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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (575)
  • Chemical Engineering  (460)
  • 1980-1984  (1,035)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1981  (1,035)
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Keywords
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  • 1980-1984  (1,035)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does the geometric design of centrioles imply their function? (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrioles ; symmetry ; triplet blades ; thermal fluctuations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paper suggests several principles of construction of a microscopically small device for locating the directions of signal sources in microscopic dimensions. It appears that the simplest and smallest device that is compatible with the scrambling influence of thermal fluctuations as are demonstrated by Brownian motion is a pair of cylinders oriented at right angles to each other. Nine equally spaced blades run in a pitched fashion along the mantle of each cylinder. The blades have a concave cross-section and bend around the circumference of the cylinder in a certain rotational pattern. Considering the striking similarity of this hypothetical device with centrioles, the paper puts forward the conjecture that centrioles locate the direction of hypothetical signals inside cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010206
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  • 102
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    Microtubule sliding in cilia of the rabbit trachea and oviduct (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 247-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cilia ; trachea ; ATP-reactivation ; ciliary activity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence for active sliding of microtubules during ciliary activity has been demonstrated in a number of organisms: sea urchin sperm flagella, protozoan cilia, and mollusc gill cilia. Although there is evidence that active sliding also occurs in mammalian sperm flagella, there is little or no information on whether active sliding of microtubules also occurs in the short (5-μm) cilia of the mammalian trachea or oviduct. Since these cilia are important in tracheobronchial clearance and ovum transport, respectively, it has been important to demonstrate that microtubule sliding is also involved in the activity of somatic cilia. Ciliated apical portions (cortices) and cilia were isolated from rabbit trachea and oviduct, using Triton X-100 to demembranate the cilia. Most of the ciliated cortices reactivated upon addition of ATP, whereas isolated cilia reactivated to a lesser extent. When preparations of cilia were digested with trypsin before or after ATP addition, disintegration of axonemal doublets occurred with about the same frequency as reactivation. These events were recorded using Nomarski optics and dark-field microscopy. When isolated cilia which had been digested by trypsin and exposed to ATP were also prepared for electron microscopy by negative staining, telescoping of doublet microtubules from axonemes could be shown. These results demonstrate that mammalian somatic ciliary doublet microtubules actively slide in a manner similar to that described for invertebrate cilia.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010207
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  • 103
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    Announcement (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 273-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010210
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  • 104
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010301
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  • 105
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    The motion mechanics of Nitella filaments (Cytoplasmic streaming): Their imitation in detail by screw-mechanical models (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 371-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: rotating filaments ; cytoplasmic streaming ; Nitella ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Our knowledge about the actin-containing characean filaments on the basis of light and electron microscopical investigations is reviewed. Dynamic filamentous networks, known already from isolated droplets, were detected in Nitella rhizoidal cells using light microscopical techniques. Earlier light microscopic observations in cytoplasmic droplets are confirmed and complemented by new model experiments with rotating helices. The motile phenomena occurring at the filament bundles (ring formation, wave propagation, particle translocation, net dynamics, rolling motions, formation of side arms) can, in this way, be imitated in detail. Thus, the concept of cytoplasmic streaming as a translocation along bundles of rapidly rotating helical filaments is supported. In order to explain unidirectional cytoplasmic streaming, a periodic winding up and unwinding of fine filaments is postulated by which ions are periodically bound and displaced. The formation of side arms which is favored during unwinding results in a screw-mechanical different behavior of the filaments in the two directions of rotation and therefore causes permanent particle transport in one direction.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010308
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  • 106
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    Quantitative studies on polarization optical properties of living cells III: Cortical birefringence of the dividing sea urchin egg (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: birefringence ; polarizing microscope ; sea urchin egg ; cortex ; mitosis ; cleavage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Birefringence (BR) at the cell surface of fertilized eggs of the sand-dollar, Clypeaster japonicus, during mitosis and cleavage was determined with a photoelectric BR detection apparatus [Hiramoto et al, 1981a]. The cortex of about 2 μm thickness is birefringent positive with respect to the normal to the cell surface. The hyaline layer is negatively birefringent. The halo-layer consisting of a row of microvilli surrounding the egg is positively birefringent in normal Ca-free sea water, while it is negatively birefringent in Ca-free sea water with high refractive index. The BR of the cortex gradually increases over the entire surface during mitosis until the onset of cleavage. The BR of the cortex at the polar region reaches a maximum shortly after the onset of cleavage and then decreases, while the BR of the cortex at the equatorial region begins to decrease shortly before the onset of cleavage, reaches a minimum shortly after the cleavage starts, and then increases again as the cleavage furrow advances. The coefficient of birefringence of the cortex is about 2.5 × 10-5 at the maximum. The BR change of the cortex during mitosis and cleavage is interpreted as a passive deformation caused by the constriction of the contractile ring as well as an active structural change of the cortex occurring in the dividing cell.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010309
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  • 107
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    Abnormal myosin heavy chain variant associated with avian muscular dystrophy (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 399-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: myosin heavy chain ; avian muscular dystrophy ; adult and embryonic fast white fibers ; slow red fiber ; rod ; subfragment-1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Avian muscular dystrophy is characterized by the degeneration of fast white skeletal muscle fibers, with onset during development. Using a one-dimensional peptide mapping technique, we have detected two forms of the myosin heavy chain in the fast white fibers of adult domestic chickens, one form characteristic of birds homozygous for muscular dystrophy, the other of their normal controls. Four dystrophic strains carrying the same gene for muscular dystrophy were examined.No differences were detected in the embryonic heavy chain peptide maps of normal and dystrophic chickens, consistent with the developmental onset of the condition. Differences were also absent from the peptide maps of heavy chains from slow red fibers, which are unaffected in dystrophy. No dystrophy-specific peptide map differences were detected in the three light chains. Analysis of peptide maps of rod and the heavy chain component of subfragment-1 from normal and dystrophic heavy chains indicates the presence of amino acid sequence differences in the two proteins.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010402
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  • 108
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    The distribution of 10nm filaments and microtubules in endothelial cells during mitosis: Double-label immunofluorescence study (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 417-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: spindle poles ; centrioles ; cell center ; scaffold ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: I have used fluorescence microscopy and antibodies to 10nm filaments and tubulin labelled with contrasting fluorochromes to compare the distribution of these proteins in endothelial cells during cell division. During interphase the two filament systems have entirely different distributions: The bulk of the 10nm filaments form a ring that surrounds the cell center and nucleus and remains parallel to the substrate, while the microtubules radiate from the cell center to the cell's border. When the mitotic spindle replaces the radial microtubule pattern in mitosis, the spindle poles remain within - and in close proximity to - the ring of 10nm filaments. This was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed the ring and centrioles in the same plane separated by a distance of 300-400 nm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010403
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  • 109
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    The mechanochemical cycle of the dynein arm (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 303-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cilia ; microtubules ; ATPase ; vanadate ; geometry of sliding ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A dynein arm attachment cycle produces sliding between adjacent doublet microtubules (N and N + 1) of cilia. In intact axonemes, in the absence of ATP, almost all arms appear attached at both ends (rigor). When ATP is added, most arms detach from doublet N + 1. In ATP and vanadate, the arms do not return to rigor, suggesting that ATP hydrolysis is required for re-extension and reattachment of the dynein arm, but not for detachment. Using solutions containing dynein to decorate dynein-less axonemal doublets, we confirm this interpretation. In the absence of ATP, both sides of each doublet decorate with arms. Addition of ATP, ATP and vanadate or AMP-PNP causes immediate arm detachment, but only in the first instance, where extensive ATP hydrolysis can occur, does decoration eventually reappear. Dynein decorates heterologous axonemal doublets and brain microtubules, as well as homologous doublets, suggesting that this mechanochemical cycle may have general applicability in microtubule-based cell motility.
