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  • General Chemistry  (809)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (723)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (321)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Seismology
  • 1975-1979  (2,114)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1975  (2,114)
Collection
Years
  • 1975-1979  (2,114)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Taipei, Elsevier, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 55-70, pp. TC1002, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Waves ; caustics ; Synthetic seismograms ; Hilbert transform ; BSSA
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  • 2
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    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 10, no. 24, pp. 12-48, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Seismology ; Review article ; Velocity depth profile ; PEPI ; Dziewonski
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  • 3
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    In:  Veröff. Zentr. Inst. Phys. d. Erde, Berlin, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. E1, no. 31, pp. 63-74, pp. B04310, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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  • 4
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    Zaklad Geofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk
    In:  Materialy I Prace, Warszawa, Zaklad Geofizyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 456, pp. 2103, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location
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  • 5
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 65, no. 5652, pp. 235-244, pp. L12S09, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Lg-waves ; CRUST ; Shear waves ; BSSA
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  • 6
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Tokyo University, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1073-1096, pp. 2265, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismology ; Source parameters ; Source ; Magnitude ; seismic Moment ; BSSA ; FROTH ; (abstract)
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  • 7
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 4904-4916, pp. L09610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Attenuation ; Rayleigh waves ; JGR
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  • 8
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    In:  J. Geophys., Würzburg, Physica-Verlag, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 149-172, pp. L24313, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Synthetic seismograms ; Seismology ; Reflectivity ; Mueller ; Muller
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  • 9
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    Noordhoff
    In:  NATO Advanced Study Institute series, series E, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 681-692, pp. 2371
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Detectors
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  • 10
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    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research, Jena, Scientific American, vol. 80, no. B9, pp. 619-625, pp. B09309, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Spectrum ; Power spectrum ; Spectral estimation ; Maximum entropy ; JGR
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  • 11
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Exploitation of Seismograph Networks, Leiden, The Netherlands, Springer, vol. 1, no. XVI:, pp. 297-310, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic arrays ; Polarization ; Three component data ; High frequency ...
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  • 12
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Warszawa, Elsevier, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 1385, pp. 2382, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; BSSA
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  • 13
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    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Luxembourg, U.S. Geological Survey, vol. 10, no. 3-4, pp. 12-48, pp. B05309, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Physical properties of rocks ; Seismology ; PEPI ; Dziewonski
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  • 14
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 1287-1313, pp. B04203, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Intensity ; Source parameters ; BSSA
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  • 15
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 323-342, pp. 8010, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Dispersion ; Surface waves ; Love-waves ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Seismology ; BSSA
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  • 16
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 1429-1443, pp. 8010, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Tectonics ; Seismology ; JGR
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  • 17
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Bonn, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 65, no. 3-5, pp. 261-276, pp. 1056, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake ; Source ; BSSA
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  • 18
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 3322-3342
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Source ; JGR
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  • 19
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    Noordhoff
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Exploitation of seismograph networks, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 65, no. XVI:, pp. 205-218, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Filter- ; Seismic arrays ; Wave number analys.
