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  • Other Sources  (332)
  • ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)  (281)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Life Sciences (General)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (332)
  • 1985  (332)
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (332)
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  • 1
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    Root graviresponsiveness and columella cell structure in carotenoid-deficient seedlings of Zea mays (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Root graviresponsiveness in normal and carotenoid-deficient mutant seedlings of Zea mays was not significantly different. Columella cells in roots of mutant seedlings were characterized by fewer, smaller, and a reduced relative volume of plastids as compared to columella cells of normal seedlings. Plastids in columella cells of mutant seedlings possessed reduced amounts of starch. Although approximately 10 per cent of the columella cells in mutant seedlings lacked starch, their plastids were located at the bottom of the cell. These results suggest that (i) carotenoids are not necessary for root gravitropism, (ii) graviresponsiveness is not necessarily proportional to the size, number, or relative volume of plastids in columella cells, and (iii) sedimentation of plastids in columella cells may not result directly from their increased density due to starch content. Plastids in columella cells of normal and mutant seedlings were associated with bands of microtubule-like structures, suggesting that these structures may be involved in 'positioning' plastids in the cell.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Annals of botany (ISSN 0305-7364); Volume 56; 83-90
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  • 2
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    Polyamine levels as related to growth, differentiation and senescence in protoplast-derived cultures of Vigna aconitifolia and Avena sativa (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have previously reported that aseptically cultured mesophyll protoplasts of Vigna divide rapidly and regenerate into complete plants, while mesophyll protoplasts of Avena divide only sporadically and senesce rapidly after isolation. We measured polyamine titers in such cultures of Vigna and Avena, to study possible correlations between polyamines and cellular behavior. We also deliberately altered polyamine titer by the use of selective inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis, noting the effects on internal polyamine titer, cell division activity and regenerative events. In Vigna cultures, levels of free and bound putrescine and spermidine increased dramatically as cell division and differentiation progressed. The increase in bound polyamines was largest in embryoid-forming callus tissue while free polyamine titer was highest in root-forming callus. In Avena cultures, the levels of total polyamines decreased as the protoplast senesced. The presence of the inhibitors alpha-difluoromethyl-arginine (specific inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase), alpha-difluoromethylornithine (specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase) and dicyclohexylamine (inhibitor of spermidine synthase) reduced cell division and organogenesis in Vigna cultures. Addition of low concentration of polyamines to such cultures containing inhibitors or removal of inhibitors from the culture medium restored the progress of growth and differentiation with concomitant increase in polyamine levels.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Plant growth regulation (ISSN 0167-6903); Volume 3; 329-37
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  • 3
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    Geoperception in primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae). III. A model to explain the differential georesponsiveness of primary and lateral roots (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Half-tipped primary and lateral roots of Phaseolus vulgaris bend toward the side of the root on which the intact half tip remains. Therefore, tips of lateral and primary roots produce growth effectors capable of inducing gravicurvature. The asymmetrical placement of a tip of a lateral root onto a detipped primary root results in the root bending toward the side of the root onto which the tip was placed. That is, the lesser graviresponsiveness of lateral roots as compared with primary roots is not due to the inability of their caps to produce growth inhibitors. The more pronounced graviresponsiveness of primary roots is positively correlated with the presence of columella tissues that are 3.8 times longer, 1.7 times wider, and 10.5 times more voluminous than the columellas of lateral roots. We propose that the lack of graviresponsiveness exhibited by lateral roots is due to the fact that they (i) produce smaller amounts of the inhibitor than primary (i.e., strongly graviresponsive) roots and (ii) are unable to redistribute the inhibitor so as to be able to create a concentration gradient sufficient to induce a pronounced gravitropic response.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Canadian journal of botany (ISSN 0008-4026); Volume 63; 21-4
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  • 4
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    The effects of some polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on growth and morphology of phytopathogenic fungi (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have studied the effects of two polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and alpha-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), and of polyamines (PAs), alone and in combination, on mycelial growth and morphology of four phytopathogenic fungi: Botrytis sp, B. cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Monilinia fructicola. The inhibitors were added to a Czapek agar medium to get final concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM. DFMO and DFMA, suicide inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC) respectively, inhibited mycelial growth strongly; the effect was generally more pronounced with DFMA than with DFMO, but each fungus had its own response pattern. The addition of the PAs putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) to the culture medium resulted in a promotion of growth. In Botrytis sp and Monilinia fructicola exposed to inhibitors plus PAs, mycelial growth was actually increased above control values. Mycelial morphology was altered and cell size dramatically reduced in plates containing inhibitors alone, whereas with PAs alone, or in combination with inhibitors, morphology was normal, but cell length and diameters increased considerably. These results suggest that PAs are essential for growth in fungal mycelia. The inhibition caused by DFMA may be due to its arginase-mediated conversion to DFMO.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Plant & cell physiology (ISSN 0032-0781); Volume 26; 4; 683-92
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  • 5
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    Tomato responses to ammonium and nitrate nutrition under controlled root-zone pH (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill. 'Vendor') plants were grown for 21 days in flowing solution culture with N supplied as either 1.0 mM NO3- or 1.0 mM NH4+. Acidity in the solutions was automatically maintained at pH 6.0. Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and total N and net photosynthetic rate were not affected by source of N. Thus, when rhizosphere acidity was controlled at pH 6.0 during uptake, either NO3- or NH4+ can be used efficiently by tomato. Uptake of K+ and Ca2+ were not altered by N source, but uptake of Mg2+ was reduced in NH4(+)-fed plants. This indicates that uptake of Mg2+ was regulated at least partially by ionic balance within the plant.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of plant nutrition (ISSN 0190-4167); Volume 8; 9; 787-98
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  • 6
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    Changes in the distribution of plastids and endoplasmic reticulum during cellular differentiation in root caps of Zea mays (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In calyptrogen cells of Zea mays, proplastids are distributed randomly throughout the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is distributed parallel to the cell walls. The differentiation of calyptrogen cells into columella statocytes is characterized by the following sequential events: (1) formation of ER complexes at the distal and proximal ends of the cell, (2) differentiation of proplastids into amyloplasts, (3) sedimentation of amyloplasts onto the distal ER complex, (4) breakdown of the distal ER complex and sedimentation of amyloplasts to the bottom of the cell, and (5) formation of sheets of ER parallel to the longitudinal cell walls. Columella statocytes located in the centre of the cap each possess 4530 +/- 780 micrometers2 of ER surface area, an increase of 670 per cent over that of calyptrogen cells. The differentiation of peripheral cells correlates positively with (1) the ER becoming arranged in concentric sheets, (2) amyloplasts and ER becoming randomly distributed, and (3) a 280 per cent increase in ER surface area over that of columella statocytes. These results are discussed relative to graviperception and mucilage secretion, which are functions of columella and peripheral cells, respectively.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Annals of botany (ISSN 0305-7364); Volume 56; 73-81
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  • 7
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    The action of auxin on plant cell elongation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Critical reviews in plant sciences (ISSN 0735-2689); Volume 2; 4; 317-65
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  • 8
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    Graviresponsiveness and abscisic-acid content of roots of carotenoid-deficient mutants of Zea mays L (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The abscisic-acid (ABA) content of roots of the carotenoid-deficient w-3, vp-5, and vp-7 mutants of Z. mays was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with an analysis sensitivity of 6 ng ABA g-1 fresh weight (FW). Roots of normal seedlings of the same lines were characterized by the following amounts of ABA (as ng ABA g-1 FW, +/- standard deviation): w-3, 279 +/- 43; vp-5, 237 +/- 26; vp-7, 338 +/- 61. We did not detect any ABA in roots of any of the mutants. Thus, the lack of carotenoids in these mutants correlated positively with the apparent absence of ABA. Primary roots of normal and mutant seedlings were positively gravitropic, with no significant differences in the curvatures of roots of normal as compared with mutant seedlings. These results indicate that ABA 1) is synthesized in maize roots via the carotenoid pathway, and 2) is not necessary for positive gravitropism by primary roots of Z. mays.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Planta (ISSN 0032-0935); Volume 164; 126-8
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  • 9
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    Using computer graphics to enhance astronaut and systems safety (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Computer graphics is being employed at the NASA Johnson Space Center as a tool to perform rapid, efficient and economical analyses for man-machine integration, flight operations development and systems engineering. The Operator Station Design System (OSDS), a computer-based facility featuring a highly flexible and versatile interactive software package, PLAID, is described. This unique evaluation tool, with its expanding data base of Space Shuttle elements, various payloads, experiments, crew equipment and man models, supports a multitude of technical evaluations, including spacecraft and workstation layout, definition of astronaut visual access, flight techniques development, cargo integration and crew training. As OSDS is being applied to the Space Shuttle, Orbiter payloads (including the European Space Agency's Spacelab) and future space vehicles and stations, astronaut and systems safety are being enhanced. Typical OSDS examples are presented. By performing physical and operational evaluations during early conceptual phases. supporting systems verification for flight readiness, and applying its capabilities to real-time mission support, the OSDS provides the wherewithal to satisfy a growing need of the current and future space programs for efficient, economical analyses.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 12; 2; 107-20
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  • 10
