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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Global warming is imposing tremendous challenges upon human and otherwise biotic life on Earth. A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture. The consensus is that the moisture transport by the atmospheric circulation strengthens and makes already wet areas of moisture convergence wetter and already dry areas of moisture divergence drier. Therefore, the tropics and mid-to-high latitudes will get wetter and the subtropics will get drier. Without any change in the interannual variability of hydroclimate, the change in the mean hydroclimate would equally increase drought risk in some places and flood risk in others. Moreover, global warming will cause the interannual variability of the hydroclimate to intensify, which will induce more droughts and floods. Furthermore, the changing atmospheric circulation interaction with the land surface may cause storm track alterations and may play an important role in shaping moisture redistribution. The author's contributions have documented the precipitation trends in southeast of the US, the Nile River Basin Ethiopia, Iraq, the Huai River Basin of northern China, and the Qilian Mountains of western China. The precipitation predictability on both global and regional scales are also studied. The interaction among climate systems in southeast Asia is also explicitly documented.
    Keywords: El Niño ; winter weather types ; precipitable water ; surface water vapor pressure ; consistency ; interannual and long-term trend ; precipitation ; trend analysis ; Iraq ; climate projection ; CMIP5 ; groundwater levels ; rainfall ; temperature ; Mann–Kendall test ; Bayesian Ensemble Algorithm ; rainstorm process ; rainstorm intensity ; risk estimation and mapping ; CMIP6 ; risk prediction ; Southwest China ; rainstorm and flood ; spatial and temporal change ; atmospheric circulation ; rainfall change ; CHIRPS ; PERSIANN-CDR ; descriptive statistics ; non-parametric trends ; Google Earth Engine ; central Punjab ; climate change ; land cover/land use ; vegetation ; NDVI ; Huai River Basin ; trends and variability ; flood magnitude ; Qilian Mountains ; cyclones power dissipation index (PDI) ; monsoon trough ; El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) ; Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) ; Walker circulation ; predictability ; global ; seasonal precipitation ; ENSO ; MJO ; climate trend ; land use land cover ; Nile River Basin ; water resources ; raindrop spectrum ; radar ; dynamic Z-I ; LSTM neural network ; precipitation estimation ; Loess Plateau ; spring maize ; relative soil moisture ; drought index ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This reprint concerns topics on chemical, functional, and technological features of wheats to obtain wheat-based foods improved in phytochemicals. Genetic materials, from landraces to ancient and modern wheat varieties, characterized for their content of bioactive compounds, were exploited to produce superior staple foods. The study of other species allowed to identify functional ingredients, in wholemeals or in their by-products, useful in the enrichment of formulations for various cereal-based products. Further, in the optic of circular economy, it is of great interest the extraction of bioactive components from food processing waste belonging to the other crops to functionalize final products.
    Keywords: durum wheat ; diversity ; pigmented cereals ; phytochemicals ; anthocyanins ; antioxidant activity ; protein ; gluten ; wheat aleurone ; dietary fibre ; extraction process ; antioxidant ; bread ; arabinoxylans ; bakery ; biologically active substances ; DPPH assay ; nutritional value ; sensory properties ; pasta fortification ; hemp flour ; durum wheat cultivar ; amino acids ; fatty acids ; mineral fortification ; brewers’ spent grain ; bread-making ; circular economy ; common wheat ; emmer ; phenolics ; proteins ; sustainable food production ; bread wheat ; spelt ; fibre ; metabolites ; minerals ; fertilisation ; health benefits ; colour ; farinograph ; rheofermentograph ; viscoelastic behaviour ; bread shelf life ; crumb porosity ; cereals ; wholemeal ; biscuits ; phenolic acid compositions ; carotenoids ; consumer acceptance ; wheat quality ; genetic resources ; ancient wheat ; avocado wastes/by-products ; functional bread ; lactic acid bacteria ; sourdough ; peels ; pulp ; seeds ; polyphenols ; antioxidant properties ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Smart materials and structures are capable of active or passive changes in terms of shapes, properties, and mechanical or electromagnetic responses in reaction to an external stimulus, such as light, temperature, stress, moisture, pH, and electric or magnetic fields. They have attracted increasing interest for their enhanced performance and efficiency over a wide range of industrial applications, especially for aerospace. These require novel engineering approaches and design philosophies in order to integrate the actions of sensors, actuators, and control circuit elements into a single system that can respond adaptively to its surroundings. This reprint has collected cutting-edge research and recent advances in smart materials and structures, including seven original research papers and three review articles, co-authored by 65 scientists and engineers from 18 institutions and 3 industries. The research topics mainly cover advanced materials, applications of smart materials and structures, as well as recent development in sensing techniques. We hope this reprint will contribute to disseminating the latest progress in smart materials and structures, as well as stimulate the interest of its audience to work in this important and vibrant area to promote and benefit the multidisciplinary scientific communities.
    Keywords: textile-based mechanical sensors ; mechanism ; preparation ; advantages ; applications ; Artificial Neural Network (ANN) ; guided waves ; Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) ; Finite Element Analysis (FEA) ; damage detection ; metals ; composites ; aeroelastic stability ; bladed disk ; intentional mistuning ; piezoelectric material ; topological optimization ; microstructure ; high-entropy alloy ; mechanical property ; bipedal robot ; dynamics simulation ; MRE isolator ; vibration reduction control algorithms ; no-core fiber ; polyaniline ; polyacrylic acid ; pH sensor ; multimode interference ; gas foil bearing ; Inconel alloy ; sensing foil ; strain field ; temperature field ; thermomechanical coupling ; thermomechanical characterization ; rotor dynamics ; turbomachinery ; cholesteric liquid crystals ; electro-optic response ; polymer stabilization ; ion-trapping mechanism ; liquid metal ; stretchable conductor ; 3D printing ; high dynamic stability ; wearable devices ; biomimetic ; Venus flytrap ; smart ; composite ; mechanics ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In this Special Issue, recent advancements in the field of pediatric tumors are discussed, and novel prognostic markers are critically appraised. Greater understanding of the heterogeneity of pediatric cancers will ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies with the potential to provide new prospects for precision medicine in pediatric oncology.
    Keywords: undernutrition ; obesity ; nutritional status ; childhood cancer ; overall survival ; event-free survival ; relapse ; treatment-related toxicity ; review ; sarcoma botryoides ; fertility-sparing surgery ; embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma ; genital tract ; prognosis ; treatment ; local debulking ; neoadjuvant chemotherapy ; radiation ; ovarian cancer ; adolescents ; diagnosis ; therapy ; guidelines ; children ; papillary thyroid cancer ; proto-oncogene B-raf gene (BRAF) ; craniopharyngioma ; recurrence ; risk factors ; youth ; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ; child ; genetics ; CDKN2A/2B deletions ; fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) ; multiple-ligation probe amplification (MLPA) ; copy-number alterations (CNAs) ; risk stratification ; minimal residual disease (MRD) ; cardiotoxicity ; chemotherapeutics agents ; biomarkers ; omics technology ; medulloblastoma ; tumor ; histologic ; pediatrics ; micro-RNAs ; non-coding RNAs ; molecular subgroup ; stratification ; acute lymphoblastic leukemia ; proteomics ; oncology ; chemotherapy ; cardiac function tests ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJC Diseases & disorders::MJCL Oncology
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Agricultural production management is facing a new era of intelligence and automation. With developments in sensor technologies, the temporal, spectral, and spatial resolution from ground/air/space platforms have been notably improved. Optical sensors play an essential role in agriculture production management. Specifically, monitoring plant health, growth conditions, and insect infestation has traditionally involved extensive fieldwork. We believe that sensors, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are not simply scientific experiments but opportunities to make our agricultural production management more efficient and cost-effective, further contributing to the healthy development of natural–human systems. This reprint compiles the latest research on optical sensors and machine learning in agricultural monitoring, including related topics: Machine learning approaches for crop health, growth, and yield monitoring; Combined multisource/multi-sensor data to improve the crop parameters mapping; Crop-related growth models, artificial intelligence models, algorithms, and precision management; Farmland environmental monitoring and management; Ground, air, and space platforms application in precision agriculture; Development and application of field robotics; High-throughput field information survey; Phenological monitoring.
    Keywords: soil moisture content ; spectral processing technology ; hyperspectral ; principal component analysis ; feature parameters extraction ; yield estimation ; rice ; unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) ; tasseled cap transformation ; precision agriculture ; weed identification ; YOLOv4-Tiny ; attention mechanism ; multiscale detection ; angle normalization ; vegetation canopy reflectance ; geostationary satellite ; path length correction ; Minnaert model ; GOCI ; winter wheat ; LSTM ; LAI ; deep learning ; land use ; land cover ; classification ; random forest ; Sentinel data ; SRTM ; feature selection ; accuracy ; validation ; unmanned aerial vehicle ; soybean ; convolutional neural network ; multispectral imagery ; fusarium head blight ; texture indices ; machine learning ; cropland ; multi-seasonal ; fractal feature ; feature extraction ; accuracy evaluation ; black soil ; UAV ; chlorophyll ; fractional vegetation cover ; maturity monitoring ; anomaly detection ; smart agriculture ; detection of apple leaf diseases ; YOLOv5 ; transformer ; CBAM ; crop type classification ; multi-temporal ; remote sensing ; dairy cows ; body condition score ; 3D TOF sensor ; non-contact evaluation ; recognize area of interest ; sugarcane clones ; canopy cover ; light interception ; biomass ; cane yield ; peanut southern blight ; reflection spectrum ; spectral index ; continuous wavelet transform ; VGNet ; corn diseases ; leaf detection ; lightweight ; transfer learning ; agriculture ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Land degradation, exacerbated by climate change and rapid urbanization, poses significant threats to socio-economic development. There is an urgent need to explore land degradation and its associated ecosystem responses and the suitable pathways for sustainable development in urban and rural regions. This reprint comprises a collection of 16 articles, featuring 1 review article and 15 research articles. There are some key practical experiences and scientific findings to support the ecosystem change response to land degradation, through either theoretical works or empirical research, identifying the characteristics and solutions for sustainable development. Key scientific issues addressed include land use and land cover change, ecological impacts of urbanization, mechanisms of land degradation on ecosystems, and coordinated social, economic, and ecological development. This reprint encouraged scholars to share the latest advancements in the research framework, datasets, methods, and case studies for assessing land degradation and associated ecosystem responses. We expect this reprint will inspire broader reflection and discussion within academic community regarding the theories and practices concerning land degradation and associated ecosystem responses. It could be a valuable reference for exploring potential solutions towards achieving land degradation neutrality and promoting regional sustainable development.
    Keywords: ecological compensation ; ecosystem services ; opportunity cost ; ecological compensation priority ; land degradation ; dust emission ; wind erosion ; dust models ; dust cycle ; carbon cycle ; livestock carrying capacity risk ; planting and breeding balance ; northeast China ; farmland circulation ; differential circulation features ; driving mechanism ; plot level ; plains and mountainous areas ; Zhangye City ; ecological carrying capacity ; supply and demand ; priority areas ; agricultural ecological efficiency ; spatial-temporal evolution ; SBM model ; spatial Markov chain ; spatiotemporal changes ; driving factors ; agro-pastoral transitional zone ; management ; Bashang Plateau ; Populus simonii forest ; optimal plant cover ; leaf-area index ; Biome-BGC model ; urban resilience ; land use/cover change ; urbanization ; carbon neutrality ; Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration ; surface thermal environment ; standard deviation ellipse ; Shijiazhuang ; wildfires ; natural protected areas ; decision support system ; scenario-based analysis ; soil salinity ; sodicity ; GIS ; RS ; leaching and gypsum requirement ; carbon and nitrogen pools ; soil quality ; carbon and nitrogen management index ; land use ; arid environment ; eco-compensation ; ecosystem service value ; PAHs pollution ; risk assessment ; industrial legacy sites ; vertical distribution ; land reuse ; drylands ; sediment connectivity ; degradation ; land use and land cover change (LULCC) ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: I am grateful to all the authors who contributed to this Special Issue and the referees for reviewing the manuscripts. Finally, I give my thanks to Ms. Alisa Si and all the editorial staff of Nanomaterials for their support during the publication of this Special Issue.
    Keywords: Si ; MnO2 ; rGO ; sea urchin-like structure ; lithium-ion battery ; high performance ; silica-based anode ; Ketjen Black ; electrochemical properties ; pseudocapacitor ; carbon nanotube ; polyaniline ; fractional-order circuit model ; memory effect ; fractional derivative ; zinc-ion batteries ; conducting polymers ; zinc-ion diffusion ; metal–organic framework ; supercapacitors ; energy density ; specific capacitance ; stability ; self-powered ; wearable flexible sensor ; energy harvesting ; human motion monitoring ; triboelectric nanogenerator ; NiMoO4@MnCo2O4 ; microstructure ; electrochemical performance ; cycling stability ; semiconductor superlattice ; dielectric capacity ; energy storage ; first-principles calculation ; supercapacitor ; organic crosslinked polymer ; porous carbon ; electrochemistry ; α-Fe2O3@MnO2 ; electrode materials ; flexibility ; hydrogen generation ; porous titanium oxide cage ; PtNi nanoparticles ; sodium borohydride hydrolysis ; NaBH4 ; graphene oxide ; catalytic activity ; hydrolysis ; aqueous zinc ion battery ; transition metal chalcogenides ; layered structure ; cathode ; energy storage mechanism ; g-C3N4 ; perovskite solar cells ; additive ; surface modifier layer ; Li-rich cathode material ; voltage and capacity fade ; testing mode ; cobalt-containing nanomaterials ; morphological design ; bio-derived hard carbon ; Coulomb efficiency ; Na-ion batteries ; storage mechanism ; fibrous phosphorus ; lithium-Ion battery ; anode ; CuMn2O4 ; nanosheet arrays ; hydrothermal ; battery-type ; CoO@rGO ; graphene ; MOF ; flexible electrodes ; hollow structure ; ultrafast integration ; lithium-ion batteries ; proton exchange membrane fuel cell ; mechanical vibration ; durability ; platinum migration ; accelerated stress test ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Land use is the projection of human activities in space, and it has become an important insight into the transformation and reconstruction of human society and economy. Rural land use in China is undergoing rapid transformation driven by the rapid development of science and technology. Effectively grasping the change and transformation process of rural land use and its internal mechanism provides an important reference for revealing the inherent laws of China's rural development. Rural land use is closely related to the rural vitalization strategy and urban–rural integration in the new era. An in-depth study of China's rural land use and policy reform provides the basis of knowledge for formulating and optimizing urban–rural relations. This Special Issue focuses on the changes, effects, and regulation of rural land use in China, focusing on its main contradictions and solutions, building a cooperative network and sharing platform for rural land use research from a multidisciplinary perspective, and further deepening the theoretical innovation and practical application of rural land use research. We invited scholars from various disciplines to contribute to the Special Issue, especially with papers on the subjects of theoretical innovation, technological innovation, and practical innovation in this field.
    Keywords: family farm ; efficiency ; DEA model ; Tobit model ; farm operation ; influencing factors ; soybean ; production pattern ; spatial agglomeration ; policy implications ; spatiotemporal changes ; crop planting structure ; black soil region ; Northeast China ; county-level ; geographic characteristics ; hollow village ; actor–network ; governance mode ; operation process ; appropriate tillage sand land ; land survey ; limiting factor ; land evaluation ; cultivated land protection ; Green Transition of Cultivated Land-use (GTCL) ; Water-Land-Food-Carbon (WLFC) ; coupling coordination ; land use change ; rural settlements ; spatial pattern evolution ; land policy ; China ; different modes ; land transfer ; livelihood capital ; difference-in-differences model ; Land Certificated Program (LCP) ; farmland “stickiness” ; land production function ; property rights ; agricultural policy ; cultivated land multifunctionality ; coupling coordination degree ; spatial-temporal pattern ; driving force ; major grain-producing areas ; northeast China ; comprehensive land consolidation ; pilot project ; decision-making evaluation ; farmers ; social investors ; non-agriculturalization rate ; ecological risk ; cultivated land change ; landform ; land management ; increasing versus decreasing balance (IVDB) ; balanced quota ; revenue ; inverted U-shaped curve ; Zhejiang province ; territorial space ; production–living–ecological space ; spatio-temporal variation ; eco-environment effect ; territorial spatial pattern ; eco-environmental quality ; soil contamination ; phytoremediation ; passivation ; farmer ; questionnaire survey ; paddy field ; dryland ; topographic gradient ; landscape characteristics ; land-use change ; rural settlement ; spatial distribution ; scale distribution ; morphological distribution ; the metropolitan fringe area ; Nanjing ; farmland transfer ; farmland function ; income structure ; rural household consumption ; consumption structure ; Yunnan Province ; farmers’ land transfer behavior ; herd effect ; geo-network ; the farmland right system reform ; creditor rights ; real rights ; agricultural modernization ; labor migration ; spatio-temporal evolution ; driving factor ; family structure ; heterogeneity ; area of land transfer ; rural–urban migration ; rural development ; land consolidation ; income distribution ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Recently, the trends of a circular economy and sustainability have driven nanotechnology towards the development of novel and innovative applications in the food packaging sector, which is rather recent compared with their use in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Bioactive films and coatings based on natural biopolymers such as chitosan, sodium alginate and gelatin and containing antioxidant and antimicrobial agents such as micro- and nanoemulsions of phytochemicals and nanostructured materials such as quantum dots, ZnO nanoparticles, nanoclays, silicas, zeolites and activated carbons, are finding application in various sectors of the food industry, especially in the development of novel edible, active packaging films and coatings. These bioactive films and coating materials enhance solubility, improve bioavailability, facilitate controlled release, and protect bioactive components during manufacture and storage. This Issue intends to provide an overview of bioactive gel films and coatings applied in active food packaging.
