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  • General Chemistry  (524)
  • Chemical Engineering  (159)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer  (25)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (708)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1960  (708)
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (708)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Photographic Evidence of Streamwise Arrays of Vortices in Boundary-Layer Flow (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Photographs are presented of various models coated with fluorescent oil to show evidence of surface vortices at a Mach number of 3.03. Vortex formation was evidently present on models with forward-facing steps, rearward-facing steps, wires, discrete surface particles, or unswept flat surfaces with sharp leading edges. Some photographs are also presented for the models coated with a sublimation material which clearly indicates the location of boundary-layer transition; however, it does not show the vortices as clearly as the fluorescent oil. The study was made on the models at an angle of attack of 0 deg at unit Reynolds numbers of 7.7 and 10.7 million per foot. The spacing of the vortices as indicated by the flow studies on the unswept model was smaller at the higher Reynolds number in accordance with Gortler's theory. The flow studies also indicated that stable surface vortices produced by either steps or surface roughness persisted over model areas known to have turbulent boundary layers.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-328
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  • 2
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    Effects of Sweep Angle on the Boundary-Layer Stability Characteristics of an Untapered Wing at Low Speeds (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An investigation was conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel to determine the effects of sweep on the boundary-layer stability characteristics of an untapered variable-sweep wing having an NACA 64(2)A015 section normal to the leading edge. Pressure distribution and transition were measured on the wing at low speeds at sweep angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 deg. and at angles of attack from -3 to 3 deg. The investigation also included flow-visualization studies on the surface at sweep angles from 0 to 50 deg. and total pressure surveys in the boundary layer at a sweep angle of 30 deg. for angles of attack from -12 to 0 deg. It was found that sweep caused premature transition on the wing under certain conditions. This effect resulted from the formation of vortices in the boundary layer when a critical combination of sweep angle, pressure gradient, and stream Reynolds number was attained. A useful parameter in indicating the combined effect of these flow variables on vortex formation and on beginning transition is the crossflow Reynolds number. The critical values of crossflow Reynolds number for vortex formation found in this investigation range from about 135 to 190 and are in good agreement with those reported in previous investigations. The values of crossflow Reynolds number for beginning transitions were found to be between 190 and 260. For each condition (i.e., development of vortices and initiation of transition at a given location) the lower values in the specified ranges were obtained with a light coating of flow-visualization material on the surface. A method is presented for the rapid computation of crossflow Reynolds number on any swept surface for which the pressure distribution is known. From calculations based on this method, it was found that the maximum values of crossflow Reynolds number are attained under conditions of a strong pressure gradient and at a sweep angle of about 50 deg. Due to the primary dependence on pressure gradient, effects of sweep in causing premature transition are generally first encountered on the lower surfaces of wings operating at positive angles of attack.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-338
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  • 3
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    An Experimental Investigation and Correlation of the Heat Reduction to Nonporous Surfaces Behind a Porous Leading Edge Through Which Coolant is Ejected (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A configuration of a wing segment having constant chord thickness, 0 deg. sweep, a porous steel semicircular leading edge, and solid Inconel surfaces was tested in a Mach number 2.0 ethlyene-heated high-temperature air jet. Measurements were made of the wing surface temperatures at chordwise stations for several rates of helium flow through the porous leading edge. The investigation was conducted at stagnation temperatures ranging from 500 F to 2,400 F, at Reynolds numbers per foot ranging from 0.3 x 10(exp 7) to 1.2 x 10(exp 7), and at angles of attack of 0, +/- 5, and +/- 15 deg. The results indicated that the reduction of wing surface temperatures with respect to their values for no coolant flow, depended on the helium coolant flow rates and the distance behind the area of injection. The results were correlated in terms of the wall cooling parameter and the coolant flow-rate parameter, where the nondimensional flow rate was referenced to the cooled area up to the downstream position. For the same coolant flow rate, lower surface temperatures are achieved with a porous-wall cooling system. However, since flow-rate requirements decrease with increasing allowable surface temperatures, the higher allowable wall temperatures of the solid wall as compared to the structurally weaker porous wall- sharply reduce the flow-rate requirements of a downstream cooling system. Thus, for certain flight conditions it is possible to compensate for the lower efficiency of the downstream or solid-wall cooling system. For example, a downstream cooling system using solid walls that must be maintained at 1,800 F would require less coolant for Mach numbers up to 5.5 than would a porous-wall cooling system for which the walls must be maintained at temperatures less than or equal to 9000 F.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-235
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  • 4
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    Effect on Gaseous Film Cooling of Coolant Injection Through Angled Slots and Normal Holes (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A study was made to determine the effect of coolant injection angularity on gaseous film-cooling effectiveness. In the correlation of experimental data an effective injection angle was defined by a vector summation of the coolant and mainstream gas flows. The cosine of this angle was used as a parameter to empirically develop a corrective term to qualify a correlating equation presented in Technical Note D-130 that was limited to tangential injection of the coolant. Data were also obtained for coolant injection through rows of holes normal to the test plate. The slot correlating equation was adapted to fit these data by the definition of an effective slot height. An additional corrective term was then determined to correlate these data.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-299 , E-689
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  • 5
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    Measurements of the Time-Averaged and Instantaneous Induced Velocities in the Wake of a Helicopter Rotor Hovering at High Tip Speeds (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the time-averaged induced velocities were obtained for rotor tip speeds as great as 1,100 feet per second (tip Mach number of 0.98) and measurements of the instantaneous induced velocities were obtained for rotor tip speeds as great as 900 feet per second. The results indicate that the small effects on the wake with increasing Mach number are primarily due to the changes in rotor-load distribution resulting from changes in Mach number rather than to compressibility effects on the wake itself. No effect of tip Mach number on the instantaneous velocities was observed. Under conditions for which the blade tip was operated at negative pitch angles, an erratic circulatory flow was observed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-393 , L-836
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  • 6
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    Empirical Equation for Turbulent Forced-Convection Heat Transfer for Prandtl Numbers from 0.001 to 1000 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A review is made of some of the experimental data and analyses applicable to convective heat transfer in fully turbulent flow in smooth tubes with liquid metals and viscous Newtonian fluids. An empirical equation is evolved that closely approximates heat-transfer values obtained from selected analyses and experimental data for Prandtl numbers from 0.001 to 1000. The terms included in the equation are Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and an empirical diffusivity ratio between heat and momentum.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-483
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  • 7