    Additional Material: 111 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010304
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  • 110
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    Video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy: A new method capable of analyzing microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of allogromia laticollarisDr. D. Lansing Taylor served as executive editor for this communication. (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 291-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: videomicroscopy ; differential interference microscopy ; streaming ; reticulopodial motility ; Allogromia ; microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new method called Allen Video-enhanced Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy is shown to be sufficiently sensitive to detect several new features of microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of the foraminifer, Allogromia. The method takes advantage of the variable gain and offset features of a binary video camera to operate the DIC microscope under conditions highly favorable for video imaging, but in which the optical image is virtually invisible to the eye yet retains its full information when viewed by a suitable video camera. The improvements are made possible by setting a dé Senarmont compensator to λ/9-λ/4 at maximal working aperture of internally corrected planapochromatic objectives. Under these conditions, the offset feature of the video camera can reject so much stray light from the instrument and specimen that contrast compares favorably with that observed in high-extinction images, and polarizing rectifiers offer scarcely any advantage. Freed from the constraints of the light-limited conditions of DIC microscopy, video images can be recorded 60 times per second, or over 1,000 times the rate of photomicrographs at comparable magnifications under high-extinction conditions.Application of this method to the reticulopodial network of Allogromia has shown that cytoplasmic organelles are translocated only in contact with single microtubules or bundles of microtubules, and that these organelles fail to move when separated from microtubules. Microtubules themselves undergo both axial translatory (“sliding”) and lateral “zipping and unzipping” movements that have been suggested to occur during mitosis and other biological processes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010303
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  • 111
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    Taxol induces microtubule assembly at low temperature (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; polymerization ; tubulin ; mitotic inhibitor ; protein self-assembly ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Dissociated bovine brain microtubule protein has been shown to reassemble at 0°C in the presence of the drug taxol. Tubulin polymerization was monitored both by electron microscopy of the polymeric structures and by incorporation of tritiated GTP into filterable polymeric structures. Most of the labeled guanine nucleotide uptake into tubulin polymeric structures occurred in the first 30 minutes of incubation with the drug. The initial polymerization event results in the formation of protofilamentous tubulin ribbons. The first microtubules were noted after 1 hour of incubation with the drug. After 20 hours of incubation at 0°C with taxol, the bulk of the polymerized tubulin appeared to be in the form of microtubules. Cold-stable tubulin rings with a mean diameter of 34 nm were present in the reaction mixture before the addition of taxol and throughout the 20-hour incubation. Most of the rings were apparantly not involved in the taxol-induced microtubule assembly. The results are consistant with a model whereby taxol induces an initial formation of protofilamentous ribbon structures, mostly from free tubulin dimers, and a slower subsequent folding of the ribbon structures into microtubules.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010405
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  • 112
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    Video-enhanced contrast polarization (AVEC-POL) microscopy: A new method applied to the detection of birefringence in the motile reticulopodial network of allogromia laticollaris (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 275-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: videomicroscopy ; polarization microscopy ; streaming ; reticulopodial motility ; Allogromia ; microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new method is described for recording rapid processes of cell motility in polarized light. The Allen video-enhanced contrast (AVEC-POL) method of polarization microscopy achieves significant improvements in resolution, contrast, and the visibility of fine detail by a combination of novel adjustments to a standard (unrectified) polarizing microscope and video camera. Using the full working aperture of a high-power planapochromatic objective lens and compensator setting of λ/9-λ/4, visible images appear lacking in contrast. However, the same images viewed with an appropriate video camera equipped with an electronic offset adjustment can be made to appear with as much contrast as desired, revealing a significantly greater amount of fine detail in the image than can be seen by high extinction visual microscopy alone. At bias retardations between one-ninth and one-quarter wave, the diffraction anomaly observed near extinction disappears. Consequently, polarizing rectifiers are not required with the AVEC-POL method, and images previously requiring photographic exposures of around 20 seconds are sufficiently bright to be registered on the video monitor in 1/60 second. Using an intensity monitor, quantitative measurements of cellular birefringence can be retrieved from live or videotaped images displaying a linear relationship between contrast and phase retardation due to birefringence. The AVEC-POL method also renders accessible to polarized light analysis a number of objects that scatter or depolarize too much light to be studied by high extinction methods. The method is demonstrated on model objects and applied to the highly motile reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris. Rapid motion in close association with microtubules can now be analyzed in greater detail at a significant reduction in the cost of recording.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010302
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  • 113
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    The identification and localization of actin and actin-like filaments in lactating guinea pig mammary gland alveolar cells (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 329-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; microfilaments ; heavy meromyosin ; mammary gland ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytochalasin B, a microfilament-altering drug, inhibits lactose synthesis in lactating guinea pig mammary gland [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 392:20, 1975] but not primarily by inhibiting glucose transport [Eur. J. Cell Biol. 20:150, 1979]. In order to study the possible role of microfilaments in lactose synthesis and secretion, we isolated both the alveolar (milk-secreting) and myoepithelial (contractile) cells from lactating mammary gland. Light microscopy shows that the alveolar cell fraction (viability approximately 71%) is homogenous and that the cells retain strong polarity of secretory structures in the apical region. Two proteins were extracted from the alveolar cell fraction. One (mol wt 42,000) comigrates with skeletal muscle actin on SDS-PAGE gels. The other, a high-molecular-weight (180,000) protein (HMWP) may be analogous to actin-binding protein or clathrin. An extract from the myoepithelial cell fraction also contains a protein that comigrates with actin but no HMWP. Whole tissue extract contains the 42K protein, and a 185K HMWP. Examination of the alveolar cell extract by electron microscopic (EM) negative staining revealed meshworks of multistranded, interconnecting filaments, with attached globular structures (100-200 A) (possibly the HMWP) and single filaments (40-60 A diameter) branching off. To localize these filamentous structures in situ, whole tissue was glycerinated and incubated with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). Masses of filaments in myoepithelial cells served as convenient standards for HMM decoration. Decorated filaments have cross-arms or projections, unlike the narrow, smooth filaments of control tissue. Decorated filaments in alveolar cells are located beneath the plasma membrane, in close association with secretory vacuoles, and near the Golgi apparatus; filaments near the latter two are often oriented perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Microvesicles are embedded in meshworks under the plasmalemma and near the Golgi apparatus. Intermediate-sized (85-115 A diameter), non-decorated filaments diverge from the meshworks of decorated filaments. Microvesicles are associated with intermediate-sized filaments as well. The association of actin-like filaments with secretory vacuoles and microvesicles and their location in areas of the cell concerned with biosynthetic activities suggest a possible function in the intracellular transport of secretory products.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010305