    Keywords: bioactive packaging ; xanthan ; propolis ; physicochemical properties ; microbiological analyses ; sensory evaluation ; biopolymers ; antimicrobial ; environment ; film ; coating ; active packaging ; soft cheese preservation ; sodium alginate ; thyme oil ; natural zeolite ; shelf-life extension ; anthocyanin ; fruit decay ; postharvest shelf life ; Aloe vera ; antioxidant ; fig ; purple-flesh sweet-potato ; chitosan ; gel coating ; preservation ; citrus ; cinnamon ; clove ; eucalyptus ; mint ; ginger ; chamomile ; halloysite ; polyvinyl alcohol ; gel ; active coatings ; nanostructures ; kiwi fruits ; green pea pods ; corn oil ; films ; hydrogel polymer ; acacia gum ; cinnamon essential oil ; edible hydrogel-based films ; food packaging ; edible films ; composite material ; essential oil ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The integration of information technologies with industry has marked the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution and promoted the development of industrial engineering. However, the depletion of resources and industrial waste caused by increasing amounts of industrial production pose a huge threat to nature. The application of sustainable supply chains in industrial engineering and management is one of the ways to balance the economy, society and environment. Therefore, it is a key concern for us to explore the construction of sustainable supply chains in industrial engineering and management. Moreover, to understand the impact of low-carbon, sustainable and recycled supply chains on industrial engineering, we need more in-depth investigations.This Special Issue aims to solicit original research and review articles discussing sustainable supply chain decision-making in industrial engineering and management to improve the sustainability of enterprise operations. Moreover, this Special Issue also shows mixed methods (e.g., modeling plus a case study) and rigorous quantitative/qualitative empirical studies of sustainable supply chains.
    Keywords: coordination degree model ; logistics industry ; digital economy ; industrial integration ; regional IEE system ; multimodel decision ; coupling coordination ; decision support methods ; online retailer ; consumer purchase behavior ; return strategy ; return insurance ; supply chain management ; real-time ; home delivery ; business modeling ; e-commerce ; time window ; lightweight ; carbon emissions ; low carbon benefits ; optimization design ; wheel hub ; subsidy policy ; remanufacturing industry ; donation strategy ; prisoner’s dilemma ; water-efficient products ; quality improvement ; DMAIC ; smart water closets ; carbon abatement ; cost sharing ; capital constraint ; environmental externality ; innovative products ; remanufacturing ; differential game ; bass model ; strategic emerging industries ; industrial structure ; employment effect ; artificial intelligence hardware ; data classification ; deep learning ; emission control ; industrial manufacturing ; bilateral matching decision making ; interval-valued hesitant fuzzy information ; bidirectional projection technology ; organizational quality-specific immunity ; automotive supply chain disruption ; supply chain resilience ; disruption risk ; bibliometric analysis ; co-citation analysis ; NGU ; self-attention ; CNN ; silver prediction ; data-driven ; composite systems ; synergy ; sustainability ; blockchain ; collection channel ; recycling strategies ; uncertain demand ; game theory ; federated learning ; intelligent manufacturing ; sustainable energy ; low-carbon strategy ; livestreaming marketing mode ; consumer low-carbon preference ; level of low-carbon promotion effort ; power structures ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KN Industry and industrial studies
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on topics related to spintronic devices, such as spin-based magnetoresistive memories, multiferroic interconnects and sensors, microfluidic solenoid valves, and magnetoelectric antennas with broad practical applications.
    Keywords: optimization design ; magnetic isolation ring ; dynamic response characteristics ; simulation ; transition jitter ; heat-assisted magnetic recording ; magnetic footprints ; antenna miniaturization ; ME antenna ; mason equivalent circuit model ; finite element simulation ; high gain ; electrodeposition ; permalloy ; magnetoresistance ; MOKE ; AMR ; FMR ; planar hall effect ; gradiometer ; magnetic sensor ; synthetic multiferroic ; interconnects ; magnetic logic devices ; spintronics ; spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junctions (STT-MTJ) ; Ising annealing system ; combinatorial optimization problem ; magnetostriction ; magneto-deformation ; magnetoactive elastomer ; normal force ; hysteresis ; magnetorheological elastomer ; finite element method ; micromagnetics ; spin and charge drift-diffusion ; MRAM ; SOT-MRAM ; temperature scaling ; temperature effects ; incubation time ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics::PHK Electricity, electromagnetism & magnetism
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Natura is a polysemic Latin word that has accompanied the historical development of the West for centuries, spreading around much of the globe with colonialism and imperialism. It has been adopted in numerous languages. Our relationship with nature has become a highly charged issue at least since the "ecological turn" around 1970. It is as much about the relationship of humans to the environment as it is about the relationship of humans to each other. In the course of these debates, research has intensified in various disciplines: history, anthropology, philosophy, literature, ecology, etc. The nine contributions gathered in this volume deal with the dimension of perception and its long-term development from the Middle Ages to the present time. They trace in detail how images of nature were adopted, modified, and transmitted for specific purposes in specific situations. The introduction to the volume provides an overview and brings the contributions together.
    Keywords: nature ; culture ; science ; religion ; European history ; scholasticism ; image of man ; Thomism ; medieval medicine ; anthropology ; Magnus Hundt ; human body ; Japan ; history of ideas ; environment ; pollution ; ecology ; physico-theology ; nature as a huge organism ; Alfred North Whitehead ; philosophy of nature ; philosophy of subjectivity ; metaphysics ; Donna J. Haraway ; anarchism ; naturalism ; Fin de Siècle ; pedagogy ; historical anthropology ; history of biology ; symmetrical history ; medieval breeding ; race ; ancestry ; Aristotelianism ; Albertus Magnus ; practical knowledge ; natural philosophy ; seventeenth century ; atomism ; corpuscles ; Humboldtian science ; barbarism ; savage ; civilization ; indigenous knowledge ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: This Special Issue reprint highlights seventy years since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1952 by Russian scientists LV Radushkevich and VM Lukyanovich in what was then the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the USSR. It also reflects the popularization by the well-known Japanese scientist S Iijima, since 1991, of carbon nanostructures, including CNTs, towards nanotechnology as a forever impactful and inspiring field. For researchers, academics, and teachers of all levels, from novice to expert to guru, the articles contained within this Special Issue are themed around sustainability from nanotechnology, pertaining to diameter measurement, rotor system molecular simulation, ultra-high tensile strength, energy, filtration via membrane distillation, environmental remediation using adsorption, ionic liquids as curing agents, biosensors and bioinspired sensors, and electrical/mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. The CNT is a legacy 1D nanomaterial, only after which was 2D graphene able to emerge. This is a global and mixed-country authorship Special Issue, with this reprint containing articles from Canada, Saudi Arabia, China, Russia, Spain, India, Japan, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the USA, Germany, Turkiye, and Malaysia. The Guest Editor is from Singapore and began publishing critical work on the CNT-polymer interface towards the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite up to 20 years ago.
    Keywords: CNTs ; MWCNTs ; SWCNTs ; polymer composite ; mechanical performance ; flexible capacitive sensors ; bioinspired spinosum ; CNT/PDMS nanocomposite ; tires ; transmission system ; carbon nanotube (CNT) ; hydroxyl groups ; response speed ; energy dissipation ; carbon nanotubes ; carbon nanotube fibers ; tensile strength ; defect control ; controlled preparation ; dielectric polymer composites ; permittivity ; polymer nanocomposite ; electrical conductivity ; mixing ; polymer blends ; electromagnetic interference shielding ; carbon nanotube ; filler migration ; polyethylene ; lead ; arsenic ; adsorption ; poly(amidoamine) ; silver nanoparticles ; biosensor ; virus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; toxicity ; biocompatibility ; electrospinning ; electrospraying ; nanomaterials ; nanostructured membrane ; nanocomposites ; seawater desalination ; temperature polarization ; flux ; solar energy ; dye degradation ; surface plasmon resonance effect ; TiO2/rGO/Ag ; hybrid nanostructures ; phosphorus ; encapsulation ; lithium-ion batteries ; atomic force microscopy ; diameter ; nanometrology ; epoxy resin ; ionic liquid ; nanocomposite ; curing agent ; dispersing agent ; mechanical properties ; lap shear ; conductivity ; melt-mixing ; polymer composites ; SWCNT ; PMMA ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Implementing sustainable development is central to achieving global reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating anthropogenic environmental impacts. As defined by the UN 2030 Agenda and its associated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sustainable development requires a holistic, interdisciplinary approach, which is not without its challenges. Indeed, studies tracking global progress toward meeting the 2030 SDG targets emphasize the importance of implementing sustainable solutions, with several SDG targets described as 'off track.' Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the challenges of an interdisciplinary, unified, and practical approach to sustainable implementation. In this context, this Reprint brings together 15 selected papers presented during the 2022 SDEWES Conference. These papers cover a broad range of topics, from circular governance models to education related to sustainable practices, as well as the impacts of current legislative frameworks targeting energy efficiency, built environment energy performance, bio-based industrial applications, transport and sustainable energy services, and production, supply, and infrastructure maintenance strategies. This Reprint provides an interdisciplinary and holistic perspective on sustainable development solutions, with several papers highlighting the interrelations between various fields and aspects of sustainability.
    Keywords: combined heat and power ; hospitality ; feasibility ; sensitivity analysis ; simple payback ; energy performance certificate ; CO2 ; multi-apartment buildings ; heating ; energy consumption ; cooling ; performance-based retrofit ; decision support ; building performance simulation ; parametric analysis ; multiple-criteria decision analysis ; residential buildings ; in-line inspection ; smart pig ; sensor ; oil ; natural gas ; pipeline ; environment ; biorefinery ; organosolv ; lignin ; pre-treatment ; higher education ; competencies development ; STEM education ; sustainability ; colloidal particles ; Pickering emulsion ; rheological behaviour ; ESCO business models ; aggregator business models ; energy services for buildings ; energy performance contract ; Pay-for-Performance contract ; energy efficiency in buildings ; demand response ; demand side flexibility ; residential sector ; governance ; circular economy ; circular territories ; index ; circularity ; thermal transmittance ; thermal resistance ; finite element method ; heat flux sensor ; in situ monitoring ; concrete masonry unit ; hydrogen ; water ; wastewater ; electrolysis ; water scarcity ; wastewater treatment plants ; desalination ; Jordan ; system dynamics ; thermal comfort ; Minha Casa Minha Vida ; natural ventilation ; bioclimatic architecture ; social housing ; energy poverty ; battery electric vehicles ; plug-in hybrid electric vehicles ; hybrid electric vehicles ; CO2 emissions ; Hofstede ; advertising ; sustainability integration ; Middle East ; supply chain management ; responsible logistics ; education for SDGs ; natural gas pipelines ; nondestructive testing (NDT) ; in-line inspection robot ; wireless communication ; antenna ; circular waveguide ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue is a collection of eleven articles (five reviews and six studies) that describe a wide range of approaches to modulating metalloproteinase activity in disease. The techniques described are in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo.
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; glycoconjugates ; MMPs ; ADAMs ; iminosugars ; metzincin inhibitors ; matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), protease ; tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), exosite ; small molecule inhibitors ; monoclonal antibodies ; proteomics ; N-terminomics ; terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) ; MMP-2 ; MMP-9 ; Alzheimer’s disease ; AD ; neurodegeneration ; neuroinflammation ; natural compounds ; marine compounds ; terrestrial compounds ; nutraceuticals ; Matrix Metalloproteinase inhibitors ; bone targeting ; bisphosphonates ; antitumor agents ; skeletal malignancies ; osteoarthritis ; cartilage ; metalloproteinase ; targeting ; meprin α ; meprin β ; zinc metalloproteinase ; medicinal chemistry ; probe development ; uHTS ; dipeptidyl peptidase III ; coumarin derivatives ; inhibitor ; molecular modeling ; β-blockers ; carvedilol ; matrix metalloproteinase-2 ; ischemia-reperfusion injury ; isolated heart perfusion ; kidney ; obeticholic acid ; ischemia/reperfusion ; liver ; metalloproteinases ; MMP-2 inhibitor ; cardiac dysfunction ; ischemia ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic idiopathic relapsing and remitting gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory disorders of complex etiology, posing clinical challenges due to their often therapy-refractory nature. The primary disorders within the IBD classification are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), sharing similarities but exhibiting distinct differences, sometimes making their discrimination challenging.A prominent feature of IBD is the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, characterized by the robust and persistent infiltration of immune cells and compromised intestinal barrier integrity, leading to a phenomenon known as “leaky gut.” Inflammation can manifest acutely or chronically, known as relapsing, and can increase in severity over time, thereby causing life-long morbidities and reduced quality of life for affected individuals, underscoring the need for a deeper comprehension of the molecular contributors to disease pathogenesis and progression.
    Keywords: inflammatory bowel diseases ; cell autofluorescence ; immune cells ; NADH ; FAD ; flow cytometry ; multiphoton microscopy ; colitis ; colitis-associated cancer ; inflammatory bowel disease ; colorectal cancer ; colon adenocarcinoma ; ulcerative colitis ; Crohn’s disease ; cDNA microarray ; transciptomics analysis ; microarray ; inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) ; vasculature ; angiogenesis ; gut vascular barrier ; vessel permeability ; epithelial barrier ; homeostasis ; acetylcholine ; muscarinic receptor ; non-neuronal acetylcholine ; mucosal wound healing ; ferroptosis ; leaky gut ; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ; triple-culture ; Caco-2 ; HT29-MTX-E12 ; THP-1 ; monocyte-derived macrophage ; inflammation ; TEER ; FITC-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) ; pro-inflammatory cytokines ; HIF-1α ; PHD2 ; AKT ; intestinal epithelial cells ; probiotics ; LPS ; antigen-specific T-cells ; celiac disease ; gliadin ; IBD ; food antigens ; intestinal Behcet’s disease ; immune mechanism ; biological agents ; claudin ; tight junctions ; barrier function ; gut ; ZO-1 ; actin ; cell migration ; cell division ; colon cancer ; PMNs ; LDs ; FOXO3 ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: To ensure global food and nutrition security, there is a need for a sustainable year-round supply of nutritious food systems such as fruits and vegetables. Over the years, there has been a surge in fruit and vegetable consumption due to their composition of health-promoting biomarkers such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, and bioactive polyphenols. However, producing fruits and vegetables with the valuable contents of these health-promoting biomarkers is dependent on various factors, such as growing degree days, genetic pool, and management practices. Thereby, the goal of this Special Issue (Fruits and Vegetables Production) of the MDPI journal Plants was to provide up-to-date knowledge on traditional and emerging novel technologies applicable in sustainable production of high-value fruits and vegetables at various stages of their field and greenhouse production chains. In summary, this reprint is produced from the Special Issue that reported 12 peer-reviewed manuscripts, with foci on: (1) crop response to different elicitors and (2) green non-destructive technologies for efficient profiling of biomarkers, quality parameters, and cultivar evaluation. Thus, this reprint bridges the gaps among stakeholders (i.e., researchers, policymakers, and industry) for efficient production of consumer-centric crops with high productivity, appreciable nutritional value, and post-harvest resilience.
    Keywords: antioxidant ; Brassica oleracea ; chlorophyll index ; membrane injury ; stomatal conductance ; water deficit ; water use efficiency ; rhizobacteria ; PGPR ; nutraceutical quality ; Solanum lycopersicum ; biostimulant ; pyroligneous acid ; vegetable production ; post-harvest ; Capsicum annuum L. ; maturation ; nutritional quality ; seed chemical composition ; β-carotene Cucumis melo ; flavonoids ; mineral element ; vitamin C ; fruit quality ; quality prediction ; plant phenotyping ; orchard management ; grape ; histamine ; putrescine ; agmatine ; dopamine ; spermine ; organic amendment ; plant metabolites ; soil health ; environmental health ; anthocyanin ; russeting ; silver patch ; Solanum tuberosum ; suberized cell layer ; surface cracking ; microgreens ; natural amendment ; phytochemicals ; healthy food ; common bean ; magnetic field ; photosynthesis ; physiological parameters ; seeds ; Carica papaya ; cultivation practice ; fruit development ; fruit tree ; greenhouse ; mineral distribution ; papaya fruit ; skin coloration ; nutrient ; ripening stages ; tropical ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Biomedical sensors stand at the forefront of modern medical technologies, serving as indispensable components in diverse instruments and equipment. These sensors unravel the intricacies of biological processes and medical interventions. The recent surge in high-density sensor systems, characterized by arrangements in matrix arrays and other configurations, has ushered in a new era of functional evaluation. This spans electrophysiological activity, the metabolic responses of organs and tissues, and motor control analysis, all enriched with crucial spatial information. Functional mapping, a burgeoning approach in various biomedical techniques such as EEG, EMG, ECG, NIRS, and MEG, is proving to be transformative. Its integration enhances our comprehension of complex biological behaviors, where the precise spatial localization of sensing methodologies becomes paramount. The applications of functional mapping using biomedical sensors extend across multiple fields, including neuroscience, neuromuscular physiology, rehabilitation, and cardiology. Its utility ranges from diagnostic purposes to assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The primary objective of this reprint was to collect papers that delineate the forefront of techniques, methods, and applications in the realm of biomedical sensors. Additionally, the focus extends to specific algorithms for data processing, ensuring a robust understanding of functional information intricately associated with spatial localization.
