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  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,182)
  • General Chemistry  (1,021)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (549)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (332)
  • 1970-1974  (3,084)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1972  (3,084)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (3,084)
  • 1910-1914
Year
  • 101
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    Fabry lens. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the properties, operation, and applications of the Fabry lens. As used in stellar photometry, a Fabry lens is nothing more than a simple converging lens inserted into the optical train of a photometer to construct an image of the objective on the photomultiplier cathode. The thereby derived advantages are reviewed, and some techniques designed to maximize these advantages are outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 102
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    Imp 5 magnetic-field measurements in the high-latitude outer magnetosphere near the noon meridian. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of Imp 5 magnetic-field measurements at geomagnetic latitudes up to 75 deg and at distances beyond six earth radii, revealing the permanent existence of a broad depressed field region centered on the polar or dayside cusp. Field strengths at seven earth radii on cusp field lines that connect to the earth are typically only 50 to 70% of that of an undistorted dipole field. The transition region between the magnetosheath and the point where the fields are clearly of dipolar origin is characterized by large-amplitude fluctuations and the lack of a clear magnetopause boundary. Magnetic-field perturbations are observed in the cusp region with magnitudes up to 45 gamma and in directions that are approximately perpendicular to the average field. These perturbations are suggestive of field-aligned currents, and their magnitudes are consistent with the low-altitude measurements obtained on polar-orbiting spacecraft.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 103
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    Analog simulation of a gas pressure regulator. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior characteristics of direct-acting gas pressure regulators are discussed in terms of spring force, flow force, and friction force. The dynamics of the metering valve and bellows assembly are described by equating all forces on the valve to zero. Continuity equations for the regulator are derived. Simulations are carried out to determine effects of sensing orifice diameter, poppet stem friction, output volume, and supply pressure on regulator behavior. Several regulator configurations are studied.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 104
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    Internal structure of the geomagnetic neutral sheet. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the internal structure of the neutral sheet in the geomagnetic tail has been made from data obtained by the NASA-GSFC magnetic-field experiment on the Explorer 34 spacecraft during its tail passage in the first half of 1968. The data used in the analysis are individual measurements of the vector magnetic field at 2.56-sec intervals. The experimental results consist of statistical studies of relevant properties of the magnetic field as a function of field magnitude. The results do not support nearly one-dimensional field models with characteristic lengths for field variation parallel to the neutral sheet much larger than the neutral-sheet width. The principal conclusion from the data points toward consistency with a quasi-periodic (possibly turbulent) structure with a tendency to formation of magnetic loops as one might expect from stability studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Jan. 1
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  • 105
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    Airborne optical detection of oil on water. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Airborne measurements were made over controlled oil-spill test sites to evaluate various techniques, utilizing reflected sunlight, for detecting oil on water. The results of these measurements show that (1) maximum contrast between oil and water is in the UV and red portions of the spectrum; (2) minimum contrast is in the blue-green; (3) differential polarization appears to be a very promising technique; (4) no characteristic absorption bands, which would permit one oil to be distinguished from another, were discovered in the spectral regions measured; (5) sky conditions greatly influence the contrast between oil and water; and (6) highest contrast was achieved under overcast sky conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Jan. 197
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  • 106
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    Bureau and agency reports (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A summary of the work done by Geography and Human-Cultural Resources Work Group on EROS resources management program is given. Work covers archeological surveys, outdoor recreational planning, and engineering studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Sapcecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 12 p
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  • 107
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    Remote sensing of wet lands in irrigated areas (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of airborne remote sensing techniques to: (1) detect drainage problem areas, (2) delineate the problem in terms of areal extent, depth to the water table, and presence of excessive salinity, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of existing subsurface drainage facilities, is discussed. Experimental results show that remote sensing, as demonstrated in this study and as presently constituted and priced, does not represent a practical alternative as a management tool to presently used visual and conventional photographic methods in the systematic and repetitive detection and delineation of wetlands.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 10 p
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  • 108
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    Calibration of small gauge thermocouples. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to dynamically calibrate fine wire thermocouples of 0.025 mm diam and smaller to 1625 K in less than 10 sec. In this method, the varying physical parameters present under typical dynamic heating conditions are simulated, and therefore, wire deterioration can be related to time, temperature, pressure, and atmosphere. A description of the equipment and procedures is given along with the preliminary results that correlate well with thermoelectric theory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 109
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    Cameras on the moon with Apollos 15 and 16. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of the cameras used for photography and television by Apollo 15 and 16 missions, covering a hand-held Hasselblad camera for black and white panoramic views at locations visited by the astronauts, a special stereoscopic camera designed by astronomer Tom Gold, a 16-mm movie camera used on the Apollo 15 and 16 Rovers, and several TV cameras. Details are given on the far-UV camera/spectrograph of the Apollo 16 mission. An electronographic camera converts UV light to electrons which are ejected by a KBr layer at the focus of an f/1 Schmidt camera and darken photographic films much more efficiently than far-UV. The astronomical activity of the Apollo 16 astronauts on the moon, using this equipment, is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Mercury; 1; Mar
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  • 110
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    Compact photomultiplier housing with controlled cooling. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a compact photomultiplier housing which can provide controlled cooling to the photomultiplier tube down to -90 C. The cooling is accomplished by flowing liquid nitrogen cooled helium gas through a series of coils which envelop the photocathode portion of the tube. The temperature is controlled by controlling the flow of the gas with a fine adjustable needle valve. The temperature is measured near the photocathode of the photomultiplier by a calibrated thermistor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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  • 111
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    A cavity type absorption cell for double resonance microwave spectroscopy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of an experimental dual resonant cavity absorption cell for observing microwave spectroscopic double-resonance effects. The device is composed of two Fabry-Perot interferometers excited by independent microwave sources and mounted at right angles in a suitable vacuum enclosure. The pumping transition is modulated by one source and the modulation induced on the rf absorption in the orthogonal cavity is detected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Apr. 197
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  • 112
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    Rocket measurements of conjugate photoelectrons during the total solar eclipse of 7 March 1970 over Wallops Island. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of measurements made with a retarding potential analyzer on a Nike-Tomahawk rocket during the totality of the solar eclipse, showing definite evidence for the existence of photoelectrons from the conjugate hemisphere. Photoelectrons are observed in the altitude range from 120 to 260 km. The observed flux in the energy range from 2 to 30 eV is relatively constant above about 200 km, but decreased below that altitude. The flux of 5-eV energy electrons above 200 km altitude is about 10 to the 7th power electrons/cm/sec/eV. Higher-energy electrons were also observed, and it is possible that the energy content of these observed fluxes of conjugate-point photoelectrons is sufficient to maintain the observed electron densities and temperatures during the total eclipse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 113