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  • 114
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    Simultaneous oscillations of Ca2+ efflux and tension generation in the permealized plasmodial strand of physarum (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 433-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum ; acellular slime mold ; calcium ion ; calcium-ionophore ; cytoplasmic contraction ; oscillation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Calcium is now generally thought to play a key role in regulating a variety of cellular movements. When the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum was treated with the calcium-ionophore A23187 or the quasi-ionophore amphotericin B, Ca2+ leaked out. Ca2+ efflux into the ambient solution from the plasmodial strand segment was measured by the luminescence of a photoprotein aequorin, and the tensile force production was recorded simultaneously. Ca2+ efflux oscillated with the same period as the cycle of tension generation in the strand, but the phase of cyclic changes in Ca2+ efflux was opposite to that of tension generation. That is, Ca2+ efflux fell in the increasing tension phase and rose in the decreasing tension phase. Cyclic changes in efflux of Ca2+ are provisionally interpreted as reflecting corresponding changes in concentrations of free Ca2+ in the cytoplasm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010404
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  • 115
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    Nucleated assembly of mitotic microtubules in living PTK2 cells after release from nocodazole treatment (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 469-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; nucleation ; mitosis ; nocodazole ; immunocytochemistry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reassembly of microtubules is described in mitotic cells after release from nocodazole-induced block. The formation of microtubules was followed by light microscopic immunocytochemical staining using the PAP method, combined with to-luidine blue staining of the chromatin. The light microscopic observations on whole cells were compared with ultrastructural observations on thin sections. This step is essential to ascertain complete destruction of microtubules during the nocodazole treatment and to correlate immunocytochemical staining with the presence of microtubules.Removal of nocodazole (10 or 1 μg/ml) after a sufficiently long incubation to induce a complete disappearance of microtubules resulted in the appearance of tubulin staining specifically associated with the centromeres and with one or two isolated points in the cytoplasm. Electron microscopy confirmed that the staining was due to the massive accumulation of small microtubules at the kinetochores and centrosomes. Kinetochore nucleation was seen only in association with condensed metaphase-stage chromosomes and not with the less-condensed prophase chromosomes.In a second type of experiment cells were allowed to enter mitosis in the presence of an incompletely active concentration of nocodazole (0.1 μg/ml). The construction of the mitotic spindle was arrested; however, short microtubules were assembled at the kinetochores and centrosomes.These experiments demonstrate that in living mitotic PTK2 cells the kinetochores, as well as the centrosomes, exert a nucleating action on tubulin assembly.The further elongation of microtubules after removal of nocodazole was seen to occur preferentially along axes between the centrosomes and the kinetochores. This resulted in the construction of normal metaphases that evolved through anaphase and telophase. We have attempted to formulate a hypothesis that may explain the oriented assembly that seems to be essential in the construction of the spindle.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010407
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  • 116
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    Suboptimal stochastic control of a continuous latex reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A suboptimal control algorithm is derived for a continuous latex reactor subject to deterministic and stochastic disturbances to control the pathological behavior of the reactor. An extended Kalman filter based on an instantaneous local linearization technique is used to estimate the reactor states, and a quadratic performance index is used to derive the suboptimal feedback control law. This study successfully demonstrates the application of the multivariable control theory to the control of a simulated continuous latex reactor operating under limit-cycle conditions. The mathematical model used for the control studies was previously developed and has been shown to describe the performance of an actual reactor system extremely well over its entire range of operation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270104
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  • 117
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    Measurement and application of limiting activity coefficients (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Infinite dilution activity coefficients (γ∞) in binary liquid mixtures are data of wide practical and theoretical applicability, but their extensive use has been hindered by the experimental limitations of classical vapor-liquid equilibrium techniques. Two new experimental methods for accurate γ∞ determinations are presented. These techniques, both faster and more accurate than classical methods, are complementary, and their applicability to different types of binary systems is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270107
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  • 118
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    Gas-phase combustion in fluidized beds (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kerosine or propane was injected near the base of a small, air-fluidized bed of sand at 940°C. The fraction of fuel burnt within the bed was determined from a heat balance, for various particle sizes, fluidizing velocities, and bed depths.Assuming the initial formation of a train of fuel vapor bubbles, theoretical analysis indicated two stages of combustion: (1) rapid consumption of the oxygen initially between fuel vapor bubbles; (2) slow consumption of oxygen initially outside the fuel vapor region by radial diffusion of oxygen and fuel vapor, analogous to a diffusion flame.Comparison of experiment with theory gave effective radial diffusion coefficients of the same order of magnitude as the molecular diffusion coefficient. It was inferred that combustion occurs largely by a diffusion flame within the bed, with diffusion through the particulate phase being the rate-controlling step. This explains why fuel distribution is so important in attaining efficient combustion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270110
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  • 119
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    Effective diffusivity by the gas chromatography technique: Analysis and application to measurements of diffusion of various hydrocarbons in zeolite NaY (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gas chromatography technique was applied to measurements of diffusion of n-butane in zeolite NaY. The linear chromatography theory failed to explain these results quantitatively, and a significant system nonlinearity was demonstrated. This nonlinearity is likely associated with non-Fickian diffusion. Order of magnitude estimates of the diffusivity could still be obtained, however. Over the range of temperatures 105 to 240°C, the n-butane diffusivities were in the range 10-8 to 10-6 cm2/s. Similar results were obtained with n-hexane and calculated diffusivities were about an order of magnitude smaller than the corresponding n-butane values. In contrast, limited experiments with cyclohexane, 2, 2-dimethylbutane, and trans-decalin were entirely consistent with the linear chromatography theory. At the measurement temperatures, the intracrystalline diffusion was too rapid to be detected in any of these systems. Attempts to operate at lower temperatures where diffusion might be significant were frustrated by extensive peak broadening and concomitant loss of detector response.
