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  • Elsevier  (77,581)
  • Wiley  (15,276)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (3,873)
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  • 1997  (99,067)
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  • 101
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Architectural research quarterly 2 (1997), S. 32-43 
    ISSN: 1359-1355
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: ‘This is an extraordinary group of buildings’, wrote Philip Johnson (then a Mies van der Rohe follower) when The Architectural Review published Alison and Peter Smithson's School at Hunstanton in September 1954. ‘... Here we have an unknown team ... being allowed to win and build. Most surprising they are allowed to build not a conventional school, not even a Hertfordshire plan, but something quite the opposite of the prevailing trend ... The plan is not only radical but good Mies van der Rohe, yet the architects have never seen Mies's work ...’ In this paper, based upon a talk given at the Architectural Association School and on conversations with the Editor, Peter Smithson recalls the background to the project, its design and construction, his later visits to Chicago and a 1973 revisit to the building.
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  • 102
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Architectural research quarterly 2 (1997), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 1359-1355
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper challenges the predominant reading of Dublin's architectural history whereby the eighteenth century is a golden age of rational urbanism and the nineteenth century represents a collapse into confusion and stasis. It emphasises the different ways in which the city continued to change in the nineteenth century. An examination of James Joyce's changing representation of Dublin - from the ‘scrupulous meanness’ of Dubliners to the exuberance of Ulysses - suggests how an equivalent shift in architectural strategies, from a nostalgia for the formal certainties of Georgian Dublin towards an appreciation of the heterogeneous nineteenth-century city, might produce a new kind of urbanism.
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  • 103
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Architectural research quarterly 2 (1997), S. 64-73 
    ISSN: 1359-1355
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Regardless of theoretical approach, architectural ideas are ultimately embodied in materials. While contemporary buildings are often brimming with architectural theories, they frequently flounder at the attempt to translate these ideas into materials. The uncertainty of this contemporary architectural climate is powerfully mirrored in the artistic language of mannerism. Rejecting the tenets of the Renaissance, and inspired by new discoveries, the italian architect of the late sixteenth century sought to reformulate architectural language. Founded on an increasingly encyclopaedic knowledge of the antique world, this language was to represent a new understanding of nature and involved an exploration of natural materials in a way unimaginable in the early Renaissance. This paper describes the garden of the Villa d'Este at Tivoli, a masterpiece from this period where materials themselves resonated with significance. Based on the author's iconographic interpretation of the garden, it draws on original eyewitness descriptions of the effects of water, light and sounds.
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  • 104
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 105
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 106
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the relevance of the Duhem-Quine thesis in economics. In the introductory discussion which follows, the meaning of the thesis and a brief history of its development are detailed. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the effects of the thesis in four specific and diverse theories in economics, and to illustrate the dependence of testing the theories on a set of auxiliary hypotheses. A general taxonomy of auxiliary hypotheses is provided to demonstrate the confounding of auxiliary hypotheses with the testing of economic theory.
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  • 107
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 39-59 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The principle of belief persistence, or conservativity principle, states that ‘When changing beliefs in response to new evidence, you should continue to believe as many of the old beliefs as possible’ (Harman, 1986, p. 46). In particular, this means that if an individual gets new information, she has to accommodate it in her new belief set (the set of propositions she believes), and, if the new information is not inconsistent with the old belief set, then (1) the individual has to maintain all the beliefs she previously had and (2) the change should be minimal in the sense that every proposition in the new belief set must be deducible from the union of the old belief set and the new information (see, e.g., Gärdenfors, 1988; Stalnaker, 1984). We focus on this minimal notion of belief persistence and characterize it both semantically and syntactically.
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  • 108
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics (ISSE) (Hausman, 1992) represents the most ambitious attempt to provide a systematic account of economic methodology since the first edition of Blaug's The Methodology of Economics (1980). As such, it has been the subject of extensive critical commentary (for example, Blaug, 1992b; Backhouse, 1995; Miller, 1996; Hahn, 1996; Mäki, 1996). For all the attention it has received, however, some important aspects of the book's thesis have not been developed properly. Two important ones are (1) what might be called, following the terminology used in the experimental economics literature, the ‘framing effect’ of Hausman's definition of economics, and (2) the significance of Hausman's claim that economists are committed to developing economics as a ‘separate’ science. To understand these points it is important to make explicit the position from which Hausman approaches the philosophy of science.