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    Electron loss coefficients for the D-region of the ionosphere from rocket measurements during the eclipses of March 1970 and November 1966. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation that recombination-like electron loss coefficients measured during the March 1970 eclipse coincide with those from the November 1966 eclipse and range from 2 x 10 to the minus 7th power cu cm/sec at Z sub zero + 6 km to 0.00005 cu cm/sec at Z sub zero -2 km, where Z sub zero is the altitude of the steep gradient of electron concentration. During totality, Z sub zero was 82.5 km in 1970, and 86.8 km in 1966. For full-sun conditions, Z sub zero was 84 km on both eclipse days. Attachment-like electron loss coefficients from both eclipses are in good agreement below Z sub zero, and have a nearly constant value of about 0.008 per sec. Below Z sub zero, attachment-like loss rates agree with production rates - i.e., electron concentration is proportional to electron production.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 114
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    Response of the neutral particle upper atmosphere to the solar eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of soundings with a series of five pitot probes launched in conjunction with the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. Three soundings were programmed to occur at 40, 80, and 100% obscuration of the sun (at 100 km) during a 42-min period. The remaining two soundings were made 24 hr before and after the eclipse. The five soundings yielded neutral particle pressure, temperature, and density profiles over the altitude regime from 30 to 125 km. Below 95 km, the three density profiles resulting from the eclipse day launches had an average deviation of less than 1.5%. Above 95 km, density changes of up to 20% were observed. Such changes in density are comparable in magnitude to those normally observed over a period of several hours. On Mar. 10, 1971, three additional pitot probes were launched at times identical to those of the 1970 eclipse day. Comparison of the two sets of data should provide for a more objective analysis regarding atmospheric response to solar input.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 115
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    Cloud microstructure as determined by an optical cloud particle spectrometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of an improved single-particle light-scattering instrument for measurement of cloud microstructure in field studies. Cloud particle size and number information is measured over 12 sizing intervals, in the range from 4 to 85 microns in diameter. The microstructure can be observed in real time and with a spatial resolution not previously reported. The general features of water cloud droplet size and number distributions are consistent with previous direct capture and replication studies. The transition from water to ice phase regions in cumuliform clouds can be inferred from dramatic changes observed in the distribution features. Results are also presented for stratus and cirrus cloud penetrations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 116
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    Heating rate controller for thermally stimulated conductivity and thermoluminescence measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A temperature controller is described which enables the temperature of a sample mounted on a cold finger to be varied linearly with time. Heating rates between 0.5 and 10 K/min can be achieved for temperatures between 90 and 300 K. Provision for terminating the sample heating at any temperature between these extremes is available. The temperature can be held at the terminating temperature or be reduced to the starting temperature in a matter of minutes. The controller has been used for thermally stimulated conductivity measurements and should be useful for thermoluminescence measurements as well.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Feb. 197
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  • 117
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    A low power X-ray diffractometer for soil analysis in remote locations employing a multiwire proportional counter detector array. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A low power X-ray powder diffraction system suitable for remote mineralogical analysis of lunar, planetary, or asteroid soils has been designed. A one Curie Fe-55 source provides a monochromatic X-ray beam of 5.9 keV. Seeman-Bohlin focusing geometry is employed in the camera, allowing peak detection to proceed simultaneously at all angles and obviating the need for moving parts. The detector system is an array of 500-600 proportional counters with a wire-spacing of 1 mm. An electronics unit comprising preamplifier, postamplifier, window discriminators, and storage flip-flops requiring only 3.5 milliwatts has been designed and tested. Total instrument power is less than 5 W.
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  • 118
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    Zeeman effect of As II. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectrograms of As electrodeless-discharge tubes operated in a field of 24,025 G have given Zeeman patterns for 232 As II spectral lines from 2361 to 10,556 A and yielded 80 Lande g factors, of which more than half are new. There is agreement between these and the g values calculated by least-squares fitting for single configurations or for multiconfigurations, where configuration interaction is noticeable. All of the measured g values as well as the energy levels are used in the fitting process.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 119
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    Area influences and floating potentials in Langmuir probe measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the influence of a relatively small reference electrode on a Langmuir probe measurement of plasma density and temperature. The analysis employs the collisionless theory of Laframboise for spherical and cylindrical probes and in a completely general way includes a broad range of electron densities and temperatures, as well as all possible values of ion mass and multiplicity of ionization. It is shown that a ratio alpha of reference-electrode area to probe area of 10,000 will guarantee no distortion of the measurement as a result of a shifting reference-electrode potential. It is further shown that the constraint on alpha can be relaxed by approximately two orders of magnitude when the charge-normalized ion mass is decreased from 200 to 1 amu and the ratio of reference-electrode radius to Debye length is decreased from 100 to 0. An additional result of the analysis is the dependence of a probe's floating potential on its geometry and radius, as well as on the properties of the plasma. A discussion of the latter result reveals in a striking manner the significant differences between the ion-current responses of spherical and cylindrical probes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Mar. 197
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  • 120
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    Infrared absorptivities of transition metals at room and liquid-helium temperatures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of experimental data concerning the normal spectral absorptivities of the transition metals, nickel, iron, platinum, and chromium, at both room and liquid-helium temperatures in the wavelength range from 2.5 to 50 microns. The absorptivities were derived from reflectivity measurements made relative to a room-temperature vapor-deposited gold reference mirror. The absorptivity of the gold reference mirror was measured calorimetrically, by use of infrared laser sources. Investigation of various methods of sample-surface preparation resulted in the choice of a vacuum-annealing process as the final stage. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of the anomalous-skin-effect theory modified for multiple conduction bands. As predicted, the results approach a single-band model toward the longer wavelengths. Agreement between theory and experiment is considerably improved by taking into account the modification of the relaxation time due to the photon-electron-phonon interaction proposed by Holstein (1954) and Gurzhi (1958); but, particularly at helium temperatures, the calculated curve is consistently below the experimental results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 121
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    Profiling with the electron microscope. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of a profiling technique using a scanning electron microscope for obtaining depth information on a single micrograph of a small specimen. A stationary electron beam is used to form a series of contamination spots in a line across the specimen. Micrographs obtained by this technique are useful as a means of projection and display where stereo viewers are not practical.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering; 38; Mar. 197
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  • 122
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    Atmospheric absorption measurements in the region of 1 mm wavelength. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A Froome-type plasma-metal-junction device (1962) was used in high-resolution radiation transmission measurements in the atmosphere at wavelengths from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. The experimental and theoretical results for water vapor absorption lines in two submillimeter wavelength windows were compared, showing that this technique provided a much higher wavelength accuracy than more conventional optical-type spectroscopy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Infrared Physics; 12; Mar. 197