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    Effect of external diffusion on deactivation rates (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alteration in concentration-independent catalyst decay rates due to the presence of finite external and internal mass transfer resistances is examined. Analytical expressions for external and overall time-dependent catalytic effectiveness are developed. Analysis of diffusion-limited catalyst deactivation in flow reactors is discussed.
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    Correlation of solubility of hydrogen in hydrocarbon solvents (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 138-148 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation is developed for the solubility of hydrogen in hydrocarbon solvents at temperatures from 310 to 700 K and pressures to 30 MPa (300 bar). The fugacity of dissolved hydrogen at zero pressure is correlated as a function of solubility parameter and temperature. The high-pressure fugacity is obtained upon applying a Poynting factor for which the required partial molal volume of hydrogen is also correlated in terms of solubility parameter and temperature. The Henry constant of hydrogen is included in the correlation. The correlated results are compared with experimental data for 22 systems of binary and ternary solutions and five narrow-boiling cuts of coal liquids. The overall average absolute deviation for all systems studied is approximately 6%.
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    Diffusional influences on deactivation rates (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 120-125 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interrelation between internal diffusion and concentration-independent deactivation is examined using a simple mathematical model. Analytical procedures are developed for evaluating the performance of single catalyst particles in the presence of diffusion and deactivation. By incorporating time-dependent effectiveness factors in design equations, reactor performance under the combined influence of diffusion and deactivation is predicted. By analogy to the effectiveness factor for non-deactivating systems, the concept of a deactivation effectiveness factor is introduced.
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    Hydrogen permeation through nickel in gas and liquid phase (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 159-162 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Interlinked, multistaged separators with nonstandard specifications solved by the Newton-Raphson method (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 163-166 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Correlation of eddy diffusivities for pipe flow (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 170-172 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Gas-liquid-solid reactor design, Y. T. Shah, McGraw-Hill; 373 pages; $4.00; January, 1979 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 174-174 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Vapor liquid equilibria up to 100 MPa: A new apparatus (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 203-207 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new static cell for vapor-liquid equilibria up to 100 MPa between 233 and 433 K is presented. A detachable sampling microcell and a special chromatographic injector are used in a new sampling system suitable for gas chromatographic analysis of mixtures with high boiling components. The test system is N2 - n-Heptane at 305.45 K.
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    High gradient magnetic filtration of fine particles from a gas stream (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 193-202 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dust particles originally generated by two steelmaking processes were dispersed in an air stream and passed through a pilot-scale high gradient magnetic filter. In accordance with theoretical predictions, the experimental results showed that collection was improved by increasing the depth or density of the steel wool filter, increasing the applied magnetic field, or decreasing the filtration velocity. Collection efficiency increased with particle size up to about 2 μm, above which the efficiency tapered off, apparently due to reentrainment effects. Collection efficiencies of greater than 99% were obtained, indicating that high gradient magnetic filtration may be a practical method of controlling particulate emission from processes in the iron and steel industry.
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    An experimental investigation of stability and multiplicity of steady states in a biological reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 284-292 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The existence of multiple stable and unstable steady states in a continuous stirred tank biological reactor (CSTBR) was demonstrated experimentally for the first time. These experiments resulted in the determination of growth rate, yield and intermediate metabolite concentration data entirely from continuous culture. This information was used to qualitatively interpret the stability behavior in terms of the biochemistry and bioenergetics of substrate metabolism.
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    On the possible existence of concentration stability effects within a continuous well-mixed reactor when a solid catalyzed liquid to gas reaction occurs (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 301-303 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    A group contribution molecular model of liquids and solutions: II. Groups and their interactions in water and aqueous solutions of paraffins, ketones, and alcohols (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 303-309 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Heterogeneous catalysis in practice by Charles N. Satterfield, McGraw-Hill Company, May 1980; 416 pages; $26.95 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 316-316 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Laminar condensation heat and mass transfer to a moving drop (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 372-377 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents numerical solutions to the nonlinear, coupled boundary-layer equations governing laminar condensation heat and mass transfer in the vicinity of the forward stagnation point of a spherical cold water droplet translating in a saturated mixture of three components. The environment surrounding the droplet is composed of a condensable (steam), a noncondensable and nonabsorbable (air), and a third component which is noncondensable but absorbable (Elemental Iodine, for example). The dispersed and the continuous phases have been treated simultaneously. Results obtained here show excellent agreement with experimental results where available. An important conclusion is that for laminar condensation on a freely falling droplet, for a given thermal driving force and noncondensable gas concentration in the bulk, the dimensionless heat transfer decreases with increasing saturation temperature of the outside medium.
