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  • General Chemistry  (516)
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  • BIOSCIENCES
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  • 1960-1964  (914)
  • 1961  (914)
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  • 1960-1964  (914)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative treatment of the forgotten effect in liquid thermal diffusion (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 34-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of the concentration gradient on the density gradient in a thermal-diffusion column is called the forgotten effect. A modification of the theory developed by Furry, Jones, and Onsager is proposed to include the effect of the horizontal concentration gradient. A sample calculation with the system toluene-cyclohexane shows that the equations predict the proper behavior for a forgotten-effect system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070110
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of acoustic vibration on forced convective heat transfer (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 102-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an effort to study the effect of acoustic vibration on forced convective heat transfer, sound at resonant frequencies of 198, 256, and 322 c./sec., as well as sound at nonresonant frequencies, was imposed on air flowing at Reynolds numbers of 560 to 5,900 in the core of a horizontal, double pipe, steam to air, heat exchanger. Increases in Nusselt number of up to 51% in the nominally laminar region and up to 27% in the nominally turbulent region were obtained. The improvement peaked sharply at resonance and increased with both amplitude and resonant frequency. A qualitative dual mechanism is suggested, and correlations for the experimental results are presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070124
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase and area contributions to mass transfer kinetics (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 129-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relationship has been developed describing quantitatively the factors affecting packed column performance. The relationship, based on the Colburn equation, is proposed within the limits of a consistent flow regime in the liquid phase.Via separation of the effects of packing geometry on diffusion rates and the effect of area variation with flow rate, single phase transfer rates can be obtained from over-all mass transfer data. The appearance of a maximum in the relationship of HoG vs. G in the range of 60% of flooding is explained by the large increase of the term HoG/ai (∂ai/∂Gm) relative to the term 1/ai (∂HGai/∂Gm). The ammonia-air-system behavior is analyzed via this relationship. It is found that the gas phase resistance varies between 72 and 94% of the over-all resistance as a function of flow rate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070128
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design of experiments on the kinetics of the water-gas shift reaction (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments on the continuous catalytic water-gas shift reaction have been carried out making full use of the principles of statistical design to elucidate the reaction mechanism. Instantaneous reaction rates were determined for sixteen different combinations of the five variables: partial pressures of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and temperature. Nitrogen gas was used as an inert diluent to make up the total pressure to 1 atm. From the analysis of variance of these sixteen runs it can be shown that the Temkin mechanism for the water-gas shift reaction cannot represent the data within the experimental accuracy. A tentative alternative mechanism which is consistent with the data obtained is presented. The work shows that while it is possible to obtain useful empirical kinetic data from small, well-planned experiments, both highly precise experimental data and very careful statistical treatment are required. When these are available, a very marked reduction in the amount of experimental work can be effected.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070131
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Further studies of fluid flow and mass transfer in trickle beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Residence-time studies are reported for water trickling down through a 4-in. column packed with spheres. The transient response of the column to pulse- and step-function inputs in tracer concentration applied to the water stream was determined for both porous and nonporous packing. Significant radial variations in the distribution of residence times and the volumetric rate of flow were observed. The contribution to the response curves of diffusion into the porous packing and flow in the interparticle voids can be separated. The diffusion rates may then be characterized in terms of an effective pore diffusivity for the packing.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070135
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ratio of fluids to solid temperature and/or concentration in fixed-bed processes (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 176-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070140
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070201
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer with liquid lithium in circular conduits (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 216-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Forced convection mass transfer between circular tubes and liquid lithium was experimentally investigated over a range of Schmidt numbers from 40 to 57 and Reynolds numbers from 5,550 to 22,500. Information concerning the mechanism for mass transfer was obtained by measuring local solution and deposition rates as a function of distance along the tubes. Observed entrance effects for the solution process suggest that it involves the parallel mechanisms of diffusion through a solid film and through occluded liquid in grain boundaries. It is indicated that the relative contributions of these processes changes with increasing temperature.A j-factor correlation of existing liquid metal mass transfer data for fully developed conditions in circular conduits is presented and indicates that an exponent of 0.112 for NRe best represents the data. This result agrees well with other studies (9).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070210
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of vibration on natural convective mass transfer (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 240-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Small horizontal cylinders subliming to room air were vibrated in a vertical direction at 20 to 118 cycles/sec. Increases of up to 660% in the coefficient of mass transfer were thus obtained. The coefficient increased with both frequency and amplitude, the latter having the more pronounced effect. Results are correlated in terms of the stretched vibrational Reynolds number introduced in an earlier study and compared with the analogous case of natural convective heat transfer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070214
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-phase concurrent flow in packed beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure drop and liquid saturation accompanying two-phase concurrent flow have been studied in a variety of packings and with gas-liquid systems having a wide range of fluid properties. Two basic flow patterns were observed with nonfoaming systems. Correlations of pressuredrop and liquid-saturation data were obtained in terms of the single-phase friction losses for the liquid and the gas when each flows alone in the bed. Deviations from the correlation with foaming systems are discussed and illustrated with sample data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070213
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal growth of hydrogen bubbles during electrolysis (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 357-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The investigation was concerned with measuring growth rates of bubbles in an isothermal medium where growth is controlled by mass diffusion. The conditions were met by generating hydrogen bubbles at a platinum cathode during the electrolysis of water. Growth data were obtained by motion picture photography at 800 to 2,400 frames/sec. taken through a microscope to produce an enlargement of 30X on the film.Growth took place in 0.1 normal and 1.0 normal sulfuric acid in water at 77°F. Current densities between 0.1 and 0.2 amp./sq. cm. were used. The observed diameters were all less than 0.006 in., and the growth times were less than 2 sec. Beside growth phenomena interesting features recorded included the coalescence of bubbles, the jumping of bubbles off the solid and then back again, and the slip of the bubble contact at the solid surface.Some bubbles grew with their radii proportional to the square root of time as predicted theoretically by Scriven. For these bubbles the calculated supersaturation of hydrogen in the solution was found to be from eight to twenty-four times the concentration at saturation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070303
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
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    Diffusion and equilibrium studies for the system acrylonitrile-styrene-polyethylene (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The solubilities of acrylonitrile and styrene in low-density polyethylene were measured at 0° and 27°C. over the entire range of compositions.The ternary solubility data were analyzed in terms of the relationships developed by Krigbaum and Carpenter. It is shown that the behavior of the ternary system may be predicted from the Flory-Huggins interaction constants of the three pairs of binaries.The rates of desorption of acrylonitrile and styrene from 48 mil thick sheets of polyethylene were measured at 27°C.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070225
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
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    Some observations on the mechanics of drops in liquid-liquid systems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 394-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on the rate of rise and distortion of drops in several liquid-liquid systems have been collected. These are compared with correlations developed by other investigators, and in some cases discrepancies between observed and predicted values are noted which do not seem to be related to any easily measured physical property. However evidence is given showing that they are most likely due to the presence of surface-active materials. Photographs and shadowgraphs showing the nature of the flow around and behind moving drops are also included. The point of boundary-layer separation on the drop surface as indicated by these photographs has been related to the internal drop circulation. It is the shift in this point of separation which is the primary cause for the reduction in drag of liquid drops as compared with solid spheres. A previous theory for the breakup of rain drops explains the existing data for drop breakup in liquid-liquid systems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070310
