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  • General Chemistry  (873)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (431)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (317)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (252)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (1,989)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1930-1934
  • 1977  (1,989)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,989)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 1
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 2
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    Wind estimates from cloud motions: Result of an in situ aircraft verification experiment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: A world wide system of 5 geostationary satellites is being established with a primary objective: the estimation of winds from cloud motions. A series of aircraft experiments were carried out to perform an in situ verification of the satellite cloud winds, under undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 235-239
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  • 3
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    Cosmic-ray propagation and containment (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The cosmic rays are an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, and their propagation and containment is a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic-ray gas pressure, P, comparable to the magnetic pressure B super 2/ 8 pi, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic-ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic-ray production rate and may be anything from 100,000 to more than 10 million years. It is evident from the decay of Be(10) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 283-299
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  • 4
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    Small scale local gamma ray features (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In order to draw implications from nearby gamma-ray emission, the different ways that can be used to obtain an estimate of the amount of matter on each line of sight are investigated. It is shown that, within present uncertainties, the cosmic ray intensity inside molecular clouds within 1 kpc from the sun is the same as the cosmic ray intensity measured at the sun. In the last part, what can be learned from a comparison of far infrared and gamma-ray data is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 229-236
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  • 5
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    The nonthermal radiation in the galaxy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy, NGC 891, indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. In several galaxies, the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total H(I) content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 189-202
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  • 6
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    Very high-energy gamma ray astronomy (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Recent results in ground-based very high-energy (less than 10 to the eleventh power eV) gamma-ray astronomy are reviewed. The various modes of the atmospheric Cerenkov technique are described, and the importance of cosmic ray rejection methods is stressed. The positive detections (at approximately less than 10 to the 12th power eV) of the Crab pulsar that suggest a very flat spectrum and time-variable pulse phase are discussed. Observations of other pulsars (particularly Vela) suggest that these features may be general. The steady flux upper limits for the Crab Nebula are thus reconsidered, and a new value of the implied (Compton-synchrotron) magnetic field in the Nebula is reported. Evidence that a 4.8-hour modulated effect was detected at E sub gamma is less than 10 to the 12th power eV from Cyg X-3 is strengthened in that the exact period originally proposed agrees well with a recent determination of the X-ray period. The southern sky observations are reviewed, and the significance of the detection of an active galaxy (NGC 5128) is considered for source models and future observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 81-98
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  • 7
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma-ray energies show striking similarities. The measured pulsed intensity from Vela at energies greater than 50 MeV was found to be .000013 sq cm/sec. The energy spectrum is not consistent with a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 53-64
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  • 8
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    Low- and medium-energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Observation of 0.2 to 100 MeV-diffuse gamma-radiation emitted from a galaxy provides information on the intensities of 5 to 50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and approximately less than 50-MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV, which is dominant over the pi-decay emission generated in high-energy nuclear collisions. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma-rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low energy cosmic rays in the inner galaxy if the gamma-ray are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1 to 100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized, and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-80
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  • 9
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    COS-B observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the galactic disk (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B experiment has observed approximately one-fourth of the galactic disk, including the galactic-center region, the galactic anticenter, and the Vela region. A completely automatic analysis of the events recorded during these observations reveals a galactic gamma ray emission from the three regions. In the galactic center and Vela regions, the disk emission distribution was measured. From these data, the existence of a local (less than 1 kpc) and a distant (greater than 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 41-44
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  • 10
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    The COS-B experiment and mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high-energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive of X-rays of 2 to 12 keV. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented, and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 29-40
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  • 11