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    Bacterial film growth in adsorbent surfaces (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 396-403 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simultaneous biological and activated-carbon treatment of organic wastewaters appears promising. The effects of bacterial film growth on adsorbent particles is investigated by laboratory work and mathematical modelling. Regeneration of the adsorbent due to film growth does occur, but faster than predicted. The discrepancy reflects uncertainty about the structure of bacterial films.
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    Studies in reaction path synthesis (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 429-442 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development of processes requires the consideration of a wide variety of reactions which are required to transform raw materials into desired products, solve separation problems, and heat or cool process streams. These reactions have to be evaluated on the basis of raw material costs, kinetics, potential separation difficulties, catalyst costs, safety and reliability, as well as other factors that would arise in their industrial implementation. In this paper, the current status of research in reaction path synthesis has been reviewed. Details have been presented on the REACT program that has been developed for the synthesis of reaction paths for industrial organic chemicals.
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    An efficient, general method for computation of countercurrent separation processes with axial dispersion (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A calculational method is proposed for the simulation of steady-state, multisolute, countercurrent extraction with axial dispersion. The method provides for complex chemical-equilibrium and phase-equilibrium relationships, and accounts for the individual resistances of the liquid phases in the calculation of mass-transfer rates. The solution procedure follows that developed by Newman (1967, 1968) for systems of simultaneous, second-order difference equations.Three example problems are solved to demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the method. These include (1) an example from McSwain and Durbin (1966), (2) calculation of axial-dispersion and mass-transfer parameters from experimental data for the extraction of acetic acid from water by a tertiary amine in an RDC extractor, and (3) simultaneous extraction of solutes that interact in an acid-base complexing reaction at the liquid-liquid interface. The examples all assume that extraction is governed by interphase mass-transfer rates and cell-wise backmixing; however, the method is also applicable to equilibrium-stage separators, separators described by the diffusional model of axial dispersion, and other countercurrent separation processes.
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    Secondary nucleation of citric acid due to fluid forces in a Couette flow crystallizer (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 312-315 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Convective solids settling induced by a buoyant phase (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 588-592 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Quantitative measurements of the effect of a third phase of buoyant solid particles on the settling rates of suspensions of heavy particles are reported. It is found that for a wide range of concentration of both buoyant and heavy particles, the settling rates of both solid phases are greatly increased. If the phases are dilute, the settling velocities of both are retarded. The total settling time of heavy particles can be halved, but only under conditions that the light phase is unaccelerated. This suggests that small gas bubbles would form a more satisfactory buoyant phase. The high concentrations of thickened suspensions which result from the acceleration process are also reported.
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    Concentration polarization in protein ultrafiltration. Part I: An optical shadowgraph technique for measuring concenration profiles near a solution-membrane interface (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 632-636 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270415
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    Employment of vapor pressure data in the description of vapor-liquid equilibrium with direct method (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 673-679 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for inserting vapor pressure data in the equations of state is presented. It provides a straightforward scheme for the extension of direct methods to the study of phase equilibria of polar mixtures and of solutions containing nonvolatile electrolytes. Some examples of application are also given.
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    Solubility extrema in solid-fluid equilibria (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 861-863 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data and theory both support the contention that there is a maximum solubility in solid-fluid equilibria. An example system, naphthalene-ethylene, at temperatures between the upper and lower critical end points and at pressures from 1 to 1000 bar is considered. There is also a solubility minimum in this system.
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    Characterization and analysis of continuous recycle systems: Part II. CascadePart I of this paper appeared in AIChE J., 25, 873 (1979). (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 829-836 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general analysis of a cascade of identical recycle units is presented by means of studying the fluid history inside the system. This is an extension of Part I (Mann et al., 1979) in which a single recycle unit was analyzed. The history of a fluid element is expressed in terms of the number of cycles it completes, the time it resides in the system and the total time it resides in a specific section of the system - all are random variables. Concepts from probability theory and stochastic processes are used to derive the number of cycles distribution (NCD), residence time distribution (RTD) and various total regional residence time distributions (TRRTDs) as well as their means and variances. Expressions for the joint distributions of pairs of these random variables are also derived as well as explicit expressions for their covariances and correlation coefficients. Two applications of the results are illustrated: one in analyzing a continuous spouted-bed coating unit and the second in using the cascade as a flexible, physically based multi-parameter flow model.
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    Progressive freezing of composites analyzed by isotherm migration methods (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 928-937 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Isotherm Migration Method of numerically analyzing conduction with phase change is modified to handle surface and external resistances, appearance, and propagation of successive fronts into slabs of composite material of one or more constituents finely dispersed in a matrix, different components transforming at different temperatures. Procedures are developed for selecting temperature intervals between isotherms, initially locating isotherms by means of analytical approximations to the earliest stages, and thereafter inserting and removing isotherms as appropriate, particularly when each component gives rise to a separate front.
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    Numerical solution of nonequilibrium multicomponent mass transfer operations (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 968-974 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved model and solution procedure for nonequilibrium, multicomponent, two-phase, steady-state mass transfer problems are developed. Processes as diverse as packed column operation and the drying of porous solids are included. Ideas such as “HETP,” “HTU” or “mass transfer section” are avoided. “Stiff” systems appear to be handled well.
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    Adsorption-desorption barrier, diffusional exchanges and surface instabilities of longitudinal waves for aperiodic regimes (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1002-1008 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Our purpose is to give the physical conditions under which transfer of a surfactant through a fluid interface between two immiscible liquids may induce aperiodic convective motion.Adsorption-desorption rates are considered together with diffusional exchanges. New kinds of surface instabilities are then predicted.