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
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    Thermodynamic properties of sulfur dioxide (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 418-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070315
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  • 115
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    III. Laminar-flow properties of flocculated suspensions (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 431-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transport characteristics of suspensions of particles with near-colloidal dimensions have previously been shown to be related to the non-Newtonian laminar-flow properties of the suspension. However the laminar-flow properties were not studied systematically. The present study showed that the principal factors affecting the magnitude of the laminar-flow properties of flocculated suspensions were the concentration and particle diameter of the solid phase. The range of variables included concentrations from 0.02 to 0.23 volume fraction solids and particle sizes from 0.35 to 13 μ. Materials tested included thorium oxide, kaolin, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, graphite, magnesium, and uranium dioxide.At high rates of shear the data were fitted satisfactorily with the Bingham plastic model. With the use of this model, the yield stress was directly proportional to the cube of the volume fraction solids and inversely proportional to the first or second power of the particle diameter, depending on the particle shape. The logarithm of the ratio of the coefficient of rigidity of the suspension to the viscosity of the suspending medium was directly proportional to the volume fraction solids over the complete range of concentrations studied. Although specific electrolytes (such as oxalate or pyrophosphate) deflocculated the suspensions even at low concentrations, the suspensions remained flocculated both in the presence of up to 0.1 M of 1:1 electrolyte and over a pH range of 4 to 12. This is consistent with present theories of the stability of colloidal and near-colloidal particles.Although the concentration-dependence relationships of the yield stress and coefficient of rigidity have been proposed previously and have been shown to apply to specific systems, this is the first time they have been shown to apply to a broad class of materials. In addition it is the first time that the laminar-flow properties used in the particle-size and concentration correlations have been determined over a shear-rate range which permits application of the results in correlations of turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transfer data obtained in systems of commercial interest.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070317
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  • 116
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    Liquid flow and gas phase mass transfer in wetted-wall towers (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 463-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New data have been obtained on vaporization of water from rippling and nonrippling films in a countercurrent wetted-wall tower. Other similar data in the literature have been analyzed, and an effect of liquid Reynolds number on gas phase mass transfer has been shown to exist. Discrepancies in much of the literature data can be explained on this basis.The data on vaporization of water from rippling films have been correlated. The data on non-rippling films were correlated when the gas Reynolds number was calculated relative to the water surface.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070324
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  • 117
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    Transient studies of product distribution from a packed bed reactor (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 509-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The distribution of reactants and products from a simulated fixed-bed catalytic reactor has been studied. The concentration of both reactant and product in the effluent stream as a function of time has been measured following a sudden change in inlet concentration. The effect of various types and sources of holdup in the bed is discussed. This study is preliminary to further experimental investigations of the mechanism and the rate of exchange of product between a catalyst surface in a fixed-bed reactor and the free stream.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070333
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  • 118
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    Finite-difference transforms for application to stage by stage processes (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 526-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070337
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  • 119
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    Chemical engineering progress symposium series abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8½ by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $4.00 to members, $6.00 to nonmembers for “Heat Transfer - Buffalo,” No. 32. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.The A.I.Ch.E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070341
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  • 120
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    An opportunity for public service (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 533-533 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070402
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  • 121
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    Heat transfer from acoustically resonating gas flames in a cylindrical burner (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 588-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer from premixed propane-air flames to the cooled wall of a 5-in. I.D. ramjet type of burner was studied with and without flame-generated, sonic oscillations. Frequency and amplitude measurements revealed that both transverse and longitudinal waves were resonant. The heat flux to the wall was increased significantly by the oscillations, but the gas temperature profile was changed very little. The local heat transfer coefficient was found to be a linear function of the sound pressure amplitude and independent of the mode and frequency of the resonant oscillations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070412
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  • 122
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    The viscosity of nonpolar gases at normal pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 611-615 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental viscosity data available in the literature for fifty-two nonpolar gases have been utilized in conjunction with a dimensional analysis approach to relate the viscosity at atmospheric pressure to temperature. The substances investigated are both simple and complex and include the inert and diatomic gases, carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and the hydrocarbons up to n-nonane, including normal and isoparaffins, olefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics. The dependence of the product μ*ξ on reduced temperature was found to be the same for all of these substances, except helium and hydrogen.Both theoretical considerations and dimensional analysis indicate that the viscosity product of a gas might depend on the compressibility factor at the critical point. However the results of this study show that for these nonpolar substances this viscosity product at normal pressure is independent of zc and depends only on temperature.The only information required for the calculation of viscosity with the relationships developed in this study is the molecular weight, critical temperature, and critical pressure of the substance. Values calculated with these relationships have been compared with 785 experimental points from all reliable sources of experimental data and produced an average deviation of 1.77%. Comparisons have also been made with the values calculated with the Licht-Stechert and Bromley-Wilke equations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070416
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  • 123
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    The drag coefficients of single spheres moving in steady and accelerated motion in a turbulent fluid (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 615-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficients of aerodynamically smooth spheres having a density variation of from 0.252 to 1.91 g./cc. and a diameter variation from 1.56 to 3.21 mm. were obtained for acceleration rates varying from 103.5 ft./sec.2 to -30 ft./sec.2 and for relative intensities of up to 45%. The particle-to-Eulerian macroscale ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.16, and the diameter-to-Eulerian microscale ratios varied from 10 to 2.The drag coefficients were found to be a function of the particle Reynolds number and of the relative intensity but not of the acceleration and relative macro-and-microscale variations.A transition theory for the system investigated is presented, which predicts that the product of the critical Reynolds number and the square of the relative intensity should be a constant; it is supported by the experimental results obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070417
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  • 124
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    Heat and mass transfer transients in cylinder drying: Part II. Felted cylinders (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 635-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation of transient heat transfer and water removal from a sheet on a steam cylinder was made. The sheet was pressed onto the cylinder by the aid of a felt. A theory describing the heat transfer in terms of the Fourier heat equation and appropriate boundary conditions was developed. The differential equation describing fluid flow in a capillary under the capillary potential was also developed. This equation was solved for small values of time.The experimental work included the measurement of the transient temperatures at internal points in the sheet, the average felt temperature before and after a run, the mass of moisture lost by the sheet, and the mass of water gained by the felt.It was found that on felted cylinders the majority of the moisture was removed by liquid transport. It was also found that heat was transferred through the sheet by vaporization-condensation cycles as well as conduction.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070421
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  • 125
