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  • Chemistry  (14,279)
  • General Chemistry  (2,702)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,800)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,062)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (819)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (635)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (15,580)
  • 1960-1964  (3,514)
  • 1972  (8,127)
  • 1971  (7,453)
  • 1961  (3,514)
Collection
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  • 1970-1974  (15,580)
  • 1960-1964  (3,514)
Year
  • 1
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    Miniature battery-operated electromagnetic flowmeter (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 7 p
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  • 2
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    Organic geochemistry of Early Precambrian sediments (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Life Sci. Publ., Vol. 2; 11 p
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  • 3
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    Solar corona photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of the solar corona by the Apollo 16 command module pilot while in lunar orbit are reported. These were designed to provide data on outer coronal forms and intensities to elongation angles of 25 deg. The results of Apollo 15 solar corona photography verified the procedures and provided the first photographs of identifiable coronal streamers curving at elongation angles of some 10 deg. By using the Apollo 15 data, exposure settings were optimized for Apollo 16, and the results show a significant improvement in photometric quality over the large range of brightness to be photographed. Ground observations of the inner solar corona (to approximately 2 solar radii from Sun center) indicate a general lack of coronal structure, and results of data reduction thus far show no streamer structure at large elongation angles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 4
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    Astronomical photography. Part A: Gum nebula, galactic cluster, and zodiacal light photography (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the Apollo 16 command module astronomical photography was performed with the specific objective of capitalizing on the uniqueness of the double umbra as a vantage point to collect astronomical data that are obtainable only near our Moon. For this reason, these data will be compared directly to analogous photography performed from Earth orbit during Project Mercury and the Gemini Program as well as to the Apollo-duplicated photography taken from sites on the Earth surface. Comparison with Earth-based photography should yield direct information on the Earth airglow layer and on atmospheric scattering and extinction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 5
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    Photogrammetry using Apollo 16 orbital photography, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Discussion is made of the Apollo 15 and 16 metric and panoramic cameras which provided photographs for accurate topographic portrayal of the lunar surface using photogrammetric methods. Nine stereoscopic models of Apollo 16 metric photographs and three models of panoramic photographs were evaluated photogrammetrically in support of the Apollo 16 geologic investigations. Four of the models were used to collect profile data for crater morphology studies; three models were used to collect evaluation data for the frequency distributions of lunar slopes; one model was used to prepare a map of the Apollo 16 traverse area; and one model was used to determine elevations of the Cayley Formation. The remaining three models were used to test photogrammetric techniques using oblique metric and panoramic camera photographs. Two preliminary contour maps were compiled and a high-oblique metric photograph was rectified.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 6
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    Photogrammetry and altimetry. Part A: Apollo 16 laser altimeter (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter measures precise altitudes of the command and service module above the lunar surface and can function either with the metric (mapping) camera or independently. In the camera mode, the laser altimeter ranges at each exposure time, which varies between 20 and 28 sec (i.e., 30 to 43 km on the lunar surface). In the independent mode, the laser altimeter ranges every 20 sec. These altitude data and the spacecraft attitudes that are derived from simultaneous stellar photography are used to constrain the photogrammetric reduction of the lunar surface photographs when cartographic products are generated. In addition, the altimeter measurements alone provide broad-scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon. These data are useful in investigating the selenodetic figure of the moon and may provide information regarding gravitational anomalies on the lunar far side.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 7
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    Chemistry of the upper atmosphere and the role of transport processes (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The important chemical reaction affecting the neutral composition of the upper stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere is discussed. The role of atmospheric transport processes is emphasized and the problem of taking these into account is elucidated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 147-155
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  • 8
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    Transient heating in the upper atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The time-dependent response of the upper atmosphere to transient heat sources is considered. The basic problem is that of heating a compressible, heat-conducting fluid, which is described in the one-dimensional case by an analytic solution. Comparisons with satellite drag data of such first-order solutions are shown to be useful in determining energy requirements and in determining some constraints on the spatial distribution of the heating. Recent OGO-6 mass spectrometer and interferometric temperature measurements show that atmospheric disturbances during geomagnetic storms are much more prominent in the auroral zones. These results suggest that joule dissipation of auroral currents are important contributors to orbital perturbations of satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 3-23
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  • 9
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    Dissipation of electric fields in the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The heating and movement of the upper atmosphere at ionospheric levels in response to electric currents are discussed. Joule dissipation, generation of winds, and pressure gradients are significant factors in the energetics of the ionospheric electric currents flowing during magnetic storms and also of the Sq current system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 25-40
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  • 10
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    Examination of the Surveyor 3 surface sampler scoop (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The operation and external appearance of the surface sampling scoop are discussed. An attempt was made to measure the magnitude of the existing adhesion between the lunar soil and the various surfaces of the scoop.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 100-114
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  • 11
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    NASA-ARC 36 inch airborne infrared telescope (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A 36 in. aperture telescope is being developed for installation aboard a NASA-Lockheed C-141A aircraft. This airborne observatory will permit observation of infrared emission at altitudes above 45,000 ft above much of the infrared-absorbing atmospheric water vapor. The telescope will look through a movable open port in the aircraft fuselage. A porous spoiler, upstream from the open port, will attenuate pressure disturbances and permit operation at ambient temperatures and pressures without an obscuring window. The telescope's entire structure is supported by a 16 in. spherical air bearing, which effectively isolates it from angular aircraft motions. This air bearing support, with inertial stabilization and star tracking, will permit net line of sight stability of better than 2 arcsec rms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 81-88
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  • 12
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    Nimbus observation of oceanic upwelling (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observing the development of upwelling on the northeast coast of Africa by measuring ocean surface emission with infrared radiometers on Nimbus satellites is reported. Using the temperature of the ocean as telemetered by the satellite, the biological potential of an area is estimated, and consequently the highest potential for fisheries.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 14-17
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  • 13