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  • 109
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 61-77 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Ronald Dworkin's (1981) theory of equality of resources draws heavily on conceptual tools developed in economic theory. His criterion for a just distribution of resources is closely connected with two economic ideas: first, the idea that a distribution of resources reflects a concern for equality if it is envy-free; second, the idea that such an envy-free distribution of resources is attainable as a competitive equilibrium from equal split. The objective of this paper is to show that the criterion of equality of resources has been misinterpreted by normative economics, largely due to Dworkin's own lack of precision, and that it needs to be reformulated in order to be intelligible. The dimensions along which the reformulation is needed concern (1) the nature of the preferences used in what Dworkin calls the ‘envy test’ and (2) the nature of the envy test itself.
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  • 110
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The context-free weak ordering principle (that rational preferences are weakly ordered, and that subtracting members from the domain of alternatives does not alter the ordering of the original domain, see, for example, Savage, 1972, pp. 205–6; McClennen, 1990, pp. 29–30) is viewed by many as a cornerstone of rational choice theory. McClennen, for example, claims (1990, p. 1) that this principle is one of a pair on which '[t]he theory of rational choice and preference, as it has been developed in the past few decades by economists and decision theorists, rests', and Sen (1970, p. 17) characterizes a version of context freedom (the ‘independence of irrelevant alternatives’, or ‘property α’) as ‘a very basic requirement of rational choice’. But this principle is certainly not uncontroversial: there are examples of (putative) principle is certainly not apper irrational.
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  • 111
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 101-105 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 112
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 113
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 114
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 115
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 606-606 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
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  • 116
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 315-352 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Sequential (one-by-one) rather than simultaneous estimation of multiple breaks is investigated in this paper. The advantage of this method lies in its computational savings and its robustness to misspecification in the number of breaks. The number of least-squares regressions required to compute all of the break points is of order T, the sample size. Each estimated break point is shown to be consistent for one of the true ones despite underspecification of the number of breaks. More interestingly and somewhat surprisingly, the estimated break points are shown to be T-consistent, the same rate as the simultaneous estimation. Limiting distributions are also derived. Unlike simultaneous estimation, the limiting distributions are generally not symmetric and are influenced by regression parameters of all regimes. A simple method is introduced to obtain break point estimators that have the same limiting distributions as those obtained via simultaneous estimation. Finally, a procedure is proposed to consistently estimate the number of breaks.
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  • 117
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 463-463 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 118
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 466-466 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 119
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 170-184 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper deals with the use of the empirical cumulant generating function to consistently estimate the parameters of a distribution from data that are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). The technique is particularly suited to situations where the density function is unknown or unbounded in parameter space. We prove asymptotic equivalence of our technique to that of the empirical characteristic function and outline a six-step procedure for its implementation. Extensions of the approach to non-i.i.d. situations are considered along with a discussion of suitable applications and a worked example.
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  • 120
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 121
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 79-118 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper addresses the problem of inference on the moving average impact matrix and on its row and column spaces in cointegrated 1(1) VAR processes. The choice of bases (i.e., the identification) of these spaces, which is of interest in the definition of the common trend structure of the system, is discussed. Maximum likelihood estimators and their asymptotic distributions are derived, making use of a relation between properly normalized bases of orthogonal spaces, a result that may be of separate interest. Finally, Wald-type tests are given, and their use in connection with existing likelihood ratio tests is discussed.
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  • 122
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 123
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    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 463-463 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 124
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 0266-4666
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 125
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 763-806 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: ‘The rise of Japan is surely one of the great epics of modern world history’. Yet it is not easy to obtain an overview of the development of Japanese civilization. Since the 1960s there has been an explosion of research which has overturned many of the older orthodoxies. The Cambridge History of Japan provides us with an unique chance to take stock. Here I will consider the four volumes covering the period from the twelfth to the later twentieth century.