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    COS-B observations of localized sources of gamma-ray emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: In October 1975, the high-energy gamma-ray flux from the Vela pulsar measured by COS-B was found to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. This factor is too large to be accounted for by error in the COS-B calibration or analysis. This is supported by a comparison of the COS-B measurement of the narrow-line component from the galactic center region with the flux derived from the measurements of SAS-2; the COS-B flux comes out about 15 percent lower than the SAS-2 figure. It is interesting to note that a glitch in the pulsar period took place about 1 month prior to the COS-B observation; the previous glitch occurred about 1.5 years before the SAS-2 observation. The increased rotational energy loss after the glitch cannot simply explain the increased gamma-ray luminosity. If the two phenomena are related, the gamma-ray emission, absorption, or beaming process must be extremely sensitive to changes in rotational parameters. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45-52
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  • 12
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 2: Localized sources (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Gamma ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR 1818-04 and PSR 1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Because the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. PSR 1818-04 has a gamma ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, whereas the luminosities of PSR 1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations yielded upper limits to gamma ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars. For five of the closest pulsars, upper limits for gamma ray luminosity are found to be at least three orders of magnitude lower than that of the Crab pulsar. Gamma ray enhancement near the Milky Way satellite galaxy and the galactic plane in the Cygnus region is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 15-26
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  • 13
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma-ray results. 1: Diffuse emission (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitudes 310 deg and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7 kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315, 330, 345, 0, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with galactic features and components such as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic-ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 3-14
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  • 14
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 15
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 16
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 17
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 18
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 19
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 20
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 21
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 22
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 23
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 24
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 25
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 26
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 27
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 28
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 29
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    A summary of monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS model (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The statistical results of 8 monthly mean simulation experiments with the GISS general circulation model are summarized for the Northern Hemisphere in terms of the fields of sea-level pressure, 500-mb. height, and 850-mb. temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 323-327
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  • 30
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    Sampling analysis for the earth radiation budget satellite system mission (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A study was conducted to identify problems related to sampling the Earth's radiant energy budget and to define a satellite system with sufficient sampling to satisfy science requirements on global, zonal, and regional scales.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 153-157
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  • 31
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    A simple algorithm for inferring the vertical ozone profile from satellite measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A general methodology for establishing and testing remote sensing inversion procedures has yielded a simple procedure for inverting BUV radiances.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 129-133
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  • 32
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    A statistical method for time-continuous assimilation of remote sounding temperatures (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four-dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiometric measurements from polar-orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST-6 data from the NOAA-4 and Nimbus-6 satellites. Experiments are reported in which the state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data and in which different methods were used for their assimilation. Data from the NOAA-4 satellite only, from Nimbus-6 only, and from both satellites together were used; the methods tested include different variations of the statistical method as well as more traditional methods. The conclusions are that: (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two-to-three day range; (2) this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the assimilation method plays a major role in the magnitude of the impact for the same data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 93-103
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    Profiling of atmospheric water vapor with microwave radiometry (1977)
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    Description: Weighting functions were developed which express the water vapor information content of microwave radiometric measurements. Retrievals of water vapor profiles are performed using these weighting functions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 81-85
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    The evaluation by numerical simulation of the design for a Microwave Pressure Sounder (MPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The potential accuracy of an active multifrequency millimeter-wave technique for the remote measurement of atmospheric pressure at the Earth's surface was investigated by numerical simulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 71-75
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    Cloud temperatures and prediction of hurricane intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Equivalent black body temperatures of clouds around tropical cyclones are used in a statistical technique to forecast changes in maximum winds for 24 hours in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 41-45