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  • 20
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    In:  Gerlands Beitr. Geophys., London, AGU, vol. 84, no. B6, pp. 501-508, pp. B02408, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Review article ; Seismology ; Elasticity ; Elasticity theory of dislocations
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  • 21
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    National Academy of Science
    In:  Washington, D. C., National Academy of Science, vol. 15, (ISBN 0-521-81734-X)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake sociological and political aspects
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  • 22
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    Nauka
    In:  Moscow, Nauka, vol. 54, no. XVI:, pp. 158-164, (ISBN: 3486274473, 2. Auflage 2004, xxiv, 244 Seiten)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Source ; Seismology ; Source ; Mechanics ; of ; Tectonic ; Earthquakes
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  • 23
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Luxembourg, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1631-1642, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismic networks ; NOISE ; Detectors ; NOR ; BSSA
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  • 24
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Roma, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 995-1012, pp. B09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Filter- ; Detectors ; Body waves ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; BSSA
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  • 25
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    Noordhoff
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Exploitation of Seismograph Networks, NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Leiden, Noordhoff, vol. 11, no. XVI:, pp. 79-83, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Broad-band ; Seismic arrays ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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  • 26
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    Inst. f. Meteorol. und Geophys., Univ. Frankfurt/Main
    In:  Dissertation, Berichte, Bonn, Inst. f. Meteorol. und Geophys., Univ. Frankfurt/Main, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 29, pp. 31-35, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Location ; Seismicity
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  • 27
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    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 1115-1128, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; Statistical investigations ; Surface waves ; Inelastic ; Attenuation ; BSSA
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  • 28
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    In:  Earthquake Notes, Zagreb, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 29-39, pp. L02307, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Publication Date: 1975
    Keywords: Seismology ; P-waves ; Shear waves ; Source parameters ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Review article ; Handbook of geophysics
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 183-210
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  • 30
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role played by individual citizens as consumers of energy was examined, with emphasis on studying ways in which their action could result in energy conservation. It was shown that there are ways that energy can be conserved in this way, with citizens acting either individually or in groups. The potential savings are significant, but the actual savings may be quite small. The citizens need to be motivated to save and to believe in a conservation ethic; developing such an ethic is difficult, and perhaps not responsive to the shotgun approach now being attempted. The true course of action may be to synthesize new societal structures that provide the maximum evolution of culture within the limitation of scarce energy resources.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 16 p
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  • 31
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Selected energy conservation actions previously discussed in depth but separately in the areas of the energy industry, the industry sector, the transportation sector, and the residential and commercial sector, were brought together and assessed as a group. Particular emphasis was devoted to identifying secondary or indirect impacts and multiple interactions. Preliminary results obtained from the ECASTAR energy input-output model suggest that the impacts of energy conservation actions can be grossly misrepresented if secondary impacts are not included in the assessment. A methodology which stresses the importance of secondary and multiple interactions permeates the underlying philosophy of this discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. 16p (SEE N76-21686 12-44)
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energy consumption in the United States has risen in response to both increasing population and to increasing levels of affluence. Depletion of domestic energy reserves requires consumption modulation, production of fossil fuels, more efficient conversion techniques, and large scale transitions to non-fossile fuel energy sources. Widening disparity between the wealthy and poor nations of the world contributes to trends that increase the likelihood of group action by the lesser developed countries to achieve political and economic goals. The formation of anticartel cartels is envisioned.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Future Environment; 39 p
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  • 33
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The historical uses of hydrogen are described along with potential new uses which could develop as a result of the diminishing supply of conventional fossil fuels such as natural gas. A perspective view of hydrogen, both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel, is necessary to understand its relationship to the overall national energy projections. These projections, which show energy usage in terms of use sectors, forms of energy, and sources of energy, do not specifically identify hydrogen as a component of the energy system. By superimposing the traditional roles upon the new opportunities for hydrogen on the energy projections, the role of hydrogen and future projections is developed within the context of the national energy projections. Use, supply, and other factors affecting application are interrelated and are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 47 p