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  • 126
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 879-918 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has the dubious distinction of being the heartland of communalism in India. The years between the two world wars, in particular, saw the most widespread and unprecedented outbreak of communal conflict in this state. One of the significant factors underlying this escalation of communal tensions was Hindu religious resurgence and a gradual, but radical, transformation in the nature of Hinduism. Hinduism became increasingly militant and martial in its public expression. Indeed, some of the roots of so-called ‘muscular Hinduism’ that characterizes Hindu nationalism of recent years can be traced back to the 1920s and '30s. The public face of Hinduism, from this period, appeared less and less to be that of devotion and religious worship and more and more that of aggressive chants and armed displays. The dominant image of Hinduism emerged to be one of very large crowds of people, wielding staffs, flags, swords and other arms, marching in processions during religious festivals. These festivals imparted an aura of triumphant and aggressive expansionism to Hinduism, which in turn, elicited counter Muslim reactions, and contributed to the aggravation of communal tension and violence. The spread of communalism in north India in this period was marked by another, equally significant, development. Communal conflicts came to be increasingly concentrated in urban centres and a section of the urban poor came to play a pivotal role in the upsurge of Hindu martial militancy.
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  • 127
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 951-965 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: It is widely believed that nationalism in India stemmed from European domination. Imperialism, for the first time, generated the sentiment of ‘nationhood’ that brought together people of diverse religions, languages, and lifestyles to demand home rule. The process involved cultural revivalism, yet retained strong ties with the inheritance of two centuries of foreign domination. The spur to the writing of cultural tracts was sharp and the attempt to rewrite the ‘true’ history of their country became the leading preoccupation of intellectuals. Consequently, indigenous histories of different kinds emerged over a period of years preceding independence and in the years after 1947. Different generic models were used in an attempt to replace the ‘inauthentic’ historical accounts compiled by Europeans, featuring instead themes or motifs of writing that emphasized an assertion of a culture which was comparable, if not superior, to that of their European peers. Correspondingly, historiography and fiction-writing depicted national heroes, full of deeds of valour and bravery, engaged in wresting their ‘nation’ from the aggressor by an emphasis on indigenous themes. Models of writing structured around the earlier epics, the use of local dialects, the emphasis on ancient rituals and practices, all went into the making of a ‘pure’ tradition.
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  • 128
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 129
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 130
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 665-687 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The land of Dai Viet, whose political and cultural heartland lay in what is now northern Vietnam, followed patterns somewhat analogous to those posited in other Eurasian ‘rimland’ states. The fifteenth to nineteenth centuries saw administrative centralization, territorial expansion, population growth, economic elaboration, a greater emphasis on textuality and moral orthodoxy, and growing cultural standardization. In contrast to France and West European states, however, the Vietnamese achieved this integration less by refining patterns established during the prior ‘charter age’ (c. 900–1400 c.e.) than by adopting a radically new model, that of the contemporary Ming government in China.
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  • 131
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 735-762 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The majority of Japanese even today believe that the politico-cultural universe of the Edo period was fundamentally determined by the closure of the country. They also think that the opening of Japan can be reduced to the development of exchanges with the West, following the birth of the Meiji regime. It is hard for them to imagine that Japan developed in relation with other Asian countries, since they are hardly used to appreciating Asian cultures.
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  • 132
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 225-244 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Generally speaking, there are two dominant schools of thought with regard to the British annexation of Sind in the Indian sub-continent in 1843. One takes the view that individuals on the spot make history. It was a harsh, bitter and frustrated soldier by the name of General Sir Charles Napier who was determined to seek glory and wealth for himself by annexing Sind. In this respect, the eminent historian and former Special Commissioner for Sind (1943–46), H. T. Lambrick, has put his case extremely well. The other school interprets the annexation in strategic terms, as part of a search for a defence system which would safeguard British India from the dangers of attack from the northwest. In about 600 pages, the distinguished historian M. E. Yapp has achieved his goal with remarkable success. Furthermore, Yapp has done so without discounting the first school of thought. Indeed, the two are not mutually exclusive. In this paper I wish to suggest that there is a third dimension, an economic one; and that the three are not mutually exclusive either. Indeed, all three appear to have different weights at different levels of the policy-making process.
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  • 133
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 89-108 
    ISSN: 0026-749X
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The British in India have always fascinated their fellow countrymen. From the eighteenth century until the demise of the Raj innumerable publications described the way of life of white people in India for the delectation of a public at home. Post-colonial Britain evidently still retains a voracious appetite for anecdotes of the Raj and accounts of themores of what is often represented as a bizarre Anglo-Indian world. Beneath the welter of apparent triviality, historians are, however, finding issues of real significance.