    Keywords: EMG ; EEG ; rehabilitation ; neuromotor ; evaluation ; assessment ; review ; machine learning ; biofeedback ; transfer learning ; random forest classifier ; COVID-19 ; intubation ; tracheoesophageal fistula ; tracheal lesions ; acute respiratory distress syndrome ; modeling ; intensive care unit ; muscle synergies ; whole body FES ; neurological patients ; photodynamic therapy ; fluorescence ; laser ; fluorophores ; enamel ; effective connectivity ; kurtosis ; resting-state connectivity ; stationarity ; sleep monitoring ; pressure bed sensor (PBS) ; unobtrusive measure ; multi-scale analysis ; sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) ; shift-working ; optically detected magnetic resonance ; quantum magnetometer ; magnetoencephalography ; time domain ; functional near infrared spectroscopy ; diffuse optics ; brain ; hemodynamics ; resting-state brain oscillation ; mental workload ; signal processing ; reliability ; cognitive performance ; Simon task ; emotion detection ; valence ; arousal ; wearable sensors ; regression ; classification ; technology acceptance model ; rehabilitation exoskeletons ; therapists ; neuro-rehabilitation ; multiple linear regression ; Pearson’s correlation ; integrated sensor systems ; hand function ; hand osteoarthritis ; electromyography ; diagnosis ; discriminant analysis ; photoplethysmogram ; microcirculation ; deep learning ; convolutional neural network ; modelling ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint describes the fate of pollutants transported to the sea from the mainland and how they accumulate in the marine environment and organisms. This will contribute to increasing the knowledge on the dangers of pollutants that reach the marine environment and their fate once they enter the marine food chain. We also hope to improve knowledge on the effects of the pollutant load on the sea during all the seasons, due to the contribution of rivers, rainfall, etc., and the relative influence on marine organisms.
    Keywords: Adriatic Sea ; Neretva Channel ; sediment dynamics ; age model ; metal concentrations ; toxic element ; Mediterranean Sea ; sponges ; biomonitoring ; northern Adriatic Sea ; anthropic signal ; trace metals concentration ; marine sediments ; zoobenthos ; sentinel species ; suspension feeders ; water pollutants ; bioaccumulation ; heavy metals ; trace metals ; beach sediments ; coastal processes ; lithology ; pollution indicators ; surficial sediments ; central western Adriatic Sea ; marine dumping area ; heavy metal ; dredged material ; benthic community ; Huangmao Island ; review ; DNA methylation ; genetic polymorphisms ; ecogenetics ; anthropology ; environmental pollutants ; methylmercury ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; seafood ; PAH ; PCB ; neritic environment ; seawater ; sediment ; biota ; partition ; contamination ; Ionian Sea ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; database ; meta-analysis ; contaminants ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TQ Environmental science, engineering & technology::TQK Pollution control
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Numerous scientific research projects are concerned with improving and protecting the environment. The first steps towards solving the problem of environmental pollution include researching and monitoring the presence and concentration of pollutants, especially heavy metals. It is known from previous studies that fungi bioaccumulate high concentrations of heavy metals, the concentration of which depends, to a greater or lesser extent, on factors such as the species, sampling area, and anatomical parts of the fungus, but also the substrate on which they grow. As the concentration of heavy metals in fungi increases, the importance of fungi as bioindicators of environmental pollution also increases. However, extremely high concentrations of toxic heavy metals in fungi can have negative effects on human health. Constantly monitoring and controlling the levels of metals and metalloids in the human diet is necessary, both in foods of plant and animal origin and in food supplements, or in this case edible mushrooms, whose availability on the market and general popularity are constantly increasing. Therefore, this reprint provides good insights into the development of science and technology in relation to heavy metal concentrations in mushrooms.
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; mushroom cultivation ; prediction models ; regression analysis ; waste management ; cluster analysis ; health risk ; potentially toxic elements ; mushroom ; spatial analysis ; principal component ; wild edible mushrooms ; metallic elements ; metalloids ; risk assessment ; human health ; organic food ; Boletus griseus ; Hypomyces chrysospermus ; cadmium ; symbiotic association ; health risk assessment ; heavy metals ; health hazard ; mushrooms ; Tricholoma spp. ; copper ; wood ; detoxification ; ligninolytic fungi ; oxalate ; biosorption ; accumulation ; basidiomycete ; bioremediation ; champignon ; common mushroom ; edible mushroom ; sludge ; toxic elements ; wastes ; food quality ; forest biodiversity ; metal elements ; traditional foraging ; wild mushrooms ; mercury ; contamination ; Leccinum ; Y. lipolytica ; CCA-treated wood ; copper stress ; ectomycorrhiza ; morphotype ; metal ; plant ; field ; pot ; inoculation ; Paraisaria dubia ; Zn2+ stress response ; transcriptomic ; metabolomic ; metal ion transport ; microcycle conidiation ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on treating the associated comorbidities and complications of cerebral palsy. Increased prescription of technology means that we are treating some comorbidities of cerebral palsy earlier or even pre-emptively. Increased life expectancy, compared with 20 years ago, means that we are also seeing even later complications of cerebral palsy. However, increased access to intensive medical care at home, non-invasive ventilation, and total parenteral nutrition now exist. There is also greater engagement with the perspectives and expectations of parents/carers and children. As society begins to discuss mental health more openly, we are also starting to recognise the significant two-way associations between disability and mental health. Ethical consultation may be warranted when harm with treatment exceeds the benefit. As we prepare children with cerebral palsy for adulthood, there is more thought and discussion around issues such as pain, mental health, quality of life, independence, and participation. Researchers in the field of cerebral palsy have contributed original articles and reviews which help build our evidence base to guide shared decision making.
    Keywords: mental health ; anxiety ; depression ; cerebral palsy ; adolescence ; young adults ; young people ; adolescents ; unmet need ; health services ; physical therapy ; occupational therapy ; fracture ; bone fragility ; mortality ; epidemiology ; age-adjusted mortality rates ; death certificate ; medical education ; severe neurological impairment ; scoliosis ; shared decision-making ; respiratory ; hospitalisations ; antibiotics ; Indigenous ; inequities ; cell therapies ; stem cells ; comorbidities ; outcome measures ; clinical studies ; inflammation ; biomarker ; comorbidity ; scoping review ; co-design ; intervention ; participation ; involvement matrix ; public and patient involvement ; early intervention ; infant vocalisations ; infants ; single-subject research design ; CP ; infant ; stress ; parents ; fathers ; parent–infant interaction ; representations ; epilepsy ; children ; neuroimaging ; seizure outcome ; Sialorrhea ; submandibular duct relocation ; postoperative management ; ultrasound ; piecewise model ; muscle volume ; cross-sectional area ; GMFCS ; upper limb ; sensory function ; bimanual intensive functional therapy ; hand function ; associated impairment ; register ; low- and middle-income country ; hip displacement ; hip surveillance ; adductor-psoas release ; hip reconstruction ; guided growth ; salvage surgery ; disability ; emotion regulation ; atropine ; sialorrhea ; pediatric ; drooling ; sublingual ; developmental disorders ; neurodevelopmental disorders ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Autonomous vehicles are increasingly prevalent, navigating both structured urban roads and challenging offroad scenes. At the core of these vehicles lie the planning and control modules, which are crucial for demonstrating the intelligence inherent in an autonomous driving system. The planning module is responsible for devising an open-loop trajectory, taking into account a variety of environmental restrictions, task-related demands, and vehicle-kinematics-related constraints, while the control module ensures adherence to this trajectory in a closed-loop manner. This adherence is vital in a range of conditions, including diverse weather scenarios, different driving situations, and in response to potential disturbances such as mechanical failures or cyber threats. In certain contexts, these modules are collectively referred to as 'control', with the planning component considered an open-loop controller. This Special Issue focuses on the latest research trends in planning and control methods for autonomous driving. It comprises 11 papers that cover a broad spectrum of applications, including occlusion-aware motion planning in warehouses, control strategies for articulated vehicles, cooperative trajectory planning for autonomous forklifts, and tracking control for underwater vehicles in the face of disturbances and uncertainties. These contributions collectively underscore the diverse and evolving nature of autonomous vehicle technology.
    Keywords: autonomous vehicle ; infrared positioning ; occlusion-aware path planning ; numerical optimal control ; dynamic programming ; quadratic program ; underground intelligent vehicles ; path planning ; RRT* algorithm ; articulated vehicles ; unmanned driving ; spatial exploration ; hierarchical framework ; deep reinforcement learning ; intrinsic motivation ; obstacle avoidance ; data-driven control ; time delay neural network ; drift control ; autonomous driving ; nonlinear model predictive control ; brain–computer interface (BCI) ; steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) ; electroencephalography (EEG) ; threatening pedestrians ; eye-tracking ; automated vehicle ; trajectory planning ; narrow corridor scene ; space discretization strategy ; articulated tracked vehicle ; adaptive model predictive control ; Hybrid A-star ; trajectory tracking ; kinematics ; improved A* algorithm ; GIS ; open-pit mine ; autonomous truck ; scheduling ; artificial bee colony algorithm ; autonomous forklift ; cooperative trajectory planning ; joint dispatching and planning ; Hybrid A* search algorithm ; artificial neural network ; autonomous underwater vehicle ; tube model predictive control ; path tracking ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TR Transport technology and trades
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue delves into the strides made, challenges encountered, and research imperatives within the realm of Industrie 4.0 from both a scientific and practical standpoint. This publication features the voices of Industrie 4.0 pioneers Henning Kagermann and Wolfgang Wahlster, as well as leaders in research and industrial application of smart manufacturing concepts.
    Keywords: Industrie 4.0 ; intelligent manufacturing ; smart factories ; industrial artificial intelligence ; digital twins ; zero-defect manufacturing ; digital ecosystems ; China Manufacturing 2025 ; Industrial Internet ; Cloud Manufacturing ; digitalization ; small-medium enterprises ; new business models ; data democratization ; fourth industrial revolution ; smart manufacturing ; smart factory ; digital transformation ; industry ; sustainability ; sovereignty ; interoperability ; mass customization ; Industry 4.0 ; skills ; competencies ; bibliometric analysis ; survey ; Hungary ; maturity model ; transformation ; methodology ; Industry 4.0 strategy ; socio-technical system ; business transformation ; industrial implementation ; mergers and acquisitions ; knowledge management ; networking ; process management ; informational change ; scarce data ; machine learning ; information fusion ; development of work ; sociotechnical systems approach ; human-oriented work design ; D-SI ; DCC ; digital signature ; calibration ; servitization ; digital factory transformation ; smart services ; IoT ; AI ; internal services ; remote work ; COVID-19 ; investment ; n/a ; digital twin ; digital manufacturing ; multi-agent systems ; data architecture ; Logistics 4.0 ; digital transformation strategy ; urban planning and city operation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJC Business strategy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the concern for food nutrition and safety has gradually increased. Consumers increasingly need to replace synthetic food additives with natural components extracted from food. Polysaccharides, starch, protein, pectin, and fibre are major types of biopolymer components in foods. They not only provide people with energy and nutrition, but are also used in food processing as natural additives due to their gelling, emulsifying, and film-forming properties, etc. They are characterised by high biocompatibility, low cost, and ease of access. Some natural components isolated from raw food materials have some drawbacks, such as low solubility and instability under certain conditions, which limit their application in food processing. Currently, many researchers are focusing on the modification, food technology, and future industry of polysaccharides, starch, protein, etc. These studies help to obtain the changed physicochemical and enhanced functional properties of these components, and further promote their high-value utilization in the food field. This Special Issue brings together 34 articles regarding the latest advances in the properties of polysaccharides, starch, protein, pectin, and fibre in food processing, from the improvements of the physical properties of major food components and biological activity studies to their applications in food preservation.
    Keywords: polysaccharide ; antibacterial activity ; toxicity ; body health ; gut microbiota ; pre-gelatinization ; thermal properties ; rheology ; structural properties ; microstructure ; starch gel ; polysaccharides ; inflammatory bowel disease ; mechanism ; polyphenol oxidase ; kudzu ; thermostability ; thermal inactivation kinetics ; food constituents ; conformation ; dietary fiber ; fermentation patterns ; cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ; polymeric proanthocyanidin ; degree of polymerization ; starch ; pasting ; retrogradation ; digestibility ; hyperlipidemia ; resistant starch ; Bifidobacterium pseudolongum ; gut microbes ; synbiotics ; hemp protein isolate ; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate ; covalent binding ; structural changes ; emulsifying properties ; polysaccharide-based materials ; edible packaging ; cellulose ; hemicellulose ; chitosan ; polysaccharide gums ; Holothuria leucospilota ; fermentation behaviors ; antioxidant activity ; zein ; flaxseed gum ; ultrasound ; complex particle ; Pickering emulsion ; soybean residue ; insoluble dietary fiber ; fermentation in vitro ; colon health ; pea ; protein co-precipitates ; protein blends ; surface hydrophobicity ; surimi ; setting ; water migration ; chemical interactions ; purslane polysaccharides ; selenylation ; RAW 264.7 macrophages ; splenocytes ; immune modulation ; type 2 diabetes ; β-glucan ; molecular structure ; anti-diabetic function ; macronutrient absorption ; enzyme inhibitor ; ovomucoid ; superheated steam ; modification ; allergenicity ; mass spectrometry ; acrolein ; IEC-6 cells ; autophagy ; apoptosis ; carboxymethyl chitosan ; frozen surimi ; myofibrillar protein ; denaturation ; gelling properties ; walnut protein isolates ; oxidation ; structural characteristics ; functional properties ; proteomics ; collagen peptide ; B16F10 cells ; melanogenesis ; tyrosinase ; antioxidant ; pea fiber ; industry-scale microfluidizer ; structure ; quinoa protein ; ultrasounic-assisted extraction ; in vitro digestion ; amino acid content ; nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy ; Chinese yam ; structural characterization ; oxidative stress ; okara ; prebiotic ; γ-irradiation ; anthocyanins ; stable system ; inclusion complex ; hydrogen bonding ; biological activity ; packaging ; preservation ; gelatin ; mulberry leaf polysaccharides ; miscible system ; zeta potential ; rheological properties ; betanin ; gelatinization ; camelina cake polysaccharide ; carrier ; stabilizer ; purple corn cob ; by-product ; anthocyanin bioaccessibility ; tapioca ; hygroscopicity ; BET and GAB models ; particle size characteristics ; storage stability ; pea protein ; moderate enzymatic hydrolysis ; structure properties ; dual protein ; plant protein ; co-precipitation dual protein ; blended dual protein ; fish sausage ; pre-emulsion ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint showcases a collection of a Special Issue entitled “Soilless Culture, Growing Media and Horticultural Plants”. Within its pages, readers will find an assortment of 22 original papers accompanied by 1 review paper and 1 editorial. Representing a collaborative effort involving by 84 authors from 15 different countries, this Special Issue explores cutting-edge advancements in soilless culture, investigating the interaction between soilless and environmental factors while also exploring their consequential impacts on plant growth and physiology. Additionally, these studies meticulously scrutinize the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The compositions of nutrient solutions and the physical attributes of substrates and mixtures are illuminated through rigorous analyses. Furthermore, a spotlight is placed on the dynamic interactions between microorganisms and plant-growing media. In the near future, climate change and environmental and ecological issues will steer the trajectory of soilless culture systems and the choice of growing media constituents.
    Keywords: biochar ; compost ; climate change ; hydroponics ; growing medium ; life cycle analysis ; organic bioresources ; peat alternatives ; renewable raw materials ; rockwool ; waste ; wood fibers ; soilless culture ; water soluble fertilizers ; vegetables ; Capsicum annuum L. ; Solanum melongena L. ; nutrients ; shape index ; UVR8 ; PPFD ; dose-dependent ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; phenolic compounds ; nutrient uptake ; nutrient variation ; simulation model ; sweet pepper ; restricted deficit irrigation ; soil moisture sensors ; nonchemical growth control ; water use efficiency ; peat ; growth ; cabbage ; Brassica ; emergence ; colored sweet peppers ; antioxidant activity ; phenolics ; ascorbic acid ; carotenoids ; solar and ultraviolet radiation ; peat replacement ; particle size ; calcium ; magnesium ; extractable nutrients ; dry weight ; N levels ; elevated CO2 ; open-top chamber ; nutrient transportation ; transpiration ; dilution effect ; Capsicum annuum ; flavonoids ; fluorescence monitoring ; bio-waste utilization ; NO3–N ; plant ; substrate ; container ; production ; growing media ; nursery production ; carbon ; peat moss ; bioenergy ; Solanum lycopersicum ; olive oil waste ; two-phase ; three-phase ; water sludge ; flower bud development ; flower number ; flower quality ; Gerbera jamesonii ; DLI ; urban agriculture ; simplified soilless culture ; conventional agriculture ; irrigation ; soilless substrates ; water ; coconut coir ; initial moisture ; mass wetness ; peatmoss ; pine bark ; wettability ; capillary rise ; container capacity ; capture rate ; available water ; dewpoint potentiometer ; pine tree substrate ; substrate processing ; surface-bound water ; unavailable water ; wood substrate ; organic and mineral substrates and mixtures ; laboratory characterization ; hydraulic properties ; physicochemical properties ; lettuce ; plant nutrient content ; Pelargonium zonale ; low-tech soilless cultivation system ; commercial quality ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) ; rhizosphere ; plant factory ; plant quality ; plant yield ; microbiome ; beneficial bacteria ; germination ; nitrate content ; phenolic content ; antioxidant capacity ; microbial community ; nutrient solution concentration ; sweetpotato ; storage root ; leaf abscission ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 26
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint entails descriptions of novel issues and challenges for primary mental healthcare regarding both general and vulnerable populations on a global scale. It is intended for health professionals and all who are interested in mental health care at the primary level.