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    NASA Research on the Hydrodynamics of the Gaseous Vortex Reactor (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The experimental and analytical results to date of a study of a two-component gaseous vortex system are presented in this paper. Analytical expressions for tangential velocity and static-pressure profiles in a turbulent vortex show good agreement with experimental data. Airflow rates from 0.075 to 0.14 pound per second and corresponding tangential velocities from 160 to 440 feet per second are correlated by turbulent Reynolds numbers from 1.95 to 2.4. An analysis of an air-bromine gas mixture in a turbulent vortex indicates that a boundary value of bromine-to-air radial velocity ratio (u(2)/u(1)) of 0.999 gives essentially no bromine buildup, while a value of 0.833 results in considerable separation. For a constant value of (u(2)/u(1))(0) the bromine buildup increases as (1) the tangential velocity increases, (2) the air-to-bromine weight-flow ratio decreases, (3) the airflow rate decreases, (4) the temperature decreases, and (5) the turbulence decreases. Analytical temperature, pressure, and tangential-velocity profiles are also presented. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the flow of an air-bromine mixture through a vortex field results in a bromine density increase to a maximum value; followed by a decrease; the air density exhibits a uniform decrease from the outer vortex radius to the exhaust-nozzle radius.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-288 , E-800 , Nov 16, 1959 - Nov 21, 1959; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 8
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    Mixing Characteristics Downstream of Core Region of High-Temperature Axisymmetric Jets Exhausting Into Transonic and Supersonic Streams (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A series of rocket motors with varying exit to throat area ratios was tested in the 8- by 6-foot wind tunnel to determine the effects of mixing on jet diameter and temperature decay at large distances (x/d 〉 30) from the nozzle exit. An approximate method to account for effects of the initial expansion was evolved. It was determined that the combustion efficiency has an important effect on jet spreading, since the unburned products can burn downstream of the nozzle. The data showed considerable scatter; however, mixing rates were, in general, lower than those observed for subsonic jets. Data for angles of attack of 5 and 10 deg are also presented, giving the respective centerline shift and temperature decay as a function of axial distance.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-151
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  • 9
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    An Experimental Study of the Ionization of Low-Density Gas Flows by Induced Discharges (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Induced discharges are advantageous for ionizing low-density flows in that they introduce no electrode contamination into the flow and they provide a relatively high degree of ionization with good coupling of power into the gas. In this investigation a 40-megacycle oscillator was used to produce and maintain induced discharges in argon and mercury-vapor flows. Methods for preventing blowout of the discharge were determined, and power measurements were made with an in-line wattmeter. Some results with damped oscillations pulsed at 1,000 pulses per second are also presented.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-431 , L-986
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  • 10
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    An Experimental Investigation of Boundary-Layer Control for Drag Reduction of a Swept-Wing Section at Low Speed and High Reynolds Numbers (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An investigation of laminar boundary-layer control by suction for purposes of drag reduction at low speed and high Reynolds numbers has been conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel. The model was a 72.96-inch-chord wing panel, swept back 30 deg., which was installed between end plates to approximate a wing of infinite span. The airfoil section employed was a modified NACA 66-012 in the streamwise direction. Tests were limited to controlling the flow over only the upper surface of the model. Seventeen individually controllable suction chambers were provided below the surface to induce flow through 93 spanwise slots in the surface between the 0.0052- and 0.97-chord stations. Tests were made at angles of attack of 0 deg., +/- 1.0 deg., +/- 1.5 deg., and -2.0 deg. for Reynolds numbers from approximately 1.5 x 10(exp 6) to 4.0 x 10(exp 6) per foot. In general, essentially full-chord laminar flow was obtained for all conditions with small suction quantities. Minimum profile-drag coefficients of about 0.0005 to 0.0006 were obtained for the slotted surface at maximum values of the Reynolds number; these values include the Power required to induce suction as an equivalent drag.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-320
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  • 11
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    Real-Gas Correction Factors for Hypersonic Flow Parameters in Helium (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The real-gas hypersonic flow parameters for helium have been calculated for stagnation temperatures from 0 F to 600 F and stagnation pressures up to 6,000 pounds per square inch absolute. The results of these calculations are presented in the form of simple correction factors which must be applied to the tabulated ideal-gas parameters. It has been shown that the deviations from the ideal-gas law which exist at high pressures may cause a corresponding significant error in the hypersonic flow parameters when calculated as an ideal gas. For example the ratio of the free-stream static to stagnation pressure as calculated from the thermodynamic properties of helium for a stagnation temperature of 80 F and pressure of 4,000 pounds per square inch absolute was found to be approximately 13 percent greater than that determined from the ideal-gas tabulation with a specific heat ratio of 5/3.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-462 , L-1135
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  • 12
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    Experimental Smoke and Electromagnetic Analog Study of Induced Flow Field About a Model Rotor in Steady Flight Within Ground Effect (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Hovering and steady low-speed forward-flight tests were run on a 4-foot-diameter rotor at a ground height of 1 rotor radius. The two blades had a 2 to 1 taper ratio and were mounted in a see-saw hub. The solidity ratio was 0.05. Measurements were made of the rotor rpm, collective pitch, and forward-flight velocity. Smoke was introduced into the tip vortex and the resulting vortex pattern was photographed from two positions. Using the data obtained from these photographs, wire models of the tip vortex configurations were constructed and the distribution of the normal component of induced velocity at the blade feathering axis that is associated with these tip vortex configurations was experimentally determined at 450 increments in azimuth position from this electromagnetic analog. Three steady-state conditions were analyzed. The first was hovering flight; the second, a flight velocity just under the wake "tuck under" speed; and the third, a flight velocity just above this speed. These corresponded to advance ratios of 0, 0.022, and 0.030 (or ratios of forward velocity to calculated hovering induced velocity of approximately 0, 0.48, and 0.65), respectively, for the model test rotor. Cross sections of the wake at 450 intervals in azimuth angle as determined from the path of the tip vortex are presented graphically for all three cases. The nondimensional normal component of the induced velocity that is associated with the tip vortex as determined by an electromagnetic analog at 450 increments in azimuth position and at the blade feathering axis is presented graphically. It is shown that the mean value of this component of the induced velocity is appreciably less after tuck-under than before. It is concluded that this method yields results of engineering accuracy and is a very useful means of studying vortex fields.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-458 , W-143
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  • 13
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    Distribution of Time-Averaged Pressure Fluctuations Along the Boundary of a Round Subsonic Jet (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A semiempirical analysis of the equation for incompressible fluctuations in a turbulent fluid, using similarity relations for round subsonic jets with uniform exit velocity, is used to predict the shape of the time-averaged fluctuation-pressure distribution along the mean-velocity boundary of jets. The predicted distribution is independent of distance downstream of the nozzle exit along the mixing region, inversely proportional to the distance downstream along the region of mean-velocity self-preservation, and proportional to the inverse square of the distance downstream along the fully developed region. Experimental results were in fair agreement with the theory. However, the measured fluctuation-pressure distributions were found to be very sensitive to changes in jet temperature and jet-nozzle profile, especially near the nozzle. These factors are not included in the theory. Increased jet temperatures produce increased pressure fluctuations and violation of similarity conditions. Nozzle-profile modifications may lead to violation of the uniform-exit-velocity requirement imposed in the theory.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-468 , E-780
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  • 14