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    A real-time subsynoptic, meso, and microscale severe storm forecast system (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A system of differential equations is integrated numerically in space and time over several different matrices in an effort to simulate the atmospheric wave structures which organize severe local storms. Preliminary results with case studies indicate that dynamical fields produced by the numerical simulations can be translated into very fine scale space and time zones where severe storm forecast indices can be developed. These fine scale indices are now available in real-time when run on Langley's STAR 100 computer system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 29-33
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    Detection of severe storms through a tropospheric-ionospheric coupling mechanism (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Acoustic-gravity waves were detected by a ground-based ionospheric sounding array, and the location of the wave generation source was determined by a reverse group ray path computation. Computed sources of these waves were located near locations where tornadoes touched down from 2 to 4 hours later. It is suggested that the overshooting and ensuing collapse of convective turrets may be responsible for generating the acoustic-gravity waves observed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 11-15
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    Three dimensional cloud top changes related to thunderstorm severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Digital infrared data from a geostationary satellite are used to study thunderstorm top growth rates and other parameters in relation to the occurrence of severe weather on the ground. Both the rate of upward growth of the thunderstorm top and the maximum height reached are shown to be useful parameters in the detection of severe thunderstorms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 7-10
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    Climatological features revealed by ESMR derived oceanic rainfall maps (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Several new climatological patterns become apparent from the analysis of satellite-derived global oceanic rainfall maps. Five interesting features are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 135-139
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    The effect of sea ice extent on the climatology of the Giss general circulation model (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two model simulations were calculated with the GISS general circulation model corresponding to hypothetical maximum and minimum January sea ice conditions in the north and south polar regions. Results indicate that there were large differences in the Northern Hemisphere circulation between maximum and minimum ice conditions in zonally averaged temperature, vertically averaged eddy sensible heat flux, and mean 500 mb geopotential height. The calculated differences are found to be greater than the inherent variability of the model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 105-109
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    Operation Aurorozone: An experiment in sun/weather (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Operation Aurorozone was a highly coordinated sequence of 33 rocket flights launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, in September 1976. The effects of aurorally produced X-rays on stratospheric neutral and electrical parameters was studied. The sun/weather coupling between upper and lower regions of the atmosphere is thought to be related to these middle atmospheric parameters. The results show a consistent depletion of ozone above 1 mb during three independent auroral events, with magnitudes in excess of those expected from the measured energy radiation sources. Simultaneously, enhanced conductivity changes were observed to occur in accord with the measured ionizing radiations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 121-125
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    Design and testing of a new planetary boundary layer parameterization (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A new planetary boundary layer parameterization was developed. Tests included forecasting experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 117-120
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    Numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains with a potential enstrophy conserving scheme for the shallow water equations (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Numerical experiments show that use of a potential enstrophy conserving scheme drastically improves numerical simulation of flow near steep mountains.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 111-115
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    Remote sensing of the boundary layer (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Limited information about the boundary layer stratification is obtained from remote infrared spectral measurements in the water vapor window region. A global map of the average strength of the water vapor spectral lines in the 9 micron window region derived from Nimbus 4 IRIS data is presented to indicate this boundary layer information. Presence of deep convective layer in the intertropical convergence zone and trade wind inversion over the subtropical oceanic high pressure systems are appropriately revealed in this map.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 77-80
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    Wind speed and aerosol optical thickness estimates from aircraft observations of sea flitter (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Aircraft observed radiances were used to measure surface wind speed and aerosol thickness. Results show that the surface wind speed is related to the width of the glitter pattern.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 67-70
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    Objective tropical cyclone analysis and forecasting technique using conventional and Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The ADAPT empirical analysis programs, based on finding an optimal representation of the data in the Karhunen-Loeve sense, were applied to 120 observations of twenty-nine 1973 and 1974 Pacific tropical cyclones. Each observation consists of NIMBUS-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) radiation measurements at 267 grid points covering and surrounding the tropical cyclone plus nine other non-satellite derived descriptors. Analysis and forecast algorithms to estimate storm motion and intensity were developed for times ranging from the observation time up to 72 hours later. The 24 hr wind speed forecasts with an accuracy of 11.7 knots and position forecasts with accuracies 15% better than persistence were demonstrated using independent tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 47-50