    Keywords: depression ; sense of coherence ; burnout ; COVID-19 ; nurses ; medication adherence ; mental health nurses ; tacit knowledge ; schizophrenia ; sensory processing sensitivity ; environmental sensitivity ; university students ; nursing ; scale ; somatization ; number of diseases ; coping strategies ; sex ; aggression ; alexithymia ; comprehensibility ; quality of life ; family caregivers ; students ; medical ; psychological problem ; undergraduate ; Saudi Arabia ; n/a ; prospect theory ; applied psychology ; health ; decision making ; behavior ; prevention ; multiple sclerosis ; Beck depression inventory ; anxiety ; fatigue ; mediation ; lawyers ; suicidal ideation ; occupational stress ; loneliness ; perceived stress ; mental health ; work overcommitment ; mental health care ; adolescence ; internalizing/externalizing problems ; social skills ; neurodevelopmental disorders ; filmmaking intervention ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems & services::MBPK Mental health services
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  • 27
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Taking into account the increasing general concern related to the necessity of reducing CO2 emissions, a very important aspect of this topic refers to the green energy sector. In this vein, the present Special Issue is focused on the area of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE). This Special Issue contains valuable works related to ORE.
    Keywords: Romanian nearshore ; EEZ ; ERA5 ; water depth ; energy resources ; offshore wind turbines ; offshore wind ; technical analysis ; economic analysis ; Philippines ; European seas ; sea state conditions ; wind climate ; wave climate ; statistical analysis ; solar farm siting ; assessment criteria ; entropy weight method ; AHP ; TOPSIS ; wave power ; wave energy converters (WECs) ; Galician coast ; SWAN ; wave-energy converter array ; interconnected model ; model predictive control ; hardware-in-the-loop ; wave energy converter (WEC) ; heaving point-absorber WEC ; WEC array ; WECfarm ; physical modelling ; real-time control ; MATLAB-Simulink ; heaving point absorber WEC ; system identification (SID) ; solar radiation ; marine renewable energy ; floating solar panels (FPV) ; sustainability ; wave energy converter ; floating flapping-panel ; slope ; hydrodynamic performance ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: With the development of modern society, environmental pollution and energy shortages have become the focus of attention worldwide. Most of the global energy supplies are generated from fossil fuel, which gives rise to environmental pollution and climate change. Photocatalysis technology, which can directly convert solar energy into high value-added fuel and chemical materials or degrade a wide range of organic pollutants into easily degradable intermediates or less toxic small molecular substances, is regarded as one of the most important ways to solve the global energy shortage and environmental pollution problem. This Special Issue focuses on advanced photocatalytic materials, including but not limited to photocatalytic materials for the treatment of indoor air, photocatalytic bacterial inactivation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, photocatalytic oxygen evolution, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic hazardous pollutant removal, the photothermal decomposition of pollutants, photoelectrochemical water splitting, etc. This Special Issue provides a platform for scientists to present their original research on “Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Environmental and Energy Applications”.
    Keywords: PbBiO2I microspheres ; CQDs ; ionic liquid ; charge separation ; interface ; polycrystalline silicon ; solar cells ; low-high-low ; phosphorus diffusion ; semiconductor ; photocatalysis ; indoor air treatment ; volatile organic compounds ; microorganism ; photocatalyst ; type-II heterojunction ; carrier separation ; photodegradation ; phase engineering ; water splitting ; CO2 reduction ; pollutant degradation ; MoS2 ; SnS2 ; composite catalyst ; visible light degradation ; thermo-photocatalysis ; nickel foam ; Ni-doped TiO2 ; acetaldehyde decomposition ; zinc oxide ; Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson model ; methylene blue ; titanium dioxide ; anodization ; self-doping ; cocatalyst ; Mo2C ; phosphorus ; doped ; g-C3N4 ; photocatalytic ; mixture of pollutants ; coupling system ; plasma ; synergetic effect ; mineralization ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PN Chemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Three-dimensional printing is among the emerging technologies of our time. While it was previously primarily employed for rapid prototyping, this technology has entered a phase of accelerated production, especially for complicated or small objects. Most recently, novel 3D printing technologies have enabled objects with features at the micro- or even nano-scale to be fabricated. Meanwhile, well-known problems such as the waviness of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed parts, the missing long-term stability of some typical printing materials or the reduced mechanical properties of 3D-printed objects persist.This Special Issue focusses on all topics related to the 3D printing of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), such as novel or advanced features enabled by 3D printing compared to conventional technologies, but also the challenges that continue to exist regarding the application of 3D printing technologies for MEMS and new approaches to overcoming them.
    Keywords: 3D printing ; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) ; microelectronics ; microfluidics ; microsensors ; microactuators ; inkjet printing ; zinc oxide ; heat treatment ; micro-heater ; semiconductor ; 2D printhead ; thermal inkjet ; thin-film resistors ; digital light processing ; projection micro-stereolithography ; micro beam ; fabrication ; additive manufacturing technology ; powder bed fusion ; surface geometrical parameters (SGP) ; lathe chuck jaws ; polymethylmethacrylate ; additive manufacturing ; fused deposition modeling ; passive ; pipeline ; pressure ; reactive impedance sensor ; structural health monitoring ; wireless ; DNA printing ; flow estimation ; MEMS ; ferrite materials ; magnetic thin films ; strontium ferrite nanomaterial ; relative permeability ; relative permittivity ; thermopneumatic ; micro actuator ; soft bellows actuator ; independent actuation ; polydimethylsiloxane ; standalone ; aerosol jet printing ; dielectric ; etching ; polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polymers ; sacrificial material ; micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) ; lithium niobate microring resonator ; silicon nitride waveguide ; photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching ; colorimetric device ; organophosphorus pesticide residues ; LCD mask photo-curing ; PolyJet 3D printing ; fidelity of 3D printing ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The 3D analysis of human movement aims to objectively and quantitatively assess motor functions and alterations. It is a valuable method for sport scientists, coaches, and clinicians to evaluate sport performance, common movements, and alterations. The feasibility of 3D analysis is increasing because it can be adopted both in a laboratory setting or directly in the field, in static or dynamic conditions, and for physiological or pathological movements. This evaluation technique can be adopted for many people, including children, adolescents, adults, and older people, whether they are sedentary or athletes and whether they are healthy or motor-impaired people.
    Keywords: virtual reality ; augmented reality ; lifelogging ; mirror world ; health ; posture training ; feedback ; COVID-19 ; neck-shoulder-region ; shoulder protraction ; upper crossed syndrome ; posture weakness ; physical inactivity ; sedentary behavior ; soccer ; climbing ; exhaustion ; fatigue ; training ; machine learning ; sports ; gender ; data mining ; artificial intelligence ; posture ; reproducibility ; mobile app ; movement ; kinesiology ; sport performance ; inertial sensor ; inertial sensor device ; inertial measurement unit ; training load ; external load ; physical demand ; handstand ; postural control ; postural balance ; sEMG ; stabilometric assessment ; exercise ; Nordic walking ; walking ; 3D kinematics ; biomechanics ; gait analysis ; kyphosis ; spinal mouse ; photogrammetry ; postural evaluation ; bicycle ; cyclists ; saddle pressure ; perineal pressure ; urogenital system ; injury prevention ; cervical ROM ; elastic taping ; neck pain ; musculoskeletal health ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A high demand for metals (cobalt, copper, gold, lithium, nickel, tin, vanadium, etc.) has been recorded for the past several decades, and this demand is expected to increase even further in the coming decades as the world moves to low-carbon technologies based on renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) and away from the heavy use of fossil fuels. To meet the high forecasted demand, unconventional sources of metals such as low-grade complex ores, seafloor massive sulfides (SMSs), and wastes (e.g., tailings, metallurgical residues, and electronic wastes (e-wastes)) have become very important sources of metals; moreover, these metals should be extracted in a sustainable manner without negatively impacting the environment. This Special Issue focused on recent advances in the sustainable production of metals from the above-mentioned unconventional sources.This reprint is a compilation of a Special Issue of Minerals, “Sustainable Production of Metals for Low-Carbon Technologies”, where 13 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Reprint cover a wide range of topics, including mineral processing (gravity concentration, magnetic separation, and flotation), hydrometallurgical techniques (leaching, solvent extraction, and cementation) to extract minerals/metals from primary and secondary resources. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to readers of Minerals.
    Keywords: flotation circuit ; gold ore ; diagnosis ; optimization ; mass balance ; process simulation ; printed circuit boards ; heat treatment ; strength ; liberation ; Cu recovery ; physical separation ; ferronickel slag ; sulfuric acid leaching ; light magnesium oxide ; rare earth elements ; magnetic separation ; upgradation ; Khalzan Buregtei deposit ; NiMH batteries ; rare earth metals ; leaching ; solvent extraction ; precipitation ; gold ; cementation ; galvanic interaction ; aluminum ; activated carbon ; kinetics ; ammonium thiosulfate solution ; mass transfer ; fluorine ; occurrence ; removal ; gravity-flotation separation ; lignite ; lead ; zinc ; Al metal powder ; zinc plant leach residues ; flotation ; copper sulfides ; tailings ; carrier flotation ; flocculation ; oil agglomeration ; complex sulfide ores ; sphalerite ; anglesite ; extraction ; lithium ion battery ; recycling ; carbothermic reduction ; graphite ; porphyry copper deposits ; chalcopyrite ; pyrite ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue provides an update on the state of the art and current trends in polymeric drug delivery systems specifically designed for improving drug bioavailability. The multiple contributions received further strengthen the role of polymers in modern drug delivery and targeting, illustrating the different approaches possible and unveiling what the future may bring.
    Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum ; PLGA ; Itraconazole ; macrophage ; functionalized nanoparticle ; F4/80 receptor ; rutin ; nanocrystals ; anti-inflammatory ; hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin ; nanoparticles ; budesonide ; chitosan ; colon delivery ; eudragit ; pellets ; ferrisilicate ; PEG ; insulin ; encapsulation ; diabetic mellitus ; polypeptides ; drug delivery ; doxorubicin ; cancer ; topology of poly-l-cystein ; antimicrobial ; antifouling ; pH sensitivity ; zwitterionic polymers ; gamma radiation ; copolyester ; SPION ; cysteine ; bioconjugation ; and enzymatic release ; polymeric nanoparticles ; drug delivery and targeting ; ocular posterior segment ; oxidative stress ; retinal degeneration ; nerve growth factor ; peanut agglutinin ; zebrafish ; molecular dynamics simulation ; interaction energy ; hydrogen bonding ; solid dispersion ; hot melt extrusion ; amorphous formulation ; tacrolimus ; sucrose acetate isobutyrate ; amorphous solid dispersion ; dissolution ; stability ; pharmacokinetics ; phytomedicine ; nanosponges ; lactoferrin ; bioavailability ; MDA-MB-231 cells ; caspase-3 ; cyclin-D1 ; dendrimers ; Janus nanoparticles ; biocompatibility ; nanoformulation ; pharmaceuticals ; 3D printing ; hybrid scaffold ; polycaprolactone ; vancomycin ; mesenchymal stem cells ; tissue engineering ; drug delivery systems (DDSs) ; osteomyelitis ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The fatigue of metallic materials stands as a pivotal challenge in engineering applications. Exploring the fatigue damage mechanism and fatigue life prediction of metallic materials is of paramount importance. This reprint includes articles that explore relevant topics, and they are intended for academic researchers, engineers, and students seeking a comprehensive understanding of the recent advancements in this field.
    Keywords: 7075 aluminum alloy ; outdoor exposure ; actual marine atmosphere ; pre-corrosion ; fatigue ; fretting fatigue ; digital image correlation ; relative slip ; tangential contact stiffness ; planetary transmission ; hierarchical analysis ; finite element method ; reliability modeling ; fatigue test ; nickel-based superalloy ; non-unified constitutive models ; creep-fatigue ; cyclic softening ; stress relaxation ; 2D-EBSD mapping ; intragranular misorientation ; KAM and GROD ; isotropic linear evolution ; mesoscopic plastic strain ; 3D polycrystalline plasticity model ; nickel-based alloy GH4169 ; complex stress state ; biaxial fatigue ; fatigue crack behavior ; phase field methods ; fatigue fracture ; performance improvement strategies ; rails ; rail steel ; reutilization ; fatigue life ; rail reliability ; crack ; geometric factor ; support vector regression ; pilot plant ; shape optimization ; flow guide disk ; vent hole ; design optimization ; fatigue crack initiation ; short crack ; Neuber’s rule ; strain energy density (SED) ; finite element analysis (FEA) ; TRIP steel ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering & technology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: The reprint "Comprehensive Research in Earthquake Forecasting and Seismic Hazard Assessment" is a collection of articles dealing with various aspects of the physics of seismic processes, earthquake forecasting, and the search for their precursors. All published articles can be roughly divided into three unequal groups according to the number of articles presented. The first group includes theoretical and methodological articles. The second group includes articles confirming one or another model of seismicity behaviour in anticipation of a strong earthquake. Finally, the third and most numerous group of articles consists of those analysing the results of long-term observations of the behaviour of various geophysical fields. We are confident that each of these articles will find an interested reader, and that the collection as a whole deserves the attention of representatives of the scientific community concerned with the problem of earthquake forecasting and the search for their precursors.
    Keywords: earthquake forecasting ; strain rates ; multiplicative hybrid models ; reverse testing ; spatial distribution ; atmospheric electric field ; earthquake precursors ; radon concentration ; earthquake interevent times ; Greek seismicity ; temporal correlations ; statistical distributions ; earthquake prediction ; infrared remote sensing ; multi-channel ; pre-seismic anomaly ; relative power spectrum ; connected region ; seismic noise ; time series ; singularity spectrum ; wavelet analysis ; spectral measure of coherence ; Kamchatka Peninsula ; earthquake ; source deactivation ; logistic equation ; nonlinear diffusion equation ; Omori epoch ; round-the-world echo ; mirror triad ; PGA ; PGV ; return period ; PSHA ; stochastic seismic hazard assessment ; earthquake preparation ; areas of increased shear deformations ; mathematical simulation ; rock deformation ; acoustic emission of near-surface rocks ; apparent resistivity ; correlation ; earthquakes ; magnetotellurics ; electromagnetic signals ; electromagnetic anomalies ; aftershocks sequences ; Tsallis entropy ; interevent times ; power-law scaling ; complexity ; Antarctic Peninsula ; Seymour–Marambio Island ; Orca submarine volcano ; numerical modelling ; earthquake simulator ; statistical methods ; earthquake clustering ; northern Adriatic sea ; statistical seismology ; numerical modeling ; probabilistic forecasting ; time-series analysis ; wavelet-based entropy ; wavelet-based Donoho–Johnston index ; correlations ; day length ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Lipid-based nanosystems, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), cationic lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes, have been extensively studied to improve drug delivery through different administration routes. The main advantages linked to these systems are the ability to protect, transport, and control the release of lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules (either small molecular weight or macromolecules); the use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) excipients that minimize the toxicity of the formulations; and the possibility to modulate pharmacokinetics and enable the site-specific delivery of encapsulated payloads. In addition, the versatility of lipid-based nanosystems has been further demonstrated through the delivery of vaccines, protection of cosmetic actives, or improvement in the moisturizing properties of cosmetic formulations. Currently, lipid-based nanosystems are well established, and there are already different commercially approved formulations for different human disorders. This success has actually paved the way to diversifying the pipeline of development, upon addressing unmet medical needs for several indications, such as cancer; neurological disorders; and autoimmune, genetic, and infectious diseases. This Special Issue aims to update readers on the latest research on lipid-based nanosystems, both at the preclinical and clinical levels.
    Keywords: design of experiment ; porcine mucous membrane ; ophthalmic tissues ; permeation ; nanostructured lipid carriers ; gentiopicroside ; phospholipid complex ; self-nanoemulsion drug delivery system ; oral bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; antioxidants ; marine bio-waste ; bioactive compounds ; neurodegenerative diseases ; NLC ; solid lipid nanoparticles ; SLN ; intranasal administration ; nose-to-brain ; exosome ; drug loading ; exosomal delivery ; large-scale production ; lipid nanoparticles ; mucoadhesion ; ocular bioavailability ; surface modification ; liposomes ; baricitinib ; JAK-inhibitor ; transepidermal delivery ; skin permeation ; lipid NPs ; breast cancer ; siRNA delivery ; gene silencing ; personalized therapy ; bimatoprost ; central composite design ; glaucoma ; HET-CAM test ; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) ; perillyl acid ; biodistribution ; empty lipid nanoparticles ; reactogenicity ; xenobiotics ; ionizable lipids ; isoniazid ; in vivo pharmacokinetics ; drug release profile ; histopathological toxicity ; mannosylation ; nanocarriers ; Chagas disease ; Trypanosoma cruzi ; in vivo assays ; quality by design ; plumbagin ; diabetes ; in vitro ; niosomes ; levosulpiride ; antidepressant ; acute toxicity ; in vivo imaging ; bioavailability ; cisplatin ; co-encapsulation ; mifepristone ; synergism ; gefitinib ; lipid ; surfactant ; stability ; breast cancer cell ; MTT assay ; anticancer ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Although they play a key role in ecosystem functioning and human life, plants are generally overlooked by policymakers and humans in general. In addition, in recent years, we have been witnessing an increase in biologists unable to recognize even common plants, and the number of plant experts (i.e., botanists) able to identify plants is decreasing. In light of these considerations, the Special Issue "Floristic Studies in the Light of Biodiversity Knowledge and Conservation” was launched in the journal Plants, and eight research articles, two reviews, and an editorial were published in it. It has been possible to publish research from different countries, underlining that the knowledge of the flora of a territory is essential to slow down the effects of anthropic pressure on biodiversity and likewise essential for most of the research activities of modern botany.