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  • 123
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    Refractive index and birefringence of 2H silicon carbide. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the refractive indices of 2H SiC over the wavelength range from 435.8 to 650.9 nm by the method of minimum deviation. A curve fit of the experimental data to the Cauchy dispersion equation yielded, for the ordinary index, n sub zero = 2.5513 + 25,850/lambda squared + 8.928 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power and, for the extraordinary index, n sub e = 2.6161 + 28,230/lambda squared + 11.490 x 10 to the 8th power/lambda to the 4th power when lambda is expressed in nm. The estimated error (standard deviation) in these values is plus or minus 0.0006 for n sub zero and plus or minus 0.0009 for n sub e. The birefringence calculated from these expressions is about 20% less than previously published values.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 62
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  • 124
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    Low energy electron precipitation and the ionospheric F-region in and north of the auroral zone. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of low-elevation sounding rocket (Polar 1) in the exploration of the F region morphology in and north of the auroral zone over northern Norway. The rocket which moved over a horizontal distance of some 400 km inside the F region, monitored low-energy electron precipitation and various upper-atmosphere excitation and ionization processes. The latitudinal variations of the less than 1 keV energy electron fluxes showed excellent agreement with corresponding variations in the F-region electron density and the O I (6300 A) emission below the rocket, indicating that the low-energy electrons are the main sources for these phenomena at these high latitudes. An N2(+) (4278 A) arc was located near the decrease in the 40-keV electron fluxes. This arc was produced by a nearly monoenergetic influx of some 3-keV electrons. The expected luminosity profile derived from this energy spectrum differs significantly from the observed one, and possible explanations for the discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 125
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    Small optical telescopes on the moon. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems associated with the design and operation of efficient lunar-based telescopes are discussed. The various types of reflecting telescopes and catadioptric optical systems developed so far are characterized and compared. Requirements concerning mounting of a telescope on the lunar surface are examined. Properties of materials to be used in manufacturing telescopes for a safe operation in the lunar environment are considered. Finally, the telescope size is dealt with.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Spaceflight; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 126
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    Compound classification by computer treatment of low resolution mass spectra - Application to geochemical and environmental problems. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of a development of computer analysis of low-resolution chromatographic-mass spectrometric data, which provides a preliminary classification of an unknown spectrum as a listing of candidate classes of compounds. This procedure, referred to as COMSOC (Classification of Mass Spectra on Computers), operates by converting an incoming unknown mass spectrum into a simplified key word which is then compared with each of the key words held in its reference file. The advantages of COMSOC in characterizing complex mixtures are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 235; Feb. 11
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  • 127
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    The physics of the neutral upper atmosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Particular attention is given to models of the upper atmosphere that deal with the diurnal variation and the latitudinal density dependence. The upper atmosphere is considered as essentially an ideal gas, or rather a weakly ionized plasma, where physical and chemical processes of considerable complexity take place. The final goal for the theoretical models of the upper atmosphere is to derive the time and space dependence of the physical quantities density, composition, temperature, pressure, and state of motion by theoretical considerations from basic physical assumptions. Questions of the dynamics of the upper atmosphere are discussed together with one- and two-dimensional models of the upper atmosphere, three-dimensional models, the geomagnetic effect, and the semiannual density variation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 128
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    An instrument for the simultaneous detection of the OI ground state /2p4 3P/ and first metastable state /2p4 1D/ populations. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Dec. 197
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  • 129
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    Removal of a glowing spot from an image tube using laser radiation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A troublesome problem with the Kron electronograph has been the presence of a white glowing spot on the glass wall of the tube adjacent to the focus electrode. The procedure followed to eliminate the spot was to operate in the dark and apply voltage only to the focused electrode. Ruby laser radiation was unfocused, and its position was shifted on the electrode between laser shots until an effect was observed. This technique for removing the glowing spot should be applicable to other electronic image tubes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Dec. 197
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  • 130
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    Model development of supersonic trough wind with shocks. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The time-dependent one dimensional hydrodynamic equations describe the evolution of the thermal plasma flow along closed magnetic field lines outside of the plasmasphere. The convection of the supersonic polar wind onto a closed field line results in the assumed formation of collisionless plasma shocks. These shocks move earthward as the field line with its 'frozen-in' plasma remains fixed or contracts with time to smaller L coordinates. The high equatorial plasma temperature (of the order of electron volts) produced by the shock process decreases with time if the flow is isothermal, but it will increase if the contraction is under adiabatic conditions. Assuming adiabaticity a peak in the temperature forms at the equator in conjunction with a depression in the ion density. After an initial contraction, if the flux tube drifts to higher L coordinates, the direction of the shock motion can be reversed so that the supersonic region will expand along the field line toward the state characterizing the supersonic polar wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Nov. 197
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  • 131
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    Martian gas, soil sampler tested. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GCMS) is scheduled to be carried aboard the Mars Viking lander, which is to make a soft landing on the Martian surface. The GCMS has two distinct tasks including a sampling of the Martian atmosphere and an analysis of Martian soil. The instrument is designed to be highly sensitive. It can detect 0.1 part per million of organic compounds in the soil and from 10 to 100 parts per million of atmospheric constituents.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Aviation Week and Space Technology; 97; Nov. 13
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  • 132
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    Cleaning of contaminated channel electron multiplier arrays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Polymerized organic materials found in vacuum systems frequently contaminate the individual channels (which can be as small as 15 microns) of an oil-pumped channel electron multiplier array used as a vacuum UV- to visible-radiation conversion device. It is shown that exposure to an oxygen plasma is an effective means of decontaminating the channels, thereby restoring the sensitivity of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 133
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    The relationship of theory and experiment in the D-region. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To monitor the descriptive parameters of the lower ionosphere and construct a model which predicts their temporal and spatial variations is a particularly difficult task. In a given situation simultaneous measurements should be conducted of ionization sources, the altitude distribution of all neutral atmospheric constituents, the identification, number density, and altitude distribution of different species of positive and negative ions and electrons. These results are compared with theoretical predictions to serve as boundary conditions and guides to modification of the theory. It has not been possible to realize this goal in lower ionosphere research because of the large number of parameters and since certain parameters, such as positive ion species distribution and nitric oxide, can only be measured with the aid of sounding rockets. To illustrate the difficulty, recent positive ion composition measurements are compared with predictions utilizing clustering of ions and neutrals to form hydrated ions.