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    Shoot inversion-induced ethylene in Pharbitis nil induces the release of apical dominance by restricting shoot elongation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Shoot inversion induces outgrowth of the highest lateral bud (HLB) adjacent to the bend in the stem in Pharbitis nil. In order to determine whether or not ethylene produced by shoot inversion plays a direct role in promoting or inhibiting bud outgrowth, comparisons were made of endogenous levels of ethylene in the HLB and HLB node of plants with and without inverted shoots. That no changes were found suggests that the control of apical dominance does not involve the direction action of ethylene. This conclusion is further supported by evidence that the direct application of ethylene inhibitors or ethrel to inactive or induced lateral buds has no significant effect on bud outgrowth. The hypothesis that ethylene evolved during shoot inversion indirectly promotes the outgrowth of the highest lateral bud (HLB) in restricting terminal bud (TB) growth is found to be supported by the following observations: (1) the restriction of TB growth appears to occur before the beginning of HLB outgrowth; (2) the treatment of the inverted portion of the shoot with AgNO3, an inhibitor of ethylene action, dramatically eliminates both the restriction of TB growth and the promotion of HLB outgrowth which usually accompany shoot inversion; and (3) the treatment of the upper shoot of an upright plant with ethrel mimics shoot inversion by retarding upper shoot growth and inducing outgrowth of the lateral bud basipetal to the treated region.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Plant science (Shannon, Ireland) (ISSN 0168-9452); Volume 38; 163-72
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  • 11
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    The involvement of glucose-6-phosphatase in mucilage secretion by root cap cells of Zea mays (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In order to determine the involvement of glucose-6-phosphatase in mucilage secretion by root cap cells, we have cytochemically localized the enzyme in columella and peripheral cells of root caps of Zea mays. Glucose-6-phosphatase is associated with the plasmalemma and cell wall of columella cells. As columella cells differentiate into peripheral cells and begin to produce and secrete mucilage, glucose-6-phosphatase staining intensifies and becomes associated with the mucilage and, to a lesser extent, the cell wall. Cells being sloughed from the cap are characterized by glucose-6-phosphatase staining being associated with the vacuole and plasmalemma. These changes in enzyme localization during cellular differentiation in root caps suggest that glucose-6-phosphatase is involved in the production and/or secretion of mucilage by peripheral cells of Z. mays.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Annals of botany (ISSN 0305-7364); Volume 56; 139-42
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  • 12
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    A morphometric analysis of cellular differentiation in caps of primary and lateral roots of Helianthus annuus (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In order to determine if patterns of cell differentiation are similar in primary and lateral roots, I performed a morphometric analysis of the ultrastructure of calyptrogen, columella, and peripheral cells in primary and lateral roots of Helianthus annuus. Each cell type is characterized by a unique ultrastructure, and the ultrastructural changes characteristic of cellular differentiation in root caps are organelle specific. No major structural differences exist in the structures of the composite cell types, or in patterns of cell differentiation in caps of primary vs. lateral roots.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: American journal of botany (ISSN 0002-9122); Volume 72; 7; 1048-53
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  • 13
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    Root growth, secondary root formation and root gravitropism in carotenoid-deficient seedlings of Zea mays L (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effect of ABA on root growth, secondary-root formation and root gravitropism in seedlings of Zea mays was investigated by using Fluridone-treated seedlings and a viviparous mutant, both of which lack carotenoids and ABA. Primary roots of seedlings grown in the presence of Fluridone grew significantly slower than those of control (i.e. untreated) roots. Elongation of Fluridone-treated roots was inhibited significantly by the exogenous application of 1 mM ABA. Exogenous application of 1 micromole and 1 nmole ABA had either no effect or only a slight stimulatory effect on root elongation, depending on the method of application. The absence of ABA in Fluridone-treated plants was not an important factor in secondary-root formation in seedlings less than 9-10 d old. However, ABA may suppress secondary-root formation in older seedlings, since 11-d-old control seedlings had significantly fewer secondary roots than Fluridone-treated seedlings. Roots of Fluridone-treated and control seedlings were graviresponsive. Similar data were obtained for vp-9 mutants of Z. mays, which are phenotypically identical to Fluridone-treated seedlings. These results indicate that ABA is necessary for neither secondary-root formation nor for positive gravitropism by primary roots.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Annals of botany (ISSN 0305-7364); Volume 55; 387-94
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  • 14
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    Measurements (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The debris population is divided into small and large regimes. NORAD is the source of data in the size range above 10 cm. For the small ( 10 cm) debris particles, satellite-borne instrumentation could be used to obtain the necessary data. These results can then be fed into models of the debris population. These measurements are designed to give some reality to the models which estimate the number of particles produced from an explosion or an impact.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 424-425
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  • 15
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    Environment definition, large particles (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The orbital debris environment of objects larger than 1 sq met. in low Earth orbit (LEO) is fairly well defined. Objects of this size and altitude are tracked by NORAD with sufficient accuracy that collisions can be avoided by maneuvering a spacecraft away from regions of close approach. However for sizes smaller and at the higher geosynchrnous altitudes, the environment is not so well defined, and must be approached statistically. In order to determine if a significant number of these particles exist, or can be realistically produced, to cause a problem, a combination of modeling and data gathering is required.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 419-420
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  • 16
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    Transmission and orbital constraints in space-related programs: Briefing summary (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Research was initiated to develop a capability for predicting and analyzing the spectrum/orbital geometry requirements of current and projected U.S. and international space related systems. Essential components of the project include development of a comprehensive space environment data base and computer analysis programs. This capability will provide a resource for evaluating engineering and architectural designs, identifying and analyzing the impact of intentional and unintentional electromagnetic (EM) interference, and predicting probable saturation conditions in spectrum usage and satellite/orbital positions. Assessments of means for accommodating the anticipated growth are also an important part of the study project.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 379-392
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  • 17
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    Hypervelocity impact investigations and meteoroid shielding experience related to Apollo and Skylab (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Generic hypervelocity impact related topics and specific Apollo/Skylab related investigations are reviewed. Cratering and spallation mechanisms and the relationships between the effecting physical parameters are discussed. Design and material requirements for meteoroid shielding structures are also addressed. Penetration resistance and failure mode studies for Apollo/Skylab components are reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 247-275
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  • 18
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    Survey of probable micrometer-sized Earth-orbital debris fragments in the NASA-JSC cosmic dust sample collection (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A program to collect extraterrestrial dust samples from the stratosphere using impactors mounted on NASA U-2 and WB-57F aircraft is discussed. Sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques are described and the particle types found are reviewed. Preliminary examination of the particles indicates that they represent not only extraterrestrial material, but some fraction of terrestrial contamination from both natural and manmade sources. This examination involves a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and qualitative bulk elemental analysis using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) to characterize each particle. The cosmic dust collection contains samples of at least three classes of material that may present some hazard to extended spacecraft operations in near-Earth orbit: (1) micrometeorites/cosmic dust, (2) aluminum oxide spheres, and (3) alloy spherules and fragments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 190-219
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  • 19
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    Preliminary design of an Earth-based debris detection system using current technology and existing installations (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Assessment of debris hazard requires the determination of debris down to mm sizes for near-Earth orbits and near-stationary points. It is necessary to obtain reasonable orbits for a statistically significant sample of the debris population. Several ground-based techniques for detection are available. Radar detection was used to obtain information of existing debris population. Another technique is optical detection. The possibilities and application of optical detection with state-of-the-art instrumentation is studied.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 150-163
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  • 20
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    In situ orbital debris experiment concepts (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Implementation of the radar, lidar and passive optical remote sensing concepts for measuring space debris from an Earth orbiting platform was investigated. Each system was compared for their requirements on the host platform, their performance relative to the space debris measurement program and the estimated cost of developing each concept into a flight instrument. It is found that the radar and lidar systems offer the greatest versatility and accuracy since they control the direction, intensity and duration of the energy incident on the target object. The performance of the passive optical system is determined by the capability of the detector and by the baseline separation of the telescopes, which requires the use of an on-orbit deployment mechanism. The passive optical concept provides the largest total event rae, and includes significant detections of particle sizes greater than 10 cm to allow correlation with ground based observations of the larger particles. The event rate for the radar system is relatively constant with particle while the lidar system is slightly biased toward the smaller sizes. These event rate differences result from a combination of the debris flux size distribution and the variation of sensitive detection area with particle size for the three concepts.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 134-149
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  • 21
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    Assessment of satellite collision hazards by simulated sampling in space (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The origin and distribution of the tracked population of objects and implications for future missions were examined. The distribution of the tracked population of objects as a function of altitude and orbital inclination are studied. Representative encounter parameters such as the number, relative velocity, and miss distance are determined for circular mission orbits and are used to classify regions of space according to the degree of collision hazard presented. Implications for space shuttle and geosynchronous orbits are examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 84-101
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  • 22
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    Proposed preliminary design criteria model environment for the 1990's (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An environment must first be defined before the effects of that environment can be evaluated. The environment may later prove to be either more severe or less severe, and consequently the effects will also become either more severe or less severe. Thus, the original environment can also serve as a reference point for future updates. A model environment for orbital debris is proposed. It is recognized that much more is unknown about the environment than is known, and any model at best represents an educated guess based on a limited amount of data. The major assumptions in the proposed model environment and the uncertainty in those assumptions are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 78-83
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  • 23
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    In-situ detection of micron-sized dust particles in near-Earth space (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In situ detectors for micron sized dust particles based on the measurement of impact ionization have been flown on several space missions (Pioneer 8/9, HEOS-2 and Helios 1/2). Previous measurements of small dust particles in near-Earth space are reviewed. An instrument is proposed for the measurement of micron sized meteoroids and space debris such as solid rocket exhaust particles from on board an Earth orbiting satellite. The instrument will measure the mass, speed, flight direction and electrical charge of individually impacting debris and meteoritic particles. It is a multicoincidence detector of 1000 sq cm sensitive area and measures particle masses in the range from 10 to the -14th power g to 10 to the -8th power g at an impact speed of 10 km/s. The instrument is lightweight (5 kg), consumes little power (4 watts), and requires a data sampling rate of about 100 bits per second.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 233-246
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  • 24
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    A model for the evolution of on-orbit manmade debris environment (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Man-made debris in low-Earth orbit (LEO) and the conduct of operations/procedures which leave debris in orbit are discussed. With continued deposition and larger vehicles and longer times on orbit for LEO operations, the probability of collisions between such vehicles and some member of the debris population becomes large. Because the collisions will occur at very large relative speeds, a small object which would not normally be considered a hazard might pose a lethal threat to an operating spacecraft. Future debris states must be deduced from an evaluation of many models using a Monte Carlo method for future deposition events. A model for the population evolution is presented and results of model calculations are discussed. Contributions to the population which may be expected to arise from on-orbit collisions and explosions are examined. Results are presented as models for future space usage as an extrapolation of usage in the past, for an era of enhanced space usage, and for an era in which antisatellite tests provide a debris contribution.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 102-132
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  • 25
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    NASA/JSC orbital debris study: Debris model (1985)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The possibility of the creation of a debris belt around the Earth is discussed. A computer model which describes the near-Earth space environment created by the existing spacecraft and fragments from the associated spent launching vehicle attachments and explosions was developed. The present debris model adopts the mathematical formulations published in a paper by Kessler. Thus, the model uses more rigorous mathematical formulation in calculating the collision rate between two orbiting objects than the one published by Kessler and Cour-Palais (1978). The present model contains many general but detailed analyses on the debris environment such as manipulating and/or sorting the existing debris objects, the physical dimensions of the objects and extrapolating the number density describing to include the unobservable small objects.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 69-77
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    NORAD operational system (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: There are three aspects to the Space Defense Mission: satellite surveillance, satellite protection and satellite negation. The focus of this report is on space surveillance and detection as currently accomplished by both ground and space based assets. The evolution of the space surveillance system is described. The characteristics of the current space surveillance system are also described.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 22-29
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  • 27
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    Manmade orbital debris studies at NASA Langley (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the past, flight experiments to define the meteoroid environment near the Earth and in interplanetary space were undertaken. The effectiveness of meteoroid bumpers was investigated. These flight experiments were aboard Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Explorer 46. Hypervelocity impact tests were conducted in the laboratory to study protective structures and the composition of meteoroids from the hundreds of meteor spectra obtained. It was also found that manmade debris presented a similar hazard to spacecraft near the Earth. An assessment of that hazard is made in this paper. An analysis of the collision probability problem with much attention given to the population of small untrackable fragments created during explosions is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 45-68
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  • 28
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    Environment definition, small particles, diameter less than or equal to 1 MM (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The collection of particles of diameters one millimeter and less far outnumbers the larger particle distribution in orbit. These small particles cannot be tracked from ground based radar as can the larger debris, therefore, there is greater uncertainty in their properties. The population is growing from contributions due to collisions of larger debris, explosions, and aluminum oxide particles from solid rocket motors. The solid rocket motor contribution is the prominent growth parameter, and the input from Space Shuttle deployed upper stages will range between 50,000 and 100,000 pounds per year. The environment is important because of the different design problems that will be posed to the engineer and scientist. The emphasis shifts from catastrophe deign, probability versus exposure time, and tracking-avoidance, to a continuous degradation problem.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 426-429
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  • 29
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    Modeling (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A prediction of the future population of satellites, satellite fragments, and assorted spacecraft debris in Earth orbit can be reliably made only after three conditions are satisfied: (1) the size and spatial distributions of these Earth-orbiting objects are established at some present-day time; (2) the processes of orbital evolution, explosions, hypervelocity impact fragmentation, and atmospheric drag are understood; and (3) a reasonable traffic model for the future launch rate of Earth-orbiting objects is assumed. The theoretician will then take these three quantities as input data and will carry through the necessary mathematica and numerical analyses to project the present-day orbital population into the future.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 421-423
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  • 30
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    Considerations for policy on man-made debris propagation control (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The present rates of man-made, space object propagation are such that there is a real probability of self propagation which, if uncontrolled can lead to a serious limitation to future uses of spacecraft for beneficial purposes. Effective control over the debris issue requires adoption and adherence to policy at a world wide level (any one nation's unknowing, selfish or deliberately adverse action can conceivably jeopardize other useful applications of space satellites for years into the future). The near-term environment may not seriously jeopardize the near-term missions. However, absence of control and/or nonadherence to a control policy in the near-term can result in a debris environment that can severely limit long - term mission opportunities. The data upon which these observations are based continues to be investigated. These investigations tend to validate the preceding observations and emphasize the need for near-term action to establish responsible control policy and implementation actions.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Orbital Debris; p 410-418
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  • 31
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    Orbital debris policy issues: Battelle involvement and some personal observations (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The possible hazards presented by orbital debris have been a matter of concern since the early 1960s. The area of initial concern was the potential hazard of the Earth from reentering debris. In the very early days of the space program, it was believed that only specially protected objects would survive reentry. Subsequent events showed this to be incorrect. The recognition of the potential hazard of orbital debris to orbiting objects did not occur until the late 1970s. Concern over this potential hazard has increased, and has also given rise to a number of policy issues. These issues are, at present, largely unresolved.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 402-409
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  • 32
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    A VLA experiment: Planning for Voyager at Neptune (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A very large array (VLA) engineering experiment was conducted on the night of July 22, 1983 to explore one aspect of the potential for the VLA to support Voyager at its Neptune encounter in August of 1989. Specifically, the experiment tested the abiliy of the VLA to self-calibrate on a natural radio source whose effective signal strength is the same as Voyager's will be at its Neptune encounter. The experiment was successful and supported the belief that the VLA would be able to be self-calibrated with Voyager's signal.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept.; p 136-142
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  • 33
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    Cell wall elasticity: I. A critique of the bulk elastic modulus approach and an analysis using polymer elastic principles (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The traditional bulk elastic modulus approach to plant cell pressure-volume relations is inconsistent with its definition. The relationship between the bulk modulus and Young's modulus that forms the basis of their usual application to cell pressure-volume properties is demonstrated to be physically meaningless. The bulk modulus describes stress/strain relations of solid, homogeneous bodies undergoing small deformations, whereas the plant cell is best described as a thin-shelled, fluid-filled structure with a polymer base. Because cell walls possess a polymer structure, an alternative method of mechanical analysis is presented using polymer elasticity principles. This initial study presents the groundwork of polymer mechanics as would be applied to cell walls and discusses how the matrix and microfibrillar network induce nonlinear stress/strain relationships in the cell wall in response to turgor pressure. In subsequent studies, these concepts will be expanded to include anisotropic expansion as regulated by the microfibrillar network.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Plant, cell & environment (ISSN 0140-7791); Volume 8; 8; 563-70
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  • 34
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    Kinetic separation of phototropism from blue-light inhibition of stem elongation (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: These experiments tested the hypothesis that phototropic bending arises when a light gradient across the stem differentially inhibits cell elongation because of direct inhibition of cell elongation by light (the Blaauw hypothesis). Continuous irradiation of dark-grown cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) with unilateral blue light inhibited hypocotyl elongation within 30 s, but did not induce phototropic curvature until 4.5 h after the start of irradiation. Marking experiments showed that curvature began simultaneously at the top and bottom of the growing region. In situ measurements of the light gradient across the stem with a glass fiber optic indicated that a 5- to 6-fold difference in fluence rate was established on the two sides of the stem. The light gradient established at the start of irradiation was the same as that after 6 h of irradiation. Changes in gravitropic responsiveness during this period were also ruled out. Calculations show that the light gradient should have caused curvature which would be detectable within 30 to 60 min and which would extrapolate to the start of irradiation--if the Blaauw hypothesis were correct. The long lag for phototropism in this case indicates that rapid inhibition of cell elongation by blue light does not cause the asymmetrical growth of phototropism. Rather, phototropism is superimposed upon this separate light growth response.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Photochemistry and photobiology (ISSN 0031-8655); Volume 42; 6; 745-51
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  • 35
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    SEM visualization of glycosylated surface molecules using lectin-coated microspheres (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: There are several techniques currently used to localize glycosylated surface molecules by scanning electron microscopy (Grinnell, 1980; Molday, 1976; Linthicum and Sell, 1975; Nicolson, 1974; Lo Buglio, et al, 1972). A simple and rapid method, using a modification of Grinnell's technique is reported here. Essentially, microspheres coated with Concavalin A are used to bind to glycosylated regions of the palatal shelf epithelium and are visualized in the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of electron microscopy technique (ISSN 0741-0581); Volume 2; 173-4
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  • 36
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    Continual LDEF program (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The long-duration-exposure-facility (LDEF) experiment underway as of November 1985 is presented in drawings, diagrams, photographs, and tables and briefly characterized. The 57 LDEF experiments include studies of diffusion crystal growth; photovoltaic degradation of solar cells; thermal-coating performance; heat pipes; and cosmic-ray effects on seeds, spores, and eggs. Also included are answers to questions about LDEF retrieval posed at the conference.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 37
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    The ICE project (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft passed through the plasma tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner (G/Z) on Sept. 11, 1985, and made in situ measurements of particles, fields, and waves. The scientific results indicate that Alfven's magnetic-field capture and draping model is correct; that the comet/solar-wind interaction produces energetic ions (probably by the pick-up process), and that the bow wave, as seen on the flanks, is not a shock but an extended interaction region. It is concluded that the ICE spacecraft survived the encounter virtually unscathed and made field and particle measurements upstream of Comet Halley, actually detecting the comet via plasma wave and energetic particle measurements.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 12, 1
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  • 38
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    The LDEF interplanetary dust experiment (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Explorer 46 data and the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) interplanetary dust experiment are examined. Analysis of the Explorer 46 data reveals the existence of particles of 0.1 micron and a mass of 1 x 10 to the -16th gm, the injection of the submicron particles directly by a comet (injection mass of about 5000 tons), and a submicron particle lifetime of about three years. The applications of LDEF data to particles in hyperbolic orbits, particle swarms, morning-to-evening asymmetry, the effects of the earth's orbit eccentricity, and the presence of interstellar dust are discussed. The effects of space debris on data collection are considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 39
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    The selection of comets for future space missions (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The criteria used to select a short period comet for possible future rendezvous space missions are stated and the selection process is outlined. For the time period 1900-2000, several candidate comets offer opportunities for spacecraft rendezvous. Two of the best candidates are periodic comets Kopff and Wild 2.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 40
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    The International Cometary Explorer (ICE) mission to comet Giacobini-Zinner (G/Z) (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The primary objectives of the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) mission is to provide in situ data on the interaction between solar wind and the atmosphere of the P/Giacobini-Zinner comet (G/Z), making measurements of particles, fields, and waves while passing through the cometary tail of G/Z on September 11, 1985. Following the G/Z tail intercept, the ICE measurements will complement the later upstream measurements obtained by the Comet Halley probe. The major ICE payload includes a vector helium magnetometer, the plasma-wave experiment, the radio-wave experiment, the plasma-electron experiment, and the plasma ion experiment. Other experiments are intended to measure energetic protons, X-rays, low energy to high energy cosmic rays, cosmic ray electrons, and gamma-ray bursts. The ICE measurements of G/Z will be supplemented with ground-based measurements. Schematic diagrams are included.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 41
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    Spacelab 3 mission - Broadening horizons in space research (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Spacelab 3 mission involves research in materials sciences, fluid mechanics, atmospheric science, astrophysics, and life sciences with emphasis on materials sciences. In this regard the mission will provide the best low-gravity environment possible within the hardware and operational constraints of the Shuttle/Spacelab system. This is truly a major milestone in space research. The paper describes the scientific goals of this important Spacelab mission and discusses how the mission was planned relative to the low-gravity aspects of the mission.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 42
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    The International Cometary Explorer mission to comet Giacobini-Zinner (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The International Cometary Explorer (ICE), scheduled to pass the tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner on September 11, 1985, was expected to address first-order questions bout the interaction between solar wind and comets. Since ICE was not initially intended for comet studies, it did not have sun-sensitive imaging instruments designed to image the comet nucleus. In effect, ICE was free to pass through the tail of the comet. The ICE spacecraft, a 16-faceted cylindrical drum just over five ft high with a spin axis normal to the ecliptic plane, was designed to encounter the comet at a distance of 0.47 AU from the earth. Scientific instruments on board the spacecraft include: (1) the electron plasma experiment, (2) the vector helium magnetometer, (3) the plasma wave experiment, (4) the radio waves experiment, (5) the plasma ion experiment, (6) the low-energy cosmic ray experiment, and (7) the energetic protons experiment. Targeting error was expected as a result of solar-wind induced plasma tail wagging. Comet interception was planned to be at a distance of 10,000 km from the nucleus.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 66; 625
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  • 43
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    National space transportation systems planning (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In the fall of 1984, the DOD and NASA had been asked to identify launch vehicle technologies which could be made available for use in 1995 to 2010. The results of the studies of the two groups were integrated, and a consumer report, dated December 1984, was forwarded to the President. Aspects of mission planning and analysis are discussed along with a combined mission model, future launch system requirements, a launch vehicle planning background, Shuttle derivative vehicle program options, payload modularization, launch vehicle technology implications, a new engine program for the mid-1990's. Future launch systems goals are to achieve an order of magnitude reduction in future launch cost and meet the lift requirements and launch rates. Attention is given to an advanced cryogenic engine, advanced LOX/hydrocarbon engine, advanced power systems, aerodynamics/flight mechanics, reentry/recovery systems, avionics/software, advanced manufacturing techniques, autonomous ground and mission operations, advanced structures/materials, and air breathing propulsion.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 44
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    Remotely manipulated and autonomous robotic welding fabrication in space (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of a NASA sponsored study, performed in order to establish the feasibility of remotely manipulated or unmanned welding fabrication systems for space construction, are presented. Possible space welding fabrication tasks and operational modes are classified and the capabilities and limitations of human operators and machines are outlined. Human performance in remote welding tasks was experimentally tested under the sensing and actuation constraints imposed by remote manipulation in outer space environments. Proposals for the development of space welding technology are made and necessary future R&D efforts are identified. The development of improved visual sensing strategies and computer encoding of the human welding engineering expertise are identified as essential, both for human operator assistance and for autonomous operation in all phases of welding fabrication. Novel uses of machine vision for the determination of the weld joint and bead geometry are proposed, and a prototype of a rule-based expert system is described for the interpretation of the visually detected weld features and defects.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 45
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    Comet coma sample return via Giotto II (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comet coma sample return is possible with a low-cost flyby mission. Collecting coma materials and returning them to earth can be accomplished in a free-return trajectory. Intact capture of coma dust, preserving the cometary dust mineralogy, is possible at low encounter speeds. Samples from a known cometary source can then be compared with the wealth of information on meteorites and interplanetary dust. Sample return via Giotto II is a unique, low-cost NASA/ESA cooperative opportunity. With ESA providing the Giotto spacecraft and payload and NASA the sample return capability, first-class science can be accomplished at a very low cost for both NASA and ESA. This paper focuses on the sample return aspects, including sample return objectives, sample collection techniques, experimental work to verify collection concepts, and some of the characteristics of the cometary targets for sample return.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: (ISSN 0007-084X); 38; 232-239
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  • 46
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    Concepts, strategies and potentials using hypo-g and other features of the space environment for commercialization using higher plants (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Opportunities for releasing, capturing, constructing and/or fixing the differential expressions or response potentials of the higher plant genome in the hypo-g environment for commercialization are explored. General strategies include improved plant-growing, crop and forestry production systems which conserve soil, water, labor and energy resources, and nutritional partitioning and mobilization of nutrients and synthates. Tissue and cell culture techniques of commercial potential include the growing and manipulation of cultured plant cells in vitro in a bioreactor to produce biologicals and secondary plants of economic value. The facilitation of plant breeding, the cloning of specific pathogen-free materials, the elimination of growing point or apex viruses, and the increase of plant yield are other O-g applications. The space environment may be advantageous in somatic embryogenesis, the culture of alkaloids, and the development of completely new crop plant germ plasm.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 28; S-179
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  • 47
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    Assembling the basic structure (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Specific tasks to be undertaken by the NASA-Johnson, Phase B management of the manned Space Station are described. These tasks include the analysis, definition, and design of the following systems: assembly trusses and structures; interconnection modules; airlock system; heat rejection and transport; guidance, navigation and control systems; mechanical systems; resource integration; data management; communication and tracking; habitat for the crew; hardware need for cost-effective EVA; interface and berthing for compatible space-transportation system; and software development environment. The components, functions, and the key design goals of each of these systems are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 23; 50-52
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  • 48
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    A home away from home (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of the NASA-Marshall center in the development of the Space Station is discussed. The tasks of the center include the development of the life-support system; the design of the common module, which will form the basis for all pressurized Space Station modules; the design and outfit of a common module for the Material and Technology Laboratory (MTL) and logistics use; accommodations for operations of the Orbit Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) and the Orbit Transfer Vehicle (OTV); and the Space Station propulsion system. A description of functions and design is given for each system, with particular emphasis on the goals of safety, efficiency, automation, and cost effectiveness.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 23; 56
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  • 49
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    Cost comparisons of solar power satellites versus lunar based power systems (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison is made between projected electricity costs of an optimized space solar power station (SPS) in GEO and a moon-based SPS (LPS). A single SPS would receive sunlight on an almost uninterruptible basis. The LPS would be illumined 50 percent of the time, thus requiring two stations on opposite sides of the moon as well as three terrestrial rectennas spaced 120 deg apart. The 5 percent efficient LPS cells would be manufactured from lunar materials and built into arrays mounted on tall mounds. The steerable GEO SPS would have 15 percent efficient cells. Construction costs would be significantly lower on the moon, but the total antenna area would need to be two orders of magnitude larger to produce the same output as the SPS. It is estimated that the LPS would therefore deliver 5 GW electricity to earth stations at a cost of 511.3 mills/kW, compared to 46.8 mills/kW from the SPS. It is concluded that lunar materials are suitable for building an SPS, not a LPS.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Solar Power Review (ISSN 0191-9067); 5; 1, 19
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  • 50
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    Commercial use of space - The space business era (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Progress and avenues being explored by NASA to hasten the commercialization of space are described. A task force has recommended that the effort begin at once, that bureaucratic barriers to commercial space activities be removed, and that a partnership between government and industry be seriously explored. The government role is to establish links with private industry, invest in high-leverage technologies and space facilities which will be attractive to commercial ventures, and contribute to commercial enterprises where risks are high and significant economic benefits can be foreseen. The government/industry relationship can be legally evinced by MOUs, joint endeavor agreements, technical exchange agreements and industrial guest investigator arrangements. The Space Station is the first step in that it allows Americans to live and work in space. It is expected that international participation in Space Station development and utilization will accelerate the space business era.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Solar Power Review (ISSN 0191-9067); 5; 1, 19
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  • 51
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    Deviser - An AI planner for spacecraft operations (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 'Deviser III' automated spacecraft mission planner prototype can plan complete Voyager spacecraft operational sequences consisting of over 100 data capture goals, working 10-50 times faster than a human analyst. The planner generates a loop-free network of actions and events resembling a program evaluation and review technique chart. Actions, events, and inferences are the building blocks from which plans are assembled. It is noted that, for a very large spacecraft mission plan, the backtracking through remembered decision trees entailed by this artificial intelligence system can consume megabite quantities of computer memory.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 23; 50-53
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  • 52
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    Development of an electrostatic positioner for space material processing (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes an electrostatic positioning instrument which was developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to enable experimenters to conduct containerless material science experiments in space. Samples that are to be studied are electrically charged and controlled by the electrostatic force produced by a set of properly arranged electrodes. Three different types of positioners are described, i.e., the dish type, the ring type, and the tetrahedral type. In all these systems, the positioning and the damping of the sample is accomplished by a feedback control system. The advantage of this electrostatic positioning method, in comparison to the other methods, such as acoustic and electromagnetic, lies in the fact that it can operate in a high vacuum and does not require the material to be electrically conductive as long as the material can carry a certain amount of charge.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 56; 307-317
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  • 53
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    Orbit-on-demand vehicles - Mission possible, but one-day turnaround? (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The next generation launch-on-demand manned orbital vehicles will ideally be able to perform plane change maneuvers for rendezvous. Plane-changes of, e.g., 11 deg, will require a 3000 fps on-orbit maneuver velocity. Any plane-change capabilities beyond 800 fps rapidly increase the necessary vehicle weight. Sensitivity studies of the payload weight/vehicle weight, the presence or absence of air-breathing engines, high acceleration, etc., indicated that advances are required in the payload stowage pallet, thermal protection system, fault detection electronics, line-replaceable units, and accessibility to realize one-day turnaround. The spacecraft would also need autonomous systems checks and launch from minimum support sites reached by air ferry. A horizontal take-off, two-stage subsonic launch vehicle so far offers the lowest weight, maximum flexibility and minimum support combination of all configurations under consideration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 23; 54-57
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  • 54
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    Debris impact on Earth-orbiting spacecraft (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The accumulation of Earth-orbiting space debris leads to important new design considerations. Some 5,000 orbiting objects, many of them explosion fragments, are currently being tracked and future collision of these objects with each other is predicted. These collisions will occur at high velocities. Each collision will be explosive, ejecting thousands, of new orbiting objects, in turn increasing the frequency of future collisions. The debris population may thus become self-regenerative, and the future flux of orbiting debris will exceed that of meteoroids. As a result, a large space structure in Earth-orbit for several years has a significant probability of impact by debris objects. As a design problem, debris impact is significantly different from meteoroid impact. Protection against such large objects may require structural measures. The consideration of debris impact in the design of large, Earth-orbiting spacecraft is recommended.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Alabama Univ. Res. Rept.: 1984 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program (NASA-CR; 15p
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    Descent guidance and mission planning for space shuttle (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Space Shuttle descent mission planning, mission design, deorbit targeting, and entry guidance have necessarily become interrelated because of the nature of the Orbiter's design and mission requirements. The desired descent trajectory has been formulated in a drag acceleration/relative velocity state space since nearly all of the vehicle's highly constraining flight limitations can be uniquely represented in this plane. Constraints and flight requirements that affect the descent are described. The guidance logic which allows the Orbiter to follow the designed trajectory, the impacts of contingency aborts and flightcrew interaction are discussed. The mission planning and guidance techniques remain essentially unchanged through the Shuttle flight test program and subsequent operational flights.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Shuttle Tech. Conf., Pt. 1; p 113-124
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    Glass Research (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: Research efforts span three general areas of glass science: glass refining, gel-derived glasses, and nucleation and crystallization of glasses. Gas bubbles which are present in a glass product are defects which may render the glass totally useless for the end application. For example, optical glasses, laser host glasses, and a variety of other specialty glasses must be prepared virtually defect free to be employable. Since a major mechanism of bubble removal, buoyant rise, is virtually inoperative in microgravity, glass fining will be especially difficult in space. On the other hand, the suppression of buoyant rise and the ability to perform containerless melting experiments in space allows the opportunity to carry out several unique bubble experiments in space. Gas bubble dissolution studies may be performed at elevated temperatures for large bubbles with negligible bubble motion. Also, bubble nucleation studies may be performed without the disturbing feature of heterogeneous bubble nucleation at the platinum walls. Ground based research efforts are being performed in support of these potential flight experiments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 175-176
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    Physical Phenomena in Containerless Glass Processing (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: An investigation into the various physical phenomena of importance in the space experiments is under way. Theoretical models of thermocapillary flow in drops, thermal migration of bubbles and droplets, the motion of bubbles inside drops, and the migration of bubbles in rotating liquid bodies are being developed. Experiments were conducted on the migration of bubbles and droplets to the axis of a rotating liquid body, and the rise of bubbles in molten glass. Also, experiments on thermocapillary motion in silicone oils as well as glass melts were performed. Experiments are currently being conducted on the migration of bubbles in a thermal gradient, and on their motion inside unconstrained liquid drops in a rotating liquid.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 172-173
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    Extension of Ostwald Ripening Theory (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-04
    Description: The objective is to develop models based on the mean field approximation of Ostwald ripening to describe the growth of second phase droplets or crystallites. The models will include time variations in nucleation rate, control of saturation through addition of solute, precipitating agents, changes in temperature, and various surface kinetic effects. Numerical integration schemes have been developed and tested against the asymptotic solution of Liftshitz, Slyozov and Wagner (LSW). A second attractor (in addition to the LSW distribution) has been found and, contrary to the LSW theory, the final distribution is dependent on the initial distribution. A series of microgravity experiments is being planned to test this and other results from this work.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 93
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    Cryogenic Equivalence Principle Experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-03
    Description: The purpose of this project is to test the equivalence of inertial and passive gravitational mass in an Earth-orbiting satellite. A ground-based experiment is now well developed. It consists of comparing the motions of two cylindrical test masses suspended in precision superconducting magnetic bearings and free to move along the horizontal (axis) direction. The masses are made of niobium and lead-plated aluminum. A position detector based on a SQUID magnetometer measures the differential motion between the masses. The periods of the masses are matched by adjustment of the position detector until the system is insensitive to common mode signals, and so that the experiment is less sensitive to seismic vibration. The apparatus is contained in a twelve inch helium dewar suspended in a vibration isolation stand. The stand achieves 30 db isolation from horizontal motions between 0.1 and 60 Hz, by simulating the motion of a 200 meter long pendulum with an air bearing. With this attenuation of seismic noise and a common mode rejection ratio of 10 to the 5th power in the differential mode, the ground based apparatus should have a sensitivity to equivalence principle violations of one part in 10 to the 13th power; the satellite version might have a sensitivity of one part in 10 to the 17th power.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 196-197
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    Suppression of Marangoni Convection in Float Zones (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-03
    Description: The basic purpose of this program is to demonstrate by means of an Earth-based 1-g experiment that the undesirable Marangoni (surface tension) convection can be suppressed or significantly reduced by means of gas jets directed tangentially to the free surface of the liquid in a float zone. These jets will establish the tangential shear stress field over the surface which must be adjusted to equal the counter-stress resultant of the Marangoni shear stress which causes the convection. For proposed materials processing in space (o-g), particularly of important, highly reactive semiconductor materials, e.g., silicon, microgravity will virtually eliminate the unwanted thermal-buoyancy convection in the liquid silicon, but will have no effect in reducing the Marangoni convection. Unless this can be sufficiently suppressed by other means, there may be no significant advantages to the proposed space processing of reactive semiconductors. Although some inert gas such as argon must be used for the corrosive liquid silicon, the Earth-based experiment uses air jets and various transparent oils, since the basic principle involved is the same. The first float zone is enclosed in a very small rectangular box with a quasi-planar free surface. Stable Marangoni convection has been achieved and velocities measured photographically. The air jet system with variable velocity and temperature is under construction. Three independent parameters must be optimized to attain maximum suppression: the gas velocity, angle of attack, and gas temperature.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 102-103
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    Transport Processes in Solution Crystal Growth (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-03
    Description: The objective of this effort is to conduct fundamental research in reduced gravity on transport processes occurring during solution crystal growth. Experimental techniques will be developed to monitor and control key parameters at the interface between a growing crystal and the solution from which it grows. Techniques developed will lead to an in-space experiment in the Shuttle. The focus will be on non-incursive ground-based laboratory measurements of model systems and the definition of requirements for space experimentation. Initially, aqueous solutions will be used for easier control and instrumentation. Model systems with imposed steady flows and simplified boundary conditions will be studied for characterization. Various nonincursive measurement techniques are being investigated for proper applications in a newly built laboratory capable of flow visualization, laser Doppler velocimetry, Schlieren photography, specklegram, holographic interferometry, and Raman spectroscopy.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 96
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    Cloud Microphysics by Thermal Wave Methods (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-03
    Description: This experiments series is the first application of a low-gravity experimental technique to the study of cloud microphysics. The low-gravity environment is provided by the parabolic maneuver of NASA's KC-135 aircraft. The primary objective is to compare experimental observations of cloud droplet growth and evaporation in a convection free environment with a numerical model of the process. Beyond that, the work also involves the development and testing of low-gravity research techniques. In particular, passive methods of thermal control have been devised and used effectively. The study to date has shown that the method is particularly suitable for looking at interactions between adjoining portions of the cloud drop field and interactions of the drop field with a solid interface. After final analysis of the data, it is expected the results will shed light on the development of cloud droplet size spectra in natural clouds as well as the performance of certain types of cloud physics instrumentation, particularly continuous flow diffusion chambers and loud condensation nuclei counters.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 91-92
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    Cell Maintenance Systems (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Living human cells require attachment to a suitable surface and special culture conditions in order to grow. These requirements are modified and amplified when cells are taken into a weightless environment. Special handling and maintenance systems are required for routine laboratory procedures conducted in the Orbiter and in the Spacelab. Methods were developed to maintain cells in special incubators designed for the Orbiter middeck, however, electrophoresis and other experiments require cells to be harvested off of the culture substrate before they can be processed or used. The cell transport assembly (CTA) was flown on STS-8, and results show that improvements are required to maintain adequate numbers of cells in this device longer than 48 hours. The life sciences middeck centrifuge probably can be used, but modifications will be required to transfer cells from the CTA and keep the cells sterile. Automated systems such as the Skylab SO-15 flight hardware and crew operated systems are being evaluated for use on the Space Shuttle, Spacelab, and Space Station research modules.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program; p 148
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    Dendritic Growth in Undercooled Melts (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: The kinetic and morphological behavior of systems solidifying at small undercooling were investigated with emphasis on the role of convective and diffusive transport and the influence of gravity. A data base was established for pure succinonitrile which permits a comprehensive check on diffusional dendrite growth theory and the development of scaling laws to extend the theory to other material systems. A departure from diffusional-controlled growth was observed which becomes more significant at smaller undercoolings. A shuttle experiment is prepared to test the theory at the low undercoolings where convective effects begin to dominate.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 59
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    Impurity Extraction by Droplets (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-30
    Description: The goals are to model and to measure the phase equilibrium properties of a finely divided fluid containing a large number of chemically similar species. The objective is to develop an accurate, usable model for such phenomena as pollutant extraction of rain clouds, industrial separation in spray towers, and separation in emulsions. The project was designed as a hierarchy of complementary theoretical and experimental steps. A theory was developed to describe the segregation of complex impurities at the interface of a solvent. This phenomenon is important in phase behavior when a large fraction of molecules in a material are near an interface, the situation in a finely divided material. The theory will be modified to account for the effect of surface curvature on the surface tension. The study of mixtures differs from pure fluids not only because of the surface effects but also because composition differences between the droplet and the surrounding vapor can stabilize a droplet with respect to a bulk phase.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 116-117
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    Development of Materials Processing Systems for Use in Space on Low-g Simulation Devices (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-03
    Description: Advanced furnace systems are being developed for use in space. Systems are being tested for current experiment applications and modified for future experiment requirements. Future projects are: (1) fabrication and testing of the Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (AADSF) flight hardware; (2) development of a Heat Pipe Furnace (HPF) for use in space. Heat pipes will be tested for space flight qualification in conjunction with the furnace development. The HPF design will be based on the AADSF development and will be of modular design including capabilities of operating with or without heat pipes; and (3) the AADSF furnace will be modified and tested to operate at temperatures up to 1700 C in the heated cavity. This will be accomplished by developing a new hot end heating module and insulation package for the existing AADSF. Refurbishment of the Drop Tower Furnace (DTF) is under way. The DTF can operate at temperatures up to 1700 C. The sample size will be approximately 3/8 in. dia. x 5/8 in. long. Design improvements for the General Purpose Rocket Furnace (GPRF) for use in the Material Experiment Assembly (MEA) are to be accomplished.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program; p 191
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    Advanced Optical Measurement Techniques (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: This research analyzes four areas: (1) Improved Techniques for Optical Measurement; (2) KC-135 Low Gravity Simulation Flight Preparation; (3) In-Line Holographic Microscopy; and (4) Holographic Optical Schlieren System (HOSS). The first task provides for laboratory breadboarding of advanced optical measurement techniques which appear promising for use in Material Processing System (MPS) flight experiments. A laboratory schlieren system has been constructed which simulates a similar optical system on the Fluids Experiment System (FES) which is to be flown on Spacelab 3. The second task allows improved optical systems and breadboards to be built for experiments and hardware tests on the KC-135 aircraft. A new, more stable Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been developed and components have been ordered. The third task is concerned with improvements on the optical system being used to study immiscible fluids. Experiments studying the dynamics of nucleation and the separation of immiscible fluids have been conducted. The four task involves building breadboard reconstruction systems for holograms taken in the HOSS. The HOSS is an early prototype of the Fluids Experiments System (FES) which is scheduled to fly on Spacelab 3.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 200
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    Control of Cast Iron Microstructure (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: The use of microgravity for industrial research in the processing of cast iron was investigated. Solidification experiments were conducted using the KC-135 and F-104 aircraft, and an experiment plan was developed for follow-on experiments using the Shuttle. Three areas of interest are identified: (1) measurement of thermophysical properties in the melt; (2) understanding of the relative roles of homogeneous nucleation, grain multiplication, and innocultants in forming the microstructure; and (3) exploring the possibility of obtaining an aligned graphite structure in hypereutectic Fe, Ni, and Co.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Microgravity Sci. and Appl. Program Tasks; p 63
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    Transportation Applications, Part 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The applications of tethers in support of space transportation is divided into: (1) orbit transfer, momentum transfer release/rendezvous (hanging, swinging, and spinning) and simplified docking; (2) orbit maintenance: electrodynamic thrust in or out of plane, electrodynamic libration pumping or damping, momentum scavenging, and isolate thruster exhaust; and (3) transfer within constellation: deployment or retrieval of whole constellation, clothesline loop, hoist, tram for travel on the tether, monkey between the tethers, and power and fluid transfer.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Appl. of Tethers in Space, Vol. 1; 27 p
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    Science Applications, Part 1 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The tethered satellite system mission can allow direct observation of the structure and the dynamics of the lower atmosphere; as well as answer some basic questions on the chemical composition of the atmosphere; the coupling mechanisms between small and large scale motions; the global wind field of the lower atmosphere, and how it is influenced by waves and tides; the mass, momentum, and energy fluxes in the lower thermosphere; how the above are affected by externally perturbed conditions (for example by magnetic storms, solar wind and its variability, etc.); and the pattern of electric current circulation and its relationship with the magnetospheric environment. Fundamental plasma processes can also be studied. Similarity of conditions in other plasmas in space makes it possible to get information on the magnetospheres of the giant planets or more generally on the solar system. The electrodynamic phenomena associated with the Jovian satellite Io (radioemission, UV emission, energetic electron precipitation) can be examined by simple scaling to the terrestrial case.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Appl. of Tethers in Space, Vol. 1; 11 p
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    Study Proposal for the Possible Use of ISS as an Aerodynamic Facility for Aerospace Applications (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: In order to determine the correct design parameters for an orbital transfer vehicle (OTV) to be used in conjunction with the envisaged space station system (SSS) it is essential to know the aerodynamic coefficients in the translational flow regime of the Earth's atmosphere at approximately 80 to 200 km. Because of the inherent difficulties relating to the duplication of the abovesaid translational flow regime in a ground based aerodynamic facility, another means of making this determination had to be developed. The proposed solution is the exploitation of the tether satellite system (TSS). By employing it as a spaceborne variable low density wind tunnel, the TSS appears to be a very appealing tool for such gas dynamic research.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Appl. of Tethers in Space, Vol. 2; 5 p
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    Voyage to Uranus (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-26
    Description: Preparations being made for the Voyager 2's encounter with the seventh planet, Uranus are discussed. Research activities involved with the methane in Uranus' atmosphere and its absorption of photons of sunlight are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA Ames Summer High School Apprenticeship Res. Program; p 35-38
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    Comparison of theory with experiment in convectionless growth of crystals from solution (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Wilcox's computer program for predicting the growth rates of crystals in convectionless supersaturated solution is used to model experiments to measure the crystal growth experiments of Simon (1978) and of Nerad and Shlichta (1984), and the results are compared with the experimental data. The predictions of Wilcox's model are found to be in remarkably good agreement with the results of Simon. The data of Nerad and Shlichta are 30 to 90 percent higher than the predictions of the Wilcox model for a certain range of temperature dependence, consistent with the observation of occasional low-level convection in these experiments. These comparisons indicate that the Wilcox model can be used to make reliable order-of-magnitude predictions of growth rates in the absence of convection.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 71; 791-794
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    Towards a lunar base programme (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: When the requisite technlogy exists, the U.S. political process will inevitably include lunar surface activities as a major space objective. This article examines a manned lunar base in terms of three distinct functions: the scientific investigation of the moon and its environment; development of the capability to use lunar resources for beneficial purposes throughout the earth-moon system; and conduct of R and D leading to a self-sufficient and self-supporting manned lunar base. Three scenarios are outlined with respect to each possible function.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space Policy (ISSN 0265-9646); 1; 49-61
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    Space missions in comets (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent advances in the techniques and instruments of cometary research are described. Consideration is given to the development of the first space-based platforms for cometary observations in the 1970s, including the OGO-5 and OAO-2 ultraviolet satellites, as well as IRAS. The expectations for the scientific return from space missions in the 1980s and 1990s are also discussed, with attention given to the Giotto flyby; the Soviet VEGA missions; and two Japanese spacecraft missions Sakigake and Suise. The imaging and spectroscopic experiments to be carried out during the Giotto mission are described in detail.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Physics Today (ISSN 0031-9228); 38; 38-44
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    Partially confined configuration for the growth of semiconductor crystals from the melt in zero-gravity environment (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A novel partially confined configuration is proposed for the crystal growth of semiconductors from the melt, including those with volatile constituents. A triangular prism is employed to contain the growth melt. Due to surface tension, the melt will acquire a cylindrical-like shape and thus contact the prism along three parallel lines. The three empty spaces between the cylindrical melt and the edges of the prism will accommodate the expansion of the solidifying semiconductor, and in the case of semiconductor compounds with a volatile constituent, will permit the presence of the desired vapor phase in contact with the melt for controlling the melt stoichiometry. Theoretical and experimental evidence in support of this new type of confinement is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 72; 595-598
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    Frameworks for the future (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA is exploring the techniques and technologies which will permit the construction of large structures in space. EASE (Experimental Assembly of Structures in Extravehicular Activity) and ACCESS (Assembly Concept for Construction of Erectable Space Structures) are structures which are carried in the Atlantis bay and are assembled in space by astronauts. The experimental structures were designed to be durable and strong, easily assembled, have removable parts, and be amenable to alterations using specially-designed tools. All space activities are first rehearsed in detail on earth, mainly in the NASA Neutral Buoyancy Facility. Thorough studies are also being done to examine the human factors of space assembly and to gather biomedical data to characterize the capabilities of humans doing construction work in space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Space World (ISSN 0038-6332); 5; 20-24
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    Summary presentation of the Constellations Panel (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Tethered multiple spacecraft configurations are discussed relative to low Earth orbit, geosynchronous Earth orbit, and one, two, or three dimensional configurations. Attitude control, pointing, and stabilization of such tethered systems are addressed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Appl. of Tethers in Space, Vol. 1; 11 p
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    The effects of particulates from solid rocket motors fired in space (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The orbits attained by kick motor solid propellant particulates are modeled, and an estimate is made of the number of particulates which will remain in orbit. The fuel, Al2O3, is burned while inserting spacecraft into a transfer orbit and again while circularizing the GEO station. It is shown that 23 percent of 1 micron particles deorbit immediately, while most particles enter a retrograde orbit. The resulting flux is an order of magnitude larger than the micrometeoroid flux. The pressures exerted by solar radiation ensure that only 5 percent of the original flux is still in orbit after the first year. The estimates provided are valid for a large number of transfer orbit operations, but will vary widely over the short term.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 2, 19
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    Orbital debris issues (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Man-made orbital debris, identified as a potential hazard to future space activities, is grouped into size categories. At least 79 satellites have broken up in orbit to date and, in combination with exploded rocket casings and antisatellite debris, threaten 10 km/sec collisions with other orbiting platforms. Only 5 percent of the debris is connected to payloads. The total population of orbiting objects over 4 cm in diameter could number as high as 15,000, and at 1 cm in diameter could be 32,000, based on NASA and NORAD studies. NASA has initiated the 10 yr Space Debris Assessment Program to characterize the hazards of orbiting debris, the potential damage to typical spacecraft components, and to identify means of controlling the damage.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 2, 19
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    Contribution of explosion and future collision fragments to the orbital debris environment (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The time evolution of the near-earth man-made orbital debris environment modeled by numerical simulation is presented in this paper. The model starts with a data base of orbital debris objects which are tracked by the NORAD ground radar system. The current untrackable small objects are assumed to result from explosions and are predicted from data collected from a ground explosion experiment. Future collisions between earth orbiting objects are handled by the Monte Carlo method to simulate the range of collision possibilities that may occur in the real world. The collision fragmentation process between debris objects is calculated using an empirical formula derived from a laboratory spacecraft impact experiment to obtain the number versus size distribution of the newly generated debris population. The evolution of the future space debris environment is compared with the natural meteoroid background for the relative spacecraft penetration hazard.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 5; 2, 19
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    Space debris, asteroids and satellite orbits; Proceedings of the Fourth and Thirteenth Workshops, Graz, Austria, June 25-July 7, 1984 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The workshops covered a variety of topics relevant to the identification, characterization and monitoring of near-earth solar system debris. Attention was given to man-made and naturally occurring microparticles, their hazards to present and future spacecraft, and ground- and space-based techniques for tracking both large and small debris. The studies are extended to solid fuel particulates in circular space. Asteroid rendezvous missions are discussed, including propulsion and instrumentation options, the possibility of encountering asteroids during Hohman transfer flights to Venus and/or Mars, and the benefits of multiple encounters by one spacecraft. Finally, equipment and analytical models for generating precise satellite orbits are reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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    Spacelab 1 - Scientific objectives, life sciences, space plasma physics, astronomy and solar physics (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A general overview of the accomplishments of the Spacelab 1 complement to the Shuttle mission of Nov. 28, 1983, is presented. Consideration is given to scientific results in the fields of life sciences, materials sciences, atmospheric physics, and earth observations. A table is given which lists the scientific objectives and the percentage of objectives accomplished in each field.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Earth-Oriented Applications of Space Technology (ISSN 0277-4488); 5; 1-2,
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    Spacelab 1 - Mission overview and summary of scientific results (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper recalls the reasons which led NASA to build the Space Shuttle and ESA to manufacture Spacelab and presents the most important features of the mission where these two elements were combined for the first time. An overview on the objectives of the seven science disciplines participating in this mission is given and selected results as far as known in June 1984 are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Earth-Oriented Applications of Space Technology (ISSN 0277-4488); 5; 1-2,
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  • 85
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    Planning a probing voyage to Jupiter (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Encompassing both an orbiter and an atmospheric probe, Project Galileo will study in detail the phenomena of the plant Jupiter together with those of its moons and its dynamic magnetospheric environment. The probe element will sample the temperature and pressure structure of the Jupiter atmosphere, analyzing the composition of its gases, locating the various cloud decks, measuring radiation balances, and searching for evidence of lightning strikes. Galileo is the first planetary exploration mission to be launched by means of the Space Shuttle. Virtually all Galileo subsystems are fully reprogrammable from the earth to allow mission alterations as new data are obtained. A major technical challenge, however, was posed by probe-to-orbiter communications through the dense Jovian atmosphere.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IEEE Spectrum (ISSN 0018-9235); 22; 70-76
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  • 86
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    Toward the fully capable AI space mission planner (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The necessity of expending numerous ground-side manhours to write extremely concise command codes for deep-space probes in-flight, which carry limited on-board processing capabilities, is encouraging the development of AI modules to perform the same task. An experimental automated sequence planner, Deviser, has proven successful enough, when used on a mainframe computer, to continue with the next generation of the concept, PLAN-IT, an expert scheduler for spacecraft observation targets. The new system will provide the ground-based user with interactive graphic displays for choosing targets and generates an expected time-line. An updated Deviser, using the new modules, will be tested after the Voyager Uranus encounter, and PLAN-IT will be employed to formulate Spacelab activity schedules.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 23; 44-46
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  • 87
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    Vertical ascent from earth to geosynchronous orbit (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 1; 77-82
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  • 88
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    Summary presentation of the technology and test panel (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Tether related technology issues were investigated along with potential applications. Several of the applications do not derive necessarily from nor are they related to a technology issue. Tether designs must concern itself with length requirements (whether the tether is to be flexible or stiff) and what the environmental impact is on the particular material that is proposed for the tether. As far as tether manufacturing techniques, a lot of technology related work is required to develop cost effective manfacturing capabilities for the future tether. There are techniques that are used on the ground now. However, after some of the proposed applications are determined to be feasible, it may be that the best way to manufacture the tether is to pretend the satellite is a spider and allow it to spin its own web in space. The technology required to developed tapered tethers was considered. Definition of the taper, where the center of that taper should be, and the taper's relation to the end masses are all of concern.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Appl. of Tethers in Space, Vol. 1; 11 p
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  • 89
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    Spacelab to Space Station; Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spacelab 1 - Results, Implications and Perspectives, Naples and Capri, Italy, June 11-16, 1984 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Consideration is given to the scientific objectives of the Spacelab program, a review of data obtained during the STS-9/Spacelab 1 mission on board the Shuttle, and the coordination of future Spacelab research among participating European nations. Among the specific fields of study covered by Spacelab 1 were space plasma physics, materials and fluid sciences and technology, astronomy and solar physics, and atmospheric physics and earth observations. Consideration is also given to the legal aspects of space manufacturing activities, the role of private industry in space-based manufacturing ventures, plant production and breeding in space, and the development of remote sensing systems for use in a microgravity environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: (ISSN 0277-4488)
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  • 90
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    Geosynchronous satellite collision avoidance (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The increases in the number of satellite systems, the growing dependency on these systems, and the potentially hazardous conjunctions in space, dictates careful management of satellite positions. The potential for satellite collision increases as more objects are placed in orbit. At geosynchronous altitudes active satellites maintain fixed longitudinal station-keeping control while inactive satellites and debris generally drift around the globe or oscillate about two geopotential stable points. Portions of the total objects in geosynchronous orbit are tracked by ground stations while a significant number of additional pieces of space debris regularly pass through geosynchronous orbit altitudes. The probability of an operational satellite colliding with another satellite or a piece of space debris will increase in the number of space objects, their sizes, and on-orbit lifetimes.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Orbital Debris; p 133
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  • 91
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    The case for Mars II (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Among the topics discussed are: the political aspects of the exploration of Mars, preparatory mission scenarios in advance of manned Martian exploration, and scientific programs for a base on Mars. Consideration is also given to: mission strategies and spacecraft design for a Mars base program; concepts for the realization of a manned mission to Mars; dirigible airship applications to Martian surface exploration; and the power requirements of several Martian base designs. Additional topics include: the impact of propellant manufacturing on early manned exploration of the solar system; water supply issues for a manned Mars base; and psychological and interpersonal adaptation to life on Mars.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 92
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    Effect of enclosure shape on natural convection velocities in microgravity (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Natural convection velocities within two-dimensional enclosures of various shapes are estimated with reasonable accuracy, for Rayleigh numbers up to at least 5000, by considering the area to be equivalent to a circle of equal area. For the class of figures including the square, upright half-circle, and upright 2 x 1 aspect ratio rectangle, excellent agreement is obtained by considering the temperature difference across the maximum horizontal dimension to be equal to that across the equal area circle horizontal diameter. The agreement of two upright oblong shapes indicates probable agreement for any similar upright oblong shape of roughly the same aspect ratio. The horizontal oblong shapes have natural convection velocities approximately one-half that estimated based on the equal area circle, with the temperature difference across the maximum horizontal dimension taken to be equal to that across the equal area circle diameter.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 85-297
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  • 93
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    Introduction to the Dynamics Explorer mission (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA Dynamics Explorer (DE) mission has the objective to investigate the physical processes which control interactions among the earth's upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. The DE 1 and the DE 2 spacecraft were launched together on a Delta 3913 launch vehicle from the Western Test Range on Aug. 3, 1981. It is pointed out that the science objectives of the Dynamics Explorer mission required a comprehensive set of measurements of plasma and electric and magnetic fields simultaneously at high and low altitudes along with neutral-gas measurements in the thermosphere. Attention is given to the various instruments employed on the spacecraft, the primary measurement objectives, and a summary of science results.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AIAA PAPER 85-0061
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  • 94
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    Planning for Space Station utilization (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: User requirements for the planned Space Station, and utilization planning to meet those needs, are discussed. The continual involvement of the customer in all aspects of the Space Station Program is to be achieved by identifying customers and by defining, refining, and integrating their requirements so as to stimulate the best possible design, development, and operations. Planning guidelines to be used in the Space Station definition process are shown and discussed, as is the Space Station Planning Schedule.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 85-48
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  • 95
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    Novel extraterrestrial processing for space propulsion (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the present quantitative consideration of space processing concepts for chemicals, theoretical parametric calculations are supplemented by a bench scale experiment. Attention is given to the case of water splitting to generate hydrogen and oxygen for a simple rocket motor that can be used in periodic thrusting. This concept of in situ propellant production is treated in detail and compared with more recent energy and materials technologies.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 85-166
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  • 96
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    The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby project (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) spacecraft will be provided by the first Mariner Mark II (MMII). The MMII is a modular spacecraft which can be inexpensively reconfigured for different missions beyond the inner solar system. The rationale for a comet rendezvous mission are discussed, taking into account the probability that comets alone retain evidence of the chemical and physical conditions under which all solar system bodies were formed. A description of the rationale for the study of asteroids on the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby Mission is also presented. On its way to the rendezvous with a comet, the spacecraft will fly by one or more asteroids. It is assumed that the target asteroids will include moderately large main-belt objects several tens to perhaps 100 kilometers in diameter. Attention is also given to mission details, the spacecraft system, and the missions operations system.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: IAF PAPER 85-394
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  • 97
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    Future capabilities and commercial opportunities for materials processing in space (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The development of the Space Station and its application to materials processing are studied. The proposed components and capabilities of the Space Station are described. The advantages the modular Space Station configuration will provide to its users are discussed. The functions of the laboratory module and free flying platforms of the Microgravity and Materials Processing Facility (MMPF) are examined; microgravity science research and the development of commercial materials processing technologies are conducted in the MMPF. The equipment of the Commercial Materials Processing Support Facility and the designs of attached- and free-flying platforms are analyzed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 98
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    Tethers for Mars space operations (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A tether-mediated transport system is proposed in which mass may be transferred between the Martian surface, Mars orbit, and open space, using the orbital momentum of Phobos and Deimos. The performance and materials strength requirements of a prototype tether system are studied with attention given to: tether dynamics effects during different stages of operation; micrometeoroid impact effects; replacement of tether segments; and contingency methods in case of tether failure. A schematic diagram of the proposed tether transportation system is provided.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS 84-174
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  • 99
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    Rapid delivery of small payloads to Mars (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: To sustain a continued human presence on the surface of Mars or to achieve critical mission objectives the rapid delivery of small payloads may be necessary. Consideration is given to the physics of delivering payloads of about 10 kg over a nominal distance of 1 AU (149.5 x 10 to the 6th km) in 10 days. It is proposed that the most effective method of delivery is the use of a laser lightsail vehicle. The lightsail would be accelerated by a high-power laser from the vicinity of earth to velocities of approximately 174 km/s. Coasting at this velocity for most of the trip the vehicle would be decelerated by a similar laser upon arrival at Mars. The continuous laser power required is calculated to be about 47-billion W and the total duty time of both lasers, determined by optimization of the total energy, is calculated to be 3.9 hours. The laser power scales approximately linearly with payload mass and as the inverse square of the trip time.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS 84-172
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  • 100
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    Space Station - The first step (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The United States Space Station program, begun in Fiscal Year 1985 under significant cost constraints, should cause all those involved in the planning of manned interplanetary flight to revise their impressions of the cost and practicality of planetary missions. The presence of the Space Shuttle, as well as arrival of a capable Space Station, will provide a major impetus to planetary programs, both by removing most of the real barriers to extended manned space flights and by proving that significant manned space ventures may be performed very economically.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: AAS 84-160
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