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    The Blunt Plate In Hypersonic Flow (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The sonic-wedge characteristics method has been used to obtain the shock shapes and surface pressure distributions on several blunt two-dimensional shapes in a hypersonic stream for several values of the ratio of specific heats. These shapes include the blunt slab at angle of attack and power profiles of the form yb = a)P, where 0 les than m less than 1, Yb and x are coordinates of the body surface, and a is a constant. These numerical results have been compared with the results of blast-wave theory, and methods of predicting the pressure distributions and shock shapes are proposed in each case. The effects of a free-stream conical-flow gradient on the pressure distribution on a blunt slab in hypersonic flow were investigated by the sonic-wedge characteristics method and were found to be sizable in many cases. Procedures which are satisfactory for reducing pressure data obtained in conical flows with small gradients are presented.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-408 , L-897
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  • 15
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    Investigation of the Flow Over Simple Bodies at Mach Numbers of the Order of 20 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: It is shown that adequate means are available for calculating inviscid direct and induced pressures on simple axisymmetric bodies at zero angle of attack. The extent to which viscous effects can alter these predictions is indicated. It is also shown that inviscid induced pressures can significantly affect the stability of blunt, two-dimensional flat wings at low angles of attack. However, at high angles of attack, the inviscid induced pressure effects are negligible.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-449 , L-1051
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  • 16
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    Variation in Heat Transfer During Transient Heating of a Hemisphere at a Mach Number of 2 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Convective heat-transfer tests were made on a 5-inch-diameter hemisphere to determine the variation of Stanton number with the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature. The tests were made at a nominal Mach number of 2 for stagnation temperatures of 760 deg R, 1,030 deg R, and 1,380 deg R. The model was constructed so that radiation effects and also streamwise conduction effects within the model skin were minimized. The results of the tests verified that these effects were small. Tests which were made with different masses of air inside the model to check for conduction effects to the internal air cavity showed these effects to be negligible. For laminar flow on the hemisphere, the Stanton number remained essentially constant as the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature increased. However, for fully established turbulent flow, the Stanton number at some stations decreased on the order of 50 percent as the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature increased. A theory which agreed fairly well with the trend of this decrease is shown for comparison.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-399 , L-463
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  • 17
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    Experimental Investigation of Two Low-Drag Supercavitating Hydrofoils at Speeds up to 200 Feet per Second (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An experimental investigation has been made in the Langley highspeed hydrodynamics facility to determine the force and moment characteristics of two hydrofoils (one having an aspect ratio of 1 and the other having an aspect ratio of 3) designed to have improved lift-drag ratios when operating under either supercavitating or ventilated conditions. Measurements were made of lift, drag, and pitching moment over a range of angles of attack from 40 to 200 for depths of submersion varying from 0 to approximately 1 chord. The range of speed for the investigation was from 110 to 200 feet per second. When the upper surface of the hydrofoils was completely unwetted, the experimental values of lift and drag forces were in good agreement with the theoretical values obtained from the zero-cavitation-number theory. The theoretical values for minimum angle of attack for operation with the upper surface of the hydrofoil unwetted define the lower limits of angle of attack for which the experimental values of lift coefficient are either in agreement with or slightly greater than those predicted by theory.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-436 , L-913
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  • 18
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    Preliminary Heat-Transfer Measurements on a Hypersonic Glide Configuration Having 79.5 degree Sweepback and 45 degree Dihedral at a Mach Number of 4.95 (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the heat-transfer characteristics of a hypersonic glide configuration having 79.5 deg of sweepback (measured in the plane of the leading edges) and 45 of dihedral. The tests were conducted at a nominal Mach number of 4.95 and a stagnation temperature of 400 F. The test-section unit Reynolds number was varied from 1.95 x 10(exp 6) to 12.24 x 10(exp 6) per foot. The results indicated that the laminar-flow heat-transfer rate to the lower surface of the model decreased as the distance from the ridge line increased except for thermocouples located near the semispan at an angle of attack of 00 with respect to the plane of the leading edges. The heat-transfer distribution (local heating rate relative to the ridge-line heating rate) was similar to the theoretical heat-transfer distribution for a two-dimensional blunt body, if the ridge line was assumed to be the stagnation line, and could be predicted by this theory provided a modified Newtonian pressure distribution was used. Except in the vicinity of the apex, the ridge-line heat-transfer rate could also be predicted from two-dimensional blunt-body heat-transfer theory provided it was assumed that the stagnation-line heat-transfer rate varied as the cosine of the effective sweep (sine of the angle of attack of the ridge line). The heat-transfer level on the lower surface and the nondimensional heat-transfer distribution around the body on the lower surface were in qualitative agreement with the results of a geometric study of highly swept delta wings with large positive dihedrals made in reference 1.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-247
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  • 19
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    Flight Measurement of Wall-Pressure Fluctuations and Boundary-Layer Turbulence (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The results are presented for a flight test program using a fighter type jet aircraft flying at pressure altitudes of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 feet at Mach numbers from 0.3 to 0.8. Specially designed apparatus was used to measure and record the output of microphones and hot-wire anemometers mounted on the forward-fuselage section and wing of the airplane. Mean-velocity profiles in the boundary layers were obtained from total-pressure measurements. The ratio of the root-mean-square fluctuating wall pressure to the free-stream dynamic pressure is presented as a function of Reynolds number and Mach number. The longitudinal component of the turbulent-velocity fluctuations was measured, and the turbulence-intensity profiles are presented for the wing and forward-fuselage section. In general, the results are in agreement with wind-tunnel measurements which have been-reported in the literature. For example, the variation the square root of p(sup 2)/q times the square root of p(sup 2) is the root mean square of the wall-pressure fluctuation, and q is the free-stream dynamic pressure) with Reynolds number was found to be essentially constant for the forward-fuselage-section boundary layer, while variations at the wing station were probably unduly affected by the microphone diameter (5/8 in.), which was large compared with the boundary-layer thickness.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-280
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  • 20
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    Radiation Shielding of the Stagnation Region by Transpiration of an Opaque Gas (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The laminar compressible boundary layer in the two-dimensional and axisymmetric stagnation regions has been analyzed to show the effects of the injection of a radiation absorbing foreign gas on an incident radiation field, and on the enthalpy profiles across the boundary layer. Total heat transfer to the stagnation region is evaluated for numerous cases and the results are compared with the no shielding case. Required absorption properties of the foreign gas are determined and compared with properties of known gases.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-329
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  • 21