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  • 134
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 135
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 1-12 
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  • 136
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 159-174 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Many people believe that we have responsibility towards the distant future, but exactly how far this responsibility reaches and how we can find a reasonable ethical foundation for it has not been answered in any definitive manner. Future people have no power over us, they form no part of our moral community and it is unclear how we can represent them in a possible original position. All these problems can be circumvented when you take an impersonal decision criterion like maximizing total or average utility. Such a sum-ranking criterion is neutral with respect to distance in time or space: my utility, my neighbour's and that of our descendants all carry the same weight. This makes future people an integral part of present decisions. Time-neutrality was defended by, among others, Sidgwick, Pigou and Ramsey.
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 197-230 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Advances in technology have made it possible for us to take actions that affect the numbers and identities of humans and other animals that will live in the future. Effective and inexpensive birth control, child allowances, genetic screening, safe abortion, in vitro fertilization, the education of young women, sterilization programs, environmental degradation and war all have these effects.
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we consider a Bayesian treatment of ‘Duhem's thesis’, the proposition that theories are never refuted on empirical grounds because they cannot be tested in isolation from auxiliary hypotheses about initial conditions or the operation of scientific instruments. Sawyer, Beed, and Sankey (1997) consider Duhem's thesis (and its restatement in stronger and weaker forms as the ‘Duhem-Quine thesis’) and its role in hypothesis testing, using four theories from economics and finance as examples. Here we consider Duhem's thesis in the context of theory choice, econometric results, and the ‘farm problem’ in agricultural economics. This problem is defined as persistently low and highly variable prices, incomes, and returns in the agricultural sector as compared to the nonagricultural sector of the U.S. economy. The existence of the farm problem tends to refute an implication of general equilibrium (GE) theory — that resources flow to equate returns between sectors of the economy. We discuss Duhem's thesis in the context of demonstrating why evidence supporting the farm problem has not diminished the standing of general equilibrium theory among agricultural economists.
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  • 139
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 281-312 
    ISSN: 0266-2671
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    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: As late twentieth-century discourses of modernity and postmodernity invoke their Enlightenment heritage in a search for the origins of their present achievements and predicaments, Adam Smith's works are still seen as a canonic representative of that heritage. Smith has long been evoked as the ‘father’ of economics and the original proponent of laissez-faire capitalism, but the political changes in recent decades have reconstituted his iconic status. With the full range of Smith's published and unpublished writings and lectures now widely available, there has been a huge growth in the scholarly literature on Smith which has subjected this traditional view to searching questions. The overwhelming conclusion to emerge is that Smith's works display a subtlety and complexity that is at odds with the received image of Smith as the spokesman of modernity, but the diversity of interpretation raises some difficult methodological issues.
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  • 140
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 313-324 
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  • 141
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 324-330 
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  • 142
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 330-337 
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  • 143
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 337-345 
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    Economics and philosophy 13 (1997), S. 87-100 
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    Notes: Are there worthwhile values and ideals which flourish in the procedures of the state but wither in the transactions of the market? Are there equitable and fulfilling social relationships which are nurtured in the economic sphere but crumble in the political world? There is clearly some truth in the claim that at least in certain circumstances market systems inculcate in people not only ‘honesty and diligence, but also sensitivity to the needs and preferences of others’ (Gray, 1992, p. 24). On the other hand, it is difficult to deny the appeal of a tradition of thought which attaches moral superiority to the non-market ideals and values epitomised in the gift relationship. Titmuss (1970), for example, objected to treating blood as a commodity in part because it undermined the sense of fraternity or community which a system of voluntary blood donors enhanced. A contemporary statement of this position holds that gift values differ from commodity values in being ‘tokens of love, admiration, respect, honor, and so forth, and consequently lose their value when they are provided for merely self-interested reasons’ (Anderson, 1990, p. 203).
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 464-464 
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    Notes: This paper develops an algorithm for the exact Gaussian estimation of a mixed-order continuous-time dynamic model, with unobservable stochastic trends, from a sample of mixed stock and flow data. Its application yields exact maximum likelihood estimates when the innovations are Brownian motion and either the model is closed or the exogenous variables are polynomials in time of degree not exceeding two, and it can be expected to yield very good estimates under much more general circumstances. The paper includes detailed formulae for the implementation of the algorithm, when the model comprises a mixture of first- and second-order differential equations and both the endogenous and exogenous variables are a mixture of stocks and flows.