    Keywords: correlation ; ecology ; essential oils ; Lamiaceae ; vegetation ; species composition ; richness ; urban areas ; anthropogenic impact ; climate ; anthropogenic habitats ; Caucasus ; Himantoglossum formosum ; human-made habitats ; Orchidaceae ; salep harvesting ; Transcaucasia ; kapok ; Ceiba ; fiber ; sustainability ; Malvaceae ; silk-cotton ; phenotypic plasticity ; mangrove grass ; salt marshes ; coastal habitat ; biodiversity ; bryophytes ; generalist plants ; grassland specialists ; historical monuments ; invasive alien plants ; kurgans ; lichens ; native plants ; alien status ; biological records ; Europe ; Latium ; Mediterranean flora ; Rome ; urban biodiversity ; endemism ; floristic research ; herbaria ; lectotype ; nomenclature ; taxonomy ; halophytes ; edible wild species ; coastal areas ; Salicornia ; Arthrocaulon macrostachyum ; Soda inermis ; Cakile maritima ; Crithmum maritimum ; Reichardia picroides ; Silene vulgaris subsp. tenoreana ; Allium commutatum ; Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima ; Capparis spinosa ; Italy ; IUCN ; morphology ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Molecular toxicology is a field that investigates the interactions between chemical or biological molecules and organisms at the molecular level. In this Special Issue, we focus on the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of chemical and biological molecules, will be of great interest of readers in molecular toxicology and applied pharmacology.
    Keywords: smoking ; inflammatory ; cytokine ; human serum ; GO ; PRRSV ; FT-SPR ; sensitization ; NNK ; nicotine ; cytotoxicity ; genotoxicity ; cytochrome P450 2A13 ; Aspergillus flavus ; aflatoxins B1 ; carcinogen ; Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering ; colloidal Au nanoparticles ; portable Raman spectrometer ; Euphorbia semen ; Euphorbia factors ; transcriptome ; RNA sequencing ; bioinformatics ; gene structure ; neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK ; hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) ; interactome ; field cancerization ; 8–17 DNAzyme ; gene silencing ; catalysis ; antisense ; chemical modifications ; 6-cyclohexyl methyl-β-D-maltoside ; transduction efficiency ; conditionally replicative adenovirus ; lethal effect ; gene therapy ; PBDE ; immunotoxicity ; macrophage ; reactive oxygen species ; apoptosis ; immune function ; breast cancer ; signature ; aging ; cancer ; nomogram ; immunotherapy ; tumor mutation burden ; doxorubicin ; Toll-like receptor 4 ; cardiotoxicity ; heart ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: In the current context of global change and global interconnectedness, our role in connecting the dots and finding solutions to current and future problems is very important. When talking specifically about the management of forests, we can see its continuous evolution and, more importantly, its adaptation to contemporary challenges. As is well known, forest ecosystems play an essential role in our economy, human wellbeing and global wellbeing. More specifically, one of the main challenges in forest management is represented by the sustainability of resources and need to conserve biological diversity. The best way is to think globally, to find patterns that repeat themselves and to investigate solutions that can help us to prepare a better future. In this regard, we think that it is essential to review papers that present interesting findings that could guide us. The first step was to select 18 articles from a wide range of countries located on three continents, including Brazil, Bulgaria, Ecuador, Germany, Malaysia, Peru, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Our main goal was to analyse the regionally specific aspects, as well as general aspects that can be applied worldwide. Using this approach, we narrowed our research to eight sub-domains: natural and human disturbances, genetics, site conditions, tropical forest, peri-urban forest, forest soils, forest reserves, and mountain ecosystems. These articles tackle themes such as peri-urban forests and their impact on urban agglomerations, ecoturism, cultural heritages and practices from local communities, human interventions and best practices.
    Keywords: BDq method ; Eastern Amazon ; degraded tropical forest ; forest restoration ; forest economy ; logging selection criteria ; sustainable forest management ; visual perception ; rainforest ; land use ; aesthetics ; Amazon ; management implications ; black locust ; forest ; germination ; provenances ; seed dormancy ; old growth forests ; gene flow ; molecular markers ; legally protected forests ; noninvasive genetic sampling ; brown bear ; management plan ; residual trees ; logging technology ; silvicultural works ; tree healed wound ; forest gaps ; plant colonisation ; community strategy ; Dinaric fir-beech forests ; Ellenberg values ; whole system approach ; data fusion and integration ; semantic and ontological compatibility ; mountain ecosystems ; ecosystem condition ; remote sensing ; vegetation indices ; climate change reanalysis ; dominant species level forest ecosystem classification ; Norway spruce ; Douglas fir ; beech ; maple ; soil chemical properties ; soil microorganisms ; silver fir ; Romanian Carpathians ; stand productivity ; forest sustainability ; silviculture ; ecology ; management ; risks ; uses ; impact ; competitive strength ; forest management ; nature conservation ; naturalness ; European beech ; species diversity ; invasiveness ; homogenization ; Ophiostoma novo-ulmi ; subspecies ; Ulmus minor ; U. glabra ; U. laevis ; tolerance to DED ; climate ; built-up area ; geographical information systems (GIS) ; native species ; plant diversity ; urbanization gradient ; ecological reconstruction ; bacteria diversity ; sustainable rehabilitation ; climate change effects ; peri-urban forest management ; forest stability ; urban expansion ; greenhouse gas emissions ; forest resilience ; diversity ; four corner ; microscale elevation ; correlation ; elevation effects ; alpha diversity ; Andes ; tourist circuit ; beta diversity ; native plants ; phenology ; species richness ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNA Primary industries::KNAL Forestry & related industries
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Innovation in chemical plant design is driving improvements in efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. This progress is influenced by factors such as safety standards, environmental regulations, market dynamics, and technological advancements. Innovations encompass process intensification, modular design, automation, data analytics, and sustainability solutions, addressing modern challenges. These innovations have diverse applications, spanning drug delivery systems, textile technologies, spray drying, extraction, and active packaging. Notably, supercritical fluid-assisted production of liposomes in pharmaceuticals promises improved therapeutic outcomes through meticulous optimization and sustainability. The textile industry sees advancements in natural dyeing and antibacterial properties, while spray-drying and extraction processes enhance product development and sustainability. Integration of remote sensing and microelectronics aids land surface temperature understanding for applications like agriculture and climate change studies. Convolutional Neural Networks benefit material science, facilitating material identification for energy storage and lubrication applications. Techno-economics for gas-to-liquid processes in natural gas are vital for energy and environmental sustainability. The industry's ongoing evolution prioritizes safety, sustainability, and efficiency, relying on innovative approaches and technologies to create safer, more sustainable, and economically viable chemical processes with reduced environmental impact, contributing to a prosperous and sustainable future.
    Keywords: supercritical fluids ; mass spectroscopy ; ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography ; cytotoxic compound ; phytosterol ; stigmasterol ; supercritical antisolvent ; micronization ; coprecipitation ; biomedical field ; drug delivery ; Wendita calysina ; burrito ; supercritical fluid extraction ; fractional separation ; D-carvone ; anticancer ; antimicrobial ; liposomes ; carbon dioxide ; high pressure systems ; antibiotics ; lutein ; Weibull model ; techno-economic analysis ; GtL ; Fischer–Tropsch ; ASPEN–Python ; Monte Carlo simulation ; pharmaceutical applications ; biomedical ; graphite ; classification ; transfer learning ; focal loss ; convolution neural network ; supercritical fluid impregnation ; electrospinning ; solvent casting ; antioxidant packaging ; materials optimization ; Landsat 8 LST product ; MODIS ; spatiotemporal fusion ; validation ; electroless nickel-electroless palladium-immersion gold ; Sn-58Bi ; ball grid array ; intermetallic compound ; deep eutectic solvent ; sustainable chemistry ; antioxidant activity ; Euterpe edulis ; experimental design ; spray drying ; agglomeration ; multiple nozzles ; single nozzle location ; air-atmospheric plasma ; mordant ; natural dye ; cotton ; antibacterial activity ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The topics covered in this Special Issue range from breastfeeding and early-life nutrition to effects on microbiota, infection, allergy, asthma, and the mechanisms of immunomodulation via (the early introduction of) nutrition on infections and the development of (food) allergies.
    Keywords: diet ; pregnancy ; cord blood ; fatty acids ; n-3 PUFAs ; n-6 PUFAs ; arachidonic acid ; phospholipids ; atopic eczema ; NICE birth cohort ; multi-allergen ; early introduction ; food allergy ; safety ; efficacy ; prevention ; allergic sensitization ; foetal immune ontogeny ; gene/environment interactions ; asthma ; eczema ; maternal diet ; PUFAs ; vitamin D ; Mediterranean diet ; microbiome ; breastfeeding ; functional gastrointestinal disorder ; partial hydrolysate ; peptide ; protein ; infancy ; childhood ; immune development ; probiotic ; microbiota ; allergy ; atopic dermatitis ; breastmilk ; house dust mite ; Der p 1 ; Asthma ; total IgE ; atopy ; sensitization ; oral tolerance ; early food introduction ; milk protein ; cow’s milk allergy (CMA) ; maternal atopy ; epigenetics ; pediatric asthma ; cohort study ; immune complex ; trained immunity ; RSV ; bovine IgG ; preF protein ; cow’s milk allergy ; allergen ; hypoallergenic infant formula ; n/a ; IgA deficiency ; selenium deficiency ; zinc deficiency ; recommended dietary allowances ; immune system ; allergen molecules ; milk allergen micro-array ; peptides ; anaphylaxis ; milk tolerance ; diagnosis ; IgE sensitization ; children ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This reprint serves as an introduction to the groundbreaking research work that explores the remarkable advancements in biosensor technology and its profound impact on the fields of biomedicine and environmental research. It aims to elucidate the subject's scope, provide future research directions, and highlight potential applications. This reprint is dedicated to the scientific community, researchers, and professionals seeking to expand their knowledge of biosensing. We express our gratitude to all those who have supported and contributed to this scientific endeavor.
    Keywords: live-cell immunoassay ; topographic micropatterns ; on-chip cytokine detection ; nasopharyngeal cancer ; integrated microfluidics ; retinol-binding protein 4 ; type 2 diabetes mellitus ; aptasensor ; colorimetric ; gold nanoparticles ; diagnosis ; biosensing ; fluorescent probe ; AIE ; RNA ; CAG repeats ; nucleic acid aptamer ; DNA and RNA Capture-SELEX ; small molecule contaminant ; characterization ; aptamer ; biosensing applications ; microfluidic ; impedance biosensor ; electrical impedance flow cytometer ; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ; metal nanoparticles ; immunosensor ; MXene ; MoS2 ; graphene ; MOF ; biomarkers ; graphitic carbon nitride ; black phosphorous ; 2D-LDHs ; boron nitrides ; graphdiyne ; metal–organic frameworks ; luminescence ; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy ; multiplexed detection ; polymer dots ; biosensors ; fluorescent probes ; semiconducting polymers ; molecular imaging ; DNA sensor ; silver ion detection ; minidumbbell ; non-B DNA ; C·C mismatch ; cTnI ; PEC immunosensor ; bismuth vanadate ; bismuth sulfide ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This compilation of scientific work delves into innovative wastewater treatment technologies, focusing primarily on the development and optimization of novel catalysts for the effective removal of pollutants. Covering a range of catalysts, including precious metals and nanomaterials, the research offers new insights into cost-effective and efficient pollutant removal methods. Aimed at environmental scientists, engineers, and policymakers, this publication represents a significant contribution from top researchers in the field. It serves as a key resource for those looking to understand and apply the latest advancements in wastewater treatment.
    Keywords: nanohybrid filter ; photoelectrochemical filtration ; carbon nanotubes ; MIL-101(Fe) ; tetracycline ; electrocatalytic oxidation ; anode materials ; Magnéli phase ; titanium oxide ; wastewater treatment ; iron-bearing attapulgite ; heterogeneous Fenton ; granular catalyst ; rhodamine B ; peracetic acid ; advanced oxidation ; reactive dyes ; aniline ; polyvinyl alcohol ; carbon dots ; photocatalysis ; graphitic carbon nitride ; bismuth phosphate ; tetracycline hydrochloride ; electrochemistry ; octogen ; wastewater ; hydroxyl radical ; toxicity ; catalytic membrane reactor ; noble metal catalyst ; molybdenum disulfide ; water purification ; nanoscale zero valent iron ; Cr(VI) ; adsorption kinetics ; mechanism ; modification ; nitrogen dope ; biochar ; peroxymonosulfate ; KOH activation ; bisphenol A degradation ; antibiotics ; catalytic ozonation ; emerging contaminant ; Co-Mn/CeO2 ; norfloxacin ; anode ; metal oxide ; electrolysis ; refractory pollutant ; carbon ; new biochar ; compound material ; organic pollutants ; biochar/zero valent iron ; Ti/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 electrode ; copper-containing wastewater ; active granule doping ; electrocatalytic activity ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 43
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Often, a project's sustainability is centred on building services and energy, but we need to have a comprehensive view of how we integrate deeper sustainability. Traditionally, we have neglected embodied carbon generated during building construction, which has led to significant carbon emissions over the last few decades, causing global warming and other related problems. The aim of this Special Issue was to collect the results of research and practice experiences in sustainable building structures, made from steel, concrete, timber, and other composite materials. Dr Roy and Dr Ananthi warmly invited authors to submit their papers for potential inclusion in this Special Issue of “Sustainable construction using steel, concrete, timber, and other composite materials”, in the journal of Journal of Composites Science.
    Keywords: ground waste tire rubber ; hollow concrete brick ; fractal ; finite element analysis ; compressive strength ; acoustic absorption ; eco-sustainability ; glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rods ; concrete slab ; high-volume fly ash ; moment–curvature ; ductility ; SFRC (steel-fiber-reinforced concrete) ; conventional RCC slab ; plastic hinge length ; repeated loading and composite material ; glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets ; flexural behaviour ; cracking behaviour ; load–deflection ; carbon footprint of cement ; bagasse ash composites ; green concrete ; pozzolanic ; sustainable construction ; pultruded glass-fiber-reinforced polymer ; engineered cementitious composite ; cyclic loading ; steel fiber reinforced concrete beam ; carbon fiber mesh ; jacketing ; monotonic loading ; HDPE ; quartz sand ; bitumen ; compression testing ; water absorption test ; efflorescence test ; self-sensing ; reinforced concrete beam ; mortar ; fibre ; electrical resistance ; carbon fibre ; electrically conductive filler ; brass fibre ; transfer learning ; crack detection ; concrete wall ; convolutional neural network ; structural health monitoring ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This reprint, entitled “Application of data-driven method for HVAC System”, is dedicated to providing an overview of the latest achievements in the application of data-driven methods for HVAC systems. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: fault detection and diagnosis of HVAC systems; energy consumption prediction; model predictive control; data mining and analysis of HVAC systems; data mining and analysis of building environment; energy conservation; energy saving.
    Keywords: indoor air quality ; high occupancy rate ; natural ventilation ; university building ; intelligent packaging ; temperature ; humidity ; supply chain ; food waste ; food quality ; food preservation ; transportation ; grain bin ; PCM ; phase change temperature ; energy saving ; PCM latent heat ; mobile public toilets ; thermal environment ; public health security ; mechanical ventilation ; aerosol transmission risk ; underground commercial buildings ; field measurement ; air distribution optimization ; M-cycle ; evaporative cooling ; solid desiccant ; humidification–dehumidification desalination ; water production ; load data analysis ; demand side management (DSM) ; rural home hotels ; cluster control strategy ; PCM storage ; air conditioning system ; pattern recognition ; clustering ; correlation analysis ; defrosting operation mode ; low-carbon substation ; climate zones ; envelope thermal design ; window to wall ratio ; shape factor ; chillers ; fault diagnosis ; fusion ; residual ; data ; air-conditioned bed system ; heat conduction heating ; convection heating ; thermal comfort ; energy conservation ; genetic algorithm ; existing office parks ; whole life cycle ; cost benefits ; carbon reduction ; retrofit ; relative humidity ; CO concentration ; CO2 concentration ; cooking procedure ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: References to community interests appear from time to time in scholarly writings in the field of international relations and international law. The concept of community interests refers to interests protected by international law binding either all or a group of states and go beyond the delimitation of a sovereign sphere of influence. In the literature, there are existing examples of research, such as in books and journal articles, that consider the various manifestations of what has been described as “community interests” in many areas regulated by international law, including natural resources, global markets, human rights, and the use of force, and observe how law has evolved from a legal system based on more or less specific consent and aimed at promoting the particular interests of states, to one that is more generally oriented towards collectively protecting common interests and values. However, this topic has not been thoroughly researched, meaning that there is a huge gap in the existing literature, particularly in the context of ocean governance and sustainability. This Special Issue attempts to fill this gap, so as to attract more studies on this important topic in academia.