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    Spatial Characteristics of Water Spray Formed by Two Impinging Jets at Several Jet Velocities in Quiescent Air (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The spatial characteristics of a spray formed by two impinging water jets in quiescent air were studied over a range of nominal jet velocities of 30 to 74 feet per second. The total included angle between the 0.089-inch jets was 90 deg. The jet velocity, spray velocity, disappearance of the ligaments just before drop formation, mass distribution, and size and position of the largest drops were measured in a circumferential survey around the point of jet impingement. Photographic techniques were used in the evaluations. The distance from the point of jet impingement to ligament breakup into drops was about 4 inches on the spray axis and about 1.3 inches in the radial position +/-90 deg from the axis. The distance tended to increase slightly with increase in jet velocity. The spray velocity varied from about 99 to about 72 percent of the jet velocity for a change in circumferential position from the spray axis to the +/-80 deg positions. The percentages tended to increase slightly with an increase in jet velocity. Fifty percent of the mass was distributed about the spray axis in an included angle of slightly less than 40 deg. The effect of jet velocity was small. The largest observed drops (2260-micron or 0.090-in. diam.) were found on and about the spray axis. The size of the largest drops decreased for an increase in radial angular position, being about 1860 microns (0.074 in.) at the +/-90 deg positions. The largest drop sizes tended to decrease for an increase in jet velocity, although the velocity effect was small. A drop-size distribution analysis indicated a mass mean drop size equal to 54 percent of an extrapolated maximum drop size.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-301 , E-419
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  • 22
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    Measurement of Screen-Size Effects on Intensity, Scale, and Spectrum of Turbulence in a Free Subsonic Jet (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The results are reported of hot-wire anemometer measurements of the fluctuating longitudinal component of the turbulent velocities in the mean flow downstream of screens in an air jet. These measurements have been analyzed by well-established techniques to give the influence of tile screen mesh size on the turbulent intensity, scale, and the power-spectral-density. The results show a linear dependence of the intensity upon the screen mesh size for locations within the central core of the air jet. The spectral-density curves show that the screens redistribute the turbulent energy from the low frequencies (〈1000 cps) to the high frequencies (〉1000 cps). The effects of the screens are overwhelmed in the mixing region of the jet flow by the turbulence levels existing there. The large pressure drops occurring across the screens reduce the velocity of the jet as compared to the jet without screens by approximately one-third for the velocity and range of mesh sizes investigated and reported in this report. The turbulence scale is a linear function of distance from the nozzle exit and is somewhat greater than comparable jets without screens.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-297 , E-798
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    The Influence of Low Wall Temperature on Boundary-Layer Transition and Local Heat Transfer on 2-Inch-Diameter Hemispheres at a Mach Number of 4.95 and a Reynolds Number per Foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6) (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the location of boundary-layer transition and the local heat transfer have been made on 2-inch-diameter hemispheres in the Langley gas dynamics laboratory at a Mach number of 4.95, a Reynolds number per foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6), and a stagnation temperature of approximately 400 F. The transient-heating thin-skin calorimeter technique was used, and the initial values of the wall-to-stream stagnation- temperature ratios were 0.16 (cold-model tests) and 0.65 (hot-model test). During two of the four cold tests, the boundary-layer flow changed from turbulent to laminar over large regions of the hemisphere as the model heated. On the basis of a detailed consideration of the magnitude of roughness possibly present during these two cold tests, it appears that this destabilizing effect of low wall temperatures (cooling) was not caused by roughness as a dominant influence. This idea of a decrease in boundary-layer stability with cooling has been previously suggested. (See, for example, NASA Memorandum 10-8-58E.) For the laminar data obtained during the early part of the hot test, the correlation of the local-heating data with laminar theory was excellent.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-391 , L-752
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  • 24
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    Turbulence Studies of a Rectangular Slotted Noise-Suppressor Nozzle (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The problem of noise suppression of turbojet engines has shown a need for turbulence data within the flow field of various types of nozzles used in ad hoc investigations of the sound power. The result of turbulence studies in a nozzle configuration of four parallel rectangular slots is presented in this report with special attention to the effect of the spacing of the nozzles on the intensity of turbulence, scale of turbulence, spectrum of turbulence, and the mean stream velocity. Taylor's hypothesis, which describes the convection of the turbulence eddies, was tested and found correct within experimental error and certain experimental and theoretical limitations. The convection of the pressure patterns was also investigated, and the value of the convection velocity was found to be about 0.43 times the central core velocity of the jets. The effect of the spacing-to-width ratio of the nozzles upon the turbulence intensity, the scale of turbulence, and the spectral distribution of the noise was found in general to produce a maximum change for spacing-to-width ratios of 1.5 to 2.0. These changes may be the cause of the reduction in sound power reported for similar full-scale nozzles and test conditions under actual (static) engine operation. A noise reduction parameter is defined from Lighthill's theory which gives qualitative agreement with experiments which show the noise reduction is greatest for spacing-to-width ratios of 1.5 to 2.0.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-294 , E-384
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  • 25
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    Full-Scale Wind-Tunnel Tests of Blowing Boundary-Layer Control Applied to a Helicopter Rotor (1960)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A full-scale wind-tunnel test was conducted of two boundary-layer-control applications to a 44-foot diameter helicopter rotor. Blowing from a nozzle near the leading edge of the blades delayed retreating blade stall. Results also indicated that delay of retreating blade stall could be obtained by cyclic blowing with a lower flow rate than that required for continuous blowing. It was found that blowing applied through a nozzle at mid-chord had no effect on retreating blade stall.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-335 , A-380
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060101
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  • 27
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    On the separation of gas mixtures in a jet (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 168-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In 1954 Becker found that the components of a gas mixture could be separated by allowing a jet of the gas mixture to expand in a low-pressure chamber. The heavier molecules would concentrate near the center of the jet and the lighter ones near the edge. Thus the jet could be split into two streams, one containing more of the heavy component and one containing more of the light component. In this paper it will be shown that this effect can be predicted from the kinetic theory of gases and that the predicted magnitude of the effect agrees favorably with the experimental data of Becker.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    A distribution function for oil mixtures and polymers (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 173-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060136
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    Chemical process principle, part II, thermodyanamics, 2 ed., O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz. John Wiley and Sons, New york(1959). 537 pages. $9.75 (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 2J 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060202
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    Studies on heat transfer near wall surface in packed beds (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From studies of annular packed beds wherein the heat flows purely radially, the authors obtained the coefficients of heat transfer on the inner tube surface, as well as the mean effective thermal conductivities of bed. The inner and outer diameters of the annular packed bed were 22 and 70 mm. respectively, and the packings shown in Table 1 were used. The wall film coefficients obtained with air flowing axially through the bed were correlated for NReM 〈 600 by means of Equation (14).The coefficients of heat transfer for cylindrical packed beds reported previously by other observers were correlated also by Equation (14), with 0.054 used for values of αω in the range NReM 〈 2,000.Consideration of Equation (14) in terms of a theoretical model of heat transfer showed that it was reasonable to apply it for the prediction of wall film coefficient, especially for low Reynolds numbers.