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    Latent heat calculations and their relationship to tropical cyclone intensity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Data from the Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) were used to calculate total storm latent heat release (LHR) and other precipitation parameters for over 100 satellite observations of Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones. The data are useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring them.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 35-39
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    Severe storms and their interaction with the environment (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief description is given of significant research accomplishments and of planned research on atmospheric variability and the interaction of severe storms with their environment using atmospheric variability experiments data. Use of the results for the assessment of satellite capabilities are described briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 23-27
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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    Simulation study of a method for analyzing wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites and some analysis of ESSA 7 data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Method of relating wide field of view radiometer measurements from satellites to the Earth longwave flux field is simulated and is used to obtain zonal and global averages of longwave (LW) flux for ESSA 7.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 305-309
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    Comparison of the last two winter season monthly zonal cloud fractions as derived from Nimbus-6 ERB data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Monthly zonal albedo determinations made by Nimbus-6 ERB were used to form monthly zonal cloud fractions. The Fall-Winter-Spring seasons of 1975-76 are compared with the same seasons 1976-77.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 289-293
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    A summary of Nimbus-6 temperature retrieval accuracy statistics for DST-5 and DST-6 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Statistics compiled from Nimbus-6 temperature retrievals processed during the 18 August-4 September 1975 DST-5, and the 1 February-4 March 1976 DST-6 are addressed. All statistics were compiled from samples of colocated satellite sounding and radiosonde measurements. The colocation window is 222 km in space and 6 hours in time.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 271-276
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    Mesoscale convergence proceding thunderstorm development determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Convergence was determined from wind vectors derived from cloudtracking on 5 minute interval SMS-2 data using the AOIPS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 247-251
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    Equations for the dynamics of gust fronts and shock waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Equations are presented for the growth or decay rates of moving and deforming vortex sheets (gust fronts) and shock waves. The equations exhibit a cross-coupling between these two types of surface discontinuity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 225-227
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    Stereographic cloud heights from SMS/goes imagery (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Stereographic pairs of SMS/GOES images, generated simultaneously by the spin-scan cameras of each of two geostationary satellites (SMS 1 and SMS2), separated by 32 degrees of longitude on February 1, 1975, were analyzed photogrametrically to yield cloud heights with a two-sigma uncertainty of 500 meters. These cloud heights compare favorably with heights of the same clouds measured by radar and IR methods. The same SMS image pairs were used to measure mountaintop heights with a mean deviation of 0.24 km from cartographic values.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 229-233
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    Spectral energetics and predictability studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: One and two-dimensional spectral analyses were performed on the GISS general circulation model. The one-dimensional results imply that low eddy kinetic energy is caused by low conversions from the zonal mean kinetic energy. The two-dimensional results confirm that low wave number spectral coefficients approach the predictability limit slower than high wave number coefficients and suggest ways of estimating the rate of approach to the predictability limit.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 329-333
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    ERBSS scanner performance in the presence of radiation directional model errors (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Simulation studies of the ERBSS scanner were performed to determine the sensitivity of the inferred flux at the top of the atmosphere to radiation directional model errors for candidate scan plane orientations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 311-315
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    Commercial aircraft derived high resolution wind and temperature data from the tropics for FGGE: Implications for NASA (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two programs involving over 100 commercial aircraft were initiated to provide global high resolution in-situ windfield and temperature data during the FGGE. The concepts developed for these programs could have important implications for both meteorology and aviation in the near term.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev; p 265-270
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    The data systems test-dress rehearsal for FGGE (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A series of Data Systems Tests conducted by NASA as a precursor to the First GARP Global Experiment is described. Included is a description of the global data sets acquired and the influence the tests had on the observing system, the data processing plans and research activities of the Global Experiment itself.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 259-263
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    An error analysis of tropical cyclone divergence and vorticity fields derived from satellite cloud winds on the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An advanced Man-Interactive image and data processing system (AOIPS) was developed to extract basic meteorological parameters from satellite data and to perform further analyses. The errors in the satellite derived cloud wind fields for tropical cyclones are investigated. The propagation of these errors through the AOIPS system and their effects on the analysis of horizontal divergence and relative vorticity are evaluated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 241-245