    Keywords: China ; Marine Environment Protection Law (MEPL) ; daily penalty system (DPS) ; realistic obstacles ; future proposals ; maritime dispute ; international conciliation ; continental shelf ; system effects ; Arctic governance ; Arctic sustainable development ; international law ; China’s role ; Arctic cooperation ; globalization ; international fisheries law ; international fisheries organisations ; fish products ; high seas fisheries ; precautionary approaches ; International Seabed Authority ; deep seabed mining ; exploitation regulations ; multi-subject participation ; environmental impact assessment ; environmental management and monitoring plans ; regional environmental management plan ; marine economy ; sustainability ; indicator system ; Yangtze River Delta ; entropy value method ; maritime security ; human security ; sustainable development ; ocean community ; positive-sum mentality ; South China Sea ; illegal ; unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing ; maritime Silk Road ; Agreement of Port State Measures (PSMA) ; Anthropocene era ; UNCLOS ; marine environmental protection ; anthropogenic underwater noise ; ocean governance ; marine pollution ; high-seas MPAs ; BBNJ Agreement ; sustainable management ; sustainable fishing ; SDG 14 ; traditional fishing rights ; law of the sea ; policy exit ; international law of climate action ; international investment protection ; linguistic entanglements in the law ; offshore wind energy ; ocean renewable energy ; coastal states ; debt relief ; state responsibility ; climate debt ; sovereign debt ; renewable energy transition ; economic sustainability ; environmental sustainability ; heavily indebted poor countries ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law
    Language: English
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  • 46
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue reprint includes one review and fifteen research articles. The review by Palyanova et al. (2023) summarized the available information on the palladian gold and proposed classifying the types of deposits based on the fineness, content, and set of impurities in palladian gold and minerals intergrown with it. Fifteen articles focused on the typomorphic features of native gold from gold deposits in Russia, India, Chile, Scotland, and Canada. This Special Issue aims to identify and generalize the reasons for variations in the compositions of native gold. I hope all the articles in this Special Issue will be helpful and valuable resources for anyone who is interested in native gold and gold deposits. I thank the Authors and Reviewers for their efforts and contributions. I am also grateful to the Editor-in-Chief, Editors and Assistant Editors of Minerals for their help.
    Keywords: geological-industrial types ; ore formations ; typomorphic features of native gold ; gold deposits in the north-east of Russia ; clinopyroxenites ; palladium gold ; platinum group minerals ; chlorite geothermometer ; sulfur isotopic composition ; placers ; gold ; Chile ; gold microchemistry ; gold morphometry ; gold provenance ; Jagpura Au-Cu deposit ; Aravalli Craton ; high fineness gold ; hydrothermal magnetite ; fluid inclusions ; IOCG-IOA type: IOCG-Co (reduced) subtype mineralization ; placer gold ; internal structures ; stages of ore formation ; endogenous and exogenous conditions ; coarse-grained structure ; high-grade shell ; recrystallization ; granulation ; deformation structures ; porpezite ; alkaline-ultrabasic rocks ; Anabar shield ; Siberian Platform ; alluvial gold ; indicator mineral ; compositional studies ; disseminated Au-sulfide mineralization ; orogenic gold deposits ; Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt ; sulfide microtextures and mineralogy ; stable sulfur isotopes ; mineral chemistry ; source of gold ; typomorphic features ; fineness ; internal structure ; Anabar placer area ; hydrothermal-metasomatic formations ; K-feldspathization ; jasperoids ; ore mineralization ; fault zone ; ore gold ; sulfides ; gold mineralization ; metasomatites ; bismuth ; tellurides ; uytenbogaardtite ; bismoclite ; cervelleite ; native gold ; supergene gold ; the Spokoininsky cluster ; the Aldan-Stanovoy gold province ; the Aldan shield ; Pd,Hg-rich low-fineness gold ; Au-containing potarite ; substitution structure ; Itchaivayam mafic–ultramafic complex (Kamchatka, Russia) ; placer ; typomorphysm ; linear weathered crust ; Sukhoi Log deposit ; gold–sulfide–quartz (gold–arsenic) and gold–sulfide formations ; Polar Urals ; Manitanyrd ridge ; ore occurrences ; ore mineralogy ; sulfur isotopes ; palladian gold ; Pd,Cu,Ag,Hg-bearing gold ; Au-Pd ; Au-Pd-Ag ; Au-Pd-Cu ; Au-Pd-Hg ; Au-Pd-Ag-Cu ; Au-Pd-Ag-Hg ; Au-Pd-Ag-Cu-Hg systems ; minerals in association ; PGE and gold deposits ; T,P,X-conditions of ore formation ; Au-Pd mineralization types ; detrital gold ; gold alloy composition ; mineral inclusions ; indicator minerals ; gold deposit types ; British Columbia ; brannerite ; uranium mineralization ; Ozerninsky ore cluster ; Western Transbaikalia ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning
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  • 47
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This Special Issue addresses recent advances in the research of plant-derived natural products, their mechanisms of action and how they can influence health and disease. Plant-derived natural products have been well known since antiquity due to their beneficial effects on human health, and since then, they have attracted the interest of the scientific community, leading to the identification, isolation and quantification of their compounds and research on their biomedical properties. They have been found to be rich in phytochemicals, such as terpenes and phenolic compounds, with proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor and prebiotic properties, and therefore, they have been suggested as potential candidates for the therapeutic management of several chronic diseases. Some of them include inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, arthritis and cancer, in which inflammation, oxidative stress and dysbiosis mechanisms are implicated. Furthermore, given the increased economic burden, the side effects and the low compliance rates of patients who receive standard medical treatments, plant-derived natural products could possibly serve as adjunct therapeutic agents for chronic diseases.
    Keywords: plants ; natural products ; free radicals ; inflammation ; medicinal ; caffeic acid ; antibacterial ; antifungal ; antioxidant ; anticancer ; juglone ; Juglans regia ; mogrol ; mogroside ; phytochemical ; pharmacology ; osteoporosis ; antiobesity ; anti-inflammation ; neurodegenerative disorders ; anticancer agents ; aromadendrane ; bryophytes ; cytokinesis inhibitor ; Plagiochila species ; plagiochilins ; analgesic activity ; traditional medicine ; wound healing ; colon carcinogenesis ; 1,2 dimethylhydrazine ; hesperetin ; capecitabine ; Jatropha tanjorensis ; Fraxinus micrantha ; HPTLC ; anti-obesity activity ; high-fat diet model ; histological ; Alzheimer ; acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ; Euonymus laxiflorus Champ. ; bioactive compounds ; medicinal plants ; P. lentiscus ; GC/MS ; HPLC-DAD ; antioxidant activity ; antibacterial activity ; antifungal activity ; extract ; molecular docking ; Artemisia arborescens ; Artemisia inculta ; phenolic compounds ; terpenes ; trace metals ; antioxidant capacity ; Eurycoma longifolia Jack ; anti-inflammatory ; antinociceptive effect ; antipyretic effects ; gastroprotective activity ; gastric ulcer ; Thai traditional medicine ; phytochemicals ; inflammatory bowel disease ; gut microbiota ; Mastiha ; Curcumin ; Boswellia serrata ; Artemisia absinthium ; lipidomic profile ; Tulsi ; Ocimum sanctum ; ischemic stroke ; photothrombotic ischemia ; medicinal plant ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 19-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A thin, compressible, lateral suture and ventral plate overlap permit limited movement of the thick and rigid dorsal and ventral plates of Fuscouropoda agitans. Seven pairs of large dermal glands debouch onto the surface. Trochanteral rotation permits defensive leg adpresion and an insectan type of ambulation. The complex hypopharynx-pedipalpal-coxae has a buccal and cheliceral cavity separated by an atriculated epipharynx. The pharynx is Y-shaped in cross section. Extensive paired salivary glands lie above the very long and dexterous 3-segmented chelicerae, and a large pair of coxal glands debouch on coxae 1. From four blunt-ended tracheae, bundles of unbranching tracheoles extend in specific tracts to all organs. The ventriculus is small with three pairs of large caeca; a tightly packed single layer of digestive cells individually enlarged to absorb-phagocytize and digest the food. A typical mesostigmatid excretory tube is present. A typical acarine synganglion is present; mixed nerves have a basal swelling. A postulated neurosecretory organ arises from the pedipalpal nerve. The oocytes enlarge within funicular stalks from the walls of the small median ovary. A large spermatophore is stored in the seminal vesicle; fertilization occurs during oviposition. A tension hinge partially opens both male and female genital plates; closure effected by muscles acting on very long genital plate apodemes. Within sequentially produced spermatogonial cysts of the testes, meiosis is completely synchronous. A large, multilobed male accessory gland produces a large volume of seminal fluid; a mixture of at least four secretions. The origins and msertions of the body wall, genital organ, digestive tract, mouthpart and leg muscles are listed and illustrated. A comparison of anactinotrichid and actinotrichid mites indicates fundamental and consistent morphological differences in aspects of the cuticle, leg articulations, digestive system, excretory system, reproductive system and coxal glands.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 279-297 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the structure of the iridescent scales of the green hairstreak, Callophrys rubi, reveals an internal lattice which is probably cubic close-packed in form. We present a model which explains the formation of the lattice in terms of packing of spheres and surface tension forces and generalize these results to internal structures in other Lepidopteran scales.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are 36 to 42 taste bristles on each half of the labellum of Drosophila melanogaster; most of them are two-pronged with a pouch between them. Some end bluntly with a pore at the tip.Each taste-bristle has two lumina: one is circular, the other crescent-like in cross section. In most bristles four dendrites of chemoreceptor neurons run along the circular lumen. In five to seven taste-bristles only two chemoreceptor neurons are found. A mechanoreceptor neuron sends a dendrite to the base of each taste-bristle.The dendrites are surrounded by four concentrically-arranged sheath cells. The inner cell secretes the cuticular sheath; cells II and III are presumably two trichogens, one secreting the bristle material around the circular lumen, the other around the crescent-like lumen. Cell IV, especially rich in bundles of microtubules, secretes the cuticle of the socket, and corresponds to the tormogen. The neurons have the typical structure found in insect sensilla. In many sensilla one neuron is less electron-dense than the others and may be the water-sensor.On the medial side of the labellum between the pseudotracheae are rows of taste pegs covered by folds. In each peg one chemoreceptor and one mechanoreceptor are found.The number of axons in each labial nerve agrees with the total number of dendrites in all taste organs of each lobe.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 423-451 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stichopus moebii, a sea cucumber, has a closed circulatory system which is unique in its degree of development for the phylum Echinodermata. The gross anatomy, histology and fine structure of the system were studied. Blood vessels consist of a coelomic surface of ciliated epithelium, a layer of muscle and nerve cells, followed by connective tissue and luminal lining of endothelium. Basically the blood vascular system consists of two major vessels running parallel to the gut: the dorsal vessel pumps colorless blood via the vessels within the walls of the intestine into the ventral vessel. There are two specialized areas of the circulation: (1) At the upper small intestine 120 to 150 muscular single-chambered hearts pump blood from the dorsal vessel into a series of intestinal plates. (2) At the lower region of the small intestine the vasculature is associated with the left respiratory tree. Blood passing from the dorsal pulmonary vessel can take two routes to the gut, it either passes through myriads of minute respiratory shunt vessels entangled with the respiratory tree or it passes through a unique follicle network consisting of tiny channels periodically dilated into chambers filled with iron deposits, necrotic cells and developing coelomocytes.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 639-679 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical components of afferent innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker are described. In the sensory epithelium under the smooth cuticle two associated ciliated receptor cell-types (presumably chemosensitive) occur in clusters. A third ciliated receptor cell-type under the toothed cuticle may be a mechanoreceptor. A non-ciliated receptor cell-type of unknown function, under the toothed cuticle, is characterized by a microvillus-lined apical canal containing dense granular material. The axons of the latter two receptors go directly into large nerve tracts which nm through the infundibular muscle and on to the ganglion of the sucker. The axons of the first cell-types terminate on interneurons either in the base of the epithelium or below the epithelium. All the interneurons of the basal region of the epithelium migrate centripetally and develop into encapsulated interneurons. Within the epithelium, fine fibers provide collateral contact among cluster receptors. Collateral interaction among basal and encapsulated interneurons occur in the infundibular plexus. The microanatomy of the rim of the sucker suggests that chemosensory cues are funneled into the interneurons where they are concentrated into integrated signals, while other sensory input is probably sent directly to the ganglia of the sucker and/or arm.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 727-761 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pyloric region of Eosentomon and Acerentomon (Insecta, Protura) is described. In both species the posterior cells of the midgut carry short microvilli. Beneath the epithelial cells there is a muscular pyloric sphincter for closing the intestinal lumen. Behind the sphincter is a wide pyloric chamber lined by cells with very long microvilli which point anteriorly toward the midgut. These cells regulate the passage of the intestinal contents into the hindgut. Secretions from the Malpighian papillae are emitted into the gut at this level. In Eosentomon three regions (R1, R2 and R3) are visible in the Malpighian papillae, whereas in Acerentomon region R1 is lacking. The R1 region contains secretory cells with elaborate glycoprotein-containing granules. The R2 region is composed of cells somewhat resembling the secretory cells of Malpighian tubules of insects. Presumably R1 and R2 cells emit secretions into the central cavity of each papilla. Cells of R3 form a duct for the secretion. It is suggested that the R2 region represents a basic excretory region, common to Protura, whereas the R1 region, in Eosentomon, may be a specialized area performing supplementary excretory functions.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 785-803 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This manuscript describes in precise detail the ultrastructural alterations produced as a result of laser microirradiation of nucleoli and nucleoplasm of tissue culture cells. Because of the general difficulty of single cell recovery, flat embedding, and serial sectioning, very few studies have ever been conducted on microbeam irradiated cells; yet the use of the microbeam technique has become widespread in functional studies of the nucleus. The results presented here demonstrate two classes of lesion material: small spherical electron dense bodies 0.05-0.02 μm in diameter and a larger, more irregular electron dense material up to 1 μm in length. The occurrence of these different types of lesion materials is described in control irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm, irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in quinacrine treated cells, irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in actinomycin D treated cells, and irradiated nucleoli and nucleoplasm in combined actinomycin D and quinacrine treated cells. In all the cells in which actinomycin D was employed, nucleoli were selectively irradiated in either their granular or fibrillar zones. The results of the ultrastructural studies are discussed in light of earlier functional studies.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 843-859 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general form and adaptation of the digastric muscle in carnivores are reviewed and discussed. The digastric muscle differs from the general plan in certain aquatic carnivores and felids. In the pertinent aquatic species the muscle is enlarged. The observations suggest that the enlargement is an adaptation for rapidly opening the jaws against the resistance of water. In felids, the insertion of the muscle is much farther forward than in most other carnivores. The observations suggest that the development of short jaws in felids necessitated a compensatory anterior relocation of the digastric insertion in order to preserve the ability to achieve a large gape.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 889-899 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homolid crabs (Hypsophrys) from water deeper than 700 m in the Straits of Florida and Arabian Sea have smooth darkened oval spots contrasting with the surrounding roughened integument on inner and outer surfaces of each pincer at the base of the fixed finger. Cuticle is thinner over these spots than over surrounaing tissues. Beneath each spot is an organ composed of two markedly contrasting layers of tissue: (1) an outer, densely staining layer of tightly packed tubules, relatively straight and perpendicular to the overlying surface proximally but progressively convoluted and narrowed distally, finally ending blindly in association with the overlying thinned cuticle; (2) an inner layer of relatively large, eosinophilic, irregular cells with dark nuclei also trending at a right angle to the integument and bulging into the hemal sinus of the hand but separated from it by an epidermal lining. Droplets secreted from the inner layer apparently move into and along the tubules. Similar organs are known in no other crabs. The function is unknown but the structure suggests that they may be photophores.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 763-783 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of a well studied insect chemosensory unit is presented in this report. Two separate lumina are present in this chemosensory unit, the trichogen and sensillar lumina. The fluid within the trichogen lumen exclusively bathes the dendritic terminals, and may be involved with the reception and/or modulation of environmental stimuli. Cytoplasmic extensions of the trichogen cell which line the trichogen lumen may be involved in the production of the cuticular sheath. The sensillar lumen is bordered by the tormogen and a sleeve cell, and is continuous with the unoccupied channel of the setal shaft. Functions for the various cellular components of the blowfly chemoreceptor sensillum are offered.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study indicates that eggs containing calcium carbonate crystals occur in at least 36 of the 65 known families of the land snails (class Gastropoda: order Stylommatophora). Eggs from 22 of these families were available for examination. The x-ray diffraction data, available for the first time for 21 of these families, shows that these egg shells are all made of calcite only, or of a combination of calcite with smaller amounts of aragonite. All of the snail (body) shells examined were made of aragonite only. This is the first ultrastructural investigation of these egg shells, and it indicates that the eggs exhibit enough structural diversity to allow identification of parental animals to genus, and often to species level solely on the basis of egg shell ultrastructure.All of the calcified eggs may be divided into two groups: (1) partly calcified, with discrete crystals of CaCo3 dispersed in the jelly layer, and (2) heavily calcified, with a hard, brittle egg shell made of fused crystals of CaCO3 much like an avian egg. Both types of calcified eggs occur in oviparous as well as in ovoviviparous snails. Because of the wide distribution of calcified eggs in the Stylommatophora, and because of the occurrence of heavily calcified eggs in ancient families such as Partulidae, Endodontidae, and Zonitidae, the calcified egg is viewed as a primitive land snail trait associated with terrestrial adaptation. The function of the calcified egg shell, in addition to mechanical support of egg contents, is to supply the developing embryo with enough calcium to form the embryonic shell by the time of hatching.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When cervical segments 14 to 15 of the chicken spinal cord are cut transversely and studied by routine histological and histochemical methods, an onion-shaped region, filled with thread-like fibers, if seen to surround the ependymal cells of the central canal and to be bounded laterally by the neural elements of the spinal gray matter. This area is negative for succinic dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and cholinesterase activity, but very strongly periodic acid-Schiff positive. Diastase controls show the positive material to be glycogen. Parasagittal sections through this cervical region and into the upper thoracic cord, show the glycogen-rich region to extend longitudinally throughout the region. Because of its location and histochemical characterization, which, He similar to that of the ventral portion of the glycogen body, the term brachial glycogen budy is proposed for this structure.