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    Compressibility and vapor pressure of methyl borate (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 128-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure-volume-temperature measurements have been made on methyl borate over the temperature range of 2257deg; to 300°C. and pressures of 30 to 200 atm. in a variable volume P-V-T bomb. Vapor-pressure measurements from 180°C. to the critical point have also been made with the same apparatus. The vapor-pressure data are presented in the form of the Antoine equation, and the P-V-T data together with the vapor-pressure data have been fitted to the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Mass transfer in liquid-lithium systems (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 139-144 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of type-304 stainless steel in a forced-convection closed-loop lithium system was investigated over a wide range of temperatures and velocities. Fundamental information concerning the mechanism for mass transport has been obtained by examining solution and deposition effects along flat plates. The rate-determining process for solution is transport from the solid to the interface, whereas deposition rates are liquid-phase controlled.Liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients were correlated with a maximum deviation of approximately 15% by the use of von Kàrmàn's analysis of the turbulent boundary layer along a flat plate, combined with the Chilton-Colburn empirical modification of the Schmidt group. In contrast no adequate model is available for the prediction of solution rate constants which must be determined experimentally. Mean values of the solution rate constants ranged from 0.154 to 0.750 × 10-5 cm./sec. at temperatures from 510° to 612°C. These values are on the order of 103 smaller than corresponding liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Temperature measurements in a spherical field: Transfer coefficients and corrections for thermocouples in boundary flows (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the deviation between the temperature of thermocouple junctions and the temperature of the fluid surrounding them which arises as a result of conduction along the thermocouple leads. Measurements around a 1/2-in. heated sphere in the plane of the equator normal to an air stream having a velocity of 16 ft./sec. were made with a 0.001-in.-diam. thermocouple of platinum and platinum rhodium. Air temperatures in the boundary flows of the sphere were predicted from the indications of the thermocouple. The method of prediction employed also determined the heat transfer coefficients for the thermocouple wire in the boundary layer. These local heat transfer coefficients are lower than those observed in a uniform stream having a velocity equal to the estimated local velocity in the boundary layer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Pseudocritical constants for gas mixtures (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 171-172 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 35
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    Chemical engineering progress symposium series abstracts (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8 1/2 by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost as follows: “Adsorption, Dialysis, and Ion Exchange,” $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers; “Nuclear Engineering Part VI,” $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 25 West 45 Street, New York 36, New York.The A. I. Ch. E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes.
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    Liquid-side mass transfer coefficients in packed towers (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 174-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060137
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    Errata (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 5M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060140
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    Conservation and engineering. IV. Industrial raw materials (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 177-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060203
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  • 39
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    Concurrent gas absorption mass transfer (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 197-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Concurrent flow in gas absorption may be used to practical advantage when liquid partial pressure is minor. The higher transfer coefficients of this operation are reported and analyzed in reference to pertinent variables.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060207
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    Plate efficiencies in multicomponent distillation (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 202-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A first approximation to the multicomponent plate-efficiency problem has been carried out with a film model combined with equations for steady state diffusion in a ternary gas mixture. Numerical integration of the equations through a plate yields the ternary efficiencies as functions of the binary efficiency.The effects of diffusional interactions in a distillation column were studied by computing the efficiencies on each plate when a column is designed to separate a ternary mixture. In the example studied, the average column efficiency was 39% less than the binary efficiency.Some criteria are suggested for comparing other multicomponent systems to the one studied in order to estimate the uncertainty in the use of binary correlations for these systems.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060208
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  • 41
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    Modified law of corresponding states for gases (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 240-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new correlation is presented for predicting the pressure-volume temperature relations of nonpolar (and slightly polar) gases. The correlation modifies the law of corresponding states in which a third parameter, the slope of the pseudocritical isometric in dimensionless form, is introduced. This parameter is introduced in a simple manner by multiplying the reduced pressure and temperature of the gas by a factor which can be easily calculated or read from a graphs. This gives the corrected reduced pressure and temperature which can then be used with a generalized compressibility factor chart in place of the true values. The correlation is accurate for densities up to about 1.2 times the critical density.A detailed comparison of the method with data on twelve pure gases showed that by introducing this parameter into the law of corresponding states the average error was decreased from 1.598 to 0.320%. The parameter S can readily be determined from experimental PVT data, and only one isotherm is required. S is related to the vapor-pressure curve for a substance as characterized by the critical pressure and the ratio of the critical temperature to the normal boiling temperature, and a simple method is proposed for predicting S when no experimental data are available.A new set of generalized compressibility factor and fugacity to pressure ratio charts is presented for use with the proposed correlation. A method is also presented for determining the thermodynamics functions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060215
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    Mechanism of drying thick porous bodies during the falling-rate period: III. Analytical treatment of macroporous systems (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 406-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060312
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    Suspension of slurries by mechanical mixers (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 419-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of essentialy homogeneous sluries involves both initial solids suspension and expension of the particle bed to fill the container. When geometry and solids concentration are held constant, both phenomena are found to be controlled by similar dimensionless groupings of power per unit volume, density, and relative velocity between the fluid and particle. The dimensionless group applicable to bed expansion is shown to be consistent with hydro-dynamic theory. Design equations for use with the paddle type of impeller are presented.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060315
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    Liquid, gas, and dense-fluid viscosity of propane (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 438-442 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data, believed accurate within ±0.5%, are presented for pressures of 100 to 8,000 Ib./sq. in. abs. for nine temperatures from 77° to 280°F. One isotherm, within 1° of the critical, indicates the detail required in further investigation of the critical region. These data were combined with the available literature values to prepare a table of recommended viscosity values with maximum uncertainty of ±2% for temperatures from 70° to 460°F. Two generalized correlations and the Enskog viscosity theory for dense gases exhibit significant errors in predicting the data. Methods are suggested for extrapolation of the values to higher temperatures and pressures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    A boundary-layer model of fluid-particle mass transfer in fixed beds (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 460-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process of fluid-particle mass transfer in fixed beds at Reynolds numbers less than 1,000 is viewed in terms of transient molecular diffusion within a boundary layer which is developed and destroyed repeatedly as the fluid journeys through the bed. Literature data support the j factor derived from the premises of the model. The theory predicts a Schmidt number exponent of 2/3 for NSc ≧ 1; however this exponent should approach 1/2 for NSc 〈 1.