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    The effect of rate of sampling on the transient behavior of thermogravitational thermal diffusion columns without reservoirs (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 650-652 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In experimental investigations of the transient behavior of batch thermogravitational thermal diffusion columns it is expedient to obtain more than one sample from the column during a single run. Such sampling modifies the true batch nature of the column and thereby influences the experimental measurements to some degree. A combined theoretical and experimental investigation was carried out to determine the extent of the influence of sampling rate and thereby provide a means of predetermining a suitable sampling rate.The theoretical analysis was made by approximating the intermittent sampling as a continuous flow through the column. The transport equation of Furry, Jones, and Onsager was applied in the analysis, and an analytical solution was obtained for small separations of equicomposition binary solutions. The series solution is presented in the form of a graph. Experimental data were obtained in two thermogravitational columns with different plate spacings to test the theory. The effect of sampling rate was investigated, and theory and experiments were found to be in good agreement. It is concluded that the theory is entirely adequate to permit the prediction of sampling rates which will yield the maximum number of samples without disturbing the true batch behavior of the column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070423
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    Holdup and pressure drop with gas-liquid flow in a vertical pipe (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vertical upward concurrent air-liquid flow was investigated under isothermal conditions in a test section of 1-in. schedule 40 pipe. Pressure drop was measured with a mercury manometer connected to two pressure taps 20 ft. apart in the section. Liquid was trapped between two quick shutoff valves activated by two solenoid valves. The liquid was druined from the section to provide the holdup data. Six liquids were used to determine the effect of density, viscosity, and surface tension.The experimental holdup, and two-phase pressure drop data were not in agreement with Lockhart-Martinelli type of correlation for horizontal flow. A statistical correlation for holdup was developed to include fluid physical properties, total mass velocity, and the air-liquid ratio entering the pipe. Similarly a pressure drop correlation was developed which expressed the two-phase pressure drop as a function of the slip velocity, liquid physical properties, and total mass velocity. This correlation showed an average percentage error of less than 15% between the observed and the calculated total pressure drop.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070429
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    Masthead (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070101
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    Drag coefficients at low Reynolds numbers for flow past immersed bodies (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 20-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficients were determined at low Reynolds numbers for cylinders (0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 1.0) and flat plates (0.05 ≤ Re ≤ 2.0) moving through a viscous medium. The drag coefficient was calculated from the force required to move the immersed body through the fluid, and preliminary work on spheres was used to calibrate the apparatus. For all bodies studied the drag coefficient was inversely proportional to the Reynolds number. The data were analyzed by a least-squares method to obtain the relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number.The diameter of the tank containing the viscous fluid had a very definite effect upon the drag coefficient of the various cylinders and flat plates studied. In the range of DT/D (tank diameter/cylinder diameter) studied the relationships recommended by White involving the wall effect and the end correction agree with experimental data for values of L/D (cylinder length/cylinder diameter) greater than 16. At L/D ratios less than this drag coefficients are lower than those predicted by White's equations, and the experimental curves are recommended for these ratios.For flat plates in perpendicular flow no effect of the W/L (plate width/plate length) was detected in the range studied. The tank diameter however had a considerable effect, and a curve is proposed to predict drag coefficients for flat plates in perpendicular flow in the range of experimental conditions studied.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Turbulent newtonian flow in annuli (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 41-45 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years there have been quite a few experimental studies on turbulent flow in annuli. In this paper a Prandtl mixing-length approach is applied to give a friction factor vs. Reynolds number expression for annuli [see Equation (22) and Table 1]; this expression describes tube flow and slit flow as special cases. No new adjustable constants appear in the final result other than those determined earlier for tube flow. The final expression is found to predict friction factors within the accuracy of the existing experimental data. The mixing-length friction-factor expression is thus substantially more accurate than the usual hydraulic-radius procedure and of comparable accuracy to other recent annulus friction-factor treatments.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070112
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    Turbulent diffusion in the core of fully developed pipe flow (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 53-61 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper summarizes an experimental study of turbulent diffusion downstream of a line source of heat. Mean temperature profiles in the core of nearly fully developed pipe flow were measured at four mean velocities, from Uc = 72.6 to 160 ft./sec. Hot-wire anemometer surveys showed that the turbulence in the axial core was nearly homogeneous and isotropic. The objective was to find empirical relations between the anemometer (Eulerian) specification of the turbulence and the Lagrangian statistical properties which determine diffusion.The diffusion results agreed with predictions of G. I. Taylor's theory of diffusion by continuous movements; the eddy diffusivity increased from zero at the heat source to a constant, asymptotic value far downstream. The Lagrangian correlation coefficients inferred from the diffusion data had shapes similar to the Eulerian correlations over most of the range of time and space. Empirical relations were found to relate the coordinates of the Lagrangian and Eulerian correlation coefficients over the range of this experiment. In addition preliminary measurements are reported for a general Eulerian correlation which is a function of both space and time; the results indicate that a special case of this new Eulerian function may be a fair approximation of the Lagrangian correlation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070115
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    Size distribution of droplets from centrifugal spray nozzles (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 80-86 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for expressing, measuring, and correlating drop-size distribution data for centrifugal spray nozzles are discussed.A method for collecting spray droplets in liquid nitrogen is described which is rapid and efficient for most sprayed liquids which freeze above  - 20°C. Comprehensive correlations for drop-size distributions are reported based on 114 runs performed with the liquid nitogen method.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070120
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    Effect of mass transfer on solid-catalyzed reactions: The dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction of gaseous components at a solid catalytic surface has long been a subject of prime engineering interest. Generally speaking one expects the reaction velocity constant to follow the Arrhenius exponential temperature dependence. However as the reaction temperature increases, the intrinsic reactivity of the surface will increase and mass transfer begins to limit the rate of the reaction. In the case of a porous solid catalyst, where most of the active surface is on the catalyst pellet interior, the rate-limiting process will frequently be internal diffusion, and in such a case the milder effect that temperature has on the diffusion process is the one observed in the gross kinetics, rather than the exponential Arrhenius dependence.The study reported here has examined the kinetics of the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene over a platinum-on-alumina pelleted catalyst. This is a notorious problem system, and in seeking to describe the observed rate data the authors provided a stern test for an analytical model treating the coordinate diffusion and reaction mechanisms. In particular the parameter of particle size was studied over a temperature range of from 640° to 910°F. For these runs reactor pressure was held constant at essentially 200 lb./sq. in. gauge (14.7 atm.), und the feed was maintained at 20 mole % cyclohexane, 80 mole % hydrogen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070209
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    Engineering thermodynamics, Newman A. Hall and Warren E. Ibele, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy (1960). 643 pages. $15.00 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5D-6D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070436
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    Chemical reaction processes in two-phase systems: Theory and experimental results for slow chemical reactions in batch, column, and continuous stirred tank reactor operations (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 138-142 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory of design of chemical reactors is developed for two-phase fluid systems where the rates of chemical reaction are low relative to the rates of mass transfer. Equations are presented for batch, column, and continuous stirred tank operations. Experimental data on the continuous hydrolysis of acetic anhydride in a benzene-water system operating countercurrently in a pulsed-flow sieve plate column and in a packed column are analyzed in terms of the theory.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium in ammonia complex systems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 133-137 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapor-liquid equilibrium in ammonia complex systems has been studied with a view toward design methods for separational and leaching processes. It is felt that the previously reported equilibrium constants for these systems are subject to considerable question with regard to the method used to measure the activity of the free ligand, or coordinating species. It is shown how this difficulty can be surmounted by the use of ammonia vapor pressure measurements and fugacities. A method of correlating complex equilibrium data from measurements of over-all metal concentration and free metal ion concentration is proposed. Vapor liquid equilibrium measurements have been made on the systems copper hydroxide, ammonia, water, nitrogen and nickel hydroxide, ammonia, water, nitrogen at 40° and 60°C. under 1 atm. total pressure with a continuously recirculating batch contactor. The correlation method is illustrated with the data of these measurements.