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anterior dorsal ventricular ridge (ADVR) is a major subcortical; telencephalic nucleus in snakes, Its structure was studied in Nissl, Golgi, and electron microscopic lrerarations in several species of snakes. Neurons in ADVR form a homogeneous population. They have large nuclei, scattered cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum in their cytoplasm, and bear dendrites from all portions of their somata. The dendrites have a moderate covering of pedunculated spines. Clusters of two to five cells with touching somata can be seen in Nissl, Golgi, and electron microscopic preparations. The area of apposition may contain a series of specialized junctions which resemble gap junctions. Three populations of axons can be identified in rapid Golgi preparations of snake ADVR. Type 1 axons course from the lateral forebrain bundle and bear small varicosities about 1 μ long. Type 2 axons arise from ADVR neurons and bear large varicosities about 5 μ. long. The origin of the very thin type 3 axons is not known; they bear small varicosities about 1 μ. long. The majority of axon terminals in ADVR are small (1 μ. to 2 μ long), contain round synaptic vesicles, and form asymmetric active zones. This type of axon terminates on dendritic spines and shafts and on somata. A small percentage of terminals are large, 5 μ in length, contain round synaptic vesicles, and form asymmetric active zones. This type of axon terminates only on dendritic spines. A small percentage of terminals are small, contain pleomorphic synaptic vesicles, and form symmetric active zones. This type of axon terminates on dendritic shafts and on somata.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 33-63 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Tooth development and replacement in fetal and adult viviparous caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) are described and analyzed according to current theories of tooth succession. The fetal dentition differs from that of the adult in morphology, position, and function. Teeth are used by fetuses to scrape the oviducal epithelium, thus stimulating the secretion of a nutrient substance. Fetal dentitions vary in morphology and position in different species. The ontogeny of teeth of several species is described and the patterns of addition of loci and of replacement are analyzed, Loci are added both posteriorly along the jaw and between existing loci as the jaw grows prior to ossification; subsequently addition is restricted to the posterior part of the jaw. Tooth replacement is alternate. The several rows and patches of teeth are the result of retention of replacement series on the dentigerous elements. Tooth development and replacement in a series of juveniles and adults of different sizes in a single species are also considered. Post-fetal patterns of development and replacement are similar to those seen in larvae and adults of oviparous species. Variation in numbers of teeth and proportions of teeth at particular stages occurs ontogenetically and among individuals of the same size, though proportions occur in a similar pattern throughout the series. The general pattern of tooth replacement in fetuses and adults can be explained by either Edmund's Zahnreihen theory or by Osborn's Tooth Family theory, but replacement in fetal tooth patches and the fetal-adult dentitional transition are explained by neither.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976) 
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 65-87 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In Brallchiobdella pentodonta Whitman meiosis begins in follicles containing 16 spermatogonia. In each follicle the spermatogonia are connected by cytoplasmic bridges to a central anuclear cytoplasmic mass or cytophorus. They develop synchronously. Synaptonemal complexes are present in the primary spermatocytes. Spermatids contain a large globoid paranuclear body consisting of an acrosomal granule and coiled tubules which evidently receive the contents of the acrosomal granule and are considered the acrosome carrier. The spermatids separate from the cytophorus only when differentiation is completed.The ripe spermatozoon is relatively long. It has anteriorly the coiled tubules, followed by the nucleus, the mitochondrial sphere and the distal centriole from which the flagellum originates, A coiled ribbon-like structure encloses the flagellum along its entire length while a manchette of microtubules surrounds all the other structures of the sperm.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 89-135 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The muscles and bones of the pectoral fin of Serrasalmus nattereri, the piranha, resemble those of generalized, lower teleosts with specializations related to a body shape adapted for high-speed carnivory; the pectoral fins being highly mobile with strong ligaments to the rays. The presence of two occipital nerves appears primitive, while the emergence of the subclavian artery within the branchial cavity, as in Gasteropelecus sternicla, appears specialized. The muscles and bones of the latter fish, a fresh-water flying fish, are specialized for self-propelled, aerial flight in the fusion of the right and left girdles greatly expanded for insertions of complex appendicular (flight) muscles, and in the consolidation of the rays and radials into one functional unit moving vertically in flight though contraction of vertical, massive ventral flight muscles. The bony pectoral anatomy of Electrophorus electricus, the electric eel, is specialized in having a mobile joint between the primary girdle and the cleithrum, the former being suspended vertically from the cleithrum by ligaments. The proximal radials and rays are very numerous and vertically aligned. The cleithrum is shaped to accommodate the extensive sternohyoid and pharyngocleithral muscles. The sheet-like appendicular muscles extend beyond the special joint and control its movement. The deeper muscles do not cross this joint. The arterial system is specialized in lacking a deep brachial artery.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 1-31 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The cibarial food pumps of aquatic Heteroptera contain specialized epipharyngeal triturating devices. In the Naucoridae, striated bands and transverse plates triturate particles against the underlying hypopharynx. Anterior to them lie a pair of oblique folds which play an accessory role. The gross morphology of these devices is very similar in representatives of five genera of typical Naucoridae (Ambrysus, Pelocoris, Limnocoris, Cataractocoris, Cryphocricos) and differs from that of the atypical genus Aphelocheirus.The scanning electron microscope reveals additional differences between Aphelocheirus and the typical genera as well as variations, among the latter, which are not visible with the stereoscopic microscope. The oblique folds of the typical Naucoridae are well developed and contain processes for trapping particles; in three genera the region posterior to the folds is also modified. In Aphelocheirus only the latter region appears to trap particles, and the oblique folds are smooth and weakly developed. The striated bands of all genera bear ventral ridges arranged into transverse zones with precise patterns. The fourzoned bands of Aphelocheirus have a very different pattern than the two-zoned bands of the other genera. Among the latter, Cryphocricos has a simpler pattern of ridges than the other typical Naucoridae. The ventral surfaces of the transverse plates are highly modified in Aphelocheirus and less so in the other genera; those of Cryphocricos differ from those of the other Naucoridae.The fine structure of the cibarial epipharynx supports the views of some systematists that (1) Aphelocheirus should be placed in the monogeneric Family Aphelocheiridae rather than in the Naucoridae, (2) Cryphocricos represents a different subfamily than the other four typical Naucoridae, and (3) Cataractocoris belongs in the same subfamily as Ambrysus rather than with Cfyphocricos.
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 53-71 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Appearance of collagen fibrils in the cuticle was seen by electron microscopy to be preceded by fonnation of a finely filamentous matrix material. At first, the fine filaments of the matrix are unorganized. However, signs of orthogonal ordering soon appear in the most superficial portion of the cuticle, and subsequently appear more basally and closer to the underlying epidermis. Meanwhile, fibrils of different staining properties and identifiable as collagen begin to be deposited in the superficial portion of the cuticle, the same region which first showed organized fine filaments. Then, like the fine filaments before them, the collagen fibrils polymerize more basally. Collagen appears to polymerize on the preformed skeleton of fine filaments as though the fine filaments caused the collagen to assemble. Neither the polymerization nor ordering of collagen fibrils seems to require direct cellular intervention but occur first in that portion of the cuticle which is furthest away from the underlying epidermis. The fine filaments may be self ordering, extracellular macromolecules which in turn determine the polymerization of collagen fibrils.
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 265-277 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Oogenesis of the fresh-water triclad Dugesia dorotocephala has been studied by electron microscopical methods, with particular regard to the genesis and composition of the so-called “Balbiani body.” Its origin is clearly recognizable in young oocytes where the few mitochondria present seem to gather at the level of the perinuclear ooplasm. Here they surround dense masses of finely granular, fibrillar material probably coming from the nucleus. During the previtelloge ic period, mitochondria rapidly increase in number while the dense masses progressively dissolve.In the vitellogenic oocytes the Balbiani body shows its final configuration: it appears as a large area (up to 15-20 pm in diameter) consisting of innumerable densely packed mitochondria, some smooth vesicles and free ribosomes. This aggregate of cytoplasmic organelles remains unmodified in the mature oocytes.The function of the “Balbiani body” of D. dorotocephala is as yet unclear; it can only be asserted that it is not correlated with yolk production in which the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex are involved.
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 421-435 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Whole ovaries from 16-day fetal mice were cultured for 6 to 20 days and then transplanted to the kidneys of ovariectomized adult mice where they remained for one to four weeks. After three weeks in the host's kidneys, many follicles developed within the transplants and became vesiculated. Many of the oocytes within these follicles had formed the first metaphase spindle of meiosis and several had completed the first polar body. Host mice bearing transplants that contained vesiculated follicles showed uterine stimulation and keratinization of their vaginae. However, ovaries that had been in culture for more than ten days before transplantation showed a limited response to the gonadotropins and never matured sufficiently to stimulate the host's reproductive tract. No ovulations occurred in any of the transplants.
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    Notes: The infracerebral gland of Nereis is made up of three types of cells. C1 cells are hypertrophied pericapsular elements, whereas C2 and C3 cells have the morphological and cytological features of neurosecretory neurons. C2 and C3 cells give rise to centripetal “proximal processes” which extend into the brain through the midventral pocket formed by delamination of the brain capsule. Their “distal processes” terminate within the gland or its immediate vicinity. “Centrifugal fibers” arise from nerve cells located within the brain and appear to synapse upon the proximal processes of C2 cells in the region of the midventral pocket and in the ventral region of the brain. The cytology of C2 and C3 cells suggests that they are the source of distinct peptide hormones.
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 321-326 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Exercise affects the growth of the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles in the tsetse fly. Examination of electron micrographs of flight muscles taken from flies subjected to enforced exercise, “ormal” exercise and no exercise reveals that both mitochondrial and myofibrillar fractions of the muscles are stimulated to grow at a faster rate by enforced exercise but that the mitochondria respond more rapidly.
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    Notes: Ultrastructure and shell formation in the testaceous ameba, Lesquereusia spiralis, were investigated with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The nucleus, surrounded by a fibrous lamina, contains multiple nucleoli. The cytoplasm, containing a well developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, also contains remnants of starch granules in stages of digestion. Spherical aggregates of ribosome-like particles may be seen. Golgi complexes seem to produce both a nonordered fibrous material and an electron dense vesicle. Only the latter appears to bleb off from the Golgi complex. X-ray microanalysis demonstration of silicon in Golgi vesicles and in some dense vesicles suggests that the fibrous component of the cisternae may take up and concentrate silica to form the electron-dense component of the vesicles. Membrane-bound siliceous crystals are often seen adjacent to the Golgi, suggesting either a Golgi origin or platelet formation in vesicles after release from the Golgi complex. Both electron-dense bodies and siliceous platelets are released from the cell by a process similar to apocrine secretion and may be seen outside the cell in route to the shell during shell morphogenesis. Shell development involves fusion of electron-dense bodies to form a matrix, positioning of siliceous platelets in this matrix parallel to the shell surface, and development of a system of matrix chambers. A particulate glycoconjugate is released to the shell surface upon rupture of the matrix chamber.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 359-368 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Stereological analysis of the ultrastructural composition of the pulmonary alveolo-capillary region of mice living at sea level compared with that of the same species (Phyllotis darwini) genetically adapted to life at 4,660 m reveals a trend at high altitude towards a greater volume percentage of tissue components. On a weight-specific basis, non-circulating tissue occupies a significantly greater volume in high-altitude mice, but air space and capillary contents are not correspondingly greater. Since the arithmetic mean thickness of the tissue layers and of the air-blood barrier are the same in the two altitudinal groups, the average alveolus must have a smaller volume in the high-altitude mice.Epithelial, endothelial, and erythrocyte surface areas per gram body weight are significantly greater in the high-altitude mice.Nuclear counts indicate that the larger lungs of mice adapted to high altitude are due to larger Pneumocyte I and II and endothelial cells rather than to an increase in the number of these cells. Hematocrits measured within the pulmonary capillaries in the two altitudinal groups were equal.An heretofore unrecognized feature of possible adaptive value is the surface/volume ratio of erythrocytes, which is similar for erythrocytes in alveolar space of mice at low and high altitudes but within lung capillaries is 14.7% greater at high altitude.
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 299-305 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: The neck region of the mature spermatozoon of Discus rotundatus is described. No evidence for a centriole or centriolar derivative is obtained. Nine striated coarse fibres and the two central fibres of the axoneme extend into the base of the implantation fossa. The axonemal doublet system is disrupted in the neck region. There are two fibrous accessory structures located between the central doublet and the striated coarse fibres.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 307-319 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Explants of 4.5-day-old chick embryonic neuroretinas with mesenchyme were exposed to Methotrexate (MTX) in medium 199 with embryo extract. Proliferative responses of the cultured neuroretinas were followed radioautographically by administration of 3H-thymidine to the cultures. The DNA synthetic, mitotic and pyknotic responses of the ventricular cells of the neuroretina were followed over a 16-hour period. The responses observed suggested that MTX caused a synchronization of the ventricular cells in the pre-mitotic phases with no direct inhibition of mitosis. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to MTX resulted in the accumulation of labeled pyknotic cells, indicating a decline in the regenerative capacity of the proliferative ventricular cells.
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 369-397 
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    Notes: Successive tracheal cuticles of the dorsal longitudinal trunks are studied with the electron microscope. Minor differences seen at the light microscope level are seen as major qualitative and quantitative ones at the ultrastructural level. The larval and pupal cuticles are secreted by similar epithelial cells; these possess large polytene chromosomes. Cell division and possibly cell replacement occur prior to adult cuticle secretion. The findings are discussed in terms of cell specificity, intra- and inter-cellular pattern formation. This simple epithelium, the individual cells of which are capable of producing different cuticles, is interesting since the system is also shown to be responsive to hormone application.
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    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 453-461 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Eggs of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, were incubated at constant temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C, At hatching, the oviducts were absent or incomplete in males; the testes were differentiated. In females at hatching, the oviduct was intact hut in some cases the gonad retained bisexual characteristics. Three months after hatching, the ovary was differentiated and contained follicles. Eggs incubated at 20°C and at 30°C developed into females in 100% of the cases. At 26°C, 99% of the individuals were males; at 24°C, 100% were males. More males than females developed at incubation temperatures of 22°C and 28°C.
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  • 79
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    Notes: New blastozooids of Polyzoa vesiculiphora, the polysytelid ascidian are produced by pallial budding of three types depending on the method of “isolated bud” formation; stolonic, planktonic and intermediate types. Differences among each type of bud are attributed to behavior of test-vessels composing a part of the bud. Isolated buds produced by each type are essentially equal in terms of their internal structures and their subsequent fate, and develop independently of their parent zooids. New test-vessels originate directly from the epidermis of a “prefunctional zooid,” while the test-vessels derived from the parent zooid finally disintegrate. The new test-vessels extended with branching under the ventral side of a “functional zooid,” ascend to the lateral side of it and participate in bud formation. Budding regions exist in three dimensions on the lateral wall of the mantle of the functional zooid, especially the right posterior part. During the life cycle of one functional zooid, the stolonic type buds appear at early and/or aged stages. Appearances of the stolonic type buds in early stages tend to repress those of the planktonic types. The number of planktonic type buds formed on a functional zooid at the same time is many more than that of the stolonic type. Such budding features are discussed from the viewpoint of behavior of the test-vessel system.
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 137-159 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross and microscopic anatomy of the venom producing parotoid glands of Bufo alvarius has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical reactions for the presence of venom constituents and of components in biochemical pathways in the synthesis and release of venom were performed. The gland is composed of numerous lobules. Each lobule is an individual unit with a lumen surrounded by a double cell layer. Microvilli of the outer layer interdigitate with microvilli of the inner layer. Cells of the outer layer resemble smooth muscle cells, are rich in adenosine triphosphatase and glucose6-phosphatase, and contain numerous pinocytotic vesicles, glycogen granules and various organelles, These organelles include “crystalloids” of what seem to be highly organized agranular reticulum. These outer layer cells probably function in some aspects of venom synthesis, active cellular transport and contraction in the discharge of the secretory product. The inner cell layer demonstrates a positive chromaffin reaction, contains steroid material, various organelles, some pinocytotic vesicles and glycogen granules, and appears devoid of a plasmalemma on its inner surface. This layer is probably involved in venom formation and release via an apocrine type of secretion.Bufo alvarius parotoid gland shows significant morphological and histochemical differences from that of B. marinus and more nearly resembles a typical steroid producing organ.