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  • 134
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    Preconditions for the triggering of polar magnetic substorms by storm sudden commencements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of 36 storm sudden commencements (ssc) for the period June 1965 to January 1967 indicates that, for the cases considered, sufficient conditions for the triggering of simultaneous polar magnetic substorm onsets were an ssc amplitude of more than 10 gamma and an average geocentric solar magnetospheric Z component of interplanetary magnetic field of less than -1 gamma over a period of at least 1/2 hour preceding the ssc. All events satisfying these conditions produced simultaneous negative-bay onsets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 1
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  • 135
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    A portable self-contained gas chromatograph. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and fabrication of a completely portable, self-contained gas chromatograph is described. This instrument utilizes a closed-loop hydrogen carrier gas flow as maintained by a hydrogen generator-separator. It employs an auxiliary hydrogen generator to keep a positive flow of hydrogen through the detector. The detector is an ionization cross section detector. The only maintenance required is the addition of water (5-15 cc/day) to the auxiliary hydrogen generator. Lower limit of detection for the present system is of the order of 1-10 ppm ethane.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Oct. 197
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  • 136
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    Quartz and feldspar glasses produced by natural and experimental shock. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Refractive index, density, and infrared absorption studies of naturally and experimentally shocked-produced glasses formed from quartz, plagioclase, and alkali-feldspar confirm the existence of two main groups of amorphous forms of the framework silicates: solid-state and liquid-state glasses. These were apparently formed as metastable release products of high-pressure-phases above and below the glass transition temperatures. Solid-state glasses exhibit a series of structural states with increasing disorder caused by increasing shock pressures and temperatures. They gradually merge into the structural state of fused minerals similar to that of synthetic glasses quenched from a melt. Shock-fused alkali feldspars can, however, be distinguished from their laboratory-fused counterparts by infrared absorption and by higher density.
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  • 137
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    Fourier spectrum of beams chopped by circular apertures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The circular apertures in the case investigated are uniformly spaced. It is assumed that modulation does not alter beam collimation and that diffraction from aperture edges can be neglected. It is also assumed that the diameter of the apertures is equal to the spacing between the trailing edge and the leading edge of successive apertures. The motion of apertures across the beam is rectilinear. Calculations have been performed for both homogeneous and bivariate normal intensity distributions. The absolute values of the first six Fourier coefficients are plotted as a function of the beam radius normalized to aperture radius.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 138
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    Absorption profile of a planetary atmosphere - A proposal for a scattering independent determination. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of scattering theory to infer atmospheric optical parameters requires the separation of absorption and scattering. It is demonstrated that a gradient flux relation exists that would provide the absorption (altitude) profile independently of scattering and irrespective of the state of polarization of the light field. The relation is derived for an atmosphere of plane-parallel or spherical geometry and for broad (continuum) and narrow (spectral line) frequency bands. The results are shown to hold, in particular, for the polarizations induced by both Rayleigh and Mie scattering in the field. Experimental setups are proposed for each of the cases considered of atmospheric geometry and frequency bandwidth.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 139
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    Azimuth angle dependence of equatorial ultraviolet airglow. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An EUV solar blind photomultiplier was rocket-flown to an altitude of 103 km from Kourou, French Guiana. The rocket was spinning, thus allowing observations in all azimuthal directions within 15 deg from the horizontal plane. The observed radiation is strongly dependent on azimuth angle, the maxima of radiation are located in the southwest direction (the directions of maximum are slightly different when the experiment is looking down or up), and the radiation intensity is independent of elevation angle, suggesting that the glow is located between 75 and 105 km in altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 15
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  • 140
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    Osarsite, a new osmium-ruthenium sulfarsenide from California. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Mineralogist; 57; July-Aug
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  • 141
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    Electron and positive ion density altitude distributions in the equatorial D-region. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Sept
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  • 142
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    Instrumentation for balloon and rocket experiments. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a number of plasma, particle, and field detectors used on rocket investigations in and above the earth's atmosphere. Emphasis is on magnetospheric and solar-interplanetary studies. A balloon-borne X-ray telescope system with 20-min pointing accuracy is discussed. A PCM telemetry system used on both balloons and rockets to handle scientific data is described which includes a simple Doppler ranging system that gives location to 1.5 km. A system to reduce and analyze PCM data on the ground is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 13; June 197
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  • 143
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    A simple, low power, multiple pulse NMR spectrometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Sept
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  • 144
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    Experimental investigation of a holographic system that records front surface detail from a scene moving at high velocities. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Sept
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  • 145
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    Regression technique for determining temperature profiles in the upper stratosphere from satellite-measured radiances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 100; July 197
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  • 146
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    Use of an infrared-imaging camera to obtain convective heating distributions. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The IR emission from the surface of a wind-tunnel model is determined as a function of time with the aid of an infrared-sensitive imaging camera. Prior calibration of the IR camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature is then related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is recorded in analog form, digitized, and processed by a computer. In addition, real-time visual displays of the IR emissions are obtained as pictures on an oscilloscope screen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 147
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    Activity-composition relations in the fayalite-forsterite solid solution between 900 and 1300 C at low pressures. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 15; July 197
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  • 148
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    Autocorrelation methods to obtain diffraction-limited resolution with large telescopes. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Aug. 15
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  • 149
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    Fixed-bias floating double-probe technique with simple Langmuir-probe characteristics. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new floating double-probe method is presented which has advantages over other floated-probe systems heretofore described in the literature. The method utilizes two electrodes, one of constant area and the other with a variable area, and the two-electrode configuration is separated by a fixed bias voltage. The current-voltage characteristics of the new technique, which are generated by varying the area of one electrode, are identical to those of a simple Langmuir probe, thus coupling all the advantages of a floated-probe system with the simple analysis scheme generally applied to the Langmuir probe for the determination of plasma density and temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 150
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    Lava tubes of the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America Bulletin; 83; Aug. 197
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  • 151