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    Pressure-enthalpy diagram of tertiary butyl alcohol (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 172-172 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070136
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    Fluid - particle mass transfer in a packed bed (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 48-52 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients have been measured for air flowing through a bed of naphthalene pellets. Results were obtained for ⅜-in. spheres and for ½, ⅜, and ¼-in. cylinders in a bed 4 in. in diameter and packed to heights varying from 5 to 10 in. Radial concentration profiles were obtained for some conditions, from which the radial variation of the mass transfer coefficient was determined. The point-values of kg follow an equation of the form kg = a Gb. From mixed outlet concentrations, values of kgav and jd, corrected for the effect of axial diffusion, have been obtained for all the pellet sizes as functions of mass velocity and Reynolds number, respectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070114
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    Phase relations of miscible displacement in oil recovery (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 64-72 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscible displacement as an oil recovery process has received wide interest in the literature recently. Essentially three basic processes have been proposed for attaining miscible displacement in our oil reservoirs: high pressure gas, enriched gas, and miscible slug processes.The present paper relates and compares the phase relations and mass transfer mechanisms of these various basic miscible displacement processes. It also discusses the effects of the various operating variables, such as pressure, temperature, injected gas composition, etc., on the applicability of the process and considers the pertinent conditions that restrict the application of each process. It is to be recognized that at times a miscible displacement may be attempted but not attained, or unforeseen conditions may destroy miscibility once it has been attained. The authors discuss the results of such conditions. The mechanisms of the miscible displacement processes are explained in a conceptual analysis based on the triangular phase diagram. Although the multicomponent reservoir fluid system cannot be represented rigorously from a thermodynamics standpoint by these diagrams, they are useful for cenceptual analysis. Their limitations are presented by the authors along with data supporting the concepts developed.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070117
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    Free entrainment behavior in sieve trays (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 282-287 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analysis was made of the behavior of entrained particles in the zone between trays in a sieve tray column for the air-water system. The effects of drop-size distribution, projection velocity, drag, and gravity were evaluated with respect to the quantity of entrained liquid between trays. The drop-size distribution was found to be logarithmic in nature.The entrainment as a function of distance above the froth is estimated in Equation (12) where dH may be calculated from projection velocities and column superficial velocity for particle sizes greater than 400 μ.Confirmation of the proposed entrainment equation via experimental data was achieved within an average deviation of 28%.It was anticipated from the relationships developed that a leveling off of entrainment at zones in proximity to the froth and at escape velocity heights would be observed. Confirmation was evident at zones in proximity of the froth and upper zone tendencies were observed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070223
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    Gas dynamic processes involving suspended solids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 384-391 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Basic gas dynamic equations involving suspended solid particles were formulated. Considerations include momentum and heat transfer between the gaseous and solid phases. Significance of these contributions was illustrated with the case of expansion through a de Laval nozzle. Duct flow and normal shock problems were also discussed. The extent of earlier methods of approximation was pointed out.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070308
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    Adsorption kinetics of a nonflow system with nonlinear equilibrium relationship (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 410-412 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of adsorption in a nonflow system with nonlinear equilibrium relationship and negligible liquid-phase resistance has been studied, and the numerical solutions corresponding to different initial conditions are presented. The concentration ratio is found to be a function of two dimensionless groups. Consideration is also given to the problem of convergence in connection with the numerical calculation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070313
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    Saturated liquid densities for binary hydrocarbon systems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 413-417 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The extension of the rules proposed by Cailletet and Mathias for the sum of the saturated vapor and liquid densities and by Guggenheim for the difference of these densities enabled the development of a method for the prediction of liquid densities for binary hydrocarbon systems at saturated conditions. The theorem by corresponding states indicated that unique relationships should exist between the reduced temperature and the sum and difference of the reduced saturated liquid density and the reduced saturated vapor density.Density data reported by Kay for the systems n-butane - n-heptane, ethane - n-butane, ethane - n-heptane, and ethane - cyclohexane were used to determine the exponents and the coefficients of the resulting equations. The exponents were found to be functions of two temperature parameters, which take into account both the components and composition of the mixture, while their coefficients have been found to depend only on their exponents.It has been previously shown that critical temperatures of binary hydrocarbon systems can be predicted with the two temperature parameters. In this study it has been found that these two parameters can also be applied to determine the critical densities for these binary hydrocarbon systems. Using these critical properties one can directly obtain the saturated liquid densities of binary systems from the two reduced-density relationship.The method developed in this work reproduces the saturated liquid densities of the four systems within 4.8%. In addition saturated densities have been calculated for the ethylene - n-heptane system and checked the experimental values within 3.2%.Because saturated vapor densities are small compared with the saturated liquid densities for conditions removed from the critical point, the sum and difference of the liquid and vapor densities are approximately the same. Thus this method cannot be used with any reliability to determine the densities of saturated vapors.At present this method can be applied only to hydrocarbon mixtures whose atmospheric dew point does not exceed twice its atmospheric boiling point.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070314
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    Mass transfer in the flow of gases through fluidized beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 442-444 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer studies were conducted for the flow of air through fluidized beds. These studies were concerned with the sublimation of p-dichlorobenzene spherical particles, approximately 0.04 to 0.08 in. in diameter, and with the evaporation of nitrobenzene and water from alumina spheres. 0.1168 in. in diameter.Void volumes for these fluidized beds were calculated from pressure-drop measurements. The results of this investigation were used to establish mass transfer factors which were in agreement with values obtained for fixed beds for corresponding modified Reynolds numbers, DpG/μ(1-ε).
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    Transport phenomena, R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1960). 780 pages. $11.50 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5J 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070245
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    A study of entrainment, perforated plate column - air-water system (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation has been developed interrelating entrainment as a function of plate spacing, weir height, hole size, liquid rate, and gas rate with a section of a 30-in. diameter column and the air-water system. The correlation is empirical, but approximately 90% of the over 900 points of data fall within ± 25% of the correlation. Hole diameters of 1/16 to 1/4 in., weir heights from 0 to 2 in., plate spacing from 12 to 24 in., gas rates from 770 to 1,700 lb./hr./sq. ft., and liquid rates from 2,800 to 12,000 lb./hr./ft. of weir length were studied as variable. Entrainment was found to increase with gas rate, decrease with weir height, increase with hole size, decrease with plate spacing, and could increase or decrease because of interaction effects as the liquid rate increases.
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    A study of iterative optimization (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 376-384 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process is considered in which the inputs to the system are stationary random ergodic functions. From the spectral densitities of the inputs and cross-spectral densities of inputs and outputs a local linearized model of the process is obtained through the transfer function. There results then a maximum problem involving an objective function and constraints imposed by the model and the physical and arbitrary restraining conditions. Two special cases are solved in detail in which the maximum problem reduces to a linear programing problem. Other methods are needed for the general problem.
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    Application of the Kihara potential to high pressure phase equilibria (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 399-405 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the virial equation of state as applied to vapor mixtures at moderate densities. The required virial coefficients for small molecules can usually be estimated from generalized corresponding states correlations, but these correlations are not sufficient for mixtures which contain one very heavy and one very light component. It is shown that for such mixtures the necessary virial coefficients can be calculated by statistical thermodynamics with a potential function proposed by Kihara. This type of calculation is especially useful at low temperatures where virial coefficients have not been measured because of large experimental difficulties. Application of the Kihara potential is demonstrated with the computation of K values for heavy components for several mixtures at advanced pressures; good agreement with experimental results is obtained.The virial equation may in some cases be used to test data for thermodynamic consistency, and for illustration it is shown that recently reported K data for propane in compressed hydrogen are thermodynamically inconsistent and too large by about two orders of magnitude.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070311
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    Transport characteristics of suspensions: II. Minimum transport velocity for flocculated suspensions in horizontal pipes (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 423-430 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The minimum transport velocity (defined as the mean stream velocity required to prevent the accumulation of a layer of stationary or sliding particles on the bottom of a horizontal conduit) has been determined for flocculated thorium oxide and kaolin suspensions flowing in glass pipes. The pipes ranged from 1 to 4 in. in diameter, and the concentration was varied from 0.01 to 0.17 volume fraction solids.Two flow regimes were observed depending on the concentration of the suspension. In the first the suspension was sufficiently concentrated to be in the compaction zone and hence had an extremely low settling rate. The second regime was observed with more dilute suspensions which were in the hindered-settling zone and settled ten to one-hundred times faster than slurries which were in compaction. The concentration for transition from one regime to the other was dependent on both the tube diameter and the degree of flocculation. The suspension particles were smaller than the thickness of the laminar sublayer, and they settled according to Stokes' law for the particular conditions of this study. Under these circumstances the relation developed for dilute suspensions is consistent with particle transfer in the radial direction owing to Bernoulli forces on the particle and the action of turbulent fluctuations which penetrate the laminar sublayer. For concentrated suspension in compaction the minimum transport velocity was given by a characteristic critical Reynolds number.