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  • 34
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general gas cost equation for utility financing is presented. Modifications and assumptions made in order to apply the cost equation to hydrogen production are described. Cost data are given for various methods of hydrogen production. The cost matrix procedure is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 35
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The future role of hydrogen is considered. Specific factors discussed include: storage, transmission, and distribution problems; materials compatibility and safety; environmental and social implications of increased hydrogen usage; and the economics related to expanding hydrogen use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 21 p
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of captive hydrogen (produced and consumed on site) and merchant hydrogen (externally supplied) is considered. A low-merchant-captive ratio market and a high-merchant-captive ratio market are described and compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 37
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tables covering the selling price of hydrogen as a function of each process temperature studied are presented. Estimated selling price, based on capital costs and operating and maintenance costs, is included. In all cases, no credit was given for the methane component of hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 38
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production from coal by hydrogasification is described. The process involves the solubilization of coal to form coal liquids, which are hydrogasified to produce synthetic pipeline gas; steam reforming this synthetic gas by a nuclear heat source produces hydrogen. A description is given of the hydrogen plant, its performance, and its effect on the environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 8 p
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  • 39
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comparison was made between the environmental impact of the present nuclear-heated process and the currently commercial hydrogen-producing process utilizing coal for heating, i.e., the Lurgi coal gasification process. This comparison is based on the assumption that both plants produce the same quantity of H2, i.e., 269 cu m/sec of approximately the same purity, that all pollution abatement equipment is of the same design and efficiency for both the Lurgi process and the nuclear process, and that the energy required for the fresh nuclear fuel and the fuel recycle is generated in a power plant which is also provided with pollution abatement equipment. The pollution caused by the auxiliary units is also taken into account. As regards process water usage, the data show that the water required for the nuclear route, including the nuclear fuel production, is approximately 78% of that required for the Lurgi route.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 15 p
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  • 40
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen from coal by hydrogasification and subsequent steam hydrocarbon reforming was studied. Process heat and power requirements are supplied by an HTGR. The process is examined as a function of a maximum reforming (process) temperature of 922 K (1200 F) to 1367 K (2000 F). The major parameters for the five cases selected are summarized in a table. A fixed thermal capacity of 3000 MW for the HTGR heat source was used as a basis. The resulting hydrogen production rates and the corresponding hydrogen purity are also given in a table.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 96 p
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems related to: (1) high helium outlet temperature of the reactor, and (2) gas generator design used in hydrogen production are studied. Special attention was given to the use of Oklahoma coal in the gasification process. Plant performance, operation, and environmental considerations are covered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The various ways in which energy may be conserved by individual citizens as consumers were explored. The following barriers against citizens implementing an effective conservation program were described: credibility gap between producers and consumers, consumptive lifestyles, inverted rate structure, low fuel costs, and initial costs compared to life cycle costs. The following indices for saving energy were identified: time to develop alternatives, scarcity of fuels, reduction of dependence on imports, and decreasing environmental pollution. The various approaches to encourage energy conservation by individuals were described, followed by specific conclusions and recommendations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 42-49
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thirty sectors included in the ECASTAR energy input-output model were listed. Five of these belong to energy producing sectors, fifteen to manufacturing industries, two to residential and commercial sectors, and eight to service industries. The model is capable of tracing impacts of an action in three dimensions: dollars, BTU's of energy, and labor. Four conservation actions considered were listed and then discussed separately, dealing with the following areas: increase in fuel efficiency, reduction in fuel used by the transportation and warehousing group, manufacturing of smaller automobiles, and a communications/transportation trade-off.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 15-20
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  • 44