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    A relative performance analysis of atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter methods. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A performance analysis is presented that compares two remote-sensing atmospheric laser Doppler velocimeter systems, one using dual-scatter and the other local-oscillator illuminating techniques. The comparison results show that there exist specific parameter ranges and conditions whereunder the performance of one of the systems is superior to that of the other. A procedure providing a quantitative basis for a judicious system selection is proposed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 11; Jan
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  • 152
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    Olivine-garnet reaction in peridotites from Tanzania. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Missing abstr.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lithos; 5; 1972
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  • 153
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    Holographic nondestructive testing with impact excitation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some experimental results of bond flaw detection in composite materials by holographic recording of the surface of samples subjected to mechanical impact. The resulting deformation of the samples recorded in a sequence of double exposure holograms at increasingly longer time intervals after impact renders the presence of flaws observable. A proposed deformation enhancement technique increases detection sensitivity and is helpful in visualizing smaller flaws.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 154
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    The surface plasmon resonance effect in holography. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A hologram has been made using a surface plasmon resonance wave as the reference beam. The surface wave was stimulated on a 1200-line/mm aluminum reflection grating that was coated with a thin layer of high-resolution photographic emulsion. Experimental results are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Communications; 5; May 1972
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  • 155
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    Polarization of the solar corona. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method of obtaining polarized photographs of the solar corona during total eclipse is described. The required equipment is a reflex viewing type camera with a lens of adequate focal length to give an image of the corona a few millimeters in diameter at the focal plane. A sheet of linear polarizing filter material is placed directly in front of the lens. The filter is mounted in such a way so as to permit a set of four exposures of equal length to be taken after totality begins. Since the light of the corona is highly polarized, the resultant set of photographs will show marked differences in the shape of the corona.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada; vol. 66
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  • 156
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    Sensor noise in low-level flux-gate magnetometers. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The noise mechanism in a well-designed magnetometer is shown to be due to small-scale magnetic moments which are probably small volumes of the core material that are not oriented by the drive field. Design developments include the sense coil radius and the development of a drive waveform which yields considerably improved performance over the commonly used sine wave drive.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-8; June 197
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  • 157
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    The upper atmosphere as a regulator of subauroral red arcs. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanisms for producing a subauroral red arc (SARARC) are studied by solving a system of basic ionospheric and atmospheric equations. It is shown that many of the observed features of a SARARC can be explained within the framework of the two processes generally responsible for the ionospheric behavior during a magnetic storm: (1) energy conduction from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and (2) the changes in neutral composition of the lower atmosphere caused by the increase in turbulent mixing. Both processes trigger a complex chain of events which ultimately results in the redistribution of both the charged and neutral particles, an increase in the electron, ion, and neutral temperatures, and a decrease in the electron density in the altitude region near the F2 peak. It is shown that both the occurrence and the emission intensity of a SARARC are regulated by the neutral atmosphere, even though conduction of the thermal energy from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere provides the excitation energy of the optical remission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Apr. 197
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  • 158
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    Use of propagation corrections for VLF timing (1972)
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    Description: The theory of VLF timing from phase measurements is briefly reviewed with attention to both frequency and epoch. Propagational aspects are noted without specific attention to predictional details. Cycle slippage is described. Application of propagation corrections to VLF timing is described, with particular attention to the use of available skywave corrections published for the OMEGA Navigation System.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 310-323
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  • 159
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    Hawaii PTTI test bed (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The development and installation of a test bed for a Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI). A prime goal in the effort is to develop a repertoire of techniques and equipment that will permit communications facilities to be served most effectively by their ties to a common time reference. The test bed provides guidance for the implementation of precise time and frequency discipline at other facilities. One product of the test-bed problem is an assessment of the accuracy of the time-discipline chain from the observatory to each level of use.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 182-193
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  • 160
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    Operational stability of rubidium and cesium frequency standards (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the course of testing various rubidium and cesium frequency standards under operational conditions for use in NASA tracking stations, about 55 unit-years of relative frequency measurements for averaging times from 10 to 10 to the 7th power have been accumulated at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Statistics on the behavior of rubidium and cesium standards under controlled laboratory conditions have been published, but it was not known to what extent the lesser controlled environments of NASA tracking stations affected the performance of the standards. The purpose of this report is to present estimates of the frequency stability of rubidium and cesium frequency standards under operational conditions based on the data accumulated at GSFC.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 168-181
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  • 161
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    Intermediate term frequency measurements with the HP computing counter in the USNO clock time system (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High precision frequency measurements with various integration times can be made with conventional counters by using variable gate times. The Hewlett-Packard (HP) computing counter allows such measurements over a wide range of frequencies and measurement times. This instrument can also convert period measurements into frequency by means of its arithmetic capabilities: The program library contains programs to facilitate frequency stability measurements in the most direct and convenient way. This method was used as the basis for all time scale computations, until requirements for highest resolution justified the development of an automatic data acquisition system. The phase measurements are now being made with the HP computing counter (with time interval plug-in unit) under program control from the HP System Programmer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 152-167
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  • 162
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    An analysis and demonstration of clock synchronization by VLBI (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A prototype of a semireal-time system for synchronizing the DSN station clocks by radio interferometry was successfully demonstrated. The system utilized an approximate maximum likelihood estimation procedure for processing the data, thereby achieving essentially optimum time synchronization estimates for a given amount of data, or equivalently, minimizing the amount of data required for reliable estimation. Synchronization accuracies as good as 100 nsec rms were achieved between DSS 11 and DSS 12, both at Goldstone, California. The accuracy can be improved by increasing the system bandwidth until the fundamental limitations due to position uncertainties of baseline and source and atmospheric effects are reached. These limitations are under ten nsec for transcontinental baselines.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 100-122
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  • 163
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    Precision timing and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) (1972)