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 589-603 
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 606-606 
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    Notes: This paper compares the deterministic and stochastic predictors of nonlinear models when the disturbances are small. Large-sample properties of these predictors have been analyzed extensively in the econometric literature. While the deterministic predictors are asymptotically biased, there are some Monte Carlo experiments that suggest the magnitude of this bias is rather insignificant. Here, we offer a possible explanation of the smallness of the deterministic bias. It is shown that when the error terms have small standard deviation, the deterministic predictor turns out to be asymptotically unbiased. The results are based on deriving asymptotic expansions for alternative predictors. The asymptotic expansions carried out here are similar to the large-sample asymptotic expansions; however, the expansions here are in terms of the standard deviation of the disturbance terms. The results are then used to obtain the asymptotic bias and asymptotic mean squared prediction errors of the deterministic and stochastic predictors of a model containing the Box-Cox transformation.
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 430-461 
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    Notes: The Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model is a diffusion process suitable for modeling the term structure of interest rates. In this paper, we consider estimation of the parameters of this process from observations at equidistant time points. We study two estimators based on conditional least squares as well as a one-step improvement of these, two weighted conditional least-squares estimators, and the maximum likelihood estimator. Asymptotic properties of the various estimators are discussed, and we also compare their performance in a simulation study.
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 1-1 
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    Econometric theory 13 (1997), S. 214-252 
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    Notes: We propose projections as means of identifying and estimating the components (endogenous and exogenous) of an additive nonlinear ARX model. The estimates are nonparametric in nature and involve averaging of kernel-type estimates. Such estimates have recently been treated informally in a univariate time series situation. Here we extend the scope to nonlinear ARX models and present a rigorous theory, including the derivation of asymptotic normality for the projection estimates under a precise set of regularity conditions.
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 317-338 
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    Notes: The formation of the Dalit Panthers and the flourishing of Dalit literature in the 1970s saw the advent of a new connotation for the Marathi word ‘Dalit’. Chosen by the Mahar community leaders themselves, the title ‘Dalit’ was used by them to replace the titles of untouchable, Backward or Depressed Classes and Harijans, which had been coined by those outside the Dalit communities to describe the Mahar and Chambhar jatis. ‘Dalit’ identified those whose culture had been deliberately ‘broken’, ‘crushed to pieces’ or ‘ground down’ by the varna Hindu culture above them. As such, it contained an explicit repudiation of all the Hindu cultural norms of untouchability, varna structure and karma doctrine which varna Hindu society had imposed. The adoption of this new title was an affirmation of the Dalit community's struggle for cultural independence and separate identity. Yet this struggle for an independent cultural identity was not merely a cultural struggle of the 1970s, but one which stretched back almost a century to what, retrospectively, must be seen as the inception of Dalit literature and culture in the activities of the Anarya Dosh Pariharak Mandal and the first Dalit writings of Gopal Baba Valangkar in 1888. This article aims to recover this much-neglected early history of the Dalit communities of western India at the turn of the twentieth century. In particular, it examines how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture.
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-2 
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 399-413 
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    Notes: AbstractThis article explores the origins and development of the Kuomintang (KMT, the Chinese Nationalist Party) party's enterprises in Taiwan. Because the KMT party's enterprises are categorized in the private sector in all the statistical data, we should be very careful when we discuss the contributions of private enterprise to economic growth in Taiwan.This article aims to inspect the scale of the party's enterprises, the reasons why KMT runs its own enterprises, and what influence they exert on the economic growth and political democratization of Taiwan. Obviously, these questions are significant for further economic and political reforms in Mainland China.
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-5 
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 61-87 
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    Notes: A new class is emerging in rural Kerala. Though it was christened a bourgeoisie by E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the chief minister of Kerala state during the two phases of land reform (1957–59 and 1967–69), it is not an extension of the modern industrial bourgeoisie into a rural society. Rather it is a distinctly new social formation emerging from among the farmers. The opportunities for farmers to adopt bourgeois aspirations have been created by the particular form of Keralaʼns capitalism interacting with recent changes in localized agrarian society.