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principal objective of the present work is to identify a variety of strategic approaches which could significantly enhance the rate of commercial development and deployment of total energy systems, fuel cells, and solar conversion. Emphasis is on the need for integration of research, conference, legislation, federal program, and industrial program aspects, leading to a fruitful feedback and follow-through process involving new energy technologies. The discussions are on a general, lay level. Recommendations made feature (1) action which improves the environment for innovation and change, (2) action which decreases risk and creates positive incentives, and (3) action which reflects the distance a particular technology is from commercialization and widespread use, as determined by its position on a development/diffusion scale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laser radiation could possibly provide a feasible approach for the transmission of energy between stations and vehicles in space and on earth. The transmitted energy could be used for the operational requirements of the receiving space station, lunar base, or spacecraft. In addition, laser energy could also be employed to provide power for the propulsion of vehicles in space. The present status of development regarding the various technological areas involved in an implementation of these objectives is examined, taking into account the possibility of further advances needed to satisfy the technical requirements. Attention is given to laser-induced chemistry for converting the radiation energy into chemical energy. Other subjects considered are related to photovoltaics, optical diodes, thermo-electronics, laser rockets, and photon engines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; July-Aug
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following six highly energy intensive industries were studied as targets of energy conservation opportunity: food and kindred products, paper and allied products, chemicals and allied products, petroleum and coal products, stone, glass and clay products, and primary manufacturing. After studying conservation actions within each industry the actions were grouped under three broad categories: increased combustion efficiency, process improvement, and good housekeeping. Some of the results were: (1) approximately 2.18 quads could be saved in 1980 and 2.57 quads in 1985 by installing cogenerative facilities in 50% of the industries, (2) regenerative air-preheaters could result in a 10-15% increase in furnace efficiency representing a 15-25% fuel savings (2.3 to 3.9 quads in 1980 and 2.7 to 4.5 quads in 1985), (3) several major industries have potential for energy savings by recycling-aluminum (0.2 quads), steel (1 quad), glass (0.006 quads), paper and cement (0.08 quads).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 14 p
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  • 47
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology of ECASTAR was presented and a discussion of the application of technology to energy conservation was given. This methodology constitutes an overview and blueprint for the analysis of energy conservation actions, and is subdivided into the following sections: the systems approach, constraints and criteria, application of the method (systems approach display, ECASTAR team, study phases and objectives, requirements and impacts, trade-off, integration, and feedback), an example of the method (technology applications).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 30 p
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Brief descriptions are given of some of the present and future uses of hydrogen. Industrial synthesis, process uses, and applications to other sectors of the national economy are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Research activities in the hydrogen energy field in the European community are reviewed. Countries included in the discussion are: Austria, Belgium, England, Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The three strategies considered as energy conservation oriented were given: national energy conservation, electrification, and diversification. The first one applies to the near term period (now-1985), the second one to the mid term (1985-2000), and the third one to the far term (2000- ). The rest of this section was focussed on the near term period. The following proposed actions were considered: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal, (3) freeze gasoline production for three years at 1972 levels, (4) mandate automobile mileage requirements, (5) require industry to improve energy efficiency, and (6) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency. Each of these six actions was described and discussed in more detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 20-30
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology used for the ECASTAR study was described. A systems approach was utilized, in conjunction with the following tools: input/output economic analysis, net economics, and net energetics. Some of the considerations between the objective of ECASTAR, which is to assess the potential for and impacts of various energy conservation actions, were listed. These include: data base, constraints and criteria, identification and classification of energy conservation actions, relationship between actions of the conservation sector and requirements of other sectors, evaluation of actions with respect to constraints and criteria, evaluation of impacts of energy conservation actions, and presentation of the results. Each one of these topics was discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 10-15
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Relatively good GaAs solar cells can be made from poor-quality substrates by making the junction deep (greater than 1 micron) instead of shallow and by 'leaching' both the pGaAs and nGaAs regions during the growth process. AM0 efficiencies of 14.7% (19% AM1) have been obtained from substrates with starting substrate diffusion lengths of 0.6 micron.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 27; Oct. 15
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  • 53
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A historical background on windmill use, the nature of wind, wind conversion system technology and requirements, the economics of wind power and comparisons with alternative systems, data needs, technology development needs, and an implementation plan for wind energy are presented. Considerable progress took place during the 1950's. Most of the modern windmills feature a wind turbine electricity generator located directly at the top of their rotor towers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 54
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed theoretical analysis of an n-on-p graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell yields a maximum air mass zero power conversion efficiency of 17% compared to 9% for a similar GaAs cell. The analysis includes surface and bulk minority carrier recombination, junction recombination current, spectrally varying surface reflection, and series resistance loss. The maximum efficiency is determined for a surface recombination velocity of 10,000 cm/sec and hole and electron diffusion lengths of 2.1 and 7.6 microns, respectively. The improved efficiency is primarily due to a built-in electric field, caused by the band-gap gradation, accelerating photogenerated holes toward the p-n junction. This field reduces the surface and bulk recombination of the holes, and thereby enhances their collection.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 26; Apr. 15