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    Concentration profiles for solids suspended in a continuous agitated reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1017-1020 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Conversions and temperature rises in a tubular reactor with heat transfer at the wall-exothermic reaction (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1026-1028 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270623
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    Kinetic analysis of a non-isothermal reactor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1039-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Gas backmixing in large fluidized beds containing tube assemblies (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 509-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Calculation of critical points from cubic two-constant equations of state (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 521-523 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Errata (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 527-528 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270331
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    Waterborne coatings: Emulsion and water-soluble paints by Charles R. Martens, Van Nostrand Reinhold, october 1980, 316 pages, $22.50 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 526-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270330
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    Steady flow through porous media (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 529-545 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing demands for oil, water, and food produced in an environmentally sound manner have placed emphasis on the manner of their production, a major part of which is concerned with flow through porous media.The movement of materials through porous media is of interest in many disciplines: in chemical engineering - adsorption, chromatography, filtration, flow in packed columns, ion exchange, reactor-engineering; in petroleum engineering - displacement of oil with gas, water and miscible solvents including surface-active agent solutions and description of reservoirs; in hydrology - movement of trace pollutants in water systems, recovery of water for drinking and irrigation, salt water encorachment into fresh water reservoirs; in soil physics - movement of water, nutrients, and pollutants into plants; in biophysics - life processes such as flow in the lung and the kidney.This paper reviews the fundamentals of steady flow through porous media: it discusses the pseudotransport coefficients permeability, capillary pressure, and dispersion and relates these coefficients to the geometry of porous media. It also discusses single-fluid flow, multifluid immiscible flow, and multifluid miscible flow including the effects of heterogeneity, nonuniformity, and anisotropy of media.
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    Evolutionary synthesis of separation processes (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 578-587 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the problem of finding, among many alternatives, the sequence of separation units that will isolate desired products from given feed at the minimum cost. Multicomponent products can be specified. An evolutionary procedure is presented. This method consists of two phases. In the first phase, a good initial structure is created by heuristic methods. In the second phase, the initial structure is successively modified by making evolutionary structural changes. This logic has been programmed on a digital computer and has been tested on several problems.
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    Solubilities of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen mixtures in methanol (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 605-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previously published data for the six binary combinations that can be formed from CO2, H2S, N2 and methanol are used to obtain parameters of the four-suffix Margules equation describing liquid solution behavior. The vapor phase is described by the Soave modification of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Isothermal binary data are fit well by these equations. The effects of temperature on the Margules parameters are significant and, except for N2-containing mixtures, the parameters were taken to be inversely proportional to absolute temperature.Experimental data were obtained for multicomponent mixtures of CO2, H2S, N2 and methanol. Model predictions were tested against these data. Comparisons of predicted and measured values of bubble point pressure and equilibrium vapor compositions are satisfactory.
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    Connection between relative gain and control loop stability and design (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 613-619 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to point out the relationship between the relative gain array (RGA) and control system stability and design. Rigorous stability limits are presented for a general 2 × 2 system for several cases involving both steady state and dynamic interactions. These stability limits explicity involve the RGA. Two specific examples of interaction in distillation models are also discussed.
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    Concentration polarization in protein ultrafiltration. Part II: Theoretical and experimental study of albumin ultrafiltered in an unstirred cell (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 637-645 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Kinetics of nonisothermal sorption: Systems with bed diffusion control (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 654-663 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model is presented to describe the kinetics of nonisothermal sorption for a system in which the main resistance to mass transfer is the macrodiffusional resistance of the absorbent particle bed while the main resistance to heat transfer is the resistance at the external surface of the adsorbent sample. The model is used to interpret experimental kinetic data for the sorption of several hydrocarbons in 10X and 13X zeolite crystals. By varying the configuration of the sample bed and the size of the zeolite crystals it is shown that, for n-heptane and iso-octane in 13X, the intracrystalline diffusional resistance is negligible even in 40-μm crystals. The assumption of intracrystalline diffusion control which has been made in earlier kinetic studies of similar systems is therefore incorrect.
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    Analysis of control-output interactions in dynamic systems (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 690-693 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general theory for examining the dynamic as well as static interactions among inputs and outputs in a multivariable control system has been developed. Both state space and frequency domain approaches are used, and at steady state the interaction equations assume the same form as the relative gain array developed by Bristol. Implications of selecting input-output pairings with regard to steady state vs. dynamic consideration are discussed. The application of the method of analysis to a distillation column control system is presented.
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    Optimum pore size for the catalytic conversion of large molecules (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 697-699 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Exact calculation methods for systems of interlinked columns. Part I: Separation of binary heterogeneous azeotropes (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 733-739 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model and iterative correction algorithm are described for the exact solution of separation systems which contain interlinked columns in which some stages have two liquid phases and others have a vapor and liquid phase. The correction algorithm is based on Newton's method and provides for simultaneous correction of all iteration variables. The derivatives are calculated analytically from the model equations. The separation of a binary mixture which forms a heterogeneous azeotrope is analyzed. Modifications to the correction algorithm which provide for fixed condenser temperature and fixed product flows are described. The separation of butanol and water is used to illustrate the method.
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    Part II: Reaction rate studies and the analysis of batch esterification in two phase systems (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 761-767 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the esterification of n-butyl alcohol with acetic acid has been studied experimentally in concentrated solutions at near ambient temperature in the presence of a sulphuric acid catalyst and the rate constants for the forward and reverse reaction determined.The rate data obtained from the homogeneous system has been applied to analyse the performance of a batch-extractive reactor using n-heptane as solvent. The rate of mass transfer of the ester was found to be significant and when introduced in a model of the reaction process gave good agreement with the experimental results.
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    Design of advanced process controllers (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 793-805 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with defining the relation between modeling of process units and controller design. In the process industries, it is often difficult to obtain accurate process models. It is shown that advanced algorithms such as dead-time compensators require more detailed process information for design than do with PI and PID controllers. A method is described to systematically evaluate the relation between process identification and controller design, stability, and performance. It is shown that conventional gain and phase margins do not provide proper safety margins for dead-time compensators and optimal controllers. Methods for safe design of dead-time compensators are derived, and the approach could be useful in a wide class of problems.To illustrate the approach presented, the design of PI controllers by conventional methods is analyzed. The conditions, as well as the exceptions, are specified in which methods such as described by Ziegler and Nichols or Cohen and Coon will give good results. It is shown that for any stable nonlinear system with an input/output function y = G*p(u), a linearized design function G′pd can be constructed and identified that guarantees stability and reasonable performance of the controller (Eqs. 21 and 22 and Figures 4-7) over a wide range of operating conditions. A rigorous framework for identifying the exceptions and understanding the reason why such methods work is presented.