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    On the steady flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in cylinder ducts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 445-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow of a power law fluid in cylindrical ducts is considered, with a variational principle evolved from minimum entropy considerations used. This principle is applied to flow in rectangular ducts and between two flat plates with the method of Ritz and Galerkin to determine the velocity profiles used. These velocity profiles are used to determine the relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number.
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    Kinetics of reduction of ferrous oxide with hydrogen in a fluidized bed at steady state (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 584-587 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reduction of ferrous oxide with hydrogen in a steady state fluidized bed have been correlated with a rate equation based on a reaction controlled at the oxide-metal interface and on a differential material balance which assumes that a close approach to piston flow prevails. The correlation gives an enthalpy of activation of 29,500 b.t.u./lb. mole for the reaction, which is in good agreement with McKewan's reported value of 27,500 b.t.u./lb. mole. The relationships developed are used to predict the effect of the important independent variables on the over-all kinetics of the system.
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    Taylor instability of an evaporating plane interface (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 485-487 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new mode of high-flux heat transfer is proposed, which consists of film boiling from a porous solid plate, the vapor being sucked off through the plate. For horizontal plates the average vapor film thickness is determined by Taylor instability of the vapor-liquid interface. A theory is presented for predicting the minimum vapor film thickness which takes into account the stabilizing influence of the reactive pressure of the vapor leaving the interface. The predicted heat transfer coefficients are five to ten times greater than observed heat transfer coefficients in film boiling from nonporous surfaces.
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    Three-dimensional filtration on a circular leaf (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 666-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unconfined growth of a filter cake on a circular filter cloth was theoretically and experimentally studied as the simplest example of a three-dimensional filtration. The results are compared with the one-dimensional cake growth which ensues when the cake is laterally restrained by a cylindrical sleeve.
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    A thermodynamic correlation of gas solubilities (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 682-687 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Low-pressure solubility data have been correlated for eleven gases in nine solvents over a wide temperature range by considering the dissolution process in two steps. First the gas is condensed isothermally to a hypothetical liquid at 1 atm. pressure, and then this hypothetical liquid is dissolved in the solvent. The free energy of the first step depends only on the properties of the solute, which in the case of nonpolar gases can be adequately described by the theorem of corresponding states. The second step depends on the properties of both solute and solvent and, in the case of nonpolar systems, can be described by the theory of regular solutions. The correlation depends on three solute parameters: the solubility parameter, the molar volume, and the fugacity of the hypothetical liquid; the last of these has been plotted as a generalized function for the reduced temperature range of 0.7 to 3.2. A separate plot is given for hydrogen. These parameters may be used to make good estimates of low-pressure gas solubilities (or K values) in nonpolar solvents over a wide range of temperature.A semiempirical method for correlating the solubilities of gases in polar solvents is also described and illustrated for several cases.Since the correlation presented in this paper covers a wide temperature range, it is possible to make estimates of the heats of solution of gases in liquids. These may be useful in enthalpyblance calculations as required in certain phase-separation operations.
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    Principles of unit operations, A. S. Foust, L. A. Wensel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1960). $15.00 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5D-5D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Radioactive wastes - their treatment and disposal, John C. Collins, editor, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1961). 239 pages $8.00 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 6D-6D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Chemical engineering progress symposium series abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 710 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8½ by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $3.50 to members, $15.00 to nonmembers for “Rocket and Missile Technology,” No. 33. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.The A.I.Ch.E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
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    Multicomponent mass transfer I. Theory (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 558-565 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As the primary phase in the development of multicomponent mass transfer theory, equations are derived which predict the rate of mass transfer of each species from an interface to a ternary gas mixture in turbulent flow for equimolal-countercurrent transfer and for transfer with one of the three gases stagnant.The mass transfer equations obtained, regardless of whether a film, Prandtl-Taylor, or modified Chilton-Colburn model is used, differ in form from the usual binary equations and predict qualitative as well as large quantitative differences between binary and ternary transfer.A criterion is obtained which any consistent multicomponent mass transfer theory must satisfy, and although the ternary film and Prandtl-Taylor models satisfy this criterion, the modified ternary Chilton-Colburn model does not.
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    Performance of fractional watt ion exchange membrane fuel cells (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 551-558 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of design and operational variables on the performance of one type of hydrogen-oxygen ion exchange membrane fuel cell has been studied. Only the results of cells based on a phenolsulfonic acid formaldehyde type of ion exchange membrane containing one type of reinforcement are described. Platinum, palladium, iridium, and rhodium are adequate electrode materials for room-temperature operation. Performance of cells with platinum gauze current collectors bonded to the cell surfaces was only slightly better than that with external contacts about 1 cm. apart.Open circuit voltages range from 0.9 to 1.1 v. (theoretical 1.23) depending on the catalyst. The typical current at 0.5 v. is 30 ma./sq. cm. Better cells have delivered 80 ma./sq. cm. at 0.5 v. Life tests indicate that these cells can be expected to deliver a minimum of about 40 amp.-hr./sq. cm., when operated in the load range 8.5 to 230 ohm sq. cm., before failure of the electrolyte owing to pinhole formation. Current efficiency is very nearly 100%. Cell performance vs. temperature in the range 0° to 85°C. shows a maximum at about 55°C.
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    Microscopic study of bubble growth during nucleate boiling (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 578-583 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A photographic technique was used to determine bubble growth rates for ether and pentane boiling on vertical metal surfaces of zinc and an aluminum alloy at atmospheric pressure at saturation conditions. Motion pictures were taken at about 3,000 frames/sec. through a microscope which produced a 13X magnification on the film. The heat flux was varied from about 3,000 to 13,000 B.t.u/(hr.)(sq.ft.). In seven runs out of nine the late-growth equations of Forster and Zuber, Plesset and Zwick, and others were in error by less than 40% for bubble diameters from about 0.1 mm. up to the full field of view of about 0.75 mm. For sizes below 0.1 mm. the growth was too rapid to be measured. Interesting observations which are described quantitatively include bubble vibrations, irregularities in nucleation, and statistical variations in growth rates.
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    A general correlation of vapor-liquid equilibria in hydrocarbon mixtures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 598-605 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general correlation of vapor-liquid equilibria in hydrocarbon mixtures is developed. The vaporization equilibrium ratio (K-value) is calculated through a combination of three factors \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm K} = \frac{{\left( {\nu ^0 \gamma } \right)}}{{\left( \phi \right)}} $$\end{document} The quantity ν0 is a pure liquid component property and is correlated within the framework of Pitzer's modified form of the principle of corresponding states. The quantity γ is calculated from Hildebrand's equation, with regular liquid solutions assumed. The necessary parameters in this equation are specially determined for the very light components. The vapor state quantity φ is calculated from Redlich and Kwong's equation of state. The correlation is in the form of a compact set of equations which are especially suitable for application with an electronic digital computer.The correlation applies to hydrocarbons of various molecular types, including paraffins, olefins, aromatics, and naphthenes. Hydrogen in hydrocarbon mixtures is likewise correlated. The correlation has been tested with a systematic compilation of literature data on mixtures of these components. The over-all average deviation from 2,696 data points is 8.7%.
