter slightly increased in the dark and decreased in the light. Effect of light on the psbA promoter activity was not observed at all in mature chloroplasts. In vitro transcriptional analysis of the D/C-3 promoter with 5′ deletion mutations revealed that at least two cis elements which are located within the sequences of -78 to -47 and -46 to -29 of the transcription initiation site, respectively, act as enhancing elements in the D/C-3 promoter. The light-switching element of the transcription, however, was suggested to be located in the core promoter sequence downstream of the -35 element.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005799001271
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The wheat protein kinase gene, TaPK3/, of the PKABA1 subfamily is differentially regulated in greening wheat seedlings (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 33 (1997), S. 935-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cold temperature ; dehydration ; greening ; protein kinase ; Triticum aestivum/ ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified a new wheat PKABA1/-like protein kinase gene, TaPK3/, that is expressed in greening wheat seedlings. TaPK3 has high sequence homology (97% similarity with some sequence diversity at the 3' end) to the wheat PKABA1 protein kinase mRNA, which is upregulated by cold-temperature treatment, dehydration and abscisic acid (ABA). Use of a TaPK3 gene-specific probe has revealed that TaPK3 is differentially expressed with respect to PKABA1. TaPK3 mRNA accumulates in greening shoot tissue of wheat, but is not affected by dehydration, cold-temperature treatment or ABA. Based on sequence and expression differences, we conclude that expression of the PKABA1/-like protein kinases is not limited to stress responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005720203535
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cDNA structure and expression patterns of a low-temperature-specific wheat gene tacr7 (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 34 (1997), S. 643-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: callus ; crown tissue ; gene expression ; low temperature ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The low-temperature (2 °C)-specific wheat cDNA, pTACR7, represents a gene designated tacr7 from hard red winter wheat (HRWW; Triticum aestivum L. cv. Winoka). The term low-temperature-specific (LTS) is used because tacr7 is not induced by ABA or stresses such as salt, dehydration, and heat. pTACR7 was isolated by RT-PCR with mRNA from wheat crown tissue, the oligonucleotide primers derived from the barley cognate pHVCR8 (GenBank accession number L28091). Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, TACR7 is highly hydrophobic, with a single transmembrane domain and an amino acid bias for leucine (19%). Thus, the encoded protein TACR7 is unique among low-temperature-regulated wheat proteins described in the literature. Analysis of steady-state levels of tacr7 transcripts (630 nt) showed accumulation in wheat seedlings, crown tissue, and callus cultures after transfer from control (25 °C) to low temperature (2 °C). No detectable transcripts were observed by northern blot hybridization with pTACR7 probe from seedling or callus treated with ABA, salt, dehydration, or heat stress. tacr7 transcripts accumulated during 2 °C exposure to a greater amount in a freeze-resistant HRWW (FR; SDmut 16029) than in a freeze-susceptible HRWW (FS; SDmut 16169) crown tissue, with the largest difference between genotypes being 30% ± 3% at 3 weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005852703506
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition of litter of three mudflat annual species in a northern prairie marsh during drawdown* (1997)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 129 (1997), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Aster ; Atriplex ; Chenopodium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; roots ; shoots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The loss of dry mass, nitrogen and phosphorus from shoot and root litter of mudflat annuals was examined in a series of experimental marshes in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. Litter bags containing shoot material of three mudflat annuals (Aster laurentianus Fern., Atriplex patula L., and Chenopodium rubrum L.) were placed on the sediment surface of the marshes under drawdown conditions. In addition, litter bags containing root material of these three species were shallowly buried. Approximately 70% and 50% of both shoot and root litter, respectively, was still present after one year in the field. During the second year when the marshes were flooded, shoot and root litter lost an additional 20% and 0% of their mass, respectively. Except for Chenopodium roots, which accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus during both years, shoot and root litter lost from 0 to 50% of their nitrogen and phosphorus early in the first year, with levels generally remaining constant through the remainder of the study period. Our results indicate that mudflat annual litter decomposed slowly and would provide abundant habitat for aquatic invertebrates when these marshes were reflooded. However, most nutrient loss took place in the first year when the litter was unflooded, with little loss occurring in the second year when flooded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009708113161
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nutrient content and the release of nutrients from fish food and faeces (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 357 (1997), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fish food ; faeces ; nutrient ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fish food and faeces were fractioned into the differentcomponents of phosphorus and nitrogen. There was a rapid release ofphosphorus from the fish food and faeces and a decrease thereafterwhereas ammonium release was slow at first with the rate increasingwith time. Both temperature and pH affected the release of nutrientsfrom fish food and faeces. The release of phosphorus and nitrogen washigher at higher temperatures. The maximum release of phosphorus wasat pH 4.0 whereas nitrogen release was maximum at neutral (7.0) toalkaline (10.0) media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003147122847
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relations between planktivorous fish abundance, zooplankton and phytoplankton in three lakes of differing productivity (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 363 (1997), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phytoplankton ; zooplankton ; planktivorous fish ; phosphorus ; biomanipulation ; trophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water chemistry, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish populations werestudied over several years in three shallow, non-stratified lakes withdiffering nutrient loadings and fish communities in southwest Finland. LakePyhäjärvi was weakly mesotrophic in 1980–1996, LakeKöyliönjärvi was highly eutrophic in 1991–1996, andLake Littoistenjärvi was mesotrophic in 1993–1996 and eutrophicin 1992. In Lake Pyhäjärvi, natural year-class fluctuations ofvendace and smelt (range of combined biomass 5–28 kgha™1) caused significant variation in planktivory. The verydense fish stocks of Lake Köyliönjärvi (mainly roach, breamand smelt) were decimated from 〉175 kg ha™1 in 1991 toabout 50 kg ha−1 in 1996 by removal fishing. The roach stockof Lake Littoistenjärvi declined from about 71 kg ha−1 toabout 28 kg ha−1 during 1993–1996. In LakePyhäjärvi, strong stocks of planktivorous fish were accompaniedwith depressed crustacean zooplankton biomass, reduced role of calanoids andcladocerans, a low proportion of larger cladocerans (length 〉 0.5 mm),and a high chlorophyll level. In the lakes Littoistenjärvi andKöyliönjärvi, zooplankton was dependent on both fish andphytoplankton: in spite of dense fish stocks, a high crustacean biomassdeveloped in a phytoplankton peak year, but it was dominated by very smallcladocerans. In Lake Pyhäjärvi, late summer chlorophyllconcentration was predictable from total phosphorus in water and cladoceranbiomass (r2 = 0.68), both factors explaining roughlysimilar fraction of total variation. In combined data from all three lakes,chlorophyll was almost solely dependent on total phosphorus, while thecladocerans were regulated both from below by productivity and from above byfish. Our data from Pyhäjärvi lend support to consumer regulationof late summer phytoplankton; low chlorophyll values prevailed whenplanktivorous fish biomass was below 15 kg ha−1. In largeeutrophic lakes it may be difficult to reduce fish stocks to such a lowlevel: in Lake Köyliönjärvi, after six years of removalfishing, fish biomass still remained higher, and changes in plankton wereaccordingly small. Unexpectedly, in 1993–1996, phytoplankton biomassin Littoistenjärvi remained low in spite of low crustacean zooplanktonbiomass; submerged macrophytes probably regulated the water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003138108548
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eutrophication processes in a shallow, macrophyte-dominated lake – nutrient loading to and flow through Lake Łuknajno (Poland) (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 342-343 (1997), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; drainage waters ; sediments ; sorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lake Łuknajno, a shallow (max. depth 3 m) and relativelylarge(630 ha) water body situated in the Great Masurian Lakessystem(Poland) is strongly affected by its agricultural watershed.Thetotal volume of drainage waters pumped into the lake in 1993amounted 2.84 × 106m3 which is equivalentto65% of the lake volume. In spring and autumn drainage waterswereextremely rich in nitrogen (especially nitrates) and the N:Pratioreached 57 in spring. In summer, drainage waters containedrelatively more phosphorus so the N:P ratio decreased tonearly 10.Nutrient concentrations in lake water followed the changes ininflowing waters. High concentrations of nitrates and ammoniawerenoted in lake water in spring but summer concentrations oftheseions were close to zero. Soluble reactive phosphorus variedbetween10 and 20 µg P l−1 throughout the season. A constantoutflow of nitrogen to the lower Lake Śniardwy was assumedbased ona permanent concentration gradient between waters of these twolakes.Lake Łuknajno is a hard water lake. Co-precipitation ofphosphorus with calcium carbonate is likely to occur though nosignificant P accumulation in bottom sediments was found.Sorptionof phosphorus on sediments as measured under experimentalconditions has minor effects on P cycling. Bottom sedimentscomposed mainly of calcareous gyttja do not accumulate eitherorganic matter or mineral forms of nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017099609373
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes in relation to multiple stable states (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 342-343 (1997), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: model ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; hysteresis ; lake ; restoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that, within a range of nutrientloadings, shallow lakes may have two alternative stablestates. One is dominated by phytoplankton and the other one bysubmerged macrophytes as the main primary producer. Thequestion arises at what level of nutrient loading a transitionmay occur between the two states. This question was addressedby means of the integrated lake model PCLake. The modeldescribes the competition between phytoplankton andmacrophytes, within the framework of closed nutrient cycles inthe lake system, including the upper sediment. Top-downeffects via the food web were regarded as well. The model wasrun for a hypothetical shallow lake, representative for thesituation in The Netherlands. Long-term simulations werecarried out for a realistic range of nutrient loadings andstarting from different initial conditions. The results showeda highly non-linear response, which also showed hysteresis:the loading level at which a transition occurs turned out tobe dependent on the initial conditions. The results werecompared with empirically derived chlorophyll a tophosphorus relations. Factors influencing the ’criticalnutrient level‘ were the lake dimensions and the netsedimentation rate. The model was also used to evaluate therole of food web management in lake restoration. The resultssuggest that a long-term effect of additional management ispossible only if combined with a decrease in nutrient loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017018812215
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Historical changes in phosphorus accumulation in a small lake (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 345 (1997), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crystal Lake ; phosphorus ; 210Pb ; 137Cs ; geochronology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isotopes like 210Pb and 137Cs are effectivetools for determining chronology in lake sediments. Once the chronology is established, environmentalchanges in lakes can be investigated, and the causesfor those changes can often be inferred. 210Pband 137Cs profiles were constructed for thesediments of Crystal Lake, Connecticut, USA. Thegeochronology was used to determine the historicalchanges in organic matter and P accumulationin the sediment. Those profiles showed twosignificant periods of sedimentation which correlatewith major precipitation events. DecreasingP accumulation in the sediments of the lakein the last decade was also correlated with increasingeutrophication as documented by increases inepilimnetic P and decreases intransparency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002948709051
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Internal and external loading as regulators of nutrient concentrations in the agriculturally loaded Lake Pyhäjärvi (southwest Finland) (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 345 (1997), S. 3-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; phosphorus ; bioavailability ; nutrient balance ; agriculture ; models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study assesses the effects of external and internalloading on the nutrient concentrations in an agriculturallyloaded shallow lake. Using 13 years of observations of thelake's input and outflow, we calculated the long-term balancesof Tot-P and Tot-N. A more detailed balance, which includeddissolved nutrients and suspended solids, was estimated for anice-free period of one year. The contribution of the externalload was assessed using a mass-balance model. The internalload was estimated from the nutrient balances and on the basisof sedimentation measurements and bioassays. The drainagebasin of the lake provided most of the external nutrientinput; the remaining load was derived from atmosphericdeposition to the lake. The proportions of river-transported Pand N in dissolved form were 25% and 77%, respectively. Thelake retained 〉80% of the external load. Particulatenutrients settled to the bottom and were probably resuspendedseveral times before permanent sedimentation. Dissolvednutrients were bound by primary producers and a highproportion of dissolved P was removed with the fish catch.Dissolved N was also lost via denitrification. Themass-balance model showed that external loading only partlyregulated the mean annual nutrient concentrations in the lake.The regulation was probably due to internal loading, which washigh despite the efficient net retention of nutrients. Duringthe ice-free period, the temporal variations in nutrientconcentrations were controlled almost solely by internalprocesses, such as resuspension of inorganic and organicbottom matter. Although the internal load of bioavailable Pmay, under favourable conditions, exceed the external load,the mechanism by which bioavailable P is translocated from thebottom sediments to the water could not be fully identified. Abbreviations used in this paper follow the editor'srules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002958727707
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of land use in the drainage area on phosphorus binding and mobility in the sediments of four drinking-water reservoirs (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 345 (1997), S. 21-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: drainage area ; reservoir ; sedimentcomposition ; phosphorus ; phosphate extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of four drinking-water reservoirsdemonstrates how the anthropogenic land use of acatchment may affect binding and mobility ofphosphorus in the sediment. Pdiss concentrationgradients at the sediment–water interface weremeasured to calculate potential diffusive releaserates. P binding forms were determined by sequentialextraction of fresh sediment and settling seston. Mainstudy sites were Saidenbach Reservoir (mesotrophic,densely populated drainage area with 73% agriculturalland use) and Neunzehnhain Reservoir (oligotrophic,unpopulated drainage area forested to 80%) in thesilicate-rich Erzgebirge mountains of eastern Germany.Tot-P concentrations and P binding forms of typicalerosive matter from each catchment were similar to thesediment of both pre-reservoirs and reservoirs' mouth.In Saidenbach Reservoir, diatoms responded to highnutrient loading by incorporating ortho-P. Whilesettling, the org-P was partly transformed toFe(OOH) ≈ P. Apart from hypolimnetic O2depletion, this P binding form dominated in thesurface sediment mainly in front of the dam. Withincreasing sediment depth, org-P and Fe(OOH) ≈ Pnot only redissolved into the pore water, but alsoadsorbed onto Al compounds. In Neunzehnhain Reservoir,acidification of the low buffered catchment favouredloading of humic compounds and Al3+ ions, whichprecipitated and redox-independently adsorbed ortho-Pdue to a pH increase in the lake. Neunzehnhainsediment was able to immobilize Fe(OOH) ≈ P fromSaidenbach sediment in a batch experiment. Comparativesequential P extraction of sediment from SosaReservoir (oligo-mesotrophic, sparsely populateddrainage area forested to 94%) and Kleine KinzigReservoir (nearly unpopulated drainage area forestedto 98%) also demonstrated effective P immobilizationby Al-/humic compounds. It is concluded that the absence of settlements in thecatchment, together with forestry as dominating landuse, favour not only oligotrophic conditions in thereservoir but also confine internal P loading from thesediment. But attention should be paid toacidification problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002919129524
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Net and gross sedimentation in relation to the phosphorus budget of Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 345 (1997), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phosphorus ; phosphorus budget ; retention ; sedimentation ; sediment traps ; sediment cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared P retention with direct measures of Psedimentation, estimated fromsediment cores (annual P sedimentation) and sedimenttraps (daily P sedimentation),to quantify P sedimentation in Eau Galle Reservoir,Wisconsin. Mean annual Pretention was similar to mean annual P sedimentation,as estimated from sediment corerates integrated over the entire lake basin,indicating that annual P mass balanceapproximated annual net P sedimentation in thisreservoir. However, sediment trap Prates, measured over the summer stratified period,overestimated P retention ratesdetermined over the same period, suggestingsubstantial deposition of internally-derived P.Inclusion of measured internal P loadings from avariety of sources in EauGalle Reservoir in a P mass balance only accounted foran additional 24% of thesummer sediment trap P rate, indicating substantialuncertainty in the overall P budget.Imbalances in the P budget may also suggest depositionof sediment from other as yetunquantified internal sources. Potential internalsources of P include sedimentresuspension and chemical release and direct uptake ofP from the sediment byphytoplankton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002979315412
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Eutrophication processes in a shallow, macrophyte dominated lake – alkaline-phosphatase activity in Lake Łuknajno (Poland) (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 342-343 (1997), S. 395-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: alkaline phosphatase ; chlorophyll a ; phosphorus ; algae ; phosphorus regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of unfiltered andfractionated (algae, bacteria, dissolved) surface watersamples was measured using a spectrophotometric method in LakeŁuknajno from May to September 1993. The total enzymaticactivity varied between 0.44–2.35 µmol l−1h−1.Algae were major producers of alkaline phosphatase activity insurface water of the lake from May to August, and theiractivity constituted on the average 67% of the total APAactivity in the water. APA activity in bacterial size fractionwas low and constituted 9.6% (mean) of the total activity.The activities of free (dissolved in water) enzymes wererelative high during the time of study. This study show thathydrolysis of organic phosphomonoesters by alkalinephosphatase was negligible in the recycling of phosphorus inŁuknajno Lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017051726211
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  • 17
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    The impact of Chironomus plumosus larvae on organic matter decay and nutrient (N, P) exchange in a shallow eutrophic lake sediment following a phytoplankton sedimentation (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 364 (1997), S. 65-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: lake sediment ; bioturbation ; chironomid larvae ; organic matter decomposition ; nutrient exchange ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of Chironomus plumosus larvae onbenthic metabolism and nutrient exchange across thesediment–water interface was evaluated in a shalloweutrophic lake (Lake Arreskov, Denmark) following aphytoplankton sedimentation. Chironomus plumosuslarvae were added to laboratory sediment microcosms,corresponding to a density of 2825 larvae m−2.Non-inhabited microcosms served as controls. Asedimentation pulse of organic matter was simulated byadding fresh algal material (Chlamydomonasreinhardii) to sediment cores (36 g dryweight m−2). The mineralization was followed bymeasuring fluxes of O2, CO2, dissolvedinorganic nitrogen and phosphate. A rapid clearance ofalgae from the water column in faunated microcosmssuggested that chironomids may be of major importancein controlling phytoplankton concentrations in shalloweutrophic lakes. Chironomids increased the sedimentO2 uptake ≈ 3 times more than what wouldbe expected from their own respiration, indicating astimulation of microbial activity and decomposition oforganic matter in the sediment. Addition of algaeenhanced the release of CO2, NH+ 4 ando-P. The excess inorganic C, N and P released inamended non-inhabited sediment after 36 dayscorresponded to 65, 31 and 58% of the C, N and P inthe added algae. In sediment inhabited by Chironomus plumosus the corresponding numbers were147, 45 and 73%, indicating that mineralization oforganic matter also from the indigenous sediment poolwas stimulated by chironomids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003155723143
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparative genetics of flowering time (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: comparative genetics ; rice ; barley ; wheat ; Arabidopsis ; flowering time (heading date) ; photoperiod ; vernalization ; earliness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of genes controlling flowering time (heading date) contributes to our understanding of fundamental principles of plant development and is of practical importance because of the effects of flowering time on plant adaptation and crop yield. This review discusses the extent to which plants may share common genetic mechanisms for the control of flowering time and the implications of such conservation for gene isolation from the major cereal crops. Gene isolation may exploit the small genome of rice in map-based approaches, utilizing the conservation of gene order that is revealed when common DNA markers are mapped in different species. Alternatively, mechanisms may be conserved within plants as a whole, in which case genes cloned from the model dicot Arabidopsis thaliana provide an alternative route.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005726329248
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  • 19
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    Wheat and Barley Inhibitors Active Towards α-Amylase and Trypsin-like Activities from Spodoptera frugiperda (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1729-1741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: α-Amylase inhibitors ; trypsin inhibitors ; cereal endosperm ; wheat ; barley ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; digestive enzymes ; midgut proteases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The α-amylase activity was determined throughout the larval development of Spodoptera frugiperda. Maximal activities with optimal pH in the range 8.5–9.5 were found in last instars. Protein preparations enriched in heterotetrameric inhibitors from wheat flour were active towards gut amylases from last instars, while those corresponding to homodimeric and monomeric inhibitors showed low inhibition levels. These results were further supported by testing purified members of each inhibitor type and by analyzing the effects of the inhibitors on the amylase isoenzyme pattern from native PAGE. High levels of trypsin-like activity were also found in gut extracts from last instars. Different genetic variants of the major barley trypsin inhibitor were active against this gut enzyme. None of the other larval digestive protease activities (chymotrypsin-like, elastase-like, leucine aminopeptidase-like, and carboxypeptidase A and B-like) were inhibited, indicating that the barley inhibitor is specific towards trypsin-like enzymes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006447.85514.8d
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  • 20
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    Semiochemicals Mediating Spacing Behavior of Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi Feeding on Cereals (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2599-2607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spacing pheromones ; olfactometry ; aphids ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactometry using an apterous individual of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) showed an arresting effect by volatiles from a wheat seedling and a repellent effect by volatiles from a wheat seedling infested with aphids at a high population density (ca. 9 aphids/cm2). Four compounds, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, (−)- and (+)-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, and 2-tridecanone, were identified by GC-MS in air entrainments from the wheat seedlings with high aphid density but not from the wheat seedlings alone. The mixture of the four compounds in the natural proportion counteracted the attractivity of the volatiles from the intact uninfested wheat seedling. The likely role of these compounds in the spacing behavior of this aphid species, when present in high densities on wheat, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006669.34845.0d
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  • 21
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    Environmental Effects on the Accumulation of Hydroxamic Acids in Wheat Seedlings: The Importance of Plant Growth Rate (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 543-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Temperature ; photoperiod ; hydroxamic acids ; growth ; defense ; secondary metabolites ; wheat ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of temperature and photoperiod on accumulation of hydroxamic acids (Hx) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Hx concentrations were significantly higher at higher temperatures. No such clear trend was found for the photoperiod effect. The significant effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth rate of seedlings and the significant positive correlation between growth rate prior to analysis and levels of Hx, suggested that environmental effects on Hx accumulation were at least partially mediated through their effect on plant growth rate. After uncoupling the effect of environmental conditions from the effect of plant growth rate by statistical means the effect of temperature on Hx was no longer significant. Therefore, temperature effect was fully mediated by plant growth rate. Implications of the patterns found are discussed in issues of plant-defense general theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006376.92876.14
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Can photosynthesis respond to short-term fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide? (1997)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 51 (1997), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; FACE ; global change ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; quantum yield ; quenching analysis ; rising CO2 concentration ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid and irregular variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ca) occur in nature but are often very much more pronounced and frequent when artificially enriching CO2 concentrations in simulating the future atmosphere. Therefore, there is the danger that plant responses at elevated CO2 in fumigation experiments might reflect the increased frequency and amplitude of fluctuation in concentration as well as the increase in average concentration. Tests were conducted to determine whether the photosynthetic process could sense such fluctuations in ca. Instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence (Ft) was monitored for wheat leaves (Triticum aestivum cv. Hereward) exposed to ca oscillating symmetrically by 225 μmol mol-1 about a ca set point concentration of 575 or 650 μmol mol-1. No Ft response was detected to half-cycle step changes in ca lasting less than two seconds, but at half-cycles of two seconds or longer, the response of Ft was pronounced. In order to determine the in vivo linear electron transport rate (J) the O2 concentration was maintained at 21 mmol mol-1 to eliminate photorespiration. J which is directly proportional to the rate of CO2 uptake under these conditions, was not significantly changed at half-cycles of 30 s or less but was decreased by half-cycles of 60 s or longer. It was inferred that if duration of an oscillation is less than 1 minute and is symmetrical with respect to mean CO2 concentration, then there is no effect on current carbon uptake, but oscillations of 1 minute or more decrease photosynthetic CO2 uptake in wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005804203928
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    Coactivators and TAFs of transcription activation in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 35 (1997), S. 1037-1043 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: coactivators ; gene regulation ; plants ; TAFs ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcription regulation often activates quiescent genes in a tissue-specific or developmental manner. Activator proteins bind to a DNA sequence upstream of the promoter, interact with the general transcription proteins via bridging proteins, and elevate transcription levels. One group of bridging proteins, the coactivators, have been characterized in animals as polypeptides tightly associated with the general transcription factor TATA-binding protein (TBP). They are referred to as TAFs (TBP-associated factors), and together with TBP comprise general transcription factor IID. We provide biochemical evidence that wheat IID contains coactivators. An activator protein with an acidic activation domain facilitates the binding of IID to the template, and potentiates activated in vitro transcription with wheat IID, but not with wheat TBP. Using antibodies to wheat TBP, we demonstrate that wheat IID also contains TAFs. This is the first demonstration that a plant contains coactivators and TAFs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005930118379
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    Nitrogen, phosphorus and Daphnia grazing in controlling phytoplankton biomass and composition – an experimental study (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 363 (1997), S. 309-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; phytoplankton biomass ; Daphnia grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of nitrogen as a factor controllingphytoplankton biomass was studied in nutrientenrichment incubations in the laboratory using waterfrom pelagic region of two mesotrophic lakes ineastern Finland, Lake Kallavesi (in year 1994) andLake Juurusvesi (in year 1995). We used differentcombinations of phosphorus and nitrogen additions ina total of eight experiments. Furthermore, we includedDaphnia grazing treatment to the experimentaldesign in Lake Juurusvesi experiments. The nitrogentreatments did not increase chlorophyll aconcentration in any of the experiments compared withthe controls. Chlorophyll a content was highestin those nutrient treatments where phosphorus wasadded with or without nitrogen. Daphnia grazingdecreased chlorophyll a concentration comparedwith non-grazed treatments. In some cases grazing alsocaused higher ammonium concentrations. Theseexperiments, as well as the nutrient ratio of the lakewater used, suggest that phosphorus is likely tocontrol the amount of phytoplankton biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003149018117
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  • 25