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    Influence of turbulence on mass transfer between a liquid and a solid sphere (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 819-823 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electrochemical measurements of overall mass transfer rates from a single sphere have been performed in a highly turbulent liquid. The increase in mass transfer rate due to turbulence has been shown to be more important at high Reynolds number and high turbulence intensity. Various equations of correlation have been proposed between the overall Sherwood number, the Reynolds number and turbulence intensity, the simplest one being \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ Sh = 6.82\,{\mathop{Re}\nolimits} ^{0.559}\, Tu^{0.069} $$\end{document} A correct agreement has been found with previous heat or mass transfer results between a gas and a sphere.
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    Bubble nucleation studies. Part I: Formation of bubble nuclei in superheated water by bursting bubbles (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 851-853 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Part II: Bubble entrainment by drop-formed vortex rings (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 853-856 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Prediction of thermal conductivity for dense fluids and fluid mixtures (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 864-866 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Heat transfer to laminar in-tube flow of pseudoplastic fluids (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 872-875 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Process level instrumentation and control by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Morcel Dekker, Inc., 1981; 252 pages; $29.75 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 876-876 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270533
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    Distillation models for two partially immiscible liquids (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 881-888 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We hereby submit three different numerical methods for the solution of the multicomponent distillation model for two partially immiscible liquids. A procedure to define the real number of phases present on each stage has been developed. The proposed Newton-Raphson method allows efficient solution of problems with a large selection of the unknowns and the specification equations.
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    Collection efficiency of cyclone separators (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 888-892 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on terLinden's (A. J. terLinden, “Investigations into Cyclone Dust Collectors,” IME Proc., 160, 233, 1949) experimental observations, a three-region model is proposed for the fluid flow in a cyclone. Within each region, turbulence is assumed to promote mixing of the suspended particles. Incorporation of this mixing concept into the three-region model allows an analytic expression for the collection efficiency of the cyclone to be developed.The theoretical result is compared with data obtained in the high temperature, high pressure exhaust from a pressurized fluidized bed combustor.
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    Reaction regimes in coal oxidation (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 920-927 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A series of seven coals were oxidized in a fixed bed reactor to determine the controlling reaction regimes during mild coal oxidation. The effects of coal porosity and particle size, reactor temperature, and oxygen partial pressure were evaluated. The results show that coal-oxygen reactions are controlled by the rate of internal gaseous diffusion for most coals, and by the rate of chemical reaction for the most porous coal of the set tested. Particle size effects also suggest internal diffusional control. Determinations of cumulative oxygen deposition indicate that surface areas several orders of magnitude greater than the superficial surface can participate in oxidation reactions, putting in doubt the applicability of the model previously derived by Kam et al. (1976a) for external mass transfer control.
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    Coke deposition in the thermal cracking of ethane (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 946-951 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel experimental setup allowed both the kinetics of the thermal cracking of ethane and of the coke formation to be studied over a temperature range extending from 750 to 870°C. The overall kinetics of ethane disappearance are in excellent agreement with previously reported pilot results. Coking rates are initially high but rapidly decrease to reach an asymptotic value. The initial product distribution also differs from the asymptotic product distribution. A kinetic model for the coking is derived from the experiments and used in conjunction with a set of conservation equations for the simulation of industrial ethane cracking. The predicted run length, thickness of the coke layer and evolution of the tubeskin temperatures are in agreement with industrial observations.
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    Analysis of particulate removal in venturi scrubbers - effect of operating variables on performance (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 984-993 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model of venturi scrubber performance consisting of the governing differential equations for momentum, material, and energy exchange is solved using a Milne fourth-order predictor - Hamming corrector numerical integration procedure. The model provides for specification of the operating variables, including scrubber geometry, throat gas velocity, liquid to gas loading ratio, and collector droplet and particle-size distributions. Liquid loading ratio and gas velocity are shown to be the two most important operating variables, while the dispersity of the droplet size distribution only slightly affects collection efficiency over the operating range normally encountered. Location of the liquid injection site and length of the throat are also important design considerations. While particle collection in venturi scrubbers has typically been assumed to occur in the potential flow regime, the present results show that collection can also occur under conditions corresponding to viscous flow about the collecting droplets. The transition Reynolds number used to change from the potential to viscous flow equations affects the predicted performance.