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    Microwave emission of Arctic Sea ice (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The feasibility of carrying microwave radiometers on Nimbus E and F missions for sea ice surveys was studied in the arctic using aircraft. It was found that passive microwave signatures of Arctic Sea ice relate specifically to the structure and type of ice. It is concluded that a new tool for conducting ice surveys from aircraft and satellites with remote sensors was discovered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 18-21
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  • 14
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    Astronomical photography, part T (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Photographic observations of astronomical interest conducted during the Apollo 15 mission are discussed. Procedures used in photographing the solar corona are described together with calibration and reduction methods. In addition, selected preliminary results obtained from the photography are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Its Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 39 p
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  • 15
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    First earthshine photography from lunar orbit, part S (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The first photographs of the moon taken with earthshine illumination by the Apollo 15 crew were examined. Emphasis in the analysis was placed on a comparison of predicted exposures and obtained exposures. The results of the investigation indicate the following: (1) The predicted exposure of the maria areas and the obtained exposures were in reasonably close agreement. (2) The apparent-albedo values obtained for the floor of Aristarchus Crater are seven times greater than those for the maria.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 16
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    Electron impact ionization of H (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of theoretical calculations for the reactions between electrons and negative hydrogen atoms are discussed for an electron colliding with a negative hydrogen ion and neutralizing the hydrogen ion by stripping the loosely bound electron from it, and the two free electrons moving away. A semi-quantum description of the process is presented in which the target is described in terms of quantum mechanics, and the projectile electron is described in a classical fashion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 58-62
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  • 17
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    The particles and fields subsatellite magnetometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: It is reported that the objectives of the particles and fields subsatellite (PFS) magnetometer experiment are to calculate the interior electrical conductivity of the moon, to survey the remanent magnetization of the lunar surface, and to study the interaction of the moon with its plasma environment. The magnetometers also support the PFS particle experiment by providing onboard magnetic sectoring and a posteriori pitch angle data and plasma diagnostics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept. te]; 13 p
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  • 18
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    X-ray fluorescence experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, carried in the scientific instrument module bay of the command and service module, was used for orbital mapping of the lunar surface composition and X-ray galactic observations during transearth coast. The lunar surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the secondary or fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of solar X-rays with the lunar surface. The astronomical observations consisted of relatively long periods of X-ray measurement of preselected galactic sources such as Cygnus (Cyg X-1) and Scorpius (Sco X-1).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 19
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    Cosmic ray experiment. Part A: Composition and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray nuclei (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The GE experiment consisted of two types of detectors: plastics and glasses located in panel 2 and the lower half of panel 3. In panel 2, the entire exposed detector area of 14.7 by 22.6 cm was composed of 31 sheets of 0.025-cm polycarbonate plastic 9070-112. In panel 3, 39 sheets of 0.02-cm cellulose triacetate with no plasticizer made up the major volume fraction. The lower part of panel 3 contained five types of glass detectors. Particles that entered the array after it was folded were recognized, if they crossed from one sheet to another, by means of a 2-mm relative shift of alternate sheets.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 20
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    Far UV camera/spectrograph (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The far UV camera/spectrograph deployed in the Apollo 16 mission recorded light in the invisible band of wavelengths between 50 and 160 nm, approximately one-third the wavelength that can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth to ground based telescopes. The photographs obtained show hydrogen and other gases in the solar wind and interplanetary media, and provide new data on stars, nebulae, and galaxies. The instrument is described, the experimental goals outlined, and the preliminary results discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 21
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    Composition of interplanetary particles at energies from 0.1 to 150 MeV/nucleon, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: During the Apollo 16 mission, a solar flare produced an enormous amount of low-energy nuclei, many orders of magnitude greater than the level inferred from studies of tracks in the window of the Apollo 12 spacecraft during a time when the sun was quiet. The differential energy spectrum of nuclei with Z less than or equal to 6 falls by seven orders of magnitude over the interval from 0.1 to 20 MeV/nucleon, then remains almost flat up to approximately 100 MeV/nucleon. The two parts correspond to contributions from the sun and from galactic cosmic rays. Any maximum in the spectrum occurs below the lowest energy studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 22
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    Lunar orbital mass spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A lunar orbital mass spectrometer carried by the Apollo 16 command and service module was used to detect the lunar atmosphere and to search for active lunar volcanism. The experimental procedure and results are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 23
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The transearth coast period of the Apollo 16 mission provided an opportunity to study the astronomical sources of gamma radiation. This experiment was used to aid compositional identification for geochemical mapping of the lunar surface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 24
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    Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 25
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    UV photography of the earth and moon (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: This experiment obtained imagery of the earth and the moon at a series of wavelength intervals in the near ultraviolet. These photographs were used to aid in the interpretation of the UV appearance of other planets in the solar system, especially mars and venus. The filter and film characteristics are described, as well as the ozone absorption coefficient curve.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 26
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    Surveyor television camera, selected materials and electronic components, Appendix C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The locations of various parts of the Surveyor camera are presented. Tables were prepared with emphasis on: (1) exterior parts and surfaces that are directly exposed to space, (2) parts that shield others from space radiation, (3) representative or unique materials, and (4) electronic devices that may contain unique or well-characterized materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 278-283
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  • 27
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    Solar flares, the lunar surface, and gas rich meteorites (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Investigations on the Fe-group nuclei track density vs depth in lunar rocks and Surveyor 3 TV camera filter glass were critically examined considering more factors than previously. The analysis gives a firmer basis to the observation of the preferential leakage of low energy Fe nuclei from the accelerating region of the sun. The track density gradients in lunar rock 12022 and filter glass are used to determine the lunar erosion rate of 3 angstroms/yr. Track gradients are less steep than predicted from energy spectrum observed in the Surveyor glass, perhaps due to sputtering. High densities of etchable tracks were found at all depths down to 60 cm in fines from Apollo cores and also in thin sections of the Pesjanoe, Pantar, and Fayetteville gas-rich meteorites. It is felt unlikely that suprathermal heavy ions were responsible for the high track densities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 221-226
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  • 28