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  • 46
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    Mass transfer in semifluidized beds for solid-liquid system (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 482-487 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new fluid-solid contacting technique known as Semifluidization has been studied. Mass transfer data were obtained for a benzoic acid-water system, and correlations in terms of mass transfer factors and over-all void fractions (for both packed and fluidized sections) are presented. Previous mass transfer correlations for fixed and fluidized beds are critically evaluated with respect to the limitation and applicability and are discussed in relation to semifluidized-bed mass transfer correlations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Detonation characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures at high initial pressures (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 501-505 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Detonation velocities of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures were measured for initial pressures from 14.4 to 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. and compositions from 40 to 80 mole % molecular hydrogen. Detonation and impact characteristics were computed for essentially the same range of conditions by the use of the elementary theory of detonation. Equilibrium compositions of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures at pressures from 10 to 2,000 atm. and temperatures from 3,000 to 5,000°K. were included in the computations and have been filed with the American Documentation Institute. The effect of nonideal thermodynamic properties on the computed detonation velocities was considered.
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    Communication to the editor (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 528-528 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060335
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    Computer program abstracts (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 2S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060338
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    Turbulent diffusion and the multicomponent reynolds analogy (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 525-527 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060334
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    The effect of plate wetting characteristics on pulse column extraction efficiency (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 619-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid extraction of acetic acid from the methyl isobutyl ketone-water system was studied as a function of plate wetting characteristics and other variables in a pulsed perforated-plate extraction column.Various combinations of stainless steel plates and polyethylene plates were used with different directions of solute transfer at a constant throughput of 82.6 lb. total flow/(min.) (sq. ft. column area) and with other operating variables in the following range:Frequency  -  16 to 117.1 c./min.Amplitude  -  0.492 and 0.973 in.W/K flow ratio  -  0.46 to 2.8 lb. water/lb. ketoneThe plate wetting characteristics were found to affect the column extraction efficiency when the solute transfer was from the continuous ketone phase to water. An all polyethylene plate arrangement provided the best efficiency (H. T. U.oc = 4.1 in.) while an all stainless steel plate arrangement was less efficient (H. T. U.oc = 6.1 in.) under the most favorable operating conditions. A combination of these two arrangements in the column produced efficiencies midway between the all-plastic plate arrangement and the all-stainless steel plate arrangement.Within the column flooding limits the extraction efficiency did not seem to be affected by the plate wetting characteristics when the solute transfer was from water to the continuous ketone phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060423
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    Heat and momentum transport characteristics of non-Newtonian aqueous thorium oxide suspensions (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 631-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer and pressure-drop measurements were made with non-Newtonian aqueous thorium oxide suspensions. A comparison of the results of the two different kinds of measurement allowed the general features of non-Newtonian thorium oxide suspension heat transfer to be readily identified, thus leading to a clear understanding of anomalies observed in previous suspension heat transfer studies.Data were obtained at suspension concentrations up to 0.10 volume fraction solids, (1,000 g. of thorium/kg. of water) in systems having tube diameters of 0.318 and 1.030 in. In addition laminar-flow data were taken with a capillary-tube viscometer with a tube diameter of 1/8 in. and an L/D of 1,000. It was shown that laminar flow physical properties determined with the 1/8 in. diameter tube were satisfactory for correlating data taken with tubes up to 1.030 in. in diameter.Until the present study information was not available which would permit a choice between two different viscosities for use in correlating non-Newtonian turbulent heat transfer and flow data. The limiting viscosity at very high shear rates is shown to give a unique correlation of turbulent data for tube diameters from 0.124 to 1.030 in., whereas the use of the effective viscosity (that is the viscosity evaluated at the point value of the wall shear stress corresponding to each given flow condition) gives a pronounced diameter effect in turbulent-flow correlations.The data show that the onset of turbulence for both the pressure-drop and heat transfer measurements occurs at the same Reynolds number and is approximated by the value predicted by the Hedstrom criterion (II). The heat transfer transition region extends to Reynolds numbers a factor of four times greater than the critical, as is also the case with Newtonian materials. Heat transfer to thorium oxide slurries in fully developed turbulent flow is the same as that predicted by the usual correlations for Newtonian fluids to within the precision of the experimental data, provided that the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are calculated with the limiting viscosity at high rates of shear, η, for this viscosity. An approximate form of Martinelli's momentum heat transfer analogy correlates the experimental results within +17 and -36%.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060425
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    Local shell-side heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop in a tubular heat exchanger with orifice baffles (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 669-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By means of a moveable sensing probe previously described2 local shell-side heat transfer coefficients and friction losses were measured on a model tubular heat exchanger containing orifice baffles. The heat exchanger shell was 6-in. nominal I.D. and 45 in. in length and contained four tubes in triangular arrangement passing through orifice baffles. Baffle hole diameters of 1-/16, 1-2/16, 1-3/16, and 1-5/16 in. and baffle spacings of 4.0 and 9.0 in. were studied. Data were taken at several air flow rates for each of the four baffle hole diameters.The average heat transfer coefficient for the region between two central baffles was correlated with an empirical equation based on only two baffle spacings.An increase in the baffle-to-tube clearance caused a decrease in heat transfer. An increase in the baffle spacing also resulted in a decrease in heat transfer. Four flow zones in the baffle space are postulated from the analysis of Nusselt number distribution along the tube. The heat transfer characteristics in each of the four flow zones were analyzed in terms of the mechanism of the fluid flow.The pressure-drop data were correlated in terms of an annular orifice coefficient of discharge and an orifice-pressure-drop function. As a result of this study a method was developed by which one can predict the average of the local coefficients at the baffle position from the knowledge of pressure drop across a single baffle.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060430