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    Description: The use of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) for investigating small angular features in galactic and extragalactic radio sources is discussed. Mathematical models are developed to describe the operation of an interferometer and to show the variations in the resultant fringe frequency. The types of sources to which the interferometer will respond are identified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 74-89
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  • 164
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    Performance of the new Efratom optically pumped rubidium frequency standards and their possible application in space relativity experiments (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The characteristics of Efratom optically pumped rubidium frequency standards are discussed. The Efratom units were compared with cesium beam and hydrogen maser standards and showed a stability of approximately 5 times 10 to the minus 12th power over two one-week periods. Dependency of frequency upon the environmental parameters of pressure, magnetic field, temperature, supply voltage, and acceleration was measured. A package of three units with automatic phase comparison and recording was designed and constructed to allow a measurement of relativistic effects on time with high accuracy during space missions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 29-40
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  • 165
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    British American satellite time transfer experiment (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of the Timation satellite for navigation purposes is discussed. The advantages of the satellite for navigation and time transfer are defined as: (1) well-known position, (2) line-of-sight signal which allows use of ultrahigh frequency signals, (3) worldwide coverage, and (4) celestial navigation solution similar to the conventional celestial navigation practices. A diagram of range measurement by phase measure is provided. The application of an intercept chart for determining position using the navigation satellite is demonstrated. The results of a ground based time transfer experiment are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 4th Precise Time and Time Interval Planning Meeting; p 14-28
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  • 166
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    Deformation and transformation of rock-forming minerals by natural and experimental shock processes. I - Behavior of minerals under shock compression. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Fortschritte der Mineralogie; 49; Nov. 197
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  • 167
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    The facsimile camera - Its potential as a planetary lander imaging system. (1972)
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    Description: Review of the performance characteristics of the facsimile camera, emphasizing its line-scan sampling process; the design tradeoffs which are imposed by planetary lander missions, emphasizing those tradeoffs which define the Viking Lander Camera parameters; and new concepts which are currently being investigated for future planetary lander missions, emphasizing an integrated imagery and spectrometry concept.
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  • 168
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    Holographic storage of multicolor information. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the merits of the use of holography for storing multicolor information. Holography is shown capable to provide in a compact, easily duplicated, inexpensive, and readily retrievable manner the storage capacity required for the ever growing amounts of alphanumeric, graphic, continuous tone, color, and black-and-white data generated. Following a definition of the holographic concept, the advantages of holography for multicolor information recording, indexing, registration, and reconstruction are reviewed. Special attention is given to display applications including a multicolor moving-map display, a NASA multifunction display, and an automatic-test-equipment information storage system.
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  • 169
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    Special report - UV: Eye on the moon. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Lunar Surface Ultraviolet Spectrographic Camera, the primary objective of which was to determine the location and extent of gaseous material (principally hydrogen) in preselected regions of the celestial sphere is described. Camera capability included acquisition of direct imagery and spectroscopy of the same target. The optical section made use of a Schmidt reflector component. The procedure for making photographic records is outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Spectra; 6; Dec. 197
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  • 170
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    Vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained from remote radiation measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 29; Oct. 197
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  • 171
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    Mariner 9 Michelson interferometer. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Michelson interferometer on Mariner 9 measures the thermal emission spectrum of Mars between 200 and 2000 per cm (between 5 and 50 microns) with a spectral resolution of 2.4 per cm in the apodized mode. A noise equivalent radiance of 0.5 x 10 to the minus 7th W/sq cm/ster/cm is deduced from data recorded in orbit around Mars. The Mariner interferometer deviates in design from the Nimbus 3 and 4 interferometers in several areas, notably, by a cesium iodide beam splitter and certain aspects of the digital information processing. Special attention has been given to the problem of external vibration. The instrument performance is demonstrated by calibration data and samples of Mars spectra.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 172
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    Rocket measurements of low energy electrons and optical emissions in the dayglow and aurora. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
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  • 173
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    Polar motion from laser tracking of artificial satellites. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the range to the Beacon Explorer C spacecraft from a single laser tracking system at Goddard Space Flight Center have been used to determine the change in latitude of the station arising from polar motion. A precision of 0.03 arc second was obtained for the latitude during a 5-month period in 1970.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 178; Oct. 27
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  • 174
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    A three-dimensional model of thermosphere dynamics. I - Heat input and eigenfunctions. II - Tidal waves. III - Planetary waves. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
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  • 175
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    Tesseral resonance on Imp 4 orbit. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The supersynchronous resonance occurred because the orbital period of 4 1/3 days was nearly commensurate with the earth's rotational period. The satellite was launched on May 24, 1967. The perturbation due to commensurability is discussed, giving attention to the ground track of the longitude at perigee passage and the effect of the tesseral harmonic on the time of perigee passage. The measurement of the time of perigee passage of Imp 4 is accurate enough to provide a stringent test of the third-degree tesseral terms in the model of the earth's gravitational field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 10
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  • 176
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    Magnetic field fluctuations during substorms. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Before a magnetospheric substorm and during its early phases, the magnetic field magnitude in the geomagnetic tail increases and field lines in the night-time hemisphere assume a more tail-like configuration. Before the substorm onset, a minimum amount of magnetic flux is observed to cross the neutral sheet which means that the neutral sheet currents attain their most earthward locations and their greatest current densities. This field configuration apparently results from an increased transport of magnetic flux to the tail caused by a southward interplanetary magnetic field. The field begins relaxing toward a more dipolar configuration at the time of a substorm onset with the recovery probably occurring first between 6 and 10 earth radii and later at greater distances. This recovery must be associated with magnetospheric convection which restores magnetic flux to the dayside hemisphere.
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  • 177
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    Analytic models of electron impact excitation cross sections. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A number of analytic forms are presented which have been used to represent electron impact excitation cross sections all the way from threshold to the high energy domain where they join approximately to the results of the Born-Bethe approximation. Techniques for estimating the parameters in these analytic forms are described in detail so that the reader can update his own parameter set when new experimental information becomes available. A short collection of parameters for excitations to key states of N2, O2 and O is given along with references to sources where more complete sets are available. The importance of analytic models as a means of communication to aeronomical users of cross sections is discussed.
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  • 178
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    The development of a theoretical model of the atmosphere and the ionosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 179
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    Experimental comparisons of the international pyrheliometric scale with the absolute radiation scale. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar irradiance measurements by instruments (Eppley Angstrom Pyrheliometers) reproducing the International Pyrheliometric Scale (IPS) have been compared with measurements made simultaneously by a number of JPL Active Cavity Radiometers (ACR) and the Practical Absolute Cavity Radiometer (PACRAD). The results of these tests demonstrate a systematic difference between the absolute radiation scale as defined by the ACR and PACRAD measurements and the IPS.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 22
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  • 180
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    Savonoski crater, Alaska - A possible meteorite impact structure. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Meteoritics; 7; June 30
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  • 181
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    Thermoprobe - An instrument for determining the temperature of opaque, translucent, and transparent surfaces in the incandescent temperature range. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 182
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    Measurements of ultrasonic velocities using a digital averaging technique. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new pulse-echo technique using real-time digital averaging is described for measuring the phase velocity in solids up to 50 MHz. The technique can measure the transit time between any two echoes to an absolute accuracy of 0.1 nsec and measure small changes in transit time to a sensitivity of 20 psec. Experimental examples are given based upon ultrasonic velocity measurements in a single crystal superconductor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 52
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  • 183
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    The earth's atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: Topics discussed include the effects of solar radiation on the heat balance of the earth and its atmosphere, the physicomathematical models of the atmosphere and the computational schemes used in numerical investigations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, the effects of atmospheric turbulence on aeronautical systems, te chemistry of different regions of the atmosphere, the use of hot-filament and cold-cathode vacuum gauges to measure upper-atmosphere densities, methods of determining the air density at heights near a satellite's perigee by analyzing changes in its orbit, and an evaluation of various atmospheric models in the 100- to 1000-km altitude range.
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  • 184
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    Encoding and decoding of color information using two-dimensional spatial filtering. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spatial frequency encoding is described as it applies to both photographic and television systems. In each case, color separations amplitude modulate spatial frequency carriers. The photographic system separates the carriers in the two-dimensional Fourier transform plane using coherent optics; the television system employs a two-dimensional electrical filter to perform the same separation. These filters are synthesized so that the two-dimensional bandwidths of the television camera are used efficiently. Nonlinear processing techniques are also described to minimize crosstalk between channels.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Computers; C-21; July 197
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  • 185
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    Frequency shifts of ionospheric nfH resonances. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New observational data are analyzed to interpret mechanisms responsible for large positive frequency shifts of Alouette II plasma resonances (corresponding to the first and second electron cyclotron harmonics) relative to frequency values expected from model magnetic field calculations. It is shown that the frequency shifts can be consistently explained by plasma wave dispersion effects combined with sounder transmitter frequency deviation (positive offset of several kilohertz) and a negative offset (several tens of gammas) in the geomagnetic field relative to the model field. Plasma wave dispersion effects are observed on the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance when it is in the vicinity of the resonance observed near the upper hybrid frequency. The observations suggest that an oblique echo model may be required for interpretation of the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; July 197
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  • 186
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    Circumsolar radiation and the International Pyrheliometric Scale. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Issue is taken with the ascription of the 2% discrepancy in values of solar irradiance at the surface of the earth, found between the measurements performed by the absolute radiometers of Kendall and Wilson and those obtained by Eppley-Angstrom pyrheliometers, to the possibility that the two types of instruments might collect different amounts of circumsolar radiation. It is shown that this explanation is very unlikely.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; June 197
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  • 187
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    A multispectral technique to determine sea surface temperature using Nimbus 2 data. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three channels of the Nimbus 2 five-channel Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer have been employed in the development of a technique to determine sea surface temperature. Two of the channels in the 0.2-4.0 and 6.4-6.9 micron spectral regions are used to indicate a cloud-free line of sight and the third, a high signal-to-noise window channel (10-11 microns), measures the equivalent blackbody temperature (Tbb) which is a function of the thermal emission from the sea surface and the intervening atmosphere. Equivalent blackbody temperatures and normalized reflectance thresholds were established using frequency distributions from the 6.4-6.9 and 0.2-4.0 micron channels, respectively, to determine the existence of cloud-free conditions. The window Tbb's were compared with ship ocean temperature measurements for a one-month period over the western North Atlantic. This comparison revealed a plus or minus 1.5 K dispersion about the mean difference between the ship temperatures and window Tbb's between 31-34 N.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Physical Oceanography; 2; Apr. 197
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  • 188
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    Cerenkov light collection in the high energy astronomical observatory - A cosmic ray experiment. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some of the problems encountered in the development of an improved Cerenkov counter for high energy cosmic ray experiments, and discussion of the approaches used or contemplated for the solution of these problems. The solution is felt to be contingent upon a better UV-reflecting paint and an improved radiator and photomultiplier positioning.