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    The measurement of rapid surface temperature fluctuations during nucleate boiling of water (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 620-624 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The surface temperature during nucleate boiling was measured with a special thermocouple so designed as to measure the temperature of a small area and to have an extremely rapid response time. The surface temperature was found to drop occasionally 20° to 30°F. in about 2 msec. during the boiling of water. This indicates a rapid extraction of heat during a short time interval. The significance of this observation is that it provides an important new clue to an understanding of nucleate boiling. A hypothesis is advanced to explain these observations.
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    Interfacial area in liquid-liquid mixing (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 663-665 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In predicting interfacial area in liquid-liquid systems there are several published reports which give different results. Differences in methods of measurement of interfacial area and impeller design and location account for some of these discrepancies.For one pair of liquids, 40 parts by volume of ethylhexanol and 60 parts water, it was found that over wide ranges of impeller size to tank size ratio (0.27 to 0.67) that equal power per unit volume gave equal interfacial area per unit volume.
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    Temperature gradients in turbulent gas streams: Effect of viscous dissipation on evaluation of total conductivity (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 688-692 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the total conductivity in a turbulently flowing air stream were originally reported without regard to the effects of viscous dissipation upon the results. By utilizing measurements of the shear taken at the time of the original study, the reported values of total conductivity were corrected for the effect of viscous dissipation. The effect of such dissipation upon the values of total conductivity is the greatest under conditions involving small temperature gradients and high Reynolds numbers.
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    Kinetic data from nonisothermal experiments: Thermal decomposition of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 693-698 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous method was developed to account for nonuniform temperature distributions in the analysis of kinetic data. The rate constants cannot be determined directly since they are functions of temperature, so equations were derived and solutions developed for the substantially temperature independent kinetic parameters, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor. A digital computer was used to evaluate numerically various integrals involved in the solution of the equations. The method developed here will be useful in all laboratory kinetic studies where limitations of heat transfer do not permit an isothermal experiment and in the analysis of kinetic data obtained from commerical or pilot plant units where the temperature distribution is nearly always nonuniform.Kinetic studies were made of the thermal decompositions of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, all of which are high temperature fast reactions. The experimental conditions covered highly nonuniform temperature distributions with peaks from 730° to 1,330°C., a total pressure of 1 atm., varying amounts of nitrogen dilution, and residence times in the millisecond range.
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    An analytical expression for friction factor (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 708-708 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Computer program abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3D-4D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070444
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    Thermodynamics of solvent selectivity in extractive distillation of hydrocarbons (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 96-101 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The selectivity of a polar solvent is expressed in terms of an approximate theory of solutions. The theoretical results are insufficiently precise for the accurate prediction of activity coefficients, but the analysis shows that in the absence of chemical effects selectivity depends primarily on the difference in molar volumes of the hydrocarbons to be separated and on the polar energy density of the solvent. The effectiveness of a solvent is related to its polarity (which should be large) and to its molecular size (which should be small). In cases where chemical effects are important or where the molar volumes of the hydrocarbons to be separated are only slightly different, selectivity also depends on the relative ability of the hydrocarbons in acting as electron donors and on the ability of the solvent to act as an electron acceptor in forming acid-base complexes. The theoretical conclusions, which are based on modern thermodynamics and on the theory of intermolecular forces, are in agreement with experimental observations. The results obtained in this work provide theoretical criteria for the selection of an optimum solvent for a given separation and give semiquantitative explanations of solution phenomena related to extractive distillation.
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    Tubular reactor sensitivity (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 124-128 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The empty lumped constant tubular reactor is considered for an incompressible fluid in which an arbitrary number of chemical reactions is occurring. It is assumed that the reactor influents are steady with time on the average but have superimposed upon them random fluctuations. If the random perturbations are infinitesimally small, the unsteady state equations are linear, the linearity following from the fact that any transient may be considered as a perturbation from the steady state. Thus the effluents are random functions whose mean and variance may be calculated with ease. Reactor sensitivity is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation of an output to the standard deviation of an input. The general theory is developed and two examples are worked to illustrate the method.
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    Mass transfer from single solid spheres by free convection (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 148-152 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of mass transfer by free convection have been measured for spheres of three organic acids dissolving in three solvents, water, n-butanol and benzene. The results fell into two groups, one in which flow is completely laminar and one in which turbulence had set in in the boundary layer. Turbulence appears to set in at N′Ra crit ∼ 6 × 108.
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    The distribution of nitric acid between water and tributyl phosphate - hexane solvents (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 152-159 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The distribution of nitric acid between water and solutions of tributyl phosphate in n-hexane has been measured over a greater range of acid and tributylphosphate concentrations than have been reported previously.The partitioning of nitric acid between water and tributylphosphate-hexane solvents has been satisfactorily explained on the basis of the commonly accepted equilibrium complexing reaction, with this modification: The over-all aqueous-to-organic reaction is subdivided into the distribution of uncomplexed nitric acid and an organic phase complexing reaction. This alteration is found necessary to account for the behavior of the partitioning data of dilute acid over the entire tributylphosphate-hexane range. The residual discrepancy between the theory and the data can be qualitatively attributed either to modest nonideality of the organic phase or to the effect of the varying water content of the solvent on the distribution coefficient of uncomplexed nitric acid.The sparse data on water extraction by tributylphosphate-hexane solvents are not amenable to the same type of analysis, even though a type of complexing similar to that found for nitric acid has been previously proposed. The interaction between water and tributylphosphate appears to be stronger than that normally attributed to nonideality but weaker than a true chemical complex.
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    The diffusivity of water in organic solvents (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 175-176 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Chemical engineering progress symposium series abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8½ by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $4.00 to members, $5.00 to nonmembers. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 25 West 45 Street, New York 36, New York.The A. I. Ch. E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
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    The P.V.T.-behavior of diatomic substances in their gaseous and liquid states (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 185-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The critical compressibility factor has been used as a criterion for the correlation of the P.V.T.-behavior in the gaseous and liquid states for the diatomic gases, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride. Reduced densities for these substances have been calculated from available literature data. These are presented as functions of reduced temperature and reduced pressure to produce extensive density correlations for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide. These correlations exhibit similar behavior as expected from their similar critical compressibility factors.The validity of the critical compressibility factor as a correlating parameter has been verified by the favorable comparison of the P.V.T.-behavior of substances other than diatomic gases including argon, krypton, xenon, and methane. These results indicate that the P.V.T.-behavior of substances having critical compressibility factors of approximately 0.291 can be predicted from the reduced state correlation developed in this study as long as polarity effects are absent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070204
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    Mass transfer between isobutanol and water in concurrent flow through a packed column (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 196-199 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and mean rates of transfer of isobutanol into the water-rich phase and of water into the isobutanol-rich phase were measured in concurrent upward flow through a column packed with glass spheres. The use of a two-component system permitted determination of the individual-phase coefficients. These are the first rate measurements for concurrent flow in a packed bed. Because the flow rates are not limited by flooding, much higher rates of transfer are attainable than in countercurrent flow.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070206
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    Deposition of aerosol particles in fibrous filters (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The collection efficiency of glass fiber pads was investigated with a super cooled liquid aerosol. A filter-velocity range of 0.02 to 20 ft./sec. was covered with filter pads having a bulk density ranging from 1 to 10 lb./cu. ft. and a fiber diameter ranging from 1 to 30 μ.For the aerosol employed the results showed a minimum collection efficiency at a velocity of 2 to 5 ft./sec., dependent on fiber size. At the lower velocities, where diffusion is controlling, collection efficiency increased with decreased velocity; at higher velocities, where inertia is controlling, efficiency increased with increased velocity.For purposes of generalization the data were correlated in terms of dimensionless parameters which allow for the combined effects of flow-line interception, inertial interception, and diffusinal deposition. Evaluation of the data in terms of existing theories of deposition indicated nominal agreement with the theory of Langmuir, as modified by Natanson, for diffusional deposition. For inertial deposition the measured collection efficiencies were considerably lower than would be predicted from the theoretical values reported by Langmuir and Blodgett for potential flow around the fibers, presumably because of the viscous-flow (low Reynolds number) conditions that prevailed in this study.