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    Pressure drop and power requirements in a stirred fluidized bed (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 688-692 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper reports fundamental observations on the effect which stirring of fluidized solids has on the pressure drop. Typical power requirements are also given.The experimental pilot unit was of 6-in. diameter and 12 in. high. A special blade or paddle type of stirrer had been built which permitted the evaluation of the effects of blade positioning, blade spacing relative to sense of rotation, as well as the effect of stirrer immersion and rotational speed.The observations disclosed that blade positioning relative to sense of rotation had a very profound effect on pressure drop as well as on power requirements. When the solids circulation pattern as normally induced by the stirrer was of the same general character as that ordinarily encountered in a dense phase fluidized charge, the resulting pressure drop was always considerably lower than the conventional unstirred fluidized bed pressure drop. Furthermore for this type of stirrer the power requirements were also lowest. For other stirrer designs and other induced solids convection patterns the pressure drop was less influenced and the power requirements were much greater.The solids used for the study were a relatively coarse silica sand for which both pressure drop as well as power requirement data were reported. Power requirement data were also obtained for a much finer alumina powder. When one emphasized the effect which particle properties, especially surface characteristics may have the level of the power data was much lower, although the data were of the same character as the characteristic values pertaining to the sand.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060434
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    The transition from free to forced convection in mass transfer from solid spheres (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer rates have been measured at 30°C. over a Reynolds number range of 1 to 130 for the solution of 3/8-in. diameter spheres of benzoic acid for both upflow and downflow streams. These are compared with similar results for 3/4-in. diameter spheres and show a gradual transition from forced to free convection. The interaction between the two effects is complex but less marked for the smaller spheres. Free convective effects do not disappear entirely until a Reynolds number of about 250 for the 3/8-in. spheres, compared with a value of 750 given for 3/4-in. spheres in the previous work (6).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060415
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    A study of hydrates in the methane-propylene-water system (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 602-605 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are presented to show the points of incipient hydrate formation in the methane-propylene-water system. The addition of 1.4% propylene to methane lowered the equilibrium pressure 400 lb./sq. in. at 50°F. The locus of the four-phase equilibrium consisting of hydrate, vapor, water-rich liquid, and hydrocarbon-rich liquid was determined. This was terminated by the appearance of a critical condition at 1,370 lb./sq. in. abs. and 69.3°F., where the vapor phase contained 34.8% propylene on a dry basis. Below this pressure the hydrate, vapor, water-rich liquid equilibrium does not exist for solutions containing more than about 25% propylene. Solid-vapor equilibrium ratios were estimated for propylene hydrates. The significant features of the phase diagrams for the system are discussed in some detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060419
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    Effect of a cylindrical boundary on a fixed rigid sphere in a moving viscous fluid (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 55-58 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this investigation of the effect of a cylindrical boundary on a spherical particle suspended in a moving viscous fluid the pressure drop due to the motion of fluid past a stationary sphere and the drag on the sphere are independently measured, and the sphere- to-cylinder-diameter ratios varying from 0.1250 to 0.3125 are studied at different positions of eccentricity. The investigation shows that in the range of Reynolds numbers from 0.1 to 40.0, based on the approach velocity to the sphere and the diameter of the sphere, the pressure drop due to the presence of a sphere and the drag on it can be represented by a semiempirical relationship containing two terms. One term, owing to the effect of the cylindrical boundary, is derived theoretically from the creeping-motion equations which neglect inertial effects. The second term, owing to the inertial effects, is established from data on the drag coefficient of a sphere in on unbounded medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060111
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    Correlating criteria for liquid-phase adsorption (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 332-335 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlating equation for selective adsorption in the liquid phase has been extended to predict accurately the benzene-cyclohexane equilibrium data on silica gel. Gel pore diameters range from approximately 25 to 150 Å. and temperatures between the boiling and freezing points of the pure components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060231
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    Design of catalysts: Application of crystal-face orientation (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 343-344 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060233
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    Effectiveness of mixing tanks in smoothing cyclic fluctuations (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 347-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060236
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    The motion of two spheres following each other in a viscous fluid (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 129-133 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the interaction effect of one spherical particle upon another when both are falling in a viscous fluid. The velocities of two identical spheres, falling along the axis of a cylinder in a direction parallel to their line of centers, were measured experimentally as a function of the center-to-center distance between them at very low Reynolds numbers. The experimental results compared very well with theoretical studies found in the literature which predicted that two spheres will fall faster than one sphere.At Reynolds numbers greater than 0.25 the influence of inertial effects were studied for one end two spheres. The experimental results qualitatively confirmed the Oseen equations. A definite attraction between two spheres falling one above the other was observed; the inertial forces acted to slow down the lower sphere without affecting the upper one.
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    Compressions of liquids. I. Apparatus and method of measurement (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 150-153 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel type of piezometer used to measure the compressions of liquids from 20° to 300°C. and from 1 to 4,000 kg./sq. cm. is described. The accuracy anticipated is 4 parts in 10,000.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060129
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    Compressions of liquids. II. Critical evaluation of new n-alkane data: n-Heptane to n-tetracontane (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New measurements of the volumes of liquid n-alkanes of 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 20, 30, and 40 carbon atoms over a range of temperatures from 20° to 300°C. and pressures from 0 to 4,000 kg./sq. cm. have been made. These volume measurements are here reduced to compressions (volpT)/(vol°T), and the accuracy of the measurements has been determined. Analysis of the data for n-heptane and n-eicosane shows that the order of accuracy of the compressions of each of these compounds appears to be approximately 3 parts in 10,000. Evaluation of random multiple measurements on the remaining six compounds indicates that their over-all accuracy is likewise of this same order.