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  • 55
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA's Role in Terrest. Energy R&T; 61 p
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of residential energy use, solar-energy technology for buildings, and the requirements for implementing technology in the housing industry led to a project to develop a solar water heater for apartments. A design study for a specific apartment was used to establish a solar water-heater cost model which is based on plumbing contractor bids and manufacturer estimates. The cost model was used to size the system to minimize the annualized cost of hot water. The annualized cost of solar-assisted gas-energy water heating is found to be less expensive than electric water heating but more expensive than gas water heating. The feasibility of a natural gas utility supplying the auxiliary fuel is evaluated. It is estimated that gas-utilizing companies will find it profitable to offer solar water heating as part of a total energy service option or on a lease basis when the price of new base-load supplies of natural gas reaches $2.50-$3.00 per million Btu.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification was chosen for an assessment of conservation impact because it is almost the sole consumer of coal and nuclear power, and because electrical end use can be made to have higher overall efficiency than many present direct fuel uses. The important actions within electrification that were examined are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission), and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs.) A list of recommendations relating to the study of electrification was given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 25 p
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of the energy implications of the transportation systems in the United States was illustrated, with primary emphasis on the technologies and methods for achieving a substantial reduction in the associated energy price (approximately 25% of the nation's energy is consumed directly in the operation of these systems). These technologies may be classified as follows: (1) improvement of system efficiency (system operations or technological), (2) substitution for scarce energy resources (electrification, alternate fuels, use of man power, recycling), (3) curtailment of end use (managed population growth rate, education of citizenry, alternatives to personal transportation, improved urban planning, reduced travel incentives). Examples and illustrations were given. Thirty-four actions were chosen on the basis of a preliminary filtering process with the objective of: (1) demonstrating a methodological approach to arrive at logical and consistent conservation action packages, (2) recommending a viable and supportable specific set of actions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 26 p
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  • 59
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were discussed: conservation history and goals, conservation modes, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The conservation modes tested fall into one of the following categories: reduced energy consumption, increased efficiency of energy utilization, or substitution of one or more forms of energy for another which is in shorter supply or in some sense thought to be of more value. The conservation accounting criteria include net energy reduction, economic, and technical criteria. A method to overcome obstacles includes (approaches such as: direct personal impact (life style, income, security, aspiration), an element of crisis, large scale involvement of environmental, safety, and health issues, connections to big government, big business, big politics, involvement of known and speculative science and technology, appeal to moral and ethical standards, the transient nature of opportunities to correct the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A political economic purview of energy conservation in the United States was delineated. The concepts of substitution and elasticity are distinguished, and further distinctions are made between short run price elasticity, cross price elasticity, and available fund elasticity. An assessment of the role which cost factors can play in conservation is given. The structure of the petroleum industry and foreign petroleum resources is discussed. Also discussed is the role of government, industry and the consumer with the economic sphere.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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  • 61
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting the use of hydrogen are discussed. These include: efficiency, economics, and environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on the state of development of the technologies of hydrogen production, handling, and use. The needs and deficiencies in the present technologies and the ability to meet these needs effectively are considered in detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of hydrogen is related to energy consumption because hydrogen is primarily used as a feedstock in petroleum processing and in the manufacture of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals. National energy scenarios are selected as a basis for projecting how much hydrogen will be required for established uses and how these quantities might be affected by new energy system uses for hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A methodology was presented for a systems approach to energy conservation, where conservation was depicted as the result of any action that improves the energy situation of the United States in the present and near future. The relevant constraints and criteria and their application were discussed. Among the most important are the present (capitalistic) structure of the American economy, the lead times necessary for implementation of relevant technologies, and the desire of most policymakers to maintain a reasonable standard of living with a reasonable amount of invulnerability to foreign discretion. The objective of the design group was the assessment of the potential and impact of conservation action in the United States. The U.S. economy was divided into four sectors: energy industry, industry, residential/commercial, and transportation. Each sector was analyzed for conservation actions and their impacts. The sector analysis was characterized as the system design or construction phase.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 13 p