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 177-184 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Small local wounds on the surface of the mouse lung, produced by cauterization, healed by a typical reparative process involving c1 migration and increased cell division in alveolar and bronchial tissues. The local cell division response closely resembled the compensatory cell division response in the same organ which follows unilateral pnemnonectomy or unilateral collapse of the lung: initially there was an increase in the rate of DNA synthesis followed by an increased rate of entry into mitosis, both of these functions returning to normal levels within a few days. It is therefore suggested that both types of response are governed by a single regulatory mechanism. The results do not support the view that the rate of cell division is regulated by systemically-circulating mitotic control factors and it is proposed that changes in the cell division rate, both in the reparative and in the compensatory types of response, are determined by local alterations ill the concentration of regulatory metabolites.The magnitude of the cell division response was much greater in bronchial than in alveolar tissue. a result which is consistent with the view that new alveolar tissue may be produced by the proliferation and differentiation of bronchial cells.
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 161-176 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Larvae of the stolidobranch ascidian Metandrocarpa taylori molt a thin sheath upon settling, then metamorphose and radiate a larval complement of vascular ampullae upon the substrate. These ampullae thereafter regress, “rest” in a reduced condition for several weeks, and then regrow into the oozooids definitive array of vascular ampullae in accompaniment to the development of the oozooidal vascular nest of test-vessels. Pallial buds emerge some four months after the larva settles; the oozooid has by then grown to a length of at least 2 mm and its vascular nest is surrounded by at least 16 vascular ampullae. Oozooids bud one to five buds (mean, 2.6) in a rather short period of blastogenic vigor, then persist in the colony. Late buds are frequently aborted. Buds appear anywhere around the basal margin of the oozooid, but more often on the left than the right and more often posteriorly than anteriorly. As other studies have observed with blastozooids, this study notes an integration of budding and the disposition of the elements of the test-vessel system of oozooids. Buds emerge oriented tangentially to the parental basal margin at the bud-site, then often rotate to point their anterior ends away from the parent. No larvae metamorphosed into oozooids with situs inuersus uiscerurn, but in this study two oozooids extruded blastozooids showing this anomaly; these blastozooids budded reversed zooids in turn, so that entire clonal lines showed the anomaly.
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  • 84
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    Notes: Guinea pig soleus, medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles were compared for spindle density and distribution, number of intrafusal fibers per spindle and histochemical appearance of the axial bundle. A total of 326 spindles was used in the comparisons. Spindle density was over four times greater in the soleus than in either the medial gastrocnemius or vastus lateralis. In the soleus the spindles were distributed at random, but in the other two muscles no spindles were found in those fascicles in which fast-twitch glycolytic extrafusal fibers predominated. The average number of intrafusal fibers per spindle varied by less than 5% between the three kinds of muscles. About 80% of all spindles located had four intrafusal fibers, two of the nuclear bag type and two of the nuclear chain type. The histochemical appearance of the axial bundle was the same in each kind of muscle. Based on intensities of the myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase reaction product at polar regions nuclear bag fibers were separable into two histochemical groups; nuclear chain fibers were of only one histochemical type.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 193-207 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: To establish a morphological baseline for experimental studies of differentiation using the cement gland as a model, the following observations are added to those on record. The elongated cells of Xenopus laevis cement glands have an internal organization displaying five distinct zones differing in structure and specialized function. The apical zone contains packed secretion vesicles apparently belonging to two different types. The transit zone appears to be devoid of major biosynthetic activity and contains secretion vesicles migrating toward the surface. The zone of biosynthesis is typically organized in concentric regions. The very elongated nucleus lies in the next zone. Finally, the storage zone is characterized by lipid droplets and yolk platelets.Only quantitative differences are observed between cells of young and mature cement glands. Though all cells have the same general organization they may probably be divided into two subtypes according to the structure of their cytoplasm. The epithelial cells surrounding the gland differ according to their position along lateral or basal borders.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Morphology 148 (1976), S. 209-225 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the mature sperm of the holothurian, Cucumaria miniata, and the ophiuroid, Ophiopholis aculeata, is described with particular reference to their acrosomal and centriolar satellite complexes, and compared to the sperm of other echinoderms.In Cucumaria, the acrosome is in the form of a diffuse acrosomal vesicle. It is unusual in that it apparently lacks an acrosomal membrane. A membrane separating the acrosomal vesicle from the periacrosomal material may not be equivalent to a typical inner acrosomal membrane. In Ophiopholis, the acrosome is dense, with some internal substructure, and is enclosed by a complete acrosomal membrane. In both species, the acrosome is partially surrounded by an amorphous periacrosomal mass. There is a notable absence of a subacrosomal depression and associated structures as found in other echinoderm sperm.The centriolar satellite complex (CSC) is essentially identical in both species. A reconstruction of the CSC is presented. The CSC consists of nine satellites radiating angularly from the distal centriole, each bifurcating at a dense node before inserting on a marginal ring containing circumferential microtubules. The ring is probably a cytoskeletal element. Immediately below the satellites are nine Y-shaped connectives. connecting each of the axonemal alpha doublets to the flagellar membrane.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the dorsal bristle complex and pellicle of non-developing Euplotes eurystomus is described in detail by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The bristle-pit unit is a highly differentiated complex of organelles. The bristle complex is composed of a pair of kinetosomes (basal bodies) joined by a connective. The anterior kinetosome bears the bristle cilium, which contains a polarized network of particles (“lasiosomes”). The posterior kinetosome bears a very short, knob-like “condylocilium,” and has an associated striated fiber. Accessory ribbons of microtubules are also associated with the kinetosome couplets. Parasomal sacs, a septum connecting the bristle cilium to the anterior wall of the pit, core granules of the kinetosomes, and large membranous ampules are described. The organization of the bristle complex bears many similarities to the somatic ciliature of other ciliates. The pellicle of Euplotes is composed of a continucus outer cell membrane subtended by membranous alveoli, which contain a “fibrous mat.” Two sheets of subpellicular microtubules (longitudinal and transverse) are located just beneath the alveoli. The “epiplasm” seen in some other ciliates is apparently absent in Euplotes. The texture of the cell surface is a pattern of folds or rugae composed of the outer cell membrane and the upper membrane of the alveolus. The pattern of rugae probably defines the “silverline-system” of light microscopy.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hypotrichs are among the most complex ciliates in terms of morphology and development. To study the fine structure of cortical morphogenesis associated with cell division in Euplotes eurystomus, three different methods of observation were employed: light microscopy of protargol-stained specimens, scanning electron microscopy of cells prepared by critical point drying, and transmission electron microscopy of sectioned material. Observations on the stages of morphogenesis give much new information about cortical development, particularly about proliferation and aggregation of kinetosomes (basal bodies), ciliary outgrowth, the topography of morphogenesis, cirrus resorption, and growth of the pellicle. During the formation of new cirrus the process of kinetosome proliferation is atypical, i.e., groups of prokinetosomes are seen oriented at random and, in some cases, prokinetosomes apparently are formed at a distance from nearby young kinetosomes. That the new cirri develop in surface grooves, the grooves elongate into “tracks,” and (in some cases) grooves are partitioned into separate tracks suggests that the grooves play a role in the orderly migration of the new cirri on the cell surface. Conspicuous morphogcnctic changes in the cell surface involve local growth of the pellicle. The process of pellicle growth apparently involves two basic steps: (a) growth of the outer cell membrane to form “bare regions,” and (b) formation of alveoli in the bare regions. Alveolar sheets are formed by fusion of alveolus precursor particles. Cirrus resorption is sequential over several stages of development, and old cirri are resorbed as the new cirri impinge on them. As the old cirri regress, both in situ resorption and retraction of axonemes into the cytoplasm occur.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mature annelid cuticle contains orthogonally oriented collagen in a matrix capped superficially by a dense epicuticle with external corpuscles. The underlying epidermis is a simple columnar epithelium with two major cell types, mucous-secreting cells which secrete through channels in the cuticle to the exterior of the worm, and “supportive” cells which presumably produce and increase the cuticle by secreting into it.The structures of supportive cells, previously interpreted as specialized for establishing interfibrillar collagen order, are revealed by glutaraldehyde fixation as common cellular components without the qualities deemed useful to align collagen. Cell processes which penetrate and sometimes pass completely through the cuticle are not stable, not in geometric order, and lack cilia-like structure. Cilia, unlike the ubiquitous cellular processes, are highly restricted to regions of the epidermis with specialized functions. Cellular control, or other control, of collagen fibrillogenesis remains unestablished.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 121-137 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Early embryogenesis is described for the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi Barber, at 24 ± 1°C. During the first four hours following oviposition, the maturation divisions and syngamy are completed. Morphological changes in the second polar body accompany syngamy. Cleavage divisions and energid migration occur during the fourth to the tenth hour. The vitellophags, which appear during cleavage divisions, are distinguished from the blastema-bound nuclei by having smaller, more densely staining nuclei. After completion of a uniform blastoderm (11-14 hour), cell division ceases until the completion of the germ band and the formation of the embryonic membranes (22 hour). This species has a pattern of amnion formation that is different from most Coleoptera but is shared with a few other chrysomelids, some Isoptera, and some Odonata.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 105-119 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Each ocellar nerve in the house cricket Acheta domesticus contains giant nerve fibers of 10-15 μ diameter, characterized in Golgi Cox preparations by a single row of short collaterals which runs along nearly the entire length of a fiber. Numerous long collaterals are given off by thin fibers in the ocellar nerve; medium-size fibers give off relatively few collaterals.The lateral ocellar tracts extend posteriorly through the dorsal protocerebrum, crossing the protocerebral bridge dorsally. The smaller median ocellar tract runs more ventrally through the pars intercerebralis; posterior to the bridge its fibers turn out toward the lateral nerves. Golgi and cobalt preparations reveal branching of giant and mediu_-size ocellar fibers posterior to the bridge at two levels, forming bilateral regions of ocellar neuropile. No ocellar processes appear to be given off to the corpora pedunculata, centra! body, nervi corporis cardiaci, antenna! lobes, or circumesophageal connectives; it is uncertain whether ocellar collaterals extend into the protocerebral bridge or optic lobes. Cell bodies of giant and medium-sized fibers are located in the pars intercerebralis.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 73-103 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general morphology of the gills is similar in larval (ammocoetes) and parasitic adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, despite different methods of ventilation necessitated by their feeding habits.The gill lamellae are supported by randomly-distributed pillar cells which enclose blood spaces and collagen columns. The distribution of these cells in lampreys is different from that of higher fishes and it may be inefficient for respiratory exchange. The presence of cytoplasmic microfilaments suggests that these cells have the ability to reduce the lamellar blood spaces through contraction. Marginal channels at the tips of the lamellae are lined only by endothelial cells.The thickness of the water-blood pathway in lampreys falls within the range described for higher fishes, with the most efficient gas exchange likely occurring at the lamellar tips where only a single layer of epithelial cells is present. The abrupt increase in height of the epithelium near the lamellar bases in adults, compared to the gradual transition in height along the lamellae in ammocoetes, is perhaps reflective of higher oxygen requirements during the parasitic stage. The consistent appearance of wide, lateral intercellular spaces within the respiratory epithelium of lampreys indicates possible involvement of these spaces in transport.Mucous secretion appears to be an important function of the superficial platelet cells in ammocoetes. “Mitochondria-rich” and “mitochondria-poor” superficial cells are observed in both ammocoetes and adults, with the mitochondria-rich cells more prevalent toward the lamellar bases. The possibility that at least some of these cells may be involved in absorption is discussed. Mitochondria-rich cells in the interlamellar region are morphologically different in ammocoetes and adults but all possess an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and hence resemble “chloride cells” of higher fishes. The similarity of these cells in the parasitic adult lamprey to chloride cells of marine fishes may reflect the potential of the adult lamprey to osmoregulate in salt water. A scarcity of these cells in ammocoetes and their resemblance to chloride cells in freshwater fishes may reflect the restriction of larval lampreys to a freshwater habitat.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of antennal sense organs is common among adults of the genus Periplaneta. In three out of the four strains of Periplaneta americana examined, adult males had more contact chemoreceptors than females. In the fourth strain of P. americana and in P. australasiae, P. brunnea, P. fuliginosa, and P. japonica, no statistically supportable sexual dimorphism of contact chemoreceptors was found. However, in all strains and species of Periplaneta examined, sexual dimorphism was found in the total number and/or density of olfactory sensilla. Male adults had nearly twice as many olfactory sensilla as female adults. These observations are consistent with the behavioral observation that males within the genus Periplaneta rely on the reception of an airborne pheromone for the initiation of courtship behavior. In P. americana, where sexual dimorphism was found in the contact chemoreceptors, contact stimuli release the full wing raising display and presentation in males during courtship.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 183-197 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The main excretory ducts (MED's) from the submandibular gland of adult cats were examined by electron microscopy. The ducts consisted of a pseudostratified epithelial lining surrounded by abundant connective tissue and numerous, small, longitudinally-oriented blood vessels. The taller epithelial cells were closely coherent, without the luminal clefts between adjacent cells that are characteristic of rat MED's. In the cat, these cells lacked basal membrane specialization, but showed considerable lateral interdigitation. Some microvilli were present on the apical surface. In a'few rare cells, the luminal surface bore cilia of typical appearance. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells had irregular basal surfaces that gave rise to one or more long cytoplasmic processes. The basal surface of the pyramidal cells was studded with hemidesmosomes. The cytoplasm contained abundant tonofilaments, which sometimes aggregated in prominent perinuclear bundles. Occasional goblet cells were present in the duct wall.MED's perfused either in situ or in a perfusion chamber with Locke's solution also were studied. Even after perfusion of 160 minutes duration, the ultrastructure of the ductal epithelium showed remarkably few alterations. The MED model system thus remains stable long enough to carry out physiological experiments which may produce ultrastructural alterations.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 199-221 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The byssus attachment plaque and the tissues responsible for its formation were studied in M. califomianus by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the plaque consists of at least three phases which ultrastructurally resemble three secretions considered to be collagen, mucoid material and polyphenol. The mucoid and polyphenol appear to mix as a colloidal suspension in which the latter is the continuous phase and forms the definitive bonding surface. Plaque collagen represents an extension of thread material into the cementing substance.Stimulated secretion within the ducts and distal depression of the mussel's foot shows a continuum of increasing heterogeneity from the inner toward the outer regions. This reflects the distribution of exocrine cell apices wherein exocytosis of polyphenol granules predominate deeply, mucous granules superficially and collagen granules in between.It is proposed that the morphology of the plaque conforms to theoretical physical-chemical requirements for adhesion under water.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 159-182 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper the cranial arteries, cranial arterial foramina, and bony canals of the Cheloniidae, Chelydridae, Pelomedusidae, and Chelidae are described in detail. From skull studies and published material, the general cranial arterial patterns of all the turtle families can be inferred. Sea turtles, the Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae, possess both a large stapedial artery and a large artery supplying the orbit, which is possibly similar to the primitive cranial arterial pattern for turtles. From a primitive pattern in which stapedial and palatine arteries supply the orbit, the Chelydridae and Testudinidae retained a large stapedial artery and reduced the palatine artery, while the Kinosternidae and Dermatemydidae developed a large palatine artery and reduced the stapedial artery. The Trionychidae and probably the Carettochelyidae evolved a complex arterial pattern in which the stapedial artery was reduced somewhat and the pseudopalatine artery was substituted for the palatine artery. Pleurodires in general retained a large stapedial artery and reduced or eliminated the palatine artery. The Podocneminae, including the Madagascar species, developed a highly modified carotid canal, which is found in no other turtle group. The facts which have been presented should aid in fossil skull studies and in understanding the evolutionary background of recent turtles.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ethidium bromide (l0 μg/ml) and bromodeoxyuridine (25 μg/ml) were used to sensitize selective cell organelles to visible wavelengths of an argon ion Her (488 and 514 nanometers). Ethidium bromide was shown to be salabtlve In sensitizing nucleoli, chromosomes, and the centriolar region of PTK2 cells to the laser microbeam. Similarly, BrDU sensitized chromosomes to the microbeam irradiation. The lesions produced on the chromosomes when either agent was used appeared as a phase paling of the irradiated segment. Nucleolar lesions also appeared as a phase paling, and the centriolar region alteration appeared either as a phase paling or a phase darkening.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 100
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    Journal of Morphology 149 (1976), S. 547-565 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The labial gland of the adult sphingid moth, Manduca sexta, is composed of five distinct regions, each made of a single cellular type. Four of these regions are derivatives of the single specialized cellular population that makes up the caterpillar labial duct.Both the larval labial duct and its derivatives are large, polyploid cells with pleiomorphic nuclei. There is a definite cellular continuity between the larval and adult forms of these cells throughout metamorphosis; no mitoses or cell deaths are seen to occur in the gland during transformation.Cytological studies indicate that in the process of cell transformation the ducts first “dedifferentiate,” elongate, then redifferentiate. Intermediates in this process have well defined structures which should make this system useful in studying covert events in the transformation process.
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