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    Extraction of mixed solutes: I. Separation of formic and hydrochloric acids. II. Separation of acetic and sulfuric acids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 456-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In many complex systems in solvent extraction a second solute is often present or is added to promote extraction of the first solute. Previous studies showed that the electrolyte sulfuric acid can be considered as a salting-out agent for extraction of formic acid from water by methyl isobutyl ketone.In the present work two systems were studied: (I) hydrochloric acid-formic acid-water-methyl isobutyl ketone and (II) sulfuric acid-acetic acid-water-methyl isobutyl ketone. Selectivities of over 200 were found favoring the extraction of formic over hydrochloric acid, and values of over 6,000 favoring the acetic over the sulfuric acid were found. The data for extraction of formic acid were correlated by the Setschenow equation. A similar type of equation was found for extraction of acetic acid in system II.The results indicate that the electrolyte hydrochloric acid can also be considered as a salting-out agent for formic acid. The data show that sulfuric is more effective than hydrochloric acid in salting-out the formic acid. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental data in other systems employing sulfate and chloride electrolytes and with the theoretical equation derived by Debye and McAuley. About 28% less sulfuric acid is needed to salt-out a given amount of acetic acid when compared with salting-out the same amount of formic acid.The changes in activity coefficient of the acetic acid in the aqueous phase with additions of sulfuric acid were measured in system II. These activity coefficient changes could account for only about 39% of the increase in distribution ratio of the acetic acid. A possible explanation for this is that the molecular species of the acetic acid in the organic and aqueous phases changed when sulfuric acid was added to the water phase.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070323
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    A study of streams of solids flowing from solid-gas fluidized beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 502-508 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070332
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    The laminar nonisothermal flow of non-Newtonian fluids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 519-523 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations which describe the process of simultaneous heat and momentum transport are solved to obtain the pressure loss-flow rate relation for the laminar flow of pseudoplastic liquids through a smooth heated pipe. The rheology of the liquids is characterized by a temperature-reduced form of the empirical Ostwald-deWaele or power law equation.Two solutions to the basic equations are presented, a numerical integration of the heat conduction differential equation and an approximate solution based upon a simplified model of the temperature profile.Experimental data obtained with eighteen different pseudoplastic solutions and the limited data available from the literature are compared with theoretical predictions and are correlated over a 5,000-fold range of friction factors and pseudoplastic Reynolds numbers with a standard deviation of 7.9%.
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    Force convection heat transfer to water flowing normal to a cylinder (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 531-531 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070339
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    Application of the corresponding states principle to mixtures of low molecular weight gases at low temperatures and high pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 535-542 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an extension of the corresponding states principle to mixtures of low molecular weight, nonpolar gases at low temperatures. It corrects the corresponding states principle for quantum mechanical effects but neglects any deviation from Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. A comparison is made between compressibility factors obtained from reduced second-virial coefficients and those obtained from pseudo-critical values. The use of reduced virial coefficients is limited by the fact that there are not enough experimental data to permit extensive correlations of third-virial coefficients. The pseudo-critical expressions derived for higher temperatures are accurate at cryogenic temperatures provided the reference substance chosen has a molecular weight close to that of the mixture as well as a similar molecular shape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070403
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    High temperature pile irradiation of the n-heptane-hydrogen system (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 593-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot unit for the high-temperature irradiation of flowing reactants was designed for the beam port of a nuclear reactor. Radiation-thermal cracking of the n-heptane-hydrogen system was studied with molal H2/C7 ratios from 0 to 5 at 250 lb./sq. in., 600° to 750°F., 2 to 8 min. residence time, and up to 3,600 rep./min. Although conversions were low, the decomposition rate was significantly increased by radiation giving G values 〉 103. Product distributions were not significantly altered by radiation. These results, while different from low-temperature data, appear consistent with other published high-temperature results. Radiation yields were found to be reasonably linear with total dose from 0 to 14 krep., but a twofold increase was observed in passing from a molal H2/C7 ratio of 0 to 0.5.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 658-663 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Catalytic decomposition of nitric oxide at a concentration of 0.404 and 0.432% by volume in nitrogen was studied in a tubular flow reactor. The packing consisted of alumina pellets impregnated with 0.1% by weight of platinum oxide and 3.0% by weight of nickel oxide. Tests were conducted at pressures of 1 to 15 atm. and temperatures from 800° to 1,000°F. A rate equation correlating the data as a function of temperature, pressure, and compositions was developed. A reaction mechanism compatible with the rate equation is proposed.
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    Solid phase transport of glycerol and sodium chloride in resin (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 672-676 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusivities and equilibrium absorption of sodium chloride and glycerol in cation exchange resin Dowex-50 were determined by making a two-constant fit of experimental data to a diffusion model. The variables studied were: resin cross linkage - 2% to 12% divinylbenzene, temperature - 25° to 80°C, concentrations in the equilibrating solution, resin particle size, flow rate of the eluting distilled water. Diffusivities increase with decrease in cross linkage and with increase in temperature. The ratio of the diffusivities of sodium chloride or glycerol in the resin to that in water is between 0.2 and 0.35 for 2% DVB and between 0.025 and 0.1 for 12% DVB. Diffusivities were found to be independent of the third, fourth, and fifth variables. The amounts of solutes absorbed at equilibrium also increased with a decrease in cross linkage and an increase in temperature.
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    Mechanics of solids and fluids, Robert R. Long, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy (1961). 156 pages. Trade edition $9.00, text edition $6.75 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 704-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070433
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    Agitation of viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Viscous fluids are frequently agitated by multiple impellers and in vessels only slightly larger than the impeller. This paper presents data for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids agitated under such conditions. The large decreases in power requirements (at a given level of mixing rate in the non-Newtonian system) which are possible by use of low tank diameter, impeller diameter ratios and/or two impellers, have been quantitatively studied.The types of impellers used in the non-Newtonian work and the ranges of conditions over which power requirement correlations were developed are summarized as follows: TextDT/DnNReMarine propeller0.42-1.01.4 -4.80.16-1.00.67-1320Fan turbine0.33-0.671.3 -3.00.21-1.46.6 -160Flat-Bladed turbine: one impeller0.17-0.671.3 -5.50.20-1.52.0 -1800two impellers per shaft0.33-1.001.023-3.50.14-1.000.15-620The results generally confirm an approach developed earlier, for the broader ranges of variables listed above. For the non-Newtonian fluids of primary interest in this study, that is purely viscous materials having flow behavior indexes of less than unity (pseudoplastics, Bingham plastics), the prediction of power requirements has been developed to nearly the same level of perfection as for Newtonian fluids.
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    Erratum (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 8M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070143
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    Heats of mixing: Alcohol- aromatic binary systems at 25°, 35°, and 45°c. (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 190-195 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new isothermal calorimeter with no vapor space is described. It allows the accurate and rapid determination of heats of mixing of endothermic liquid systems. Data are presented for eighteen binary systems composed of a lower alcohol and a simple benzene derivative at 25°, 35°, and 45°C. Precise equations for representing these data are also presented.