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A set of energy conservation actions that cut across all sectors of the economy were analyzed so that all actions under consideration be analyzed systematically and as a whole. The actions considered were as follows: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) freeze gasoline production for 3 years at 1972 levels, (3) mandate automobile mileage improvements, (4) require industry to improve energy efficiency, (5) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency, (6) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal. The results showed that considerable gas and oil would be saved by forcing switches to coal. However, the large scale switch to coal was shown to require greatly increased outputs from many other industries that in turn require more energy. It was estimated that nearly 2.5 quads of additional coal were needed to produce these additional requirements. Also, the indirect requirements would create more jobs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 33 p
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Summary tables are given for the domestic consumption of hydrogen. Data cover chemicals, refinery operations, steelmaking, and synthetic fuels. Data show major consumption to be in the area of synthetic fuel production from coal and oil shale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen by steam-methane reforming is discussed. Data cover production capacity, heat sources, reformer process conditions, shift conversion, and purification.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 67
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diversification, intended to underly the far term of the energy conservation program, was defined to imply conservation through substitution for scarce energy resources by maximizing the total number of viable energy system types in every sector. The following requirements or aspects of diversification that must be studied were given: fuel mix and end use patterns for various alternative diversification plans, current status of diversification, advantages and disadvantages of diversification, constraints and criteria, diversification actions and their controls, and means for implementing the chosen diversification strategy. The following advantages resulting from diversification were described: competition, crisis-related situations, local energy production, decentralized plant locations, long range energy policy, and environmental overloads. The major criteria by which a diversification program should be judged, the major constraints affecting the approaches, and the road to diversification, were elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 37-42
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  • 68
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were reviewed in order to place the problems in proper perspective: history and goals, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The effect of changing prices and available supplies of energy sources and their causes on consumption levels during the last few decades were described. Some examples of attainable conservation goals were listed and justified. A number of specific criteria applicable to conservation accounting were given. Finally, a discussion was presented to relate together the following aspects of energy conservation: widespread impact, involvement of government, industry, politics, moral and ethical aspects, urgency and time element.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 4-10
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 21-36
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The concept of energy source diversification was introduced as a substitution conservation action. The current status and philosophy behind a diversification program is presented in the context of a national energy policy. Advantages, disadvantages (constraints), and methods of implementation for diversification are discussed. The energy source systems for diversification are listed and an example impact assessment is outlined which deals with the water requirements of the specific energy systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 15 p
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed analysis of energy conservation actions relevant to the residential and commercial sector has led to the conclusion that the potential for savings is great. The task will not be easy, however, since many of the actions require significant life style changes that are difficult to accomplish. Furthermore, many of the conservation actions cited as instant solutions to the energy crisis are those with only mid to long term potential, such as solar energy or heat pumps. Three significant conservation approaches are viable: adjusting price structure, mandating actions, and educating consumers. The first two appear to be the most feasible. But they are not without a price. Higher utility bills adversely affect the poor and the elderly on fixed incomes. Likewise, strict mandatory measures can be quite distasteful. But the effect of alternatives, such as voluntary savings accomplished through education processes, is minimal in a nation without a true conservation ethic.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 22 p
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic energy supply and utilization problems faced by the United States were described. Actions which might alleviate the domestic shortfall of petroleum and natural gas are described, analyzed and overall impacts are assessed. Specific actions included are coal gasification, in situ shale oil production, improved oil and gas recovery, importation of liquid natural gas and deregulation of natural gas prices. These actions are weighed against each other as alternate techniques of alleviating or overcoming existing shortfalls.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 11 p