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  • 189
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    Atmospheric waves and the ionosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of evidence supporting the existence of atmospheric waves is presented, and a simple, theoretical approach for describing them is shown. Suggestions for gravity wave sources include equatorial and auroral electrojet, auroral and polar substorm heating, atmospheric jet streams, and large oceanic tides. There are reviewed previous studies dealing with the interaction between ionization and atmospheric waves believed to exist at ionospheric heights. These waves include acoustic waves, evanescent waves, and internal atmospheric gravity waves. It is explained that mode analysis, often employed when an increased number of layers is used for a more complete profile, is inapplicable for waves very close to a source.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Contemporary Physics; 13; May 1972
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  • 190
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    Geomagnetic field distortions and their effects on radiation belt particles. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One of the quadrupole terms in the main geomagnetic field is found to contribute to a north-south 'shear distortion' of the particle-drift shells, whereas one of the octupole components causes a longitude-dependent radial deformation and associated 'drift-shell splitting.' The collective action of all higher multipoles on trapped-particle motion is then used to analyze the 'true' anomalies or distortions of the internal geomagnetic field that are independent of the quadrupole-related eccentricity of the main dipole. These 'true' anomalies must originate in upper-mantle or crustal perturbations that lie relatively near the earth's surface on both sides of the mid-Atlantic ridge; they influence trapped-particle drift shells only where the latter have their closest approach to the earth (South Atlantic and South African areas). The quadrupole and octupole perturbations, on the other hand, obviously originate deep in the earth's core. In the final part of this review, we discuss the effects of external magnetospheric currents. A time-dependent symmetric ring current causes drift shells to be displaced radially, with associated particle acceleration; magnetopause currents introduce a day-night asymmetry, causing shell splitting.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 10; May 1972
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  • 191
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    Noise suppression by time exposure oscilloscope photography. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We describe a simple and inexpensive means of enhancing repetitive signals obscured by noise with roughly equal amplitude. The signal and noise are displayed on an oscilloscope, and we perform a time average over many traces by time exposure photography. If the oscilloscope triggering is synchronous with the signal, the result is a significant suppression of the offending noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; May 1972
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  • 192
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    The theoretical output of a ring core fluxgate sensor. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Demonstration that the output from a ring core sensor is directly proportional to the first time derivative of the product of dynamic permeability and magnetic intensity perturbation within the core caused by an external, uniform magnetic field. (Dynamic permeability is defined to be the slope of the hysteresis loop at a given point in time). Assuming that ellipsoidal shells can approximate the core, the demagnetization factor can be 'estimated' in the first order to be proportional to the first power of the quantity tape thickness (or number of wraps) divided by the core diameter. The constant of proportionality is determined from laboratory data. When an additional scale adjustment is applied to the resulting sensor output formula, the computed output tracks laboratory data for a range of sensor geometries.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; MAG-8; Dec. 197
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  • 193
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    Side-viewing detector for a vacuum ultraviolet reflectometer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of detector response, which arises in the application of the reflectance vs angle of incidence method to the determination of optical constants in the vacuum UV spectral region is discussed. The analysis is performed for the side-viewing 1P21 detector sensitized with sodium salycilate. To take advantage of the wide selection photomultipliers available in the end-on configuration, a scheme for converting the end-on types to a side viewing geometry with a response uniform over several degrees of detector rotation is developed. It consists of a 32-mm diam spherical collector, located at the end of a cylindrical photomultiplier holder, with 12-mm entrance and viewing ports and a position for the sensitized screen also 12-mm in diameter.-
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 194
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    Hydrogen atom in intense magnetic field. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The structure of a hydrogen atom situated in an intense magnetic field is investigaged. Three approaches are employed. An elementary Bohr picture establishes a crucial magnetic field strength, H sub a approximately equal to 5 x 10 to the 9th G. Fields in excess of H sub a are intense in that they are able to modify the characteristic atomic scales of length and binding energy. A second approach solves the Schrodinger equation by a combination of variational methods and perturbation theory. It yields analytic expressions for the wave functions and energy eigenvalues. A third approach determines the energy eigenvalues by reducing the Schrodinger equation to a one-dimensional wave equation, which is then solved numerically. Energy eigenvalues are tabulated for field strengths of 2 x 10 to the 10th G and 2 x 10 to the 12th G. It is found that at 2 x 10 to the 12th G the lowest energy eigenvalue is changed from -13.6 to about -180 eV in agreement with previous variational computations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 17; Aug. 197
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  • 195
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    Aircraft measurements of microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the microwave emission from Arctic Sea ice were made with aircraft at 8 wavelengths ranging from 0.510 to 2.81 cm. The expected contrast in emissivities between ice and water was observed at all wavelengths. Distributions of sea ice and open water were mapped from altitudes up to 11 km in the presence of dense cloud cover. Different forms of ice also exhibited strong contrasts in emissivity. Emissivity differences of up to 0.2 were observed between two types of ice at the 0.811-cm wavelength. The higher emissivity ice type is tentatively identified as having been formed more recently than the lower emissivity ice.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 2; Oct. 197
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  • 196
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    Morphology and petrography of volcanic ashes. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of volcanic ash samples collected from a variety of recent eruptions using petrography, chemical analyses, and scanning electron microscopy to characterize each type and to relate ash morphology to magma composition and the type of eruption. The ashes are placed in the broad genetic categories of magmatic and phreatomagmatic. The morphology of ash particles from magmatic eruptions of high viscosity magma is governed primarily by vesicle density and shape. Ash particles from eruptions of low viscosity magmas are mostly droplets. The morphology of ash particles from phreatomagmatic eruptions is controlled by stresses within the chilled magma which result in fragmentation of the glass to form small blocky or pyramidal glass ash particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America Bulletin; 83; July 197
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  • 197
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    Infrared heterodyne solar radiometry. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An infrared heterodyne radiometer has sufficient sensitivity for application to high resolution spectrometric studies of the sun and the absorption of sunlight in the atmosphere. In the 10-micron region, the resolution can typically range from less than .0067/cm to .067/cm. The minimum detectable signal can approach 10 to the -24th power W/Hz. The infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) can also be used for atmospheric propagation studies at the emission frequencies of the CO2 laser for the examination of the feasibility of space-to-ground laser communication links.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 198
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    Remote measurements of the atmosphere using Raman scattering. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Raman optical radar measurements of the atmosphere demonstrate that the technique may be used to obtain quantitative measurements of the spatial distribution of individual atmospheric molecular trace constituents (in particular water vapor) and of the major constituents. It is shown that monitoring Raman signals from atmospheric nitrogen aids in interpreting elastic scattering measurements by eliminating attenuation effects. In general, the experimental results show good agreement with independent meteorological measurements. Finally, experimental data are utilized to estimate the Raman backscatter cross section for water vapor excited at 3471.5 A.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 199
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    The geometric factor of a cylindrical plate electrostatic analyzer. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for calculating the geometric factor of cylindrical plate electrostatic energy analyzers with various detector geometries is described. The effects of the fringe field are estimated. For a special simple case an exact geometric factor is calculated, enabling an estimate to be made of the inaccuracies of the approximations used in other cases. The results of some calculations are presented, and a simple approximate expression for the geometric factor is deduced.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 43; July 197
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  • 200
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    Photodissociation rates of molecular oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of recently obtained band oscillator strengths and predissociation line widths, for the Schumann-Runge band system to calculate the photodissociation rate of molecular oxygen as a function of column density and temperature by solar radiation between 1025 and 2500 A. Data are presented from which the mean transmission and photodissociation rates for given wavelength intervals between 1750 and 2025 A can be calculated for column densities between 10 to the 17th and 10 to the 23rd molecules/sq cm and for temperatures between 150 and 300 K. Also, the production of vibrationally excited oxygen molecules as a result of fluorescence in the Schumann-Runge bands is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
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