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    Continuous-throughput rectification of organic liquid mixtures with thermal-diffusion columns (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 304-311 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were carried out with cylindrical thermal-diffusion columns in which the separation chambers were sufficiently narrow so that curvature effects might be ignored. For both open and closed operation, results were obtained for the two binary systems benzene-carbon tetrachloride and n-heptane-benzene as well as the ternary mixture n-heptane-methylcyclo-hexane-toluene. For the binary systems, correlations are given in terms of dimensionless combinations which arise when the equations of conservation are placed in dimensionless form. The thermal-diffusion coefficients used in the correlations are literature values determined in steady-state-cell (no convection) measurements.
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    The kinetics of the absorption of phosgene into water and aqueous solutions (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 494-500 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pure phosgene gas was dissolved in short laminar jets of aqueous solution, and the results were interpreted with an unsteady state absorption-plus-reaction theory. Absorption rates of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into water in the same equipment support this interpretation. The solubility of phosgene in water at 25°C. has been estimated from the absorption rates as 0.069 g.mole/(liter) (atm.). The estimated heat of solution is 6,800 cal./g.mole. At 16° and 25°C. the effect of a chemical reaction between phosgene and water on the absorption rate in a jet appears to be almost negligible, but at 45°C. a first-order reaction rate constant of 75 sec.-1 can be derived from the absorption rates.From absorption measurements with short jets and sodium hydroxide solutions so strong that a pseudo-first-order reaction accompanied absorption, the reaction rate constant for the bimolecular reaction between dissolved phosgene and the hydroxyl ion was estimated. A value of 1.6 × 104 liters/(g. mole) (sec.) was obtained at 25°C. in 1-N sodium hydroxide; at 35°C. in the same solution the estimated value was 2.9 × 104. There appears to be a slight increase in the reaction-rate constant with the ionic strength of the solution.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Heat transfer and kinetics in a catalyst bed of rectangular cross section: Air oxidation of nitric oxide with silica gel (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 510-516 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results of an investigation of heat transfer and reaction kinetics in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor of slab geometry are described. The particular reaction studied is the air oxidation of nitric oxide with silica gel. Conversions and catalyst-bed temperatures were observed in the experimental, nonisothermal slab reactor, but only a sample of these data are reported and analyzed here.A mathematical analysis of the processes occurring in a slab reactor has been developed which leads to a design method for such reactors that permits prediction of catalyst-bed temperatures and conversions from a knowledge of specific reaction rates and the physical properties of the system. The design method involves a step-by-step procedure but requires a small number of steps. To evaluate the accuracy of the design method and to illustrate its use, the specific reaction-rate data together with published thermal-conductivity data have been used with the method to predict the results of a run on the experimental nonisothermal reactor. Good agreement between calculated and observed temperatures and conversions was obtained.Specific reaction rates, derived from integral conversions in an experimental, isothermal reactor, are reported.
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    Chemical engineering progress symposium series abstracts (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 3S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8 1/2 by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $3.50 to members, $4.50 to nonmembers. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 25 West 45 Street, New York 36, New York.The A. I. Ch. E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
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    Conservation and engineering. VI. Water supply (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 531-531 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060404
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    Principles of unit operations, A. S. Foust, L. A. Wenzel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B, Andersen. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1960). 578 pages. $15.00 (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 5D-5D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060403
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    An experimentally verified theoretical study of the falling cylinder viscometer (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 547-550 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis was made for laminar fluid flow in the annulus of a falling cylinder viscometer. A viscometer calibration constant was defined from the results of this analysis. This constant was expressed in terms of only the physical dimensions of the viscometer. The volues lidity of the theory was demonstrated by the agreement between predicted and experimental values of the viscometer constant.Methods of representing calibration data were compared. Temperature and pressure effects on the viscometer constants were related to the mechanical properties of the viscometer materials.The results of this investigation showed that the practical design of falling cyclinder viscometers is possible.
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    The critical temperatures and pressures of binary systems: Hydrocarbons of all types and hydrogen (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 561-566 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of the prediction of the critical temperatures and pressures of mixtures has been developed, primarily on the basis of data for binary hydrocarbon systems available in the literature. These mixtures may contain aliphatic (normal paraffinic, isoparaffinic, and olefinic), naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as hydrogen. The mixtures may be of varying complexity, and, although this method has been tested chiefly on binary systems, it has been applied to a limited number of mixtures containing more than two components.This study introduces two dimensionless temperature parameters, γ and θ, which account for the composition of the mixture and for the nature of the components involved. These parameters are defined by the molar average boiling point, the boiling point, and the dew point, all at atmospheric pressure. For a given composition the ratios of the actual critical values to the pseudocritical values have been found to be functions of γ and θ. These relationships are presented graphically and permit the direct calculation of the critical temperature and pressure of the mixture.The validity of this method has been checked not only on the binary systems used to obtain these correlations but also on binary and ternary systems which have not been included in this development. Critical values for eighteen systems, consisting primarily of two components, have been calculated for ninety-six compositions and have been compared with the experimental values presented in the literature. For temperature the average absolute deviation has been found to be 0.76% (based on degrees Rankine) and for pressure, 2.7%. The results for the majority of these systems have been compared with values calculated by the methods of Eilerts et al. (4), Organick and Brown (15), Kurata and Katz (11), Mayfield (12), and Smith and Watson (23).
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    Heat and mass transfer transients in cylinder drying: Part I. Unfelted cyclinders (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 606-611 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An investigation has been made of transient heat transfer and water removal on an unfelted cylinder dryer. This investigation has included the development of a theory for describing conduction of heat in the drying material and an experimental testing of the adequacy of the theory.The theory describes the heat transfer and evaporation of water in terms of a second-order partial-differential equation and appropriate boundary conditions. Numerical solutions obtained on a digital computer are presented.The experimental work, performed on a specially constructed laboratory dryer, included measurements of temperatures at internal points in a drying sheet and also measurements of water removed during drying.Good agreement was found between theory and experiment, and the usefulness of the theory is demonstrated in the analysis of water removal in some drying experiments.Although the work was primarily concerned with a description of the paper drying process, the methods should apply equally well to the drying of other materials on heated cylinders.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060420
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    Effects of solids on turbulence in a fