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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,332)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,182)
  • General Chemistry  (1,021)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (332)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
  • 1970-1974  (5,334)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1972  (5,334)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (5,334)
  • 1910-1914
Year
  • 101
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    Low energy electron precipitation and the ionospheric F-region in and north of the auroral zone. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of low-elevation sounding rocket (Polar 1) in the exploration of the F region morphology in and north of the auroral zone over northern Norway. The rocket which moved over a horizontal distance of some 400 km inside the F region, monitored low-energy electron precipitation and various upper-atmosphere excitation and ionization processes. The latitudinal variations of the less than 1 keV energy electron fluxes showed excellent agreement with corresponding variations in the F-region electron density and the O I (6300 A) emission below the rocket, indicating that the low-energy electrons are the main sources for these phenomena at these high latitudes. An N2(+) (4278 A) arc was located near the decrease in the 40-keV electron fluxes. This arc was produced by a nearly monoenergetic influx of some 3-keV electrons. The expected luminosity profile derived from this energy spectrum differs significantly from the observed one, and possible explanations for the discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Feb. 197
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  • 102
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    Compound classification by computer treatment of low resolution mass spectra - Application to geochemical and environmental problems. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of a development of computer analysis of low-resolution chromatographic-mass spectrometric data, which provides a preliminary classification of an unknown spectrum as a listing of candidate classes of compounds. This procedure, referred to as COMSOC (Classification of Mass Spectra on Computers), operates by converting an incoming unknown mass spectrum into a simplified key word which is then compared with each of the key words held in its reference file. The advantages of COMSOC in characterizing complex mixtures are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 235; Feb. 11
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  • 103
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    The physics of the neutral upper atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Particular attention is given to models of the upper atmosphere that deal with the diurnal variation and the latitudinal density dependence. The upper atmosphere is considered as essentially an ideal gas, or rather a weakly ionized plasma, where physical and chemical processes of considerable complexity take place. The final goal for the theoretical models of the upper atmosphere is to derive the time and space dependence of the physical quantities density, composition, temperature, pressure, and state of motion by theoretical considerations from basic physical assumptions. Questions of the dynamics of the upper atmosphere are discussed together with one- and two-dimensional models of the upper atmosphere, three-dimensional models, the geomagnetic effect, and the semiannual density variation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 104
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    Model development of supersonic trough wind with shocks. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The time-dependent one dimensional hydrodynamic equations describe the evolution of the thermal plasma flow along closed magnetic field lines outside of the plasmasphere. The convection of the supersonic polar wind onto a closed field line results in the assumed formation of collisionless plasma shocks. These shocks move earthward as the field line with its 'frozen-in' plasma remains fixed or contracts with time to smaller L coordinates. The high equatorial plasma temperature (of the order of electron volts) produced by the shock process decreases with time if the flow is isothermal, but it will increase if the contraction is under adiabatic conditions. Assuming adiabaticity a peak in the temperature forms at the equator in conjunction with a depression in the ion density. After an initial contraction, if the flux tube drifts to higher L coordinates, the direction of the shock motion can be reversed so that the supersonic region will expand along the field line toward the state characterizing the supersonic polar wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Nov. 197
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  • 105
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    The relationship of theory and experiment in the D-region. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To monitor the descriptive parameters of the lower ionosphere and construct a model which predicts their temporal and spatial variations is a particularly difficult task. In a given situation simultaneous measurements should be conducted of ionization sources, the altitude distribution of all neutral atmospheric constituents, the identification, number density, and altitude distribution of different species of positive and negative ions and electrons. These results are compared with theoretical predictions to serve as boundary conditions and guides to modification of the theory. It has not been possible to realize this goal in lower ionosphere research because of the large number of parameters and since certain parameters, such as positive ion species distribution and nitric oxide, can only be measured with the aid of sounding rockets. To illustrate the difficulty, recent positive ion composition measurements are compared with predictions utilizing clustering of ions and neutrals to form hydrated ions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 106
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    Preconditions for the triggering of polar magnetic substorms by storm sudden commencements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of 36 storm sudden commencements (ssc) for the period June 1965 to January 1967 indicates that, for the cases considered, sufficient conditions for the triggering of simultaneous polar magnetic substorm onsets were an ssc amplitude of more than 10 gamma and an average geocentric solar magnetospheric Z component of interplanetary magnetic field of less than -1 gamma over a period of at least 1/2 hour preceding the ssc. All events satisfying these conditions produced simultaneous negative-bay onsets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 1
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  • 107
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    Quartz and feldspar glasses produced by natural and experimental shock. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Refractive index, density, and infrared absorption studies of naturally and experimentally shocked-produced glasses formed from quartz, plagioclase, and alkali-feldspar confirm the existence of two main groups of amorphous forms of the framework silicates: solid-state and liquid-state glasses. These were apparently formed as metastable release products of high-pressure-phases above and below the glass transition temperatures. Solid-state glasses exhibit a series of structural states with increasing disorder caused by increasing shock pressures and temperatures. They gradually merge into the structural state of fused minerals similar to that of synthetic glasses quenched from a melt. Shock-fused alkali feldspars can, however, be distinguished from their laboratory-fused counterparts by infrared absorption and by higher density.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 108
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    Azimuth angle dependence of equatorial ultraviolet airglow. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An EUV solar blind photomultiplier was rocket-flown to an altitude of 103 km from Kourou, French Guiana. The rocket was spinning, thus allowing observations in all azimuthal directions within 15 deg from the horizontal plane. The observed radiation is strongly dependent on azimuth angle, the maxima of radiation are located in the southwest direction (the directions of maximum are slightly different when the experiment is looking down or up), and the radiation intensity is independent of elevation angle, suggesting that the glow is located between 75 and 105 km in altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 239; Sept. 15
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  • 109
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    Osarsite, a new osmium-ruthenium sulfarsenide from California. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Mineralogist; 57; July-Aug
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  • 110
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    Electron and positive ion density altitude distributions in the equatorial D-region. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Sept
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  • 111
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    Activity-composition relations in the fayalite-forsterite solid solution between 900 and 1300 C at low pressures. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 15; July 197
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  • 112
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    A review of film boiling at cryogenic temperatures. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Film boiling occurs in the quenching of metals, the chilling of biological species, the regenerative cooling of rockets, and the cooling down of a cryogenic fuel tank. Occasionally film boiling is also found in a nuclear reactor or in a cryomagnet. Aspects of film boiling involving an unconstrained liquid mass are considered, giving attention to the evaporation time, the Leidenfrost temperature, solid-liquid contacts, the thermal properties of the solid, effects of coating or scale, wettability, the metastable condition, and the velocity effect on drops. Developments discussed with regard to pool boiling are related to vertical surfaces, film boiling from horizontal surfaces, film boiling from a horizontal cylinder, film boiling from a sphere, and film boiling of helium. Processes of film boiling in a channel are also analyzed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 113
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    Lava tubes of the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America Bulletin; 83; Aug. 197
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  • 114
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    Olivine-garnet reaction in peridotites from Tanzania. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Missing abstr.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lithos; 5; 1972
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  • 115
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    Minimum weight passive insulation requirements for hypersonic cruise vehicles. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analytical solutions are derived for two representative cases of the transient heat conduction equation to determine the minimum weight requirements for passive insulation systems of hypersonic cruise vehicles. The cases discussed are the wet wall case with the interior wall temperature held to that of the boiling point of the fuel throughout the flight, and the dry wall case where the heat transferred through the insulation is absorbed by the interior structure whose temperature is allowed to rise.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; July 197
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  • 116
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    The upper atmosphere as a regulator of subauroral red arcs. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanisms for producing a subauroral red arc (SARARC) are studied by solving a system of basic ionospheric and atmospheric equations. It is shown that many of the observed features of a SARARC can be explained within the framework of the two processes generally responsible for the ionospheric behavior during a magnetic storm: (1) energy conduction from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere and (2) the changes in neutral composition of the lower atmosphere caused by the increase in turbulent mixing. Both processes trigger a complex chain of events which ultimately results in the redistribution of both the charged and neutral particles, an increase in the electron, ion, and neutral temperatures, and a decrease in the electron density in the altitude region near the F2 peak. It is shown that both the occurrence and the emission intensity of a SARARC are regulated by the neutral atmosphere, even though conduction of the thermal energy from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere provides the excitation energy of the optical remission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Apr. 197
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  • 117
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    Deformation and transformation of rock-forming minerals by natural and experimental shock processes. I - Behavior of minerals under shock compression. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Fortschritte der Mineralogie; 49; Nov. 197
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  • 118
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    Lateral expansion of a laser-supported detonation wave in a gas. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model satisfying the conditions in the burnt (ionized) and ambient undisturbed gases is presented for the two-dimensional case of the absorption wave resulting from the interaction of a laser beam with the plasma it generates in the gas through which the beam propagates. The flowfield of the rarefaction wave resulting from the laser-supported detonation is discussed, along with the computed shock and flow deflection angles.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; Dec. 197
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  • 119
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    Vertical resolution of temperature profiles obtained from remote radiation measurements. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 29; Oct. 197
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  • 120
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    Computed total radiation properties of compressed oxygen between 100 and 1000 K. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 15; Nov. 197
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  • 121
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    Rocket measurements of low energy electrons and optical emissions in the dayglow and aurora. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 122
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    Polar motion from laser tracking of artificial satellites. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the range to the Beacon Explorer C spacecraft from a single laser tracking system at Goddard Space Flight Center have been used to determine the change in latitude of the station arising from polar motion. A precision of 0.03 arc second was obtained for the latitude during a 5-month period in 1970.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 178; Oct. 27
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  • 123
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    A three-dimensional model of thermosphere dynamics. I - Heat input and eigenfunctions. II - Tidal waves. III - Planetary waves. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 124
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    Tesseral resonance on Imp 4 orbit. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The supersynchronous resonance occurred because the orbital period of 4 1/3 days was nearly commensurate with the earth's rotational period. The satellite was launched on May 24, 1967. The perturbation due to commensurability is discussed, giving attention to the ground track of the longitude at perigee passage and the effect of the tesseral harmonic on the time of perigee passage. The measurement of the time of perigee passage of Imp 4 is accurate enough to provide a stringent test of the third-degree tesseral terms in the model of the earth's gravitational field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Oct. 10
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  • 125
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    Magnetic field fluctuations during substorms. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Before a magnetospheric substorm and during its early phases, the magnetic field magnitude in the geomagnetic tail increases and field lines in the night-time hemisphere assume a more tail-like configuration. Before the substorm onset, a minimum amount of magnetic flux is observed to cross the neutral sheet which means that the neutral sheet currents attain their most earthward locations and their greatest current densities. This field configuration apparently results from an increased transport of magnetic flux to the tail caused by a southward interplanetary magnetic field. The field begins relaxing toward a more dipolar configuration at the time of a substorm onset with the recovery probably occurring first between 6 and 10 earth radii and later at greater distances. This recovery must be associated with magnetospheric convection which restores magnetic flux to the dayside hemisphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 126
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    An experimental investigation of radiative properties of aluminum oxide particles. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The radiative properties of aluminum oxide at high temperatures were determined at various wavelengths. Absorption cross-sections of aluminum oxide particles averaged over a particle size distribution were determined by measuring the radiative emission from the particles in a flame and by determining the particle number density and size distribution from measurements of the scattering of laser light incident on the particles in this flame. From these values of average absorption cross-section, the imaginary part of the refractive index was deduced. Results indicate that the absorption cross-section and the imaginary part of the refractive index increase as the temperature increases in the range from 1920 to 2610 K, and that these properties decrease with increasing wavelength in the interval from 0.35 to 1.2 micron, indicating a nongray-body behavior.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 12; Nov. 197
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  • 127
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    Analytic models of electron impact excitation cross sections. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A number of analytic forms are presented which have been used to represent electron impact excitation cross sections all the way from threshold to the high energy domain where they join approximately to the results of the Born-Bethe approximation. Techniques for estimating the parameters in these analytic forms are described in detail so that the reader can update his own parameter set when new experimental information becomes available. A short collection of parameters for excitations to key states of N2, O2 and O is given along with references to sources where more complete sets are available. The importance of analytic models as a means of communication to aeronomical users of cross sections is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 128
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    The development of a theoretical model of the atmosphere and the ionosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 129
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    Savonoski crater, Alaska - A possible meteorite impact structure. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Meteoritics; 7; June 30
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  • 130
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    The earth's atmosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: Topics discussed include the effects of solar radiation on the heat balance of the earth and its atmosphere, the physicomathematical models of the atmosphere and the computational schemes used in numerical investigations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, the effects of atmospheric turbulence on aeronautical systems, te chemistry of different regions of the atmosphere, the use of hot-filament and cold-cathode vacuum gauges to measure upper-atmosphere densities, methods of determining the air density at heights near a satellite's perigee by analyzing changes in its orbit, and an evaluation of various atmospheric models in the 100- to 1000-km altitude range.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 131
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    Air film cooling in a nonadiabatic wall conical nozzle. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experimental data for an air-film cooled conical nozzle operating with a heated-air main stream and a water-cooled wall confirm the validity of Lieu's (1964) method for correlating film cooling data in the accelerated flow of a nonadiabatic-wall nozzle. The film cooling effectiveness modified for nonadiabatic walls by Lieu can be used to correlate film cooling under the condition that the main-stream to coolant velocity ratio at the slot is about 1. Such a ratio provides the optimum cooling effectiveness.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; July 197
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  • 132
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    Frequency shifts of ionospheric nfH resonances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New observational data are analyzed to interpret mechanisms responsible for large positive frequency shifts of Alouette II plasma resonances (corresponding to the first and second electron cyclotron harmonics) relative to frequency values expected from model magnetic field calculations. It is shown that the frequency shifts can be consistently explained by plasma wave dispersion effects combined with sounder transmitter frequency deviation (positive offset of several kilohertz) and a negative offset (several tens of gammas) in the geomagnetic field relative to the model field. Plasma wave dispersion effects are observed on the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance when it is in the vicinity of the resonance observed near the upper hybrid frequency. The observations suggest that an oblique echo model may be required for interpretation of the electron cyclotron second harmonic resonance.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; July 197
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  • 133
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    A multispectral technique to determine sea surface temperature using Nimbus 2 data. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three channels of the Nimbus 2 five-channel Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer have been employed in the development of a technique to determine sea surface temperature. Two of the channels in the 0.2-4.0 and 6.4-6.9 micron spectral regions are used to indicate a cloud-free line of sight and the third, a high signal-to-noise window channel (10-11 microns), measures the equivalent blackbody temperature (Tbb) which is a function of the thermal emission from the sea surface and the intervening atmosphere. Equivalent blackbody temperatures and normalized reflectance thresholds were established using frequency distributions from the 6.4-6.9 and 0.2-4.0 micron channels, respectively, to determine the existence of cloud-free conditions. The window Tbb's were compared with ship ocean temperature measurements for a one-month period over the western North Atlantic. This comparison revealed a plus or minus 1.5 K dispersion about the mean difference between the ship temperatures and window Tbb's between 31-34 N.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Physical Oceanography; 2; Apr. 197
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  • 134
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    Atmospheric waves and the ionosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of evidence supporting the existence of atmospheric waves is presented, and a simple, theoretical approach for describing them is shown. Suggestions for gravity wave sources include equatorial and auroral electrojet, auroral and polar substorm heating, atmospheric jet streams, and large oceanic tides. There are reviewed previous studies dealing with the interaction between ionization and atmospheric waves believed to exist at ionospheric heights. These waves include acoustic waves, evanescent waves, and internal atmospheric gravity waves. It is explained that mode analysis, often employed when an increased number of layers is used for a more complete profile, is inapplicable for waves very close to a source.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Contemporary Physics; 13; May 1972
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  • 135
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    Geomagnetic field distortions and their effects on radiation belt particles. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One of the quadrupole terms in the main geomagnetic field is found to contribute to a north-south 'shear distortion' of the particle-drift shells, whereas one of the octupole components causes a longitude-dependent radial deformation and associated 'drift-shell splitting.' The collective action of all higher multipoles on trapped-particle motion is then used to analyze the 'true' anomalies or distortions of the internal geomagnetic field that are independent of the quadrupole-related eccentricity of the main dipole. These 'true' anomalies must originate in upper-mantle or crustal perturbations that lie relatively near the earth's surface on both sides of the mid-Atlantic ridge; they influence trapped-particle drift shells only where the latter have their closest approach to the earth (South Atlantic and South African areas). The quadrupole and octupole perturbations, on the other hand, obviously originate deep in the earth's core. In the final part of this review, we discuss the effects of external magnetospheric currents. A time-dependent symmetric ring current causes drift shells to be displaced radially, with associated particle acceleration; magnetopause currents introduce a day-night asymmetry, causing shell splitting.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 10; May 1972
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  • 136
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    Hydrogen atom in intense magnetic field. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The structure of a hydrogen atom situated in an intense magnetic field is investigaged. Three approaches are employed. An elementary Bohr picture establishes a crucial magnetic field strength, H sub a approximately equal to 5 x 10 to the 9th G. Fields in excess of H sub a are intense in that they are able to modify the characteristic atomic scales of length and binding energy. A second approach solves the Schrodinger equation by a combination of variational methods and perturbation theory. It yields analytic expressions for the wave functions and energy eigenvalues. A third approach determines the energy eigenvalues by reducing the Schrodinger equation to a one-dimensional wave equation, which is then solved numerically. Energy eigenvalues are tabulated for field strengths of 2 x 10 to the 10th G and 2 x 10 to the 12th G. It is found that at 2 x 10 to the 12th G the lowest energy eigenvalue is changed from -13.6 to about -180 eV in agreement with previous variational computations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 17; Aug. 197
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  • 137
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    Second virial coefficients for the polar species in steam. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The potential function parameters to fit the data obtained by Kell et al. (1968) are determined. The data of Kell et al. cover the temperature range from 150 to 450 C. Data for the temperature range from 500 to 1000 C are from Sugaware et al. (1964). These calculations have been extended to include OH-OH and OH-H2O pairwise interactions. For the latter interaction the formalism was extended to the case of unequal dipole quadrupole moments in the potential function for the interacting species.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Physical Chemistry; 76; Sept. 28
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  • 138
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    Fundamentals of spacecraft thermal design. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The papers deal with and are grouped according to four major issues. These are: surface radiation properties, including synthesis and measurement, space flight effect, and contamination effects; thermal analysis, including reentry vehicle analysis, radiant heat transfer between surfaces, and thermal contact conductance of surfaces; heat pipes, including possible applications, operating characteristics, and design, fabrication and testing of heat pipes; and thermal design, including radiative, ablative, and active cooling thermal protection of the leading edge of a space-shuttle wing, and space station environmental thermal control. Individual items were previously announced in issues 06 and 11, 1971.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 139
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    Morphology and petrography of volcanic ashes. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of volcanic ash samples collected from a variety of recent eruptions using petrography, chemical analyses, and scanning electron microscopy to characterize each type and to relate ash morphology to magma composition and the type of eruption. The ashes are placed in the broad genetic categories of magmatic and phreatomagmatic. The morphology of ash particles from magmatic eruptions of high viscosity magma is governed primarily by vesicle density and shape. Ash particles from eruptions of low viscosity magmas are mostly droplets. The morphology of ash particles from phreatomagmatic eruptions is controlled by stresses within the chilled magma which result in fragmentation of the glass to form small blocky or pyramidal glass ash particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geological Society of America Bulletin; 83; July 197
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  • 140
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    Remote measurements of the atmosphere using Raman scattering. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Raman optical radar measurements of the atmosphere demonstrate that the technique may be used to obtain quantitative measurements of the spatial distribution of individual atmospheric molecular trace constituents (in particular water vapor) and of the major constituents. It is shown that monitoring Raman signals from atmospheric nitrogen aids in interpreting elastic scattering measurements by eliminating attenuation effects. In general, the experimental results show good agreement with independent meteorological measurements. Finally, experimental data are utilized to estimate the Raman backscatter cross section for water vapor excited at 3471.5 A.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 11; July 197
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  • 141
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    Inhibition of the ablation rate of graphite by gaseous chlorine. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the inhibiting effect of gaseous chlorine on the ablation rate of graphite. It is shown that small amounts of chlorine gas, when present in a supersonic high-temperature air environment, can inhibit the ablation rate of graphite and depress its surface temperature below that measured in pure air. The ablation inhibition performance of chlorine is presented in graphs in terms of mass loss rate and surface temperature depression as a function of chlorine concentration.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: AIAA Journal; 10; May 1972
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  • 142
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    Photodissociation rates of molecular oxygen in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of recently obtained band oscillator strengths and predissociation line widths, for the Schumann-Runge band system to calculate the photodissociation rate of molecular oxygen as a function of column density and temperature by solar radiation between 1025 and 2500 A. Data are presented from which the mean transmission and photodissociation rates for given wavelength intervals between 1750 and 2025 A can be calculated for column densities between 10 to the 17th and 10 to the 23rd molecules/sq cm and for temperatures between 150 and 300 K. Also, the production of vibrationally excited oxygen molecules as a result of fluorescence in the Schumann-Runge bands is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
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  • 143
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    Ionospheric plasma resonances - Time durations vs latitude, altitude, and fn/fh. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The variation of resonant time duration with latitude, altitude, and fn/fh has been determined for the plasma resonances observed by Alouette I and Alouette II at the electron plasma frequency fn, the electron cyclotron frequency fh, the upper hybrid frequency ft, and the harmonics n-fh where n = 2,3
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 144
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    Silica reinforcement and char reactions in the Apollo heat shield. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Reactions of the silica reinforcement fiber and ablation char of the Apollo heat shield have been investigated by laboratory tests in an arc image furnace (at temperature levels up to 5000 R, pressures up to 0.7 atm, and heat flux similar to reentry) and by an actual reentry test. Microchemical analyses and X-ray diffraction studies have been made to determine the presence of SiC formation in the char. Experimental data and analytical predictions of thermal and density profiles have been compared for the ablation of virgin heat shield and precharred materials to determine the effects of SiC formation on ablation performance. In all analyses, general agreement was found between chemical composition and the thermal predictions for laboratory tests and reentry materials. In all ablated materials, SiC was formed in the front surface of the char. The highest SiC content found was 58% by weight and found in a high-pressure environment. The SiC formed was found to act as a heat sink in the ablation process and can lower the front surface temperature by 300 R.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; May 1972
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  • 145
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    Thermal Control of the Scientific Instrument Package in the Large Space Telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: The general thermal control system philosophy was to utilize passive control where feasible and to utilize active methods only where required for more accurate thermal control of the SIP components with narrow temperature tolerances. A thermal model of the SIP and a concept for cooling the SIP cameras are presented. The model and cooling concept have established a rationale for determining a Phase A baseline for SIP thermal control.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 203-228
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  • 146
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    User Requirements for the Application of Remote Sensing in the Planning and Management of Water Resource Systems (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Data relating to hydrologic and water resource systems and subsystems management are reported. Systems models, user application, and remote sensing technology are covered. Parameters governing water resources include evaportranspiration, vegetation, precipitation, streams and estuaries, reservoirs and lakes, and unsaturate and saturated soil zones.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techniques; 27 p
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  • 147
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    Investigation of Atmospheric Effects in Image Transfer (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The effect of the atmosphere on remote image interpretation and transfer was studied under laboratory conditions. Indoor laboratory measurements were made of the reflection patterns of typical natural surfaces using a dual channel polarizing radiometer. Outdoor ground measurements of these same surfaces were compared to indoor ones to validate the findings. From these data attempts were made to construct an atmospheric remote sensing model that could predict spectral intensity characteristics of the remote image as seen by a particular sensor given the spatial orientation of the sensor, the atmospheric conditions, the time of day, and the type of surface being viewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techniques; 32 p
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  • 148
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    A 3-D Multilateration: A Precision Geodetic Measurement System (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: A system was designed with the capability of determining 1-cm accuracy station positions in three dimensions using pulsed laser earth satellite tracking stations coupled with strictly geometric data reduction. With this high accuracy, several crucial geodetic applications become possible, including earthquake hazards assessment, precision surveying, plate tectonics, and orbital determination.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev.; Vol. 2; No. 3; p 1-11
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  • 149
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    Part B: Heat Transfer to Slush Hydrogen (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Heat transfer to slush hydrogen was measured at one atmosphere and at triple-point pressure. The data were compared with those for heat transfer to liquid hydrogen, and to classical heat transfer correlations for nucleate boiling. The slush data fit convective heat transfer correlations quite well. In general, the data show that for a given heat flux, the temperature difference between the wall and the bulk liquid is not as highly influenced by pressure as predicted by the core correlation for nucleate boiling.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Mixing and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Slush Hydrogen; p 27-50
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  • 150
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    Definition of Earth Resources Policy and Management Problems in California (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: The activities of the Social Sciences Group in solving earth resources management problems as related to social factors, are reported. Major efforts of the Group revolved around identifying potential users of ERTS data, ascertain the user's needs, and assay the organizational impacts of new and technologically advanced sources of information. Attempts were also made to develop a linear programming model to be used in decision making with respect to resources being observed by ERTS and other remote sensing vehicles. The cost effectiveness of solving these management problems is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techniques; 123 p
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  • 151
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    The Prospects of Utilizing Remotely Sensed Data in the Preparation of Environmental-Sociological Models (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: The use of remote sensing to acquire needed data concerning soils, water conditions, microclimatic conditions, flora, land use, recreational potential, and cultural conditions was studied for solving data needs. The procedures and means whereby such data can be acquired and processed into an information format are demonstrated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 279-315
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  • 152
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    Study of Ice Particle Formation and Lifetime in Space Environment (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: The ice particles are formed when liquid and/or humid gases vent to the space. These submicroscopic ice particles are potential contamination sources of the environments during Skylab operations. The critical size of ice particle and its nucleation rate based on the theory of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation by sublimation are analyzed. The equations which are pertinent for studying the growth and evaporation of the ice particles are formulated. The mechanisms affecting the lifetime of ice particle are discussed. The gas dynamic techniques for experimental study of ice particle formation are proposed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 317-343
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  • 153
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    An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of California Using Remote Sensing Techniques: Introduction (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: A study of California's water project by remote procedures is presented. The program is designed to acquire data, analyze the data, and effect means by which the data may be used most effectively.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techniques; 9 p
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  • 154
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    Assessment of the Impact of the California Water Project in Southern California (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-06
    Description: Investigations were made of remotely sensed data applications that contribute to an understanding of the southern California environment and its resources. The development of equipment and methodologies for geographic information systems, as well as preparation of a data base for analyzing the impact of the California State Water Project on land use and development, are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techniques; 70 p
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  • 155
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    Assessment of the Impact of the California Water Project on the West Side of the San Joaquin Valley (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-06
    Description: Changes in the regional scale parameters used to characterize the nature of area transformation caused by the California State Water Project are analyzed. Data were taken from Mission 164 and ERTS high flight simulation imagery. Indicators considered cover general and urban oriented land use, general and problem oriented vegetation, irrigation systems, and identification of crops.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techniques; 38 p
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  • 156
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    Direct determination of the thickness of stratospheric layers from single-channel satellite radiance measurements. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The direct use of measured radiances for determining the thickness of stratospheric layers is investigated. Layers based at 100-10 mb, with upper boundaries at 10-0.5 mb, are investigated using a carefully selected family of stratospheric temperature profiles and computed radiances. On the basis of physical reasoning, a high correlation of thickness with radiance is anticipated for deep layers, such as the 100- to 2-mb layer (from about 15 to 43 km), that emit a substantial part of the infrared energy reaching a satellite radiometer in a particular channel. Empirical regression curves relating thickness and radiance are developed and are compared with blackbody curves obtained by substituting the blackbody temperature in the hydrostatic equation. Maximum thickness-radiance correlation is found, for each infrared channel, for the layer having the best agreement of empirical and blackbody curves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 100; Nov. 197
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  • 157
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    Oscillation effects upon film boiling from a sphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Heat transfer rates from a silver-plated copper sphere, 0.75 in. in diameter, were studied by high speed photography during oscillations of the sphere in saturated liquid nitrogen and Freon-11. The oscillation frequencies ranged from zero to 13 Hz, and the amplitude-to-diameter ratio varied from zero to 2.67. The sphere was supported by a thin-walled stainless steel tube and carried a thermocouple attached near the lower stagnation point. A Fastax WF-3 16mm movie camera was used at about 2000 frames/sec. The differences in the vapor removal process at lower and higher oscillation frequencies are discussed.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 158
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    Petrographic and electron microprobe study of the Monturaqui impactite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of Monturaqui-crater impactite specimens attempting to determine the type of shock features present, shock intensities, type of meteorite projectile, and environmental conditions of impactite formation, by means of petrographic and electron microprobe techniques. The specimens were found to contain shocked and unshocked mineral and rock fragments together with Ni-Fe-Co-P spherules tightly bound in a partly devitrified matrix of clear, green or brown glass. Shock effects range from lightly shocked to intensely shocked. Observed and simulated shock effects are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology; 36; 1972
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  • 159
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    Reinterpretation of the Pioneer 6 bow shock crossing. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper re-examines and reinterprets the interesting bow shock crossing of Pioneer 6 on December 16, 1965, by combining the high-resolution data for the magnetic field measurements with all the available plasma data. It is shown that, although a small correction of the magnetic field data improves the validity test of the MHD Rankine-Hugoniot (R-H) conditions, it is the plasma density measurements that are the principal source of the remaining inconsistencies. With the exception of the densities, the best agreement between the measurements and the R-H relations is obtained when the specific heat ratio is slightly less than the classical value of 5/3 expected for a magnetized plasma in the magnetosheath. A more accurate shock normal determination has been made, and it is found that the shock itself is possibly in motion with respect to the earth and that locally it may be approximated as a normal shock.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Nov. 1
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  • 160
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    Response of convectively controlled burning to nonlinear disturbances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A process where energy release rate is proportional to the square root of the Reynolds number of a burning particle or surface is used to demonstrate some distinctive dynamic properties of a disturbed convectively controlled burning process. The instantaneous energy release rates caused by assumed periodic flow field disturbances are numerically evaluated and examined. Correlation coefficients which express the energy released in-phase with the pressure disturbance are evaluated and analytical solutions for these coefficients are derived. The response of the process is shown to be highly sensitive to the harmonic distortion of the disturbance. For some disturbances the energy released in-phase with the pressure disturbance is an order of magnitude larger than that for linear (sinusoidal) disturbances. The results show that harmonic distortion increases the coupling between the burning process and the flow field. This amplifying effect of harmonic distortion is suppressed when a disturbance becomes steep-fronted; therefore, steepening can act to limit the equilibrium amplitudes in disturbed systems. Amplification is also suppressed when the velocity disturbance is phase shifted with respect to the pressure disturbance or when the process is exposed to a high steady velocity.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
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  • 161
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    Evaluating the light from the sun. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent measurements from high altitude observing platforms have produced evidence that the values regarding the energy from the sun and its spectral distribution need significant revisions. In all ground-based measurements, the dust, haze, and smoke of the atmosphere, the permanent gases and, above all, the highly variable and absorbent water vapor are a source of uncertainty. With the advent of the space age the need for a more reliable set of values of the solar constant and the solar spectrum began to be realized. Measurements for the derivation of the solar constant were conducted with aircraft, balloons, and spacecraft. Values for solar spectral irradiance were also obtained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Spectra; 6; Mar. 197
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  • 162
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    The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. I - Calibrated thermal emission spectra. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the infrared spectrum of the earth and atmosphere between 400 and 1600/cm. In an effort to obtain spectra with high absolute accuracy, it was necessary to incorporate many factors into the calibration, including small departures from unity in the emissivity of the on-board calibration source, imbalance between cold and warm calibration ports, and effects due to orbital variations in instrument temperature. The inclusion of such higher order corrections, along with careful data screening processes, has ensured a high quality data set that can be used in a variety of geophysical and meteorological investigations. Representative samples of data are presented that illustrate the behavior of the thermal emission spectra under a variety of conditions encountered in a typical orbit, including extremes in temperature, surface reststrahlung (or residual ray) effects, and various types of cloud conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 20
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  • 163
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    Diffusion model for the phase delay between thermospheric density and temperature. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consideration of a two-dimensional time-dependent model in which the thermosphere dynamics is excited by the UV heat input within the thermosphere, showing that the wind-induced variations in the diurnal component of atomic oxygen dominate over its temperature-induced variations up to 200 km. The assumption of diffusive equilibrium is therefore in general not valid for O within the lower thermosphere. The effect of the diurnal wind circulation is to redistribute O so that the diurnal variations in the forbidden O/forbidden N2 and forbidden O/forbidden O2 ratios are damped by about 20%, thus contributing to the maintenance of the nighttime F2 region, and the maximum in the diurnal variation of O is shifted by one to two hours away from the temperature maximum toward noon, thus contributing significantly to the temperature-density time lag at thermospheric heights above 200 km, where O becomes the major constituent.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 164
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    Functions and activities of the Arizona Regional Ecological Test Site (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Arizona Regional Ecological Test Site (ARETS) project and its efforts to coordinate and transfer satellite remote sensing techniques to solving earth resources and environmental problems in the Arizona area are discussed. Project objectives include: (1) establishing a multidiscipline resources and environment team in Arizona capable of applying satellite and supporting aircraft data to expedite remote sensing technology transfer to user agencies; (2) determine future resources and environment information needs for Arizona; (3) conduct coordinated multidiscipline experiments in the use of ERTS data; and (4) provide and recommend facilities, instruments, and training necessary to support the practical uses of remote sensing data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 6 p
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  • 165
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    Near infrared iron absorption bands: Applications to geologic mapping and mineral exploration (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A spectroscopic analysis of the difference in reflectance of iron-rich and iron-poor minerals was made. Attempts were made to use these minima contrast in geological mapping and metallic mineral exploration of large areas from near infrared and visible satellite images. Data cover pertinent laboratory spectroscopic investigations, applications of spectral differences to the discrimination of two important metamorphic rock types, and mineral exploration by aircraft in Beartooth Mountains, Montana.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 18 p
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  • 166
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    Applications of spectroscopy to remote determination of water quality (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of remote laser Raman and molecular spectroscopic techniques to measure water quality is examined. Measurements cover biological, chemical, and physical properties of the water. Experimental results show chemical properties are harder to obtain remotely than biological or physical properties and that molecular spectroscopy seems to be the best method for obtaining water quality data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 14 p
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  • 167
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    Central Atlantic regional ecological test site (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The work of the Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site (CARETS) project is discussed. The primary aim of CARETS is to test the hypothesis that data from ERTS-A can be made an integral part of a regional land resources information system, encompassing both inventory of the resource base and monitoring of changes, along with their effects on the quality of the environment. Another objective of the project is to determine scaling factors for developing land use information and regional analysis for regions of any given size.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3 23p (SEE N72-29355 20-13)
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  • 168
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    Wetlands delineation by spectral signature analysis and legal implications (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High altitude analysis of wetland resources and the use of such information in an operational mode to address specific problems of wetland preservation at a state level are discussed. Work efforts were directed toward: (1) developing techniques for using large scale color IR photography in state wetlands mapping program, (2) developing methods for obtaining wetlands ecology information from high altitude photography, (3) developing means by which spectral data can be more accurately analyzed visually, and (4) developing spectral data for automatic mapping of wetlands.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 9 p
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    Applications of remote sensor data by state and Federal user agencies in Arizona (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of NASA high altitude aerial photography of south eastern Arizona to develop a natural resources information system for Federal lands is discussed. The data are to be used by local, State, and Federal agencies in connection with geologic mapping projects, water resources investigations, and land use studies to determine the alignment of a proposed major aqueduct. In addition, the data are used to confirm land ownership boundaries, detect changes in land use, and legislative reappointment mapping. Other applications include mapping vegetive cover, evaluation of changes in wildlife habitat, location of deer kills, and as a base for recording telemetry data from radio-collared big game animals.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 10 p
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  • 170
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    Geological material discrimination from Nimbus satellite data (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of Nimbus satellite data to determine its suitability in determining the physical properties of surface materials. Attempts were also made to use these data in developing analytical techniques for handling data from other earth resources and meteorological satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center 4th Ann. Earth Resources Program Rev., Vol. 3; 15 p
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  • 171
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    Data processing requirements for the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some of the data handling considerations that led to the formulation of the data processing requirements for the ERTS system are discussed. The significant parameters that influence these requirements are: (1) payload characteristics, (2) spacecraft characteristics such as orbit, attitude and attitude rates, (3) payload coverage, and (4) product types and quantities. Items 3 and 4 have had the most significant influence on the generation of the requirements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Conf. on Parallel Image Process. for Earth Observation Systems; p 61-70
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  • 172
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    Radar pulse compression and high resolution sea reflectivity (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The state-of-the-art in radar pulse compression as it applies to spacecraft altimetry is summarized. It is illustrated how in the next few years vertical resolutions to 0.5 to 2.0 ft. can be obtained with relative accuracies of 5 to 10% of these values if the nature of the sea surface is known. Data are also given that show when high accuracy is desired, second order effects such as the asymmetries in the sea surface reflectivity may be taken into account.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 11 p
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  • 173
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    Determination of mean surface position and sea state from the radar return of a short-pulse satellite altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using the specular point theory of scatter from a very rough surface, the average backscatter cross section per unit area per radar cell width is derived for a cell located at a given height above the mean sea surface. This result is then applied to predict the average radar cross section observed by a short-pulse altimeter as a function of time for two modes of operation: pulse-limited and beam-limited configurations. For a pulse-limited satellite altimeter, a family of curves is calculated showing the distortion of the leading edge of the receiver output signal as a function of sea state (i.e., wind speed). A signal processing scheme is discussed that permits an accurate determination of the mean surface position--even in high seas--and, as a by-product, the estimation of the significant seawave height (or wind speed above the surface). Comparison of these analytical results with experimental data for both pulse-limited and beam-limited operation lends credence to the model. Such a model should aid in the design of short-pulse altimeters for accurate determination of the geoid over the oceans, as well as for the use of such altimeters for orbital sea-state monitoring.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 19 p
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  • 174
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    The composite scattering model for radar sea return (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A composite scattering model, suitable for explaining the behavior of measured scattering cross sections of the ocean surface, is presented. Furthermore, utilizing this scattering model, the spectrums of the small gravity, gravity-capillary, waves will be predicted for MSA/MSC, 13.3 GHz Scatterometer data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 18 p
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  • 175
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    Radar pulse shape versus ocean wave height (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The radar height distribution of the vertical ocean surface structure was measured with a 1 ns radar system from a tower platform. It is shown that the reflecting properties of the ocean biases the mean sea level by about 5% of the significant wave height, and that the radar measured water wave height is reduced by about 6% of the significant wave height. For SWH up to 2 m, it can be assumed that the shape of the distribution is normal and that the mean sea level and water wave height of the observed ocean surface can be directly obtained from the convolved pulse, that is obtained from a high flying altimeter, with accuracies of a few centimeters. Measurements of higher sea states and utilization of an aircraft platform for pulse width limited observations are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 29 p
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  • 176
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    Characteristics of ocean-reflected short radar pulses with application to altimetry and surface roughness determination (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Current work related to geodetic altimetry is summarized. Special emphasis is placed on the effects of pulse length on both altimetry and sea-state estimation. Some discussion is also given of system tradeoff parameters and sea truth requirements to support scattering studies. The problem of analyzing signal characteristics and altimeter waveforms arising from rough surface backscattering is also considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 32 p
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  • 177
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    Requirements for a marine geoid compatible with geoid deducible from satellite altimetry (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Theory deficiencies, data, and potential computational procedures that make the physical determination of the ocean geoid with true scale, shape, and absolute orientation of an elusive target are outlined. Satellite altimetry potential, in combination with adequate ground support and sea truth to resolve accurate global marine geoid and other peripheral benefits associated with ocean physics, are stated. Results are given in tabular form.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 38 p
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  • 178
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    Ground truth data requirements for altimeter performance verification (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The amount and type of ground truth required for an altimeter experiment is a function of the uncertainty in the satellite orbit, the altimeter error budget and the type of operation being performed. Ground truth requirements will be discussed with reference to three areas of operation: the global mode, the high intensity mode and calibration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 179
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    Refinement of the geoid from GEOS-C data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A refinement was made of ocean geoid and global gravity fields from GEOS-C altimeter data. Various mathematical procedures for calculating these phenomena are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 8 p
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  • 180
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    An observational philosophy for GEOS-C satellite altimetry (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The parameters necessary for obtaining a 10 cm accuracy for GEOS-C satellite altimetry are outlined. These data include oceanographic parameters, instrument calibration, pulse propagation, sea surface effects, and optimum design.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 1; 9 p
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  • 181
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    Riverbed formation (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The general fluvial processes that work to form a riverbed and produce the characteristic pattern of either meandering, braided, or straight are reviewed. A method for quantification of river pattern and correlation, with the basic hydraulic characteristics of discharge and slope, is presented. Additional characteristics of a river system may be deduced from high-quality photography and imagery obtained from either aircraft or space platforms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 199-210
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  • 182
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    Orbital surveys and state resource management (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The resource management implications of satellite earth resource surveys for the state of Ohio are discussed. Discussions cover environmental problems, planning future developments, and short- and long-range benefits of such resource management.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 187-197
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  • 183
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    Interdisciplinary applications and interpretations of remotely sensed data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An interdisciplinary approach to use remote sensor for the inventory of natural resources is discussed. The areas under investigation are land use, determination of pollution sources and damage, and analysis of geologic structure and terrain. The geographical area of primary interest is the Susquehanna River Basin. Descriptions of the data obtained by aerial cameras, multiband cameras, optical mechanical scanners, and radar are included. The Earth Resources Technology Satellite and Skylab program are examined. Interpretations of spacecraft data to show specific areas of interest are developed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 181-186
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  • 184
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    Satellite observations of temporal terrestrial features (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of satellite data to earth resources and environmental studies and the effects of resolution of the photographs and imagery are discussed. The nature of the data acquired by manned space flight and unmanned satellites is described. Specific applications of remotely sensed data for oceanography, hydrology, geography, and geology are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 155-179
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  • 185
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    Use of data from space for earth resources exploration and management in Alabama (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The University of Alabama, the Geological Survey of Alabama, and the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center are involved in an interagency, interdisciplinary effort to use remotely sensed, multispectral observations to yield improved and timely assessment of earth resources and environmental quality in Alabama. It is the goal of this effort to interpret these data and provide them in a format which is meaningful to and readily usable by agencies, industries, and individuals who are potential users throughout the State.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 143-148
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  • 186
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    Application of remote sensing to solution of ecological problems (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of remote sensing techniques to solving ecological problems is discussed. The three phases of environmental ecological management are examined. The differences between discovery and exploitation of natural resources and their ecological management are described. The specific application of remote sensing to water management is developed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 105-108
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  • 187
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    Applications of remote sensing to stream discharge predictions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A feasibility study has been initiated on the use of remote earth observations for augmenting stream discharge prediction for the design and/or operation of major reservoir systems, pumping systems and irrigation systems. The near-term objectives are the interpolation of sparsely instrumented precipitation surveillance networks and the direct measurement of water loss by evaporation. The first steps of the study covered a survey of existing reservoir systems, stream discharge prediction methods, gage networks and the development of a self-adaptive variation of the Kentucky Watershed model, SNOPSET, that includes snowmelt. As a result of these studies, a special three channel scanner is being built for a small aircraft, which should provide snow, temperature and water vapor maps for the spatial and temporal interpolation of stream gages.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space for Mankind's Benefit; p 109-119
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  • 188
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    Recent probe measurements of dc electric fields from IMP 1 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The measurement of dc electric fields in the magnetosphere by IMP 1 are presented. Electric fields on the order of 1 mV/m in the solar wind, with about a 40% jump at the bow shock were observed. Observational results are graphed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 75-78
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  • 189
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    The magnetospheric plasma tail (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The structural nature of the earth's plasmasphere at onset and immediately following an intense magnetic storm is examined. Thermal proton density measurements by the RF ion mass spectrometer on the low altitude polar orbiting satellite OGO-4 were compared on five consecutive nightside passes during the early recovery stage of an intense storm occuring in September 1967. Observational results revealed (1) characteristic termination of the dense plasmapause, (2) secondary enhancement of the ion density poleward of the first abrupt plasmapause, and (3) an elongated plasma tail during the recovery phase of the storm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 67-70
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  • 190
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    A new view of the ring current (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations of the quiet time ring current intensity and distribution in the magnetosphere by OGO-3 and OGO-5 are given. The differences in quiet time ring currents and ring currents observed during magnetic storms are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 62-66
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  • 191
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    Magnetic control of the high latitude thermosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations made by the neutral mass spectrometer on board the polar orbiting OGO-6 satellite are given. Measurements were taken of the composition, density, and cyclic variations of gases in the high altitude thermosphere. Data were taken during the quiet magnetic period of August and early September 1969.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 58-61
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  • 192
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    Magnetic field observations of the dayside polar cusp (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The magnetic field measurements made in the polar cusp region down to altitudes of about 4 earth radii are discussed. Measurements were made by the IMP 5 satellite. Measurements are characterized by unusually low magnitudes and large fluctuations. It was suggested that the low magnitudes are caused by currents of the magnetopause and the diamagnetic effect of the plasma. The transition between the magnetosheath and the cusp portion of the magnetosphere is not characterized by a well defined magnetopause as at low latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 71-74
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  • 193
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    The global hydrogen budget (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Experimental results, based on Explorer 32 data, on the density, temporal variation, and distribution of atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere are reported.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 52-57
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  • 194
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    Vertical motions inferred from satellite radiometry (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Medium resolution radiometer measurements on Nimbus 2 and 3 and relatively high resolution measurements on Nimbus 4 have been made in 6.4 to 6.9 and 20 to 23 microns water vapor absorption regions where the weighed means in the observed radiation occur in the troposphere near the 400 and 600 mbar levels, respectively. An example of the imagery obtained from the Nimbus 4 temperature-humidity infrared radiometer (THIR) is shown. This example demonstrates clearly that there is a distinct pattern difference between the 6.7 microns observations coming from the midtroposphere and the more common 11.5 microns atmospheric window observations showing the emitted radiation associated with opaque surfaces such as the ground or optically thick clouds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 37-41
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  • 195
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    Measurements of ocean color (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An airborne instrument for determining ocean color and measurements made with the instrument are discussed. It was concluded that a clear relationship exists between the chlorophyll concentration and the color of the water. High altitude measurements from 50,000 feet are described and the effects of atmospheric scattering on the energy reaching the sensor are examined. The measured spectrum of ocean color at high and low altitudes is plotted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 24-29
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  • 196
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    Stratospheric ozone (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The photochemical and transport processes in the earth stratosphere are discussed. The effects of certain trace constituents such as water vapor and oxides of nitrogen on the stratospheric ozone distribution are analyzed. The changes in the surface ultraviolet radiation levels which result from changes in the chemical composition in the stratosphere are examined. The influences of absorption and scattering of ultraviolet radiation on the thermal structure of the stratosphere are explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 34-36
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  • 197
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    A multispectral method of determining sea surface temperatures (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A multispectral method for determining sea surface temperatures is discussed. The specifications of the equipment and the atmospheric conditions required for successful multispectral data acquisition are described. Examples of data obtained in the North Atlantic Ocean are presented. The differences between the actual sea surface temperatures and the equivalent blackbody temperatures as determined by a radiometer are plotted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishemnts in Sci., 1971; p 19-23
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  • 198
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    Arctic ice measurements with microwave radiometers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of microwave radiometers for measuring Arctic ice is discussed. The acquisition of Arctic ice data simultaneously on the surface with conventional instruments and remotely with microwave and infrared radiometers, photography, and a laser geodolite is described. A multifrequency view of a large multilayer ice floe is presented. The significance of the data recordings is explained.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 13-18
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  • 199
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    Mineral exploration from high altitude imagery (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Types of remote sensing which can best be done from spacecraft and types which can best be done from aircraft are discussed. Five geologically distinctive areas in northwestern Saudi Arabia were selected for detailed study. The areas were mapped as thoroughly as possible on each of several different types of imagery. The final objective was to identify those classes of geologic problems that can best be resolved using satellite data and then to identify areas where orbital imagery might profitably be used to extend existing knowledge, with emphasis placed on mineral exploration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 7-12
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  • 200
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    Soil moisture measurements with microwave, radiometers (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: One technique of measuring moisture content that appears promising is that of microwave radiometry. In the microwave region of the spectrum, the emissivity of water is approximately 0.4, whereas that of dry soil is approximately 0.9. Therefore, the emissivity of the soil can range from about 0.6 to 0.9 as the soil changes from a wet to a dry condition. Recent ground base measurements have demonstrated emissivity changes of this magnitude. To test the use of this approach for remote sensing of soil moisture, flights were made over agricultural test sites in the vicinity of Phoenix, Ariz., during late February 1971. On the same day, soil moisture measurements were made on the ground for 200 fields. On board the aircraft were six microwave radiometers, ranging in wavelength from 21 cm to 8 mm. The results of one of these radiometers are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1971; p 3-6
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