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    Notes: The notion that tribal peoples are destructive of the forest environment is not a new one. The political struggles that fostered it are only just beginning to engage the attention of historians. This essay is a preliminary exploration of the experience of the indigenous minorities—the Orang Asli—of peninsular Malaysia during the period of colonial rule. It examines their relationship to the society outside the forest. The politics of the forest it addresses are not narrowly environmental. Indeed, what follows is based on the assumption that the relationship of the aborigines to their environment was transformed, not so much by the changing ecological conditions of the forest as the colonial economy expanded, but by the changing political circumstances of the frontier as the Orang Asli were drawn into a widening orbit of relations with external powers. ‘Orang Asli’ means literally ‘original people’. It is a polite term that took on a legal status from the 1950s. Before then, in common parlance, the aborigines were ‘Sakai‘—a derogatory term synonymous with ‘slave’. The term Orang Asli encompasses three basic types of communities: the Negritos, nomadic hunters and gatherers of the northern forests; the Senoi —whose two main subdivisions, the Temiar and the Semai, together make up the larger part of the Orang Asli population of the central highlands, following more settled forms of swidden agriculture; and the proto-Malays of the south, fishermen and cultivators with a more similar economy to neighbouring Malays.1 Their shared history has become an issue of great sensitivity in modern Malaysia, and Malaysian politicians have in recent years bitterly questioned the legitimacy of western criticism of the present circumstances of the Orang Asli. To explain why this is so, I want to examine the preoccupations of British administration during the period when it was trustee of the forests of the peninsula and directly responsible for the welfare of their inhabitants. Three themes dominate the discussion that follows.
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 109-142 
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    Notes: This paper is directed first at identifying where and by whom military influences or topics manifested themselves in the periodical pressʼns coverage of India in the period up to the Indian Rebellion. How such manifestations changed over time, as well as the convergence of Anglo-Indian and British newspapers and magazines on Indian topics, will form an important component of this study. Stemming from these initial enquiries, I will further suggest that the model often employed to comprehend such representations —namely ‘orientalism’ —is, as it is often configured, too simplistic and reductionist to account for all the forces at work in the production of images of India. Instead, the mid-Victorian image of India was produced by a very fractured discourse. Racial stereotypes and affirmations of British superiority were certainly to the forefront, but these were frequently inflected by quite separate agendaʼns, such as the military's pursuit of political and professional status and influence, publishers’ search for profits, and the quest for suitable middle-class role models. Moreover, it was a discourse constrained by the dominant contemporary literary conventions and tropes, notably the historical romance in fiction and didacticism in history and biography. Yet there is one strand that runs through these various agendas and literary strategies and that is the one provided by the Indian army. India was by the third decade of the nineteenth-century as much a military as it was a commercial site. In 1850, the then reigning governor-general, Lord Dalhousie, was reminded by John Lawrence of this fact when the latter insisted that ‘public opinion is essentially military in India. Military views, feelings and interests are therefore paramount’.
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 527-528 
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 605-626 
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    Notes: The Argument Between 1550 and 1650, the intellectual elite of Ashkenazic (German-and Yiddish-speaking) Jews, including rabbis such as Yom Tov Lipmann Heller (1578–1654), showed a marked interest in astronomy, and to a lesser degree in the natural sciences generally. This is one aspect of the assimilation of medieval Jewish rationalism by that group. Passages from Heller‘s writings show his familiarity with medieval and early modern Hebrew astronomical texts, and his belief that astronomy should be studied by all Jewish schoolboys. Heller‘s astronomical views were then influenced by the discoveries and debates of his period. Between 1614 and the 1630‘s, Heller moved from an Aristotelian to a Tychonic view of the nature of the celestial bodies. Inspired, furthermore, by the notion of a natural order subject to change, and basing himself on the exegesis of ancient rabbinic texts, Heller offered what we have termed” midrashic natural histories”: namely, a hypothesis concerning the development of a certain type of animal, and another concerning the dimming of the moon and its movement into a lower orbit.
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 1-4 
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 471-493 
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    Notes: The ArgumentLevi ben Gerson, also known as Gersonides or Leo de Balneolis, was one of the most original Jewish thinkers of the Middle Ages, and he wrote on logic, philosophy, biblical exegesis, mathematics, and astronomy. During the last years of his life he maintained relations with the papal court of Clement VI (1342–52) at Avignon, and collaborated in the translation into Latin of his Sefer Tekhuna (Book of Astronomy). The object of this paper is to establish the main stages of the redaction of the Hebrew and Latin extant versions of his astronomical work. Although Levi declares that the work was finished in 1328,1 argue that this text was the preliminary draft of the preserved one, most of which was composed after 1338. A thorough revision of the work was undertaken at an indeterminate date before 1344. It is also argued that the final form of the work was probably due to the request of solar and lunar tables made to Levi by “great and noble Christians” around 1332.
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 571-588 
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    Notes: Conventional wisdom has it that Ashkenazic rabbinic culture was far less receptive to non-Jewish learning and worldly disciplines than its Sephardic counterpart. Whereas great Sephardic rabbis such as Maimonides and many others were masters of philosophy, medicine, and science, Ashkenazic rabbis usually restricted their intellectual horizons to talmudic literature and, in the best of cases, “broadened” them to include the Bible and/or Kabbalah. Ashkenazic rabbinic culture was, according to this image, insular and unidimensional.
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 227-251 
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    Notes: The ArgumentTo highlight speculative trends specific to the mathematical tradition that developed in China, the paper analyzes an excerpt of a third-century commentary on a mathematical classic, which arguably contains a proof. The paper shows that the following three tasks cannot be dissociated one from the other: (1) to discuss how the ancient text should be read; (2) to describe the practice of mathematical proof to which this text bears witness; (3) to bring to light connections between philosophy and mathematics that it demonstrates were established in China. To this end the paper defines its use of the word “proof” and outlines a program for an international history of mathematical proof. It describes the sense in which the text conveys a proof and shows how it simultaneously fulfills algorithmic ends, bringing to light a formal pattern that appears to be fundamental both for mathematics and for other domains of reality. The interest in transformations that mathematical writings demonstrate in China at that time seems to have been influenced by philosophical developments based on The Book of Changes (Yi-jing), which the excerpt quotes. This quotation within a mathematical context makes it possible to suggest an interpretation for a rather difficult philosophical statement.
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 159-161 
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 163-245 
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    Notes: Striking similarities, often literal, between Ibn Riḍwan's Book on the Application of Logic in the Sciences and Arts and the Didascalia in Rhetoricam Aristotelis ex glosa Alpharabii lead to suppose that the first of these treatises has preserved something of the Arabic source of the second one, the Great Commentary on the Rhetoric by al-Fārābī, and to question on the originality of Ibn Riḍwan's rhetorical doctrine. In this paper, the texts on rhetoric of Ibn Riḍwan's treatise are edited, translated and placed in front of their correspondents of the Didascalia. They are then analysed and classified depending on their proximity and distance to the Didascalia. It appears that Ibn Riḍwān has, as the Didascalia, a system of the means of the persuasion which puts on the same level eight non pathetical means external to the speech, the enthymeme and the example. Nervertheless, one has also to note that Ibn Riḍwan's theory of rhetoric is radically different from Didascalia's: on the one side, a general rhetoric – non limited to specific activity, means, listeners and objects; on the other side, a special rhetoric, with such limitations. On the basis of these similarities and differences, I shall treat, in the next issue of A.S.P., the degree of dependence of Ibn Riḍwān's rhetorical doctrine towards the Didascalia, and the project underlying his work.
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 1-3 
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 247-263 
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    Notes: We have attempted in this article to describe the content of al-Khayyām's 11th century Arabic commentary on Book V of Euclid's Elements, and have translated into English what we thought were its most important passages. We have also tried to explain why some Arab mathematicians were opposed to the famous definition of proportional magnitudes found at the beginning of Book V of the Elements.
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 265-282 
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    Notes: The focus of this study is the definitions of substance and accident as expressed and outlined in Ibn Daud's book The Exalted Faith. The original Arabic text of Ibn Daud's book, completed in 1160, is lost. However the work survives through two Hebrew translations (both date from the late 14th century). In this study I suggest a hypothetical reconstruction of the Arabic text based on a wide comparison with Ibn Daud's Muslim predecessors, such as Alfarabi, Avicenna and Alghazali, on the one hand, and the Hebrew translations on the other. By returning to Ibn Daud's direct sources, I hope to shed more light on two subjects: (1) Ibn Daud's dependance on non-Jewish sources in his attempt to establish a philosophical synthesis between Aristotelism and traditional faith; and (2) to clarify the true philosophical meaning embodied in professional terminology, such as the definitions of substance and accident.
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 1-4 
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    Arabic sciences and philosophy 7 (1997), S. 57-90 
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    Notes: Al-Kindī contributed to the Arabic literature on methods of finding buried treasure. His short text on the subject has survived in two forms: a Letter, and a chapter of his astrological work known as The Forty Chapters. This article includes editions and translations of both these texts, as well as of the two Latin translations made of the chapter in The Forty Chapters and comments on the procedure advocated by al-Kindī.
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 365-366 
    ISSN: 0963-9268
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , History , Sociology
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 369-370 
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 374-376 
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 1-3 
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 1-3 
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 179-199 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , History , Sociology
    Notes: Through a study of middle-class power in Norwich in the first third of the twentieth century, this paper tests a number of hypotheses concerning the behaviour of British urban elites. Analysis of networks (freemasons, business organizations and family) assesses the level of social unification among the middle class; elite involvement in chapel, charities and voluntary organizations addresses the question of social leadership; whilst elite politics is considered through three questions: did they become unified behind a single anti-socialist stance? Did the more important members of the elite leave urban politics? And did they abandon faith in grand civic projects? Its conclusions suggest that the power and involvement of the elite continued into the 1930s, maintaining a positive approach to the scope and function of municipal authority.
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 283-300 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , History , Sociology
    Notes: This essay explores the concept of collective memory as a component of political culture in pre- and especially post-Reformation provincial towns. Pre-Reformation political culture depended heavily on a collective memory shaped by traditional religious experience and institutions. When so many of these were destroyed by the Reformation, it became necessary for the ruling elites of provincial towns to create alternative cultural forms, and thus to refashion a usefully legitimizing political culture. Three forms of this refashioned and legitimizing collective memory – civic regalia, civic portraiture and historical writing – are examined as they applied to the provincial urban milieu in the years c. 1540–1640.
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 359-361 
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    Urban history 24 (1997), S. 263-264 
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0269-8897
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 253-296 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ArgumentThe belief in the existence of eternal mathematical truth has been part of this science throughout history. Bourbaki, however, introduced an interesting, and rather innovative twist to it, beginning in the mid-1930s. This group of mathematicians advanced the view that mathematics is a science dealing with structures, and that it attains its results through a systematic application of the modern axiomatic method. Like many other mathematicians, past and contemporary, Bourbaki understood the historical development of mathematics as a series of necessary stages inexorably leading to its current state — meaning by this, the specific perspective that Bourbaki had adopted and were promoting. But unlike anyone else, Bourbaki actively put forward the view that their conception of mathematics was not only illuminating and useful for dealing with the current concerns of mathematics, but that this was in fact the ultimate stage in the evolution of mathematics, bound to remain unchanged by any future development of this science. In this way, they were extending in an unprecedented way the domain of validity of the belief in the eternal character of mathematical truths, from the body to the images of mathematical knowledge.Bourbaki were fond of presenting their insistence on the centrality of the modern axiomatic method as a way to ensure the eternal character of mathematical truth as an offshoot of Hilbert's mathematical heritage. A detailed examination of Hilbert's actual conception of the axiomatic method, however, brings to the fore interesting differences between it and Bourbaki's conception, thus underscoring the historically conditioned character of certain, fundamental mathematical beliefs.
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    Science in context 10 (1997), S. 651-675 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The ArgumentJacob (Henrique) de Castro Sarmento was a descendent of New Christians in Portugal who made his way to London in the early eighteenth century. There he professed Judaism openly, but he also advanced his scientific and medical pursuits, becoming particularly enamored of the Newtonian world view. This paper argues that Sarmento's attachment to Judaism was essentially a function of his personal relationship with Hakham David Nieto, and that Sarmento's Judaism was never really the full synthesis of scientific outlook and Jewish theology toward which Nieto pushed him. Rather, after Nieto's death Sarmento identified himself with scientific Newtonianism increasingly openly, while his religious identitly waned. Apparently he found science a more useful outlook in approaching the world, as did many Newtonians of that generation.
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