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    Catalyst decay by a leaching mechanism (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1024-1026 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Measurement of surface self-diffusion of sulfur dioxide on porous vycor glass by radioisotope tracer method (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1035-1038 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE goes metric (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270102
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  • 181
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    Oscillatory states in the oxidation of carbon-monoxide on platinum (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 20-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The trend observed on variation of the operating conditions during CO oxidation on platinum in a CSTR is as follows: stable states → simple oscillations → multipeak oscillations → stable states. Analysis of the experimental results indicates that a third or higher order system of differential equations is necessary to describe most of the observations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270105
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  • 182
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    A branched pore kinetic model for activated carbon adsorption (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 26-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A branched pore kinetic model for aqueous phase activated carbon adsorption is presented in which the carbon particle is separated into rapidly and slowly diffusing regions. The model was developed to overcome problems arising from a single rate parameter analysis and is shown to describe experimental data well. In addition to very different rates of transport in the two regions, parameters estimated by regression analysis indicated differences in the adsorptive characteristics.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270106
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  • 183
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    Computer calculations for multicomponent vapour-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria. J. M. Prausnitz, T. F. Anderson, E. A. Grens, C. A. Eckert, R. Hsieh and J. P. O'Connell, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1980), 353 pages, $24.95 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 173-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270128
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  • 184
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    Efficiency of mixing from data on fast reactions in multi-jet reactors and stirred tanks (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 184-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some fluid mechanical information concerning mixing generation in complex flow fields can be obtained from conversion data of fast chemical reactions. Computation of such information and averages required in the procedure are presented here. Complex turbulent flow fields present deterministic-like behavior when analyzed in average sense with regard to mixing generation.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270203
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  • 185
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    Effect of chemical modifiers on borax crystal growth, nucleation and habit (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 92-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects on the fine-crystal CSD of various surface active and ionic additives were studied for the sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) system. The organic modifiers used were effective at the ppm level. Surface active agents inhibited nucleation rate, while ionic additives increased nucleation. A simultaneous reduction in both the linear-crystal growth rate and the degree of polycrystalline growth was observed in both cases. These effects correlated with modifier concentration in the liquor, but not with modifier/solids ratio. Borax exhibits classical magma and RPM-dependent secondary nucleation and the results were well-correlated with a conventional power-law kinetic model.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270114
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  • 186
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    Wrong-way behavior of packed-bed reactors: 1. The pseudo-homogeneous model (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 234-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A sudden reduction in the feed temperature to a packed-bed reactor leads to a transient temperature rise, which is referred to as the wrong-way behavior. A pseudo-homogeneous plug-flow model is used to analyze the structure of this transient behavior. The key parameters which determine the magnitude of this response are the dimensionless adiabatic temperature rise, activation energy, heat transfer capacity, coolant temperature, magnitude of temperature drop and length of the reactor. A simple expression is derived for predicing the maximum transient temperature rise.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270210
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  • 187
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    Heat and mass transfer in hygroscopic capillary extruded products (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work presents an analysis of heat and mass transfer of extruded corn meal. Isotherm, thermal conductivity, drying and center temperature data were experimentally obtained for the cylindrically extruded product.Modeling of the drying process was made by incorporating the mechanistic and irreversible thermodynamics approaches for determining heat and mass transfer in capillary-porous media. The proposed model shows that both liquid and vapor fluxes can be expressed in terms of the same driving-forces, namely, temperature and equilibrium moisture content gradients. A search technique allowed for the evaluation of both liquid and vapor conductivities.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270212
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  • 188
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    SO2 absorption into aqueous solutions (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 292-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption rate of SO2 from a gas mixture of SO2 and N2 into pure water, HCl, and NaCl solutions has been measured at 25°C in a continuous stirred vessel with an unbroken gas-liquid interface. The rates of the liquid-phase mass transfer are accurately modeled by the theory of surface renewal with the instantaneous, reversible hydrolysis of dissolved SO2. The theory and results are applicable to SO2 absorption from waste gases.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270217
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  • 189
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    Simultaneous measurement of size and velocity of bubbles or drops: A new optical technique (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 148-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accurate information on both the size and velocity of a dispersed phase is of importance to many problems in heat or mass transfer and reaction. Existing experimental methods are limited in their applicability, difficult to use, provide only size or velocity, and are of low statistical reliability. A new method is developed here which overcomes most of these shortcomings and permits accurate simultaneous measurement of the size and two dimensional velocity of the dispersed phase.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270121
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  • 190
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    Gas-liquid-solid reactor design, Y. T. Shah, McGraw-Hill; 373 pages; $44.00; January, 1979 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 316-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270224
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  • 191
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    Forces on immersed tubes in fluidized beds (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The external forces imparted by the bed material on tubes in a fluidized bed contribute to failure of the tubes and their support systems. The objective of this investigation was to provide data on tube forces to be used in structural design. Forces on tubes of various lengths were measured in fluidized beds operating at room temperature. The parameters varied in the experiments were superficial gas velocity and tube array height above the gas distributor. The force-time histories consisted of a series of pulses, whose magnitudes were approximately linearly proportional to tube length. Spectral analyses of the time series indicated that the primary frequency composition of the load was below 25 Hz.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270303
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    Part II: Numerical solution (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 460-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two new algorithms for calculating minimum reflux conditions in multicomponent distillation columns are described. Both algorithms are based on the continuum model for an infinite stage column proposed by Nandakumar and Andres. Several example problems demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of the new algorithms.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270315
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  • 193
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    Steady-State uniqueness and multiplicity of nonadiabatic gas-liquid CSTRs, part I: Second-order reaction model (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 481-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady-state behavior of a non-adiabatic gas-liquid CSTR is classified applying a second-order reaction model without any limitation on the reaction regime. Uniqueness and multiplicity regions are determined in the parameter space of reactivity versus liquid residence time, with the ignition and extinction points explicitly shown. An isola with five steady states is found possible for the adiabatic reactor; however, even a small heat loss reduces the number of steady states to three.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270318
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  • 194
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    Flow mechanism of adsorbate through porous media in presence of capillary condensation (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow mechanism of adsorbable gas through the porous adsorbent in the presence of capillary condensation is interpreted, and a new transport model is derived by separately taking into account the hopping behavior of adsorbed molecules in the adsorbed phase and the viscous flow of capillary condensate. Surface flow coefficients including the contribution of capillary flow calculated with this model agree with published experimental data.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270214
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  • 195
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    Bounds on the variation of K-value with various true boiling point fractions resulting from the pseudo-component approximation: Application to a h2-coal liquid system (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 516-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270324
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  • 196
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    Safety in process plant design by G. L. Wells, john wiley and sons inc., 276 pages, $59.95 (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 526-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270329
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  • 197
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    Masthead (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270401
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  • 198
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    A stochastic model for turbulent diffusion of particles or drops (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 552-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A stochastic model is presented for turbulent diffusion of particles or drops in a turbulent field. The model is free of arbitrary adjustable constants and is applicable to realistic situations where the flow is nonhomogeneous such as in boundary layers or in pipe flow. New experimental data is presented for dispersion of glass beads in the boundary layer of the University of Houston Environmental Wind Tunnel. Good agreement with the theoretical model is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270404
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  • 199
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    Letters to the editor (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 701-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270428
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  • 200
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    Exclusive tear sets for flowsheets (1981)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 27 (1981), S. 725-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new implicit enumeration algorithm locates the minimum weighted tear sets among those which belong to the nonredundant families of Upadhye and Grens (1975). Theoretical developments support the algorithm and give a new insight relating nonredundancy to the tearing of unit loops in a flowsheet. If all loops can be torn exactly one time, the nonredundant family is unique and a member of it is trivial to find. If not possible, two or more nonredundant families exist and the above algorithm discerns among them, picking a tear set which minimizes the maximum number of times any unit loop is torn.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690270504
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