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    Slow compression crushing of single particles of glass (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 199-202 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glass cylinders and spheres were crushed by slow compression in a hydraulic press. In all experiments the elastic energy stored in the specimen prior to fracture was measured. In some experiments the surface area of the resultant powder was measured by gas adsorption; in others the heat generation upon fracture was measured. The latter experiments show that considerable additional energy is fed into the fracturing specimen from the press. Local stress concentrations, and hence energy level at fracture, varied widely with particle shape. Calorimetric experiments suggest that real differences in crushing effectiveness, that is new surface per unit actual work done on the specimen, do occur. These differences are not due directly to the magnitude of the energy fed in from the press but rather to the effectiveness with which the stored or feed-in energy is used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070207
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    Boundary-layer behavior on continuous solid surfaces: II. The boundary layer on a continuous flat surface (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The laminar boundary-layer behavior on a moving continuous flat surface is investigated by two methods. One method involves the numerical solution of the boundary-layer equations. The other is an integral method, based on an assumed velocity profile that satisfies the appropriate boundary conditions. Good agreement is obtained between the results of these two methods of solution. The turbulent boundary-layer behavior on a moving continuous flat surface is investigated by the integral method only. Equations for the boundary-layer thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and skin friction are presented for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Comparison is made with the boundary-layer behavior over a flat plate of finite length.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070211
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    Effectiveness factors for porous catalysts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 243-249 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the equations expressing mass and energy transfer in the solid and void regions of a catalyst of micropores, conversion and temperature profiles are evaluated as a function of the properties of the particle and the reaction system. The method developed is illustrated with numerical calculations for a first-order, irreversible reaction. Microeffectiveness factors Ec are derived from these profiles for several distribution functions for the size (radius) of the micropores.The results indicate that the nature of the pore-size distribution cannot affect Ec more than about 10%. However effectiveness factors greater than unity are possible for exothermic reactions with high heats of reaction and particles of reasonable size.To treat pelletted catalysts, equations are also developed for determining conversion and temperature profiles in pellets formed by compressing the microporous particles These results are interpreted in terms of macroeffectiveness factors Es, with values of Ec applicable at various positions in the pellet. To illustrate the method of solution numerical values of Es are determined for a limited range of parameters. The results indicate that in pelletted catalysts large temperature gradients may exist. For an exothermic reaction this can lead to a significant increase in macroeffectiveness factor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070215
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    The thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon gases at normal pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 264-267 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dimensional analysis has been applied for the correlation of the thermal conductivity of a gas to its temperature, molecular weight, heat capacity, and critical constants. This approach indicates that the group k*λ/Cp should be a function of zc and TR, where λ = M1/2Tc1/6/Pc2/3. Experimental thermal conductivities of hydrocarbons at normal pressures (approximately 0.2 to 5 atm.) have been used to develop two relationships. The first is applicable to all types of hydrocarbons for 0.6 〈 TR 〈 3.0 with the exception of methane and the cyclic hydrocarbons below TR = 1.0, for which the other relationship is applicable. These two relationships have been used to calculate thermal conductivities for twenty-eight gaseous hydrocarbons for which experimental data are available. Calculated values for normal paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, diolefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics produce an average deviation of 2.4% from experimental values for 154 points considered.
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    Heat transfer in a chemically reacting system (nitrogen tetroxide-dioxide) (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 91-96 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of chemical reaction on heat transfer was investigated analytically for the dissociating system N2O4 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \rightleftharpoons$\end{document} 2NO2 in turbulent pipe flow. The Reynolds, Colburn, and Deissler analogies were adapted to reacting systems to determine local values of h′/h, the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient for a reacting system to that for the same system under frozen nonreacting conditions. The coefficient h′ was determined by using effective thermal conductivities and heat capacities composed of a frozen and a reacting contribution. The equations for the effective properties, derived in this paper from heat transfer considerations, are in agreement with those developed from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.The effective properties vary significantly with temperature. Hence, the adaptation of Deissler's analogy, which was originally developed to consider the radial variation of physical properties across the pipe radius for an inert system, would be expected to give the most reliable results in this reacting system. In the range of variables studied it is found that the heat transfer coefficient for a reacting system may be as much as eighteen times the coefficient for a similar, frozen system. The results from the approximate Reynolds and Colburn analogies, which are evaluated by the use of mean physical properties, yield maximum values of h′/h of about 9.The study covers a Reynolds number range of 10,000 to 200,000 and tube wall temperatures of 300° to 370°K.
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    Use of boundary-layer theory to predict the effect of heat transfer on the laminar-flow field in a vertical tube with a constant-temperature wall (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 112-123 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Variations of density and viscosity with temperature cause distortions in the flow field and affect the rate of heat transfer to fluids in laminar flow in vertical tubes. The magnitude of these distortions is predicted through an approximate solution of the equations of motion and energy.
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    Temperature depressions for evaporating spheres at low pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 160-162 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evaporation of naphthalene spheres into air in the micron pressure range may be accompanied by an appreciable surface temperature depression. The magnitude of the effect is shown to depend upon the geometry of the experimental system and the pressure level. Such effects are of interest in studies aimed at determining evaporation coefficients.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium in the n-butane-nitrogen system (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 173-174 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Computer program abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 8M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070142
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    Engineering education - a graduate program only? (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 177-177 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070202
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    A comparison of propane and carbon dioxide solvent flooding processes (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory investigation was conducted on oil displacement from porous media by the use of either a slug of propane followed by gas or a slug of carbon dioxide followed by water. A comparison was made of the efficiencies of these two solvent flooding processes for petroleum reservoirs. The results of flooding experiments on cores and on scaled pattern models showed the effect, on oil recovery, of type of porous medium, pore geometry, length to width ratio of the flood pattern, fluid viscosities, and miscibility. Oil recoveries of from 60 to 80% of the original oil in place were obtained by these solvent flooding processes as compared with conventional waterflood recoveries of between 35 to 50% on the same cores and linear models. Furthermore these recoveries were obtained with solvent slug sizes of 10 to 30% of a hydrocarbon pore volume, with less solvent being required as the length of the flood path increased. Data showing the relations between mobility ratio and volumetric sweep efficiency for the propane-gas and carbon dioxide water flooding processes for two widely different types of porous medium are included in this paper.It was concluded that in reservoirs where pressure, oil viscosity and composition, and flooding pattern are favorable, either of these solvent flooding processes would give oil recoveries considerably higher than conventional waterflood or gas drive. It was further concluded that this improved recovery would be realized earlier in the life of a flood with carbon dioxide-carbonated water than with propane followed by gas.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070203
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  • 199
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    Penetration theory for gas absorption accompanied by a second order chemical reaction (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 226-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The penetration-theory solution for the effect of a second-order irreversible liquid-phase chemical reaction on the rate of gas absorption has been computed numerically on an IBM-704 computer. A linearized, time-centered, implicit finite-difference method was used to solve the nonlinear partial-differential equations. The method was very effective, permitting the solution of the equations for a wide range of the parameters of interest. The penetration-theory results are compared with the film-theory solution, and it is shown that the solutions to the two theories agree within 16% if they are compared for conditions which produce the same asymptotic solution for an infinitely rapid chemical reaction. A simplified equation and some correction charts are presented which permit a rapid, accurate estimation of the penetration-theory solution over a wide range of variables.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070212
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  • 200
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    Effective thermal conductivity in packed beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the effective thermal conductivity Ke for liquids in packed beds have been obtained from heat transfer studies in such beds. The method applied by Yagi and Kunii for gases is darified, their model is extended and is then applied to liquids. Experimental data for three different packings, glass, steel, and aluminum, with spheres of DP/DT ratio from 0.07 to 0.33 have been correlated. A brief comparison of the results from this analysis with previously published results from similar studies is presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070216
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