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    General solutions for the movement of storms (1977)
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    Description: Diagnostic solutions are presented for the displacement velocity of a storm vortex and the velocity of the centroid of the storm's convection.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 219-223
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    Molecular model of ice nucleation (1977)
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    Description: Two complementary techniques, semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations and empirical central field pair potential calculations were used in developing a model of the interaction of water with simple surfaces.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 203-206
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    Fast but accurate techniques for calculating radiative terms in numerical atmospheric models and in remote sensing applications (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Methods were developed for calculating radiative terms with relatively high accuracy but with sufficient speed, so that they can be used in numerical atmospheric models or in high volume processing of satellite measured radiances for remote sensing of atmospheric and surface parameters. Comparison with commonly used methods in both types of applications indicate improvements in calculating transmittances of factors between two and three, and in calculating radiances and cooling rates of factors between two and seven.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 195-200
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    Mount Agung eruption provides test of a global climate perturbation (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Mt. Agung volcanic eruption in 1963 is used as a test case to examine the climatic response to a global-scale radiative perturbation of the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 165-169
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    On the interannual variability of the ocean atmospheric system (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Several feedback mechanisms between ocean and atmosphere are discussed, which seem to have a decisive influence on the interannual variability of the atmosphere, and on climatic fluctuations of a time scale of 10 to 50 years. Satellite requirements to monitor these feedback processes are outlined briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 141-146
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    Nimbus 6 ERB scanner studies for development of Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Nimbus 6 ERB scanner data were conducted to support the development of the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System project. The ERB data were processed in terms of Earth targets and angular bins and used to evaluate currently available directional radiation models for the longwave and shortwave spectral ranges. Results indicate that available longwave models are adequate for the most part while available shortwave models are inadequate. An effort was initiated to develop improved shortwave models for various cloud conditions and various surface types for cloud free conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 147-151
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    Advances in the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Clear-column temperature profiles with a vertical resolution of 2 km in the troposphere and an accuracy of 1.5 K are obtained in the presence of multiple layers of broken clouds using narrow band-pass measurements carefully selected in the 4.18 and 15 micron regions of the CO2 bands.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 87-91
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    Advances in local area, mesoscale modeling (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A two-layer, mesoscale boundary layer model is being developed and validated against San Francisco Bay Area observational data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 55-59
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    Remote sensing of hurricane waves (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A program was undertaken to obtain data on wind generated ocean waves in hurricanes by remote sensing techniques. The sensor, a synthetic aperture radar, has collected the first data ever on the directional wave climate throughout a hurricane. This information was found to have inconsistencies with present hurricane wave generation models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 51-53
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    Observations of the microclimate of a lake under cold air advective conditions (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The moderating effects of Lake Apopka, Florida, on downwind surface temperatures were evaluated under cold air advective conditions. Point temperature measurements north and south of the lake and data obtained from the NOAA satellite and a thermal scanner flown at 1.6 km, indicate that, under conditions of moderate winds (approximately 4m/sec), surface temperatures directly downwind may be higher than surrounding surface temperatures by as much as 5 C. With surface wind speed less than 1m/sec, no substantial temperature effects were observed. Results of this study are being used in land use planning, lake level control and in agriculture for selecting planting sites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 61-65
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    Mesoanalysis of record Chicago rainstorm using radar, satellite, and rain-gage data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Comparison of cloud-top topography and rainfall rates at the surface revealed that the areas of heavy rain are located where there are depressions at the anvil top. It was also found that the Z-R relationships show a large scatter when vertical and/or horizontal air currents are strong. Results of this research led to Project NIMROD proposed to begin in May 1978.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 17-21
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    Dry air entrainment into convective clouds (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A systematic approach to the study of atmospheric turbulent motion is discussed in terms of weather modification. The background of cloud physics, and the mixing process are described. A zero-g study is proposed to enable the basic experimental data to be collected so that theory may be developed to generalize results for practical applications.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 1-6
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major accomplishments of the GEOS-B, C-band systems project is assessed. The project objectives are given, namely: (1) primary objectives that must be met for project success; (2) secondary objectives that were sufficiently important to warrant serious consideration; and (3) other objectives that were important to the project and for which additional effort would be desirable. The primary objectives are presented and discussed in detail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 487-524
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Equipment and techniques were evaluated operationally, by the Department of Defense, during the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP). The theory, instrumentation, and data reduction methods used are described. Results obtained during the NGSP are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 139-245
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  • 75
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    Geophysical fluid flow model experiments in spherical geometry (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An experimental and theoretical program was undertaken to assist in the design of geophysical fluid flow model experiments for Spacelab. Two new nonintrusive measurement techniques were developed. A theoretical calculation was carried out to guide the design of a proposed atmospheric general circulation model experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 177-181
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    Cloud cover modeling (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Results from two investigations in modeling cloud cover are presented. These are a univariate model and a multivariate model for cloud cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 317-321
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  • 77
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    Deconvolution of Earth radiation budget data (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The theory of deconvolution of wide field of view Earth radiation measurements is applied to Nimbus 6 ERB data. Results with a 15 deg resolution are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 299-303
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  • 78
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    Electrochemical concentration cell ozonesonde performance evaluation (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A large number of electrochemical concentration cell (EDD) ozonesondes were calibrated relative to ultraviolet photometric absorption (254 nm) to determine their precision and accuracy. The average agreement with UV photometry was found to be good, but with considerable variation from one ECC ozonesonde to another. Applying individual calibrations to vertical ozone profiles reduced the systematic differences between ECC ozonesonde total ozone values and Dobson spectrophotometric determinations of the same quantity, but did not improve random differences.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 295-297
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  • 79
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    Microwave radiometric measurements of sea-surface parameters (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A technique to remotely measure sea-surface temperature and salinity (for concentrations greater than 5 parts-per-thousand) with accuracies of 1 C and 1 part-per-thousand, respectively, was demonstrated with a two-frequency microwave radiometer system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 277-281
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  • 80
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    High resolution tropical cyclone wind fields determined from cloud motions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Full resolution rapid scan infrared and visible images from the VISSR sensor on board SMS-2/GEOS-1 satellite have made it possible to maximize the number of tropical cyclone upper and lower tropospheric wind vectors by a factor of 6(2) over that of the images taken at 30 minute (15 minute) intervals. These full resolution rapid scan visible images have also made it possible to derive low level winds near the center of tropical cyclones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 253-257
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  • 81
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    Mechanisms of thunderstorm related to motion and severity (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A research program was conducted to better understand the relation of vertical shear of the horizontal wind in the environment and of momentum exchange to thunderstorm motion and intensity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 213-217
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  • 82
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    Atmospheric Variability Experiments (AVE) and mesoscale structure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information is presented on accuracy and resolution of AVE data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 207-211
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  • 83
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    Preliminary test of a coarse resolution GCM for climate application (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Preliminary steps were taken to develop a climate model adequate for seasonal and interannual simulations. Tests of the model against the observed seasonal cycle of key climate properties indicate an encouraging capability for climate applications.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 183-187
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  • 84
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    An investigation of surface albedo variations during the recent Sahel drought (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Applications Technology Satellite 3 data are used to measure surface albedoes in the African Sahel during the 1967 to 1974 drought.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 171-175
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    Stratospheric aerosols and climatic change (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on climate is considered using an aerosol model and a radiative convective 1-D climate model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 159-163
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    Stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The reported discussion is concerned with longitudinal waves associated with electron motions. These waves are easily stimulated in the ionosphere by rocket- and satellite-borne RF sounders. Most of the observations of stimulated plasma waves in the ionosphere are based on ionograms obtained from the sounders carried on board five satellites, including Explorer 20, Alouette 1 and 2, and ISIS 1 and 2. The majority of the observations can be explained by considering the propagation of the sounder-stimulated plasma waves. Attention is given to aspects of plasma wave dispersion, linear phenomena, plasma wave instabilities and nonlinear phenomena, unexplained phenomena, diagnostic applications, geophysical and astrophysical applications, and a number of experiments planned for the future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 12; Nov
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  • 87
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    Path- and area-integrated rainfall measurement by microwave attenuation in the 1-3 cm band (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: At a wavelength of about 0.9 cm, microwave attenuation is demonstrated to be linearly related to rainfall rate and independent of drop size distribution and temperature. In addition, practical methods for measuring path- and area-averaged rainfall rate are reviewed. A compromise between maximum path-averaged rainfall rate sensitivity and minimum sensing errors may be achieved by the use of one-way methods between the transmitter and the receiver, with a wavelength of 1.5 to 2.0 cm. Corrections for nonspherical drops and for multiple scattering are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 88
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    Temporal variations in atmospheric water vapor and aerosol optical depth determined by remote sensing (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: By automatically tracking the sun, a four-channel solar radiometer was used to continuously measure optical depth and atmospheric water vapor. The design of this simple autotracking solar radiometer is presented. A technique for calculating the precipitable water from the ratio of a water band to a nearby nonabsorbing band is discussed. Studies of the temporal variability of precipitable water and atmospheric optical depth at 0.610, 0.8730 and 1.04 microns are presented. There was good correlation between the optical depth measured using the autotracker and visibility determined from National Weather Service Station data. However, much more temporal structure was evident in the autotracker data than in the visibility data. Cirrus clouds caused large changes in optical depth over short time periods. They appear to be the largest deleterious atmospheric effect over agricultural areas that are remote from urban pollution sources.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 89
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    The cosmic-ray antiproton flux - An upper limit near that predicted for secondary production (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data gathered from a balloon flight of a superconducting-magnet spectrometer have been examined for the presence of cosmic-ray antiprotons. The ratio of antiprotons to protons, p(-)/p, in cosmic rays was found to be (0.03 + or - 3.3) ten-thousandths in the rigidity interval from 4.2 to 12.5 GV. The 95%-confidence-level upper limit for p(-)/p is thus 0.00066. This upper limit is in strong contradiction to the prediction of the closed-galaxy model of Rasmussen and Peters (1975), but is not inconsistent with the prediction of the modified closed-galaxy model of Peters and Westergaard (1977). It is nearly equal to the predictions of conventional propagation models. This result provides an independent confirmation of the absence of primary antimatter in the cosmic rays at a level of approximately a few ten-thousandths.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 217
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    Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of a fragment of Jurassic seafloor, Point Sal, California (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocks from an ophiolite suite once on the seafloor were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na2O, Cr, Zn and FeO. Strontium isotope exchange noted in some of the lavas is attributed to basalt-seawater interaction; the Ce abundance in smectite- and zeolite-bearing lavas may also be due to prolonged exposure to seawater. The higher grades of metamorphic rock, however, show no variation from the usual flat or slightly light REE depleted profiles. Plutonic igneous rock, all light REE depleted, have total REE abundances varying by a factor of 100 between the dunites and diorites. In order of decreasing REE abundance are hornblende, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, orthopyroxene and olivine. Calculations of REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulative clinopyroxenes suggest that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 41; Oct. 197
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    Detection of anisotropy in the cosmic blackbody radiation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Anisotropy has been detected in the cosmic blackbody radiation with a 33-GHz (0.9 cm) twin-antenna Dicke radiometer flown to an altitude of 20 km aboard a U-2 aircraft. In data distributed over two-thirds of the Northern Hemisphere, an anisotropy is observed, which is well fitted by a first-order spherical harmonic with an amplitude of (3.5 plus or minus 0.6) x 10 to the -3rd deg K, and direction 11.0 plus or minus 0.6 h right ascension and 6 plus or minus 10 deg declination. This observation is readily interpreted as due to motion of the earth relative to the radiation with a velocity of 390 plus or minus 60 km/sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 39; Oct. 3
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    Computer simulation of earthquakes (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Sept. 10
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    The 1976 Standard Atmosphere and its relationship to earlier standards (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, representing a mid-latitude atmosphere for moderate solar activity, is compared to earlier standards. For heights of 51 km and below, this standard is identical with its immediate predecessor, the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere. When the density-height profile of each of five earlier model atmospheres is compared with that of the 1976 standard, an oscillation of this parameter around the currently accepted average value is observed, which is partly the result of true density changes related to the 11-year cycle of solar activity and partly the result of earlier uncertainties. The development of knowledge is also elucidated by comparing the temperature-height profiles of each of the important standards used during the preceding century. Number densities of each of six atmospheric species computed for the 1976 U.S. standard are compared over the height region of 0 to 1000 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; Aug. 197
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    A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A theoretical model for calculating microwave radiative transfer in raining atmospheres is developed. These calculations are compared with microwave brightness temperatures at a wavelength of 1.55 cm measured by the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) on the Nimbus-5 satellite and rain rates derived from WSR-57 meteorological radar measurements. A specially designed ground-based verification experiment was also performed, wherein upward-viewing microwave brightness temperature measurements at wavelengths of 1.55 and 0.81 cm were compared with directly measured rain rates. It is shown that, over ocean areas, brightness temperature measurements from ESMR may be interpreted in terms of rain rate with about an accuracy of a factor of 2 over the range 1 to 25 mm/hr rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; May 1977
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    A global thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data MSIS. I - N2 density and temperature (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of neutral nitrogen density from mass spectrometers on five satellites (AE-B, Ogo 6, San Marco 3, Aeros A, and AE-C) and neutral temperatures inferred from incoherent scatter measurements at four ground stations are combined to produce a model of thermospheric neutral temperatures and nitrogen densities similar to the Ogo 6 empirical model (Hedin et al., 1974). This global model is designated MSIS (mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter). The global average temperature, the annual temperature variation, lower bound density, and lower bound temperature are discussed. The data set covers the time period from the end of 1965 to mid-1975 and also a wide range of solar activities. Diurnal and semidiurnal variations in lower bound density and temperature are considered, as is magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 1
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    Lowest-order average effect of turbulence on atmospheric profiles derived from radio occultation (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulence in planetary atmospheres and ionospheres causes changes in angles of refraction of radio waves used in occultation experiments. Atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles, and ionospheric electron concentration profiles, derived from radio occultation measurements of Doppler frequency contain errors due to such angular offsets. The lowest-order average errors are derived from a geometrical-optics treatment of the radio-wave phase advance caused by the addition of uniform turbulence to an initially homogeneous medium. It is concluded that the average profile errors are small and that precise Doppler frequency measurements at two or more wavelengths could be used to help determine characteristics of the turbulence, as well as accuracy limits and possible correction terms for the profiles. However, a more detailed study of both frequency and intensity characteristics in radio and optical occultation measurements of turbulent planetary atmospheres and ionospheres is required to realize the full potential of such measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 214
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    Observations of the mid-latitude lower ionosphere in winter (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rocket observations of the lower ionosphere in the winter of 1971 at two locations show differences of electron density which are attributed to enhancements of nitric oxide and energetic electron fluxes precipitated into the mesosphere during the poststorm phase of a geomagnetic storm. Electron density distributions were observed above Wallops Island, Virginia, and Keweenaw, Michigan, larger values occurring at Keweenaw. Energetic electron fluxes were greater at Keweenaw (L = 3.9) than at Wallops Island (L = 2.5). While particle ionization was the dominant factor in establishing the electron density during one measurement at Keweenaw, particles were not present two days earlier, even though the electron density distribution was significantly larger than that observed at Wallops Island on both occasions. An accompanying ion composition profile measured at Keweenaw during the earlier flight showed NO(+) to be the dominant ion to 76 km, where the concentration of hydrated ions H3O(+).(H2O)n, exceeded that of NO(+).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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    On propagation direction of ring current proton ULF waves observed by ATS 6 at 6.6 R sub E (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From June 11 to September 16, 1974, the NOAA low-energy proton detector on board the ATS 6 satellite observed 71 cases of ultralow-frequency oscillations of proton flux intensities. The oscillation periods varied from 40 s to 6 min, and the events were observed most frequently during moderate geomagnetic conditions. The flux oscillations occurred at various local times, yet almost two thirds of the events were detected in the near-dusk region of the magnetosphere. For a majority of the events in this set a substantial phase shift in flux oscillation was detected between different energy channels and/or between two oppositely oriented detector telescopes. The phase shift is mainly due to the finite gyroradius effect of the protons gyrating in the geomagnetic field. By examining this finite gyroradius effect on the perturbed particle distribution function associated with the wave in a nonuniform magnetic field, the propagation direction of the wave from particle observations made by a single spacecraft is determined
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 1
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  • 99
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    Clear air turbulence - Detection by infrared observations of water vapor (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: 'Forward-looking' infrared measurements of water vapor from the C-141A Kuiper Airborne Observatory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center show large, distinctly identifiable, signal anomalies from 4 to 10 minutes in advance of subsequent encounters with clear air turbulence (CAT). These anomalies are characteristically different from the signals not followed by CAT encounters. Results of airborne field trials in which the infrared radiometer was used indicate that, out of 51 situations, 80 percent were CAT alerts followed by CAT encounters, 12 percent were 'false alarms' (CAT alerts not followed by CAT encounters), and 8 percent were CAT encounters not preceded by an infrared signal anomaly or CAT alert.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science; 196; June 3
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  • 100
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    Large-scale electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Studies of the earth's magnetosphere have indicated that a large-scale electric field E plays a central role in its electrodynamics and in the flow and acceleration of charged particles there; while many observations relevant to E have accumulated, quite a few basic problems involving the origin and structure of this field remain unsolved. The ultimate source of E is presumably the flow of the solar wind past the earth, but the mechanism by which E arises is still unclear, and several independent sources may contribute to it, some of them being of a rather transient nature. This review attempts to sum up the main observed facts and theoretical concepts related to E.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 15; May 1977
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