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    Bearing strength of the lunar soil (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A discussion is presented on the bearing strength and bearing load-penetration relations in lunar soil. These were measured in air as a function of bulk density. It was found that the relation between bulk density and the logarithm of the bearing capacity is about linear. Shapes of the load vs penetration curves were observed to be similar to those obtained with particulate material of terrestrial origin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 227-232
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  • 29
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    High voltage transmission microscopy of Surveyor 3 camera shrouds (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The internal structure of painted and unpainted aluminum alloy sheet samples from the TV camera shrouds were examined by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. No clear-cut evidence of radiation damage effects was observed. Noticeable differences in microstructures between the upper visor and the sides and bottom of the lower shroud suggest different thermal histories, and the maximum temperatures due to solar heating are estimated to be between 164 and 319 C. Some correlation between microstructures and maximum estimated temperature is noted. It is felt that the apparent temperature rise due to solar heating will not affect the structural integrity of spacecraft components except possibly for very long periods of exposure. However, substantial thermal diffusion could affect interpretation of solar wind rare gas studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 184-196
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  • 30
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    Very heavy solar cosmic rays: Energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Particle tracks were investigated in the glass plate of a neutral density (clear flint) optical filter housed in the Surveyor 3 TV camera but exposed directly to space. The track density vs depth curve was determined and descends sharply from approximately 2.6 million tracks/sq cm at a depth of 3.6 mg/sq cm to about 35/sq cm at 700 mg/sq cm. Several tracks were of V-shapes characteristic of high energy induced fission. The erosion rate on the moon due to solar wind ions was determined from the energy spectrum, and was found to be low (0 to 2 x 10 to the minus 8th power cm/yr).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 213-216
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  • 31
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    Solar and galactic cosmic ray exposure of Surveyor 3 as determined from cosmogenic radionuclide measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The proton-produced Na-22 content of samples of Surveyor 3 TV camera, surface sampler scoop, and other components was determined by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry. The contributions of the nine most prominent solar flares to Na-22 production were calculated to be 18 dpm/kg. The observed activity in the Surveyor 3 samples was 62 + or - dpm/kg. This indicates a galactic proton contribution of about 44 dpm/kg, which adjusted for spallation of Al gives a value of 42 dpm/kg. This is compared to measurements of 88 dpm/kg in the Lost City meteorite which had an orbit extending to 2.35 AU, with a 4 pi bombardment as compared to the 2 pi bombardment of the samples on the lunar surface. The agreement between Na-22 production in Surveyor 3 and the Lost City meteorite offers evidence that the galactic cosmic ray flux is almost the same at 1 Au and at 2.35 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 196-200
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  • 32
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    Long duration solar active regions (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Nimbus 3 and 4 observations of ultraviolet active regions of the sun have been investigated. It is not clear what is producing these UV-active regions, however, it could be changes in the overall intensity of the solar continuum near the region of the temperature minimum, or the solar flux variations that have been seen could be due to a continuous type of absorption like that associated with the ionization limits of elements such as aluminum, silicon, or magnesium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 159-163
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  • 33
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    The stability of tangential discontinuities (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Intuition regarding the stability of MHD tangential discontinuities of solar wind has been borne out by a linear stability analysis of the MHD equations. In performing the calculation, the model used had no plasma flow and thus corresponded to the solar wind rest frame. The method calculated the change in total energy, plasma plus magnetic, due to the perturbation. This type of stability analysis is analogous to the test of the stability of an equilibrium point in a mechanical potential.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 134-139
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  • 34
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    Solar wind heat flow (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The ability of a theoretical solar wind model to predict the energy flux density due to heat conduction was investigated. In order to demonstrate this capability, the analysis used simultaneous data from the electron plasma experiment of Ogilvie and Lind, and the vector magnetic field data of Heppner and Sugiura on OGO-5. On the strength of two independent, different, and consistent experimental determinations of the conduction of heat flux by electrons at 149.6 gigameters(1 AU), it was determined that the models for the solar wind must be able to predict a value for the heat conduction in the range 0.007 to 0.008 in order to be in agreement with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 144-148
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    Solar X-rays and particle acceleration (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The process of solar flare acceleration of interplanetary particles, as measured by the fifth orbiting solar observatory, is explained. Data show the acceleration proceeds in two stages: (1) particle acceleration by induced electric fields arising from annihilating magnetic fields at the beginning stages of flares, and (2) a Fermi acceleration mechanism operating in a shock front produced by the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 171-175
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    A contamination experiment investigating the failure of the Nimbus 4 filter wedge spectrometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A ground test is described wherein a quartz crystal microbalance was used in defining the quantity and direction of a contaminant. The cause of the failure of an experiment in orbit was thus confirmed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 469-485
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    Comparison of probe and radar ionosphere temperatures (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The discrepancy in temperature measurements of ionospheric electrons by Langmuir electrostatic probes, and radar backscatter are discussed. The discrepancy occurs at altitudes from 350 to 800km, and the probe temperatures are consistantly higher than the radar temperatures. It is concluded that the non-Maxwellian energy distribution provides an explanation for the altitude and the lower radar temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 43-45
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    Microwave measurements of sea state (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Passive microwave measurements were studied for determining sea state. It was found that the brightness temperature increases due to the foam produced by winds, and that the surface wind can be determined by the brightness temperature.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 22-27
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    An instrument for real time detection of contamination in space environmental tests chambers (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: An instrument for in situ vacuum detection of surface reflectance changes at 1216A was designed. Using successive reflections, this instrument is more sensitive as an indicator of reflectance changes than similar instruments having only a single reflection. The selection of each component of the instrument and its operational performance is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Simulation; p 503-519
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    Alpha-particle spectrometer experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Observation of lunar radon emanation during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions shows the existence of areas with locally high emanation rates. The most conspicuous Rn-222 feature found in the data analysis is a region that includes Aristarchus Crater. The excess emanating power of the Aristarchus region may be an indication of internal activity at that site. There are regions with anomalously high rates of Po-210 activity, which indicates transient phenomena involving the release of Rn-222 gas from certain areas of the moon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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    The energy balance of wind waves and the remote sensing problem (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Measurements of wave growth indicate an energy balance of the wave spectrum governed primarily by input from the atmosphere, nonlinear transfer to shorter and longer waves, and advection. The pronounced spectral peak and sharp low frequency cut-off characteristic of fetch-limited spectra are explained as a self-stabilizing feature of the nonlinear wave-wave interactions. The momentum transferred from the atmosphere to the wind waves accounts for a large part of the wind drag. These findings are relevant for remote microwave sensing of the sea surface by backscatter and passive radiometry methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 2; 55 p
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    Comments on ocean circulation with regard to satellite altimetry (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Basic features of sea surface topography are reviewed, to show those oceanographic results which may be of value to a geodetic satellite program: (1) the shape and magnitude of the large scale features of the mean sea surface, relative to a level surface; (2) the position and magnitude of the slopes across the western boundary currents, from a variety of data; (3) an estimate of the position of the geoid, tied into the U.S. leveling network; and (4) a documented change of 60 to 70 cm in mean sea level, with respect to the geoid, between the U.S. east and west coasts.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 2; 17 p
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    The stable auroral red arc of October 31 - November 1, 1968 and its interaction with the neutral atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Satellite observations of electron temperature and the topside electron density structure are used to calculate the red arc according to the thermal conduction model. In this model, energy from the magnetosphere flows in the electron gas along geomagnetic field lines into the ionosphere. This energy heats the ambient F-region electrons sufficiently to excite the oxygen atoms to the O I(1D) level by collisional impact giving rise to the 6300 A emission characteristic of the arc. For the 31 October/1 November 1968 red arc, the calculated emission rate, geographical position, and horizontal extent of the red arc are in agreement with the photometric data obtained by airglow observatories. Almost all of the energy conducted into the red arc is ultimately transferred to the neutral gas through elastic and inelastic collisions. This energy drives a large thermal cell and the circulation extends the influence of the arc thousands of kilometers beyond the region of direct heat input. The calculated neutral gas temperature response to electron heating within the arc is small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 45-69
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    Solar particle tracks in glass from Surveyor 3 (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Samples of glass from the Surveyor 3 TV camera filter were examined for particle tracks by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrected density value is 1.7 million + or - 0.1 million tracks/sq cm, and the track density vs depth curve is determined. Comparisons with other estimated and calculated data are discussed, and lack of agreement between data sets is considered. It is felt that considerable erosion occurs, and that erosion also occurs by a flaking of small thicknesses of material, possibly caused by solar wind irradiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 209-212
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    Enhanced emission of iron nuclei in solar flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A silica glass window from Apollo 12 CM and a piece of flint glass from the Surveyor 3 camera filter were examined for Fe nuclei tracks. A large difference between observed and predicted track densitites was found. At low rigidity (or energy), the solar particle Fe/He ratio is much higher than the photospheric abundance ratio, but decreases with increasing rigidity until it approaches the photospheric value at a rigidity of about 500 MV. It is felt that the low-energy Fe tracks are of solar origin. The implications that heavy nuclei can be preferentially emitted from a source of energetic particles are discussed. Other conclusions are the following: Rocks exposed on the lunar surface for 10 million yr would accumulate about 6 x 10 to the 12th power tracks/sq cm, and the rate of radiation-induced erosion is about 10 to the -9 cm/yr. The lunar soil should contain heavily irradiated small grains, some with track densities of about 10 to the 12th power/sq cm that have flaked from radiation-damaged rock surfaces and some that were irradiated while at the top of the soil layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 217-220
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    The composition of the upper atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Miniature mass spectrometers were developed and were carried on sounding rockets to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere. Techniques have been developed that accurately correct for the velocity and spin of the moving vehicle. Above 120 km N2, O2, and Ar appear to be in diffusive equilibrium. Most He concentration measurements show a more rapid decline with altitude than predicted by diffusive equilibrium. Because of the highly reactive nature of atomic oxygen, measurements of this species by mass spectrometry are low by an unknown factor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 129-145
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    Shutter mechanism for spacecraft spectrophotometer (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A shutter mechanism is described for the backscatter ultraviolet spectrophotometer experiment on the Nimbus D satellite. The purpose of the experiment is to determine spatial distribution of atmospheric ozone from measurements of ultraviolet radiation backscattered by the earth's atmosphere. The system consists of two independent, rotary cylinder shutters, controlled by a dual star Geneva mechanism, and driven by a single stepper motor. A single driver controls a combination of two independently driven Geneva stars. Design considerations involved the use of low friction, nonmetallic materials.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center 6th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 95-100
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    Hydrology of the Niger River from Nimbus HRIR (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The seasonal changes in aspect of the Niger River in the Republic of Mali, West Africa, as seen in daytime imagery obtained by the high-resolution infrared radiometer on Nimbus 3 are described. The identification of different plants by their reflectance is shown to provide an ecological map that changes with time. It is concluded that Nimbus imagery provides an integrated view of the entire watershed on a daily basis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 8-13
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    Near-terminator photography, part R (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The advantages resulting from the use of near-terminator photography in lunar surface investigations are discussed. It is pointed out that, under near-terminator conditions, small changes in slope produce greater contrast changes than at high sun elevation angles. This desirable phenomenon is confirmed by an examination of the near-terminator photography taken during the Apollo 15 mission. Many of the photographs obtained show lunar surface areas within a few degrees of the terminator and are therefore of significant geologic interest. In addition, many geologic features stand out in a distinct manner not normal in conventional lunar photography, thus providing additional data on the surface morphology and the configuration of a large number of lunar surface structures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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    Air-sea interaction in the Pacific Ocean (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Daily Tiros and ESSA satellite television nephanalysis over the Pacific Ocean were collected, and monthly cloud charts drawn to study the interaction of tropical oceans with the atmosphere. The data were correlated with climatological data for rainfall and surface temperatures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 28-31
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    Reginal Geology of Hadley Rille, part F (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Local geology of Hadley Rille near the landing site of Apollo 15 is described. Orbital photography from the Hasselblad, metric, and panoramic cameras is used to study regional relationships of the rille. The shape of the rille due to various natural causes is examined, along with stratigraphic measurements of mare materials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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    Surface disturbances at the Apollo 15 landing site, part E (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: High resolution panoramic photographs taken from 110 km orbits of the command service module show the lunar module structure on the moon as evidenced by reflected light and by the shadow. Before and after photographs of the landing site are presented; the increased brightness or halo is attributed to mare surface materials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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    Apollo 15 laser altimeter, part D (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The laser altimeter, consisting of a Q switched ruby laser, transmitting optics, counting timer, receiving optics, and a photomultiplier is described. Harmonic analysis of the mission data is also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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    Solar wind composition experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Apollo 16 SWC experiment is a continuation of the earlier experiments; however, an essential change was introduced in the solar wind particle collection technique. Platinum surfaces were incorporated in the collector foil, and use was made of a layer technique for distinguishing particles of different energies and different directions of arrival. The improvements and the expanded scope of the Apollo 16 experiment, relative to the earlier SWC experiments, can be summarized as follows: elimination of possible residual dust contamination by treating the platinum foil sections with dilute hydrofluoric acid before analysis; increased accuracy of solar wind argon abundance; determination of solar wind albedo; and search for helium in the energy range above approximately 40 KeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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    Tides and tsunamis (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Although tides and tsunamis are both shallow water waves, it does not follow that they are equally amenable to an observational program using an orbiting altimeter on a satellite. A numerical feasibility investigation using a hypothetical satellite orbit, real tide observations, and sequentially increased levels of white noise has been conducted to study the degradation of the tidal harmonic constants caused by adding noise to the tide data. Tsunami waves, possibly a foot high and one hundred miles long, must be measured in individual orbits, thus requiring high relative resolution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Sea Surface Topography from Space, Vol. 2; 30 p
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    The flare forecasting fiasco: Is everybody looking at the same sun? (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The passionate dream of the oppressed solar flare forecaster is the scientific discovery of the cause, the energy source, and the observable antecedent conditions for the solar flare. This tunnel vision has had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific search for the underlying physical mechanisms. Examples of neglected aspects of the problem cover the entire range from observing techniques and equipment to the availability and accuracy of the archived scientific data. A cursory inspection of this data leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 157-171
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    Cracking of the lunar soil (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Rather than a pattern of cracks in an apparently flat surface, the Apollo 12 photographs suggest an irregular surface that consists of clods or fragments. The impression of flat tiles and crusting, obtained by monoscopic viewing, is an illusion. Instead, the lunar soil deforms and cracks in the same manner as homogeneous isotropic terrestrial soils of moderate bulk density, having a small amount of cohesion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 233-235
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    Solar wind rare gas analysis: Trapped solar wind helium and neon in Surveyor 3 material (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The He-4 and Ne-20 contents in sections of the Surveyor 3 support strut samples were determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and are compared to the results of the Apollo solar wind composition (SWC) experiments. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio in the samples from the sunlit side of the strut was approximately 300; the ratios determined in Apollo 12 lunar fines and SWC foil were below 100. The He-4/He-3 ratios were also determined, and the ratio obtained from Surveyor 3 material is higher than those found with Apollo 11 and 12 SWC experiments. The effects of spallation by cosmic rays or solar protons, stripping by cosmic ray or energetic solar alpha particles, recycling of solar wind He and radiogenic Ne, He from terrestrial atmosphere, mass discrimination near the moon, mass dependence of trapping probability, diffusion, and contamination by lunar dust are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 201-208
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    Examination of returned Surveyor 3 camera visor for alpha radioactivity (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The TV camera visor was placed in a vacuum chamber and examined for alpha radioactivity using an alpha-scattering instrument, and plates covered with the same paint and made at the same time as the visor were used as a control. The spectra of visor and plates are very similar, and it is concluded that the gross activity on the visor is due entirely to the activity of the paint. The data were used to obtain the amount of Po-210 activity on the lunar surface. It is felt that the lack of detected alpha radioactivity does not indicate a lack of activity on the moon, since dust layers were knocked off the visor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 177-180
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    Preliminary geologic map of the region around the candidate Proclus Apollo landing site, part J (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Proclus Crater region was mapped to test the value, for photogeologic mapping purposes, of Apollo 15 metric photographs and to estimate the scientific value of the area as a potential landing site. Adjacent frames of the metric photography were overlapped with the base frame to provide stereographic images. Because of the high quality of the photographs, it was found that the geologic units could be more definitely interpreted and dated than those of earlier maps. The photographs tend to confirm the earlier interpretation of the rugged area as composed of bedrock uplifted when the Crisium basin formed. They also suggest that an earlier predominantly volcanic interpretation of the terra in this area might be replaced by an interpretation in which mass wasting and fracturing play the major roles in producing different terrain types. It was concluded that because of apparent lithologic homogeneity, the terra of the Proclus region is an undesirable objective for an extensive manned lunar landing mission.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Manned Spacecraft Center Apollo 15 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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    Quasi-seasonal variation in the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of an investigation on the effects of earth seasonal changes on solar activity, particularly sunspots, are given. These results show corpuscular and electromagnetic activity increased during the equinoctial months. In addition the electromagnetic aspect tends to increase during the winter months. It was suggested that seasonal changes in sunspot numbers may be caused by the tidal forces and the processional torques exerted by the various planets in the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 164-170
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    Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind was investigated using the heating model in which fast-mode hydromagnetic waves propagate outward from below the base and deposit energy by collisionless damping. Ray paths were found by solving Hamilton's equations. As the ray propagates along its path, it will damp, supplying thermal energy to the solar wind gas. The strong agreement of these results with observations is clear indication that the primary nonthermal heat source in the solar wind is the collisionless damping of hydromagnetic waves.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 140-143
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    Magnetospheric boundaries (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The location of the outer boundary of the geomagnetic field, or magnetopause, and the location of the earth's bow shock have been compiled based on data from the first six IMP satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 81-85
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    Convective heating measurement by means of an infrared camera (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-18
    Description: The development of rapid and accurate wind tunnel techniques to measure convective heating distributions in complex reentry configurations is discussed. Major emphasis was put on the infrared camera technique. Its essence is the measurement of infrared emission from the surface of a wind tunnel model as a function of time. Prior calibration of the infrared camera relates the emission to the surface temperature of the model. The time history of the surface temperature can then be related to the heating rate by standard techniques. The output of the camera is an electrical signal that is tape-recorded in analog form, then digitized and processed by computer, so that automated and relatively rapid data reduction can be accomplished. In addition, the camera produces real-time visual displays of the infrared emission as pictures on an oscilloscope screen. These pictures give immediate indications of hot and cool spots on the model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Shuttle Aerothermodyn. Technol. Conf., vol. 2; p 645-660
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    Ionospheric profile inversion using oblique-incidence ionograms (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Some of the elementary methods used in deriving true-height profiles from oblique-incidence ionograms are reviewed. The two principal methods presented are oblique-to-vertical transformation and direct inversion of the oblique-incidence ionogram. Limitations in oblique-incidence inversion due to magnetic-field effects, horizontal gradients, and absolute time delay are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 12 p
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    Automatic N(h,t) profiles of the ionosphere with a digital ionosonde (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A method is described to accomplish automatic data selection and profile inversion to obtain ionospheric electron density profiles from digitized radio soundings. The profile inversion is based on a well-established formulation by which the optimum radio frequency sounding intervals can be specified from an approximate knowledge of the profile; the expected virtual height coordinates (h) at these frequencies (f) are estimated, and procedures are then used to select h(f) observations nearest the predicted coordinates from a subsequent digital ionogram. From these the next profile is obtained. The process adaptively follows the changing shape and detail of the profile. The procedure requires an average of 15 sec per profile on a standard data processing computer, and can be adapted, with benefit to online real-time use in a digital ionosonde.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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    The P prime(f) to N(h) inversion problem in ionospheric soundings (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A general review is given of the inversion techniques used to derive the ionospheric electron density N as a function of altitude h from group path P versus frequency f measurements obtained by vertical incidence ionospheric sounders. The paper discusses the medium under investigation, the experimental techniques used to obtain the P(f) data, the theoretical considerations leading to the integral equation relating P(f) to N(h), and the assumptions made in the inversion process. The lamination inversion technique is then presented, with special attention given to mathematical difficulties arising from discontinuities in the P(f) function, infinities in the integrand, and in some cases unknown integration limits. Methods outlined for minimizing the uncertainties due to discontinuities include the use of redundant information - that is the two distinct P(f) functions available for a given N(h) profile - and the use of models based on statistical data. Mathematical procedures are discussed that increase significantly the efficiency and accuracy of the required numerical integrations. The accuracy of the inversion technique is deduced by comparing the resulting N(h) profile with N(h) data obtained by simultaneous but independent observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Math. of Profile Inversion; 13 p
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    Statistical retrieval techniques for sounding the meteorological structure of the atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Statistical retrieval methods for remote sounding are reviewed. Methods are given for constraining an essentially incomplete problem by means of the known statistical behavior of the solution. Information content of the observations and the meteorological structure are discussed. Linear versions of maximum probability and minimum variance methods are given in some detail, and extensions to the nonlinear case are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 10 p
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  • 69
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    A review of some aspects of inferring the ozone profile by inversion of ultraviolet radiance measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: The mathematical inversion of light-scattering observations to obtain the atmospheric ozone profile is discussed in terms of the filtering properties of the physical and mathematical processes for different spatial scales. Within this context, it is shown that the physical process of scattering acts as a low pass filter; which transfers large-scale profile information efficiently to radiance observations but very strongly attenuates small- or fine-scale profile information. To avoid domination of the mathematical inversion by the random error of radiance measurements, an equivalent spatial-scale filtering in the inversion procedure is essential. The available evidence suggests that mathematical inversion to obtain the low level ozone profile below 25 to 30 km is either inferior to or no better than the statistical estimation of the profile using total ozone as predictor. However, inversion profiles for high level ozone above 25 to 30 km appear to have moderately good accuracy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 24 p
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  • 70
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    A review of nonstatistical techniques for the estimation of vertical atmospheric structure from remote infrared measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Mathematical techniques used in atmospheric profile inversion are reviewed, with the discussion limited to methods that do not require extensive information on the statistical properties of the profiles. The basic problem of the calculation of vertical profiles from noise contaminated infrared spectral measurements is examined. Three specific examples of methods of solution are given: the iterative minimum estimation method, a second linear iterative method, and the algorithm of Chahine. Satellite data are used in an empirical comparison of the methods. Several factors are considered, including the stability of solutions, convergence behavior of the iterative methods, and dependence of the solutions on the first guess, a factor that is particularly important in the treatment of data from other planets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Math. of Profile Inversion; 14 p
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  • 71
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    Investigation of traveler acceptance factors in short haul air carrier operations (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The development of a mathematical model for human reaction to variables involved in transportation systems is discussed. The techniques, activities, and results related to defining certain specific inputs to the model are presented. A general schematic diagram of the problem solution is developed. The application of the model to short haul air carrier operations is examined.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 211-228
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  • 72
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    Apparatus for investigation of the amplitude frequency response of the ionospheric scattering channel (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Equipment for studying the amplitude frequency response of the ionospheric scattering channel is described, having multipath signal propagation. Experimental results are reported, including nonuniformity in the channel's amplitude frequency response.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 39-45
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  • 73
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    Parameters of small scale ionization inhomogeneities in the F region of the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The results of the parameters of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities study of the ionosphere's F-region for October-November 1965 and January-February 1966 are presented. It is shown that the most probable values of the inhomogeneity parameters are as follows: degree of anisotropy 1.4-2; vertical dimension 200-400 m; horizontal dimensions along major and minor axes 400-1000 and 200-600 m, respectively; rate of chaotic motions 30-60 m/sec; lifetime 6-9 sec.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 23-29
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  • 74
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    Statistical accuracy of cosmic radiation neutron component recorders (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A method is examined for calculating the error of experimental data from a standard neutron monitor with the multiplicity of neutron generation. It is shown that use of the Poisson distribution to estimate the real statistical error is inadequate. The method proposed is for analysis of low-amplitude periodicities in the cosmic-ray variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 79-81
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  • 75
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    Receiving antenna installation for ionospheric scattering links (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Smearing of the scattered-energy flux density over a range of angles of arrival permits the use of a receiving-end antenna with a height lower than theoretical.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 65-68
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  • 76
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    The ionosphere above Alma Ata during a solar eclipse (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The eclipse effect was manifested during the second phase: the ionization of the F1- and F2-layers decreased and the minimum effective heights of E and F2 increased due to recombination processes. The manner in which electron density is distributed over the levels was ascertained from analysis of N(t) curves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 35-38
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  • 77
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    Radioastronomical measurement of absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Diurnal and seasonal absorption curves measured by a radio astronomical method at Alma-Ata during the IQSY (1964-1965) are submitted. The apparatus is described. The dependence of absorption on solar flares is also indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 30-34
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  • 78
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    The state of the ionosphere above Alma Ata (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The basic patterns are described in the behavior of critical frequencies and minimum effective heights of the ionosphere's reflecting E, F1, and F2 layers, according to ionospheric recorder measurements from 1943 to 1967. The variations of critical frequencies and virtual heights are compared with the relative sunspot numbers and the flux of the sun's radio emission at 10.7 cm.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 1-6
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  • 79
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    On the selection of a vertical base in the ionosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The problem of selecting a vertical base in the ionosphere that permits registration of vertical motions of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities of the ionosphere's F-region is discussed. The accuracy of calculation of the vertical drift-velocity component is estimated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 7-12
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  • 80
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    Ride quality research activities at NASA Langley Research Center (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Ride quality research to determine criteria to describe vehicle performance characteristics which will insure passenger comfort is discussed. The manner in which disciplines of vehicle environmental dynamics, structural dynamics, and electromechanical measurements are combined to define passenger environments is described. The activities of many governmental and private agencies in the field of passenger comfort are examined.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 229-246
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  • 81
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    Cosmic ray variations during PCA type absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: It is shown based on data on the cosmic-ray neutron component, ionospheric soundings, and measurements of cosmic radio-emission absorption at Vostok station (Antarctica) that the ionization of the lower ionosphere increases during low intensity of Forbush-type cosmic rays. This is manifested in increased absorption and the appearance of strong sporadic layers in the E-region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 74-77
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  • 82
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    A method of investigating the phase response characteristic of the ionospheric scattering communications channel (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A method is proposed for measuring the phase difference fluctuations between vibrations at different frequencies that result from scattering properties of the medium. The measurement equipment is described, along with an ideal communication channel.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 47-54
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  • 83
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    Radio wave propagation at frequencies exceeding MUF-F2 in the short wave band (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The results of measurements of field strength and signal/noise ratio on experimental ionospheric-scattering short wave radio links are presented. It is shown that the seasonal and diurnal variations of field strength are determined by features of solar and meteoric activity. The role of the sporadic E-layer in propagation of short radio waves at frequencies exceeding MUF-F2 is noted.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 55-59
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  • 84
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    Ionospheric magnetic phenomena associated with proton flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The state of the ionosphere above stations in Kazakhstan is examined in connection with the proton flares of 7 July, 28 August, and 2 September 1966. Universal time is used. It is established that a proton flare causes increased radio absorption (the ionization of the D-region is enhanced, and the minimum reflected frequencies decrease). Magnetic storms and ionospheric disturbances are observed on the earth one-and-a-half to two days after some proton flares.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 17-22
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  • 85
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    Influence of vertical drift of small scale ionization inhomogeneities on the diurnal variation of f0F2 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The diurnal variations of the critical frequencies of the ionospheric F2 region may be influenced substantially by the 12-hour component of the vertical drift of small-scale ionization inhomogeneities. The appearance of the forenoon maximum of F2 and the evening ionization maximum are examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 13-16
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  • 86
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    Variations of cosmic rays associated with chromospheric flares on the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Features of the cosmic-ray variations in the geomagnetic pole region and a smooth decrease in the cosmic rays intensity as a result of increased solar activity are reported. A 66-day variation of the cosmic rays was registered, in agreement with the maximum frequency and power of solar chromospheric flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 113-116
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  • 87
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    Estimates of the electric fields in the lower ionosphere above the magnetic equator (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The electric fields at the solar activity minimum on the magnetic equator are evaluated based on data from rocket studies of the vertical profiles of the ionospheric-current magnetic fields and electron concentration. The electric field strength is 1-4 X 100 CGSM units. In addition, the electric field has altitude and time distributions. Its maximum is observed at a height of 110 km, and at 90 and 140 km, it is smaller by a factor of 3-4 than at the 110-km height. The maximum values are registered around noon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 82-89
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  • 88
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    On the possibility of explaining features of the latitude variations of Sq(H) and Sq(Z) in the equatorial region by electrical modelling (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Curves of H (the horizontal component) and Z (the vertical component) of the magnetic field from a strip with an assigned current-density distribution compiled from the results of electrical modelling are calculated. The calculated curves are compared qualitatively with latitude curves obtained from ground magnetic observatory data. It is shown that the forms of the theoretical H and Z and the experimental latitude variations are qualitatively similar.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 90-94
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  • 89
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    Occupancy of the radio frequency spectrum in the 16-23 MHz band (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Measurement results are presented for actual utilization of the short wave frequency band, obtained by continuous registration of the number of radio stations in the 16-23 MHz band over an annual cycle (1965). It is shown that there is a relation between the number of radio stations and the variations of MUF-F2. During years of minimum solar activity and at night, segments free of radio stations operating by normal reflection, can be selected in the 18-23-MHz band for ionospheric-scattering links.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 60-64
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  • 90
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    Acoustic radar sounding of the lower atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Acoustic radar sounding techniques were used to measure the wind velocity and direction in the first 300 m of the atmosphere. Angle-of-arrival and Doppler techniques were developed to obtain two independent measurements of the wind field. These techniques and preliminary experimental results are described briefly.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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  • 91
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    Statistical versus nonstatistical temperature inversion methods (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Vertical temperature profiles are derived from radiation measurements by inverting the integral equation of radiative transfer. Because of the nonuniqueness of the solution, the particular temperature profile obtained depends on the numerical inversion technique used and the type of auxiliary information incorporated in the solution. The choice of an inversion algorithm depends on many factors; including the speed and size of computer, the availability of representative statistics, and the accuracy of initial data. Results are presented for a numerical study comparing two contrasting inversion methods: the statistical-matrix inversion method and the nonstatistical-iterative method. These were found to be the most applicable to the problem of determining atmospheric temperature profiles. Tradeoffs between the two methods are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 7 p
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  • 92
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    Miniature biotelemeter gives multichannel wideband biomedical data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A miniature biotelemeter was developed for sensing and transmitting multiple channels of biomedical data over a radio link. The design of this miniature, 10-channel, wideband (5 kHz/channel), pulse amplitude modulation/ frequency modulation biotelemeter takes advantage of modern device technology (e.g., integrated circuit operational amplifiers, complementary symmetry/metal oxide semiconductor logic, and solid state switches) and hybrid packaging techniques. The telemeter is being used to monitor 10 channels of neuron firings from specific regions of the brain in rats implanted with chronic electrodes. Design, fabrication, and testing of an engineering model biotelemeter are described.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: JPL Quarterly Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 1; p 152-166
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  • 93
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    Factors influencing public acceptance of STOL noise (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The responses of people to special noise characteristics associated with short takeoff aircraft are discussed. The findings of studies which have yielded data that may be pertinent to community acceptance of short takeoff aircraft noise are presented. A three step program to evaluate public acceptance of short takeoff aircraft noise was conducted. The three steps were: (1) definition of short takeoff aircraft noise characteristics, (2) laboratory tests to evaluate individual responses, and (3) the use of community survey data to extrapolate conventional takeoff aircraft experience.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 353-365
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  • 94
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    Head-up displays for STOL visual approaches (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A simulation study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a simple head-up display in improving glide-slope tracking performance during steep visual approaches in a STOL aircraft. The head-up display featured an attitude-stabilized horizon bar and glide-slope reference bar parallel to and 7.5 deg below the horizon bar. On some approaches a flight-path marker symbol showing the projected ground impact point was also displayed. Half of the approaches were flown in a conventional mode in which the pilot changed pitch attitude to correct for height errors. The remaining approaches were flown in a direct-lift mode in which the pilot modulated thrust to change the flight-path angle without pitching the aircraft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 227-243
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  • 95
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    The inversion of VLF-LF sounder data to obtain D-region electron-density distributions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: The direct problem is to compute reflection coefficients for an assumed electron-density profile, using a full-wave solution. The inverse problem is treated numerically, using derivatives of the reflection matrix with respect to model parameters. A technique for the rapid computation of the derivatives is described. An algorithm for determining resolution in the profile is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 7 p
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    The calculation of electron density profiles from topside ionograms: Method and applications (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A method for converting topside sounder ionograms into topside electron density profiles is discussed. The lamination method used is modified to take into account the variation of electron density and magnetic field within each lamination. Also included is a change of variable to produce a finite integrand of the integral involved, an iteration scheme that permits convergence on an initially unknown density, a second iteration scheme to overcome the problem of an uncertainty in the electron density at the satellite, and a modification to compensate for the changing satellite altitude over the duration of the sounding. Two applications of the technique are discussed: field-aligned traces for computing field-aligned profiles and computer-aided systems for scaling ionograms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 11 p
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    An occultation satellite system for determining pressure levels in the atmosphere (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: An operational two-satellite microwave occultation system will establish a pressure reference level to be used in fixing the temperature-pressure profile generated by the SIRS infrared sensor as a function of altitude. In the final error analysis, simulated data for the SIRS sensor were used to test the performance of the occultation system. The results of this analysis indicate that the occultation system is capable of measuring the altitude of the 300-mb level to within 24 mrms, given a maximum error of 2 K in the input temperature profile. The effects of water vapor can be corrected by suitable climatological profiles, and improvements in the accuracy of the SIRS instrument should yield additional improvements in the performance of the occultation system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 13 p
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  • 98
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    Fine structure of the lower atmosphere as seen by high resolution radar (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: A ground-based vertically pointing FM-CW radar is described that permits remote probing of the refractive index structure in the troposphere. The radar has the characteristics of extremely high sensitivity, ultrahigh range resolution, and close minimum detection range without clutter. The sounder routinely detects layer structures in the lower troposphere. These layers are always associated with gradients in the vertical refractive index profile, and are frequently very thin, approaching the resolution of the radar (1 m). Very often they are perturbed by wave motions. Examples of various wave patterns are presented, and an explanation is given for organized substructures frequently superimposed on larger scale wave motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 8 p
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  • 99
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    The mathematical-physical problem of P prime(f) to N(h) inversion for anisotropic media (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: The requirements for a numerical inversion method to calculate electron density profiles from ionograms are discussed. A systematic investigation about the independence of the two magnetoionic components shows that the extent to which the range of ambiguity can be reduced depends mainly on the magnetic latitude. Error estimates and first-order corrections for less elaborate methods are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 13 p
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  • 100
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    Numerical methods for reduction of topside ionograms (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-12
    Description: Several alternative methods for solving the group height equation are presented. Three of these are now in operation at Ames Research Center and use data contained in a single ionogram trace. From the data an electron density profile N(h) is computed. If the ionogram also exhibits other traces, reverse ionogram traces are computed, using the N(h) profile, for comparison with the redundant data. When agreement is poor, the initial data trace is reinterpreted, another N(h) profile computed, and the reverse traces generated once again. This process is repeated until a desired degree of consistency is achieved. To reduce the necessity for human intervention and eliminate decision making required in conjunction with the preceding methods, a method is proposed that accepts as input, all data from a single ionogram. In general, no electron density function will satisfy these data exactly, but a best N(h) profile can be computed. Finally, a method is described that eliminates the need to assume that the ionosphere is spherically stratified. Horizontal gradients in electron density are detected and accounted for by processing several ionograms from the same satellite pass simultaneously. This idea is derived as an extension of one of the basic methods.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Math. of Profile Inversion; 10 p
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