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    Spatial and seasonal patterns of periphyton biomass and productivity in the northern Everglades, Florida, U.S.A. (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 362 (1997), S. 185-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: periphyton ; algae ; wetlands ; Everglades ; Eutrophication ; phosphorus ; biomass ; primary productivity ; nutrient cycling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We sampled periphyton in dominant habitats at oligotrophic and eutrophic sites in the northern Everglades during the wet and the dryseasons to determine the effects of nutrient enrichment on periphytonbiomass, taxonomic composition, productivity, and phosphorus storage. Arealbiomass was high (100–1600 g ash-free dry mass [AFDM]m−2) in oligotrophic sloughs and in stands of the emergentmacrophyte Eleocharis cellulosa, but was low in adjacent stands of sawgrass,Cladium jamaicense (7–52 g AFDM m−2). Epipelon biomasswas high throughout the year at oligotrophic sites whereas epiphyton andmetaphyton biomass varied seasonally and peaked during the wet season.Periphyton biomass was low (3–68 g AFDM m−2) and limitedto epiphyton and metaphyton in open-water habitats at eutrophic sites andwas undetectable in cattail stands (Typha domingensis) that covered morethan 90% of the marsh in these areas. Oligotrophic periphytonassemblages exhibited strong seasonal shifts in species composition and weredominated by cyanobacteria (e.g., Chroococcus turgidus, Scytonema hofmannii)during the wet season and diatoms (e.g. Amphora lineolata, Mastogloiasmithii) during the dry season. Eutrophic assemblages were dominated byCyanobacteria (e.g., Oscillatoria princeps) and green algae (e.g., Spirogyraspp.) and exhibited comparatively little seasonality. Biomass-specific grossprimary productivity (GPP) of periphyton assemblages in eutrophic openwaters was higher than for comparable slough assemblages, but areal GPP wassimilar in these eutrophic (0.9–9.1 g C m−2d−1) and oligotrophic (1.75–11.49 g C m−2d−1) habitats. On a habitat-weighted basis, areal periphytonGPP was 6- to 30-fold lower in eutrophic areas of the marsh due to extensiveTypha stands that were devoid of periphyton. Periphyton at eutrophic siteshad higher P content and uptake rates than the oligotrophic assemblage, butstored only 5% as much P because of the lower areal biomass.Eutrophication in the Everglades has resulted in a decrease in periphytonbiomass and its contribution to marsh primary productivity. These changesmay have important implications for efforts to manage this wetland in asustainable manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003146920533
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    Variability of nutrient limitation in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland (1997)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 363 (1997), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Archipelago Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eutrophication is the most acute environmentalproblem in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland. Whenanalysing the factors behind this escalatingeutrophication the determination of limitingnutrient at a given time is essential. Besidesexperimentations, nutrient limitation of planktonhas been extensively studied by direct chemicalanalyses. We used the latter approach in this work.Nutrient limitation was studied by calculatingdifferent nutrient ratios – totalnitrogen:phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen:phosphorus,and nutrient balance ratio. Results showed thatphosphorus usually limited primary production onlynear the coast line. In the middle zone of theArchipelago Sea the limiting factor variedtemporally. Outer in the open sea nitrogen limitedprimary production during most of the year.Phosphorus limited phytoplankton growth especiallyin spring and in summer and nitrogen in late summerand in autumn. Our results suggested that nitrogenis an important limiting nutrient in the ArchipelagoSea. In recent years when the eutrophication hasproceeded there has been a shift from productionlimitation by both nutrients to limitation bynitrogen alone. But if we want to define andcharacterize the nutrient limitation of the entireecosystem of the Archipelago Sea, budgets have to becalculated for both N and P and internal recyclingmust be taken into account as well as externalsupply of nutrients and loss processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003192831321
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    Mixotrophic productivity of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultured with soluble fractions of rye, wheat and potato (1997)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1997), S. 349-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Flour ; mixotrophic productivity ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; potato ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The marine microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultured semi-continuously with the soluble fractions of wheat, rye and boiled potato flours. Fifteen percent of the culture volume was renewed every 3 d. The cell productivities were 0.9×109 cells/l/d, 1.1×109 cells/l/d and 2.6×109 cells/l/d for wheat, rye and potato respectively. The productivity of the autotrophic control was 1.0×109 cell/l/d. When a soluble fraction of raw potato was added, the productivity was enhanced to 4.1×109 cells/l/d, 2.4 times higher than the autotrophic culture. The high productivity of P. tricornutum with the soluble fractions of Solanum tuberosum suggests its usefulness as a source of nutrients for the production of microalgal biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018551527986
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