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Materials problems are examined that may be encountered within a hydrogen energy system. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion, oxidation, and erosion. Other factors discussed include: degradation of mechanical properties of structural alloys, system reliability, and maintenance costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Types of storage techniques available are described in terms of their present as well as future potential for liquid hydrogen storage. Examples are given and areas for further technology development are defined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 11 p
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thermochemical production of hydrogen is described along with the HYDRGN computer program which attempts to rate the various thermochemical cycles. Specific thermochemical cycles discussed include: iron sulfur cycle; iron chloride cycle; and hybrid sulfuric acid cycle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 15 p
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The state of hydrogen production technology is evaluated. Specific areas discussed include: hydrogen production fossil fuels; coal gasification processes; electrolysis of water; thermochemical production of hydrogen; production of hydrogen by solar energy; and biological production of hydrogen. Supply options are considered along with costs of hydrogen production.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 25 p
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Conclusions are presented according to general areas of technology with some specific examples of research and technology needs identified. These conclusions provide a base for the future development of detailed program plans and identify research needs that are not being given attention or are not being supported at a sufficient level. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen production and use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 78
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of process temperature (reforming temperature) on the overall hydrogen production process were examined. These effects are principally confined to the hydrogen production and the hydrogen purification processing units.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 13 p
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  • 79
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The capital cost estimate for the nuclear process heat source (NPHS) plant was made by: (1) using costs from the current commercial HTGR for electricity production as a base for items that are essentially the same and (2) development of new estimates for modified or new equipment that is specifically for the process heat application. Results are given in tabular form and cover the total investment required for each process temperature studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production by electrolytic decomposition of water is explained. Power efficiency, efficient energy utilization, and costs were emphasized. Four systems were considered: two were based on current electrolyzer technology using present efficiency values for electrical generation by fossil fired and nuclear thermal stations, and two using projected electrolyzer technology with advanced fossil and nuclear plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 81
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A thermochemical water splitting process, the Ispra Mark-10 chemical reaction cycle, was chosen for examining the possibility of using water to produce hydrogen on a large scale for fuel and major industrial chemical uses. The assumed energy source for the process is an HTGR (helium cooled). A process flow diagram, a material balance, and an energy balance were developed for the thermochemical reaction cycle. Principal reactions which constitute the cycle are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 52 p
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Advantages and disadvantages of using the Lurgi gasification process to produce hydrogen from Oklahoma coal are listed. Special attention was given to the production of heat for the process; heat is generated by burning part of pretreated coal in the steam generator. Overall performance of the Lurgi process is summarized in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 83
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification, intended to provide a basis for the mid term period of the energy conservation program, was defined as a set of actions and/or policies that leads to an increasing proportion of total energy used in the form of electricity. The important actions within electrification are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission) and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs). The following areas were discussed: increased power generation from coal action, increased use of nuclear power action, improved operation of public utilities action, actions to be taken in industry, transportation and residential/commercial areas. The various ways in which electrification leads to energy conservation were clarified, and a number of specific recommendations relative to electrification were suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 30-37
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Bibliography, up to 1974 inclusive, of articles and books on utilization of wind power in energy generation. Worldwide literature is surveyed, and short abstracts are provided in many cases. The citations are grouped by subject: (1) general; (2) utilization; (3) wind power plants; (4) wind power generators (rural, synchronous, remote station); (5) wind machines (motors, pumps, turbines, windmills, home-built); (6) wind data and properties; (7) energy storage; and (8) related topics (control and regulation devices, wind measuring devices, blade design and rotors, wind tunnel simulation, aerodynamics). Gross-referencing is aided by indexes of authors, corporate sources, titles, and keywords.
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Development, fabrication and applications of CdS solar cells are reviewed in detail. The suitability of CdS cells for large solar panels and microcircuitry, and their low cost, are emphasized. Developments are reviewed by manufacturer-developer. Vapor phase deposition of thin-film solar cells, doping and co-evaporation, sputtering, chemical spray, and sintered layers are reviewed, in addition to spray deposition, monograin layer structures, and silk screening. Formation of junctions by electroplating, evaporation, brushing, CuCl dip, and chemiplating are discussed, along with counterelectrode fabrication, VPD film structures, the Cu2S barrier layer, and various photovoltaic effects (contact photovoltage, light intensity variation, optical enhancement), and various other CdS topics.
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 197-201
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  • 87
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    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 13-20
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 59-68
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  • 89
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A group of ternary compound semiconductor (I-III-VI2) thin films for future applications in photovoltaic devices is proposed. The consideration of these materials (CuInSe2, CuInTe2 and especially CuInS2) for long range device development is emphasized. Much of the activity to date has been concerned with the growth and properties of CuInX2 films. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses, Hall mobility and coefficient, resistivity and carrier concentration variations with substrate and film temperature as well as grain size data have been determined. Both p- and n-type films of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 have been produced. Single and double source deposition techniques have been utilized. Some data have been recorded for annealed films.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 678-695
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The previously developed technique of a sandwich coating for silicon crystallinity enhancement in silicon films deposited at low temperature is applied to graphite substrates. The measured increase in silicon crystallinity is comparable to that observed earlier using a quartz substrate. The distribution of aluminum in the silicon films is determined using Auger spectroscopic depth profiling. Carbon diffusion from the substrate into the silicon film is shown to be negligible at a substrate temperature of 600 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 639-660
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  • 91
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent developments at JPL have demonstrated that high conversion efficiencies are found with GaAs metal semiconductor solar cells when a particular heat treatment processing step is used to introduce an interfacial layer between the metal and the semiconductor. The new cell, called AMOS (Antireflection-Coated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor), has open circuit voltages of 0.68-0.72 volts and efficiencies of 15% under terrestrial sunlight, as compared to values of 0.45-0.48 volts and 10%, respectively, for similar cells without an interfacial layer. Potentially higher efficiencies are feasible as further improvements are made in optimizing the interfacial layer effect and in increasing the blue response of the cells. A thin film AMOS cell is proposed that uses a thin recrystallized germanium (Ge) layer between a low cost metal substrate and the vapor phase epitaxially (VPE)-grown GaAs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 533-547
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Si reduction, purification and sheet generation work has been concentrated on gaining information about a reduction process combined with purification (higher purity arc furnace with gas blowing and gradient freezing), transport process with purification and polycrystal sheet growth potential (SiF2), plastic deformation for sheet generation, and float zone sheet recrystallization.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 172-193
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  • 93
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The technical feasibility of using the corona discharge technique as a means for producing efficient silicon solar cells is elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 387-398
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A combined photovoltaic/thermal collector has been built and is now being tested. Initial tests have concentrated on evaluating the thermal efficiency of the collector before and after the silicon cells are mounted. With likely improvements in bonding between cells and receiver and in the absorptivity of the cells, thermal efficiencies greater than 50% can be expected for the combined receiver operating at 100 C.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 297-309
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  • 95
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A demonstration program is reported that defines solar terrestrial photovoltaic systems as power sources for DOD applications by developing requirements and implementation plans for each demonstration project. Evaluation criteria emphasize military market potential and military advantages.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 232-249
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The economic production of silicon solar cell arrays circumvents p-n junction degradation by nuclear doping, in which the Si-30 transmutes to P-31 after thermal neutron capture. Also considered are chemical purity specifications for improved silicon bulk states, surface induced states, and surface states.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 56-103
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A chemical spray process for the production of thin film CdS-Cu2S solar cells is discussed that is projected to cost less than $60/kW in very large scale production. The average efficiency of these cells has been improved from less than 0.3% in 1971 about 4.5% at present. Further developments for the process are considered to raise the efficiency, and to attain long life stability.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 404-415
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of a compound parabolic concentrator as field collector, in conjunction with a primary focusing concentrator for photovoltaic applications is studied. The primary focusing concentrator can be a parabolic reflector, an array of Fresnel mirrors, a Fresnel lens or some other lens. Silicon solar cell grid structures are proposed that increase efficiency with concentration up to 10 suns. A ray tracing program has been developed to determine energy distribution at the exit of a compound parabolic concentrator. Projected total cost of a CPC/solar cell system will be between 4 and 5 times lower than for flat plate silicon cell arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 279-296
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: General problems relating to the basic understanding of CdS/Cu2S solar cell operation, to material aspects of the cell and to manufacturing methods and cell engineering are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 400-403
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  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of a reactively sputtered thin film CdS - Cu2S solar cell is proven. Identification of the reactively sputtered Cu2S film is made by X-ray diffractometer and spectro-transmission measurements. Because of its simplicity, economical use of material, and high yield, the reactive sputtering process promises to be a low cost method for producing CdS - Cu2S solar cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 1st ERDA Semiann. Solar Photovoltaic Conversion Program Conf.; p 461-474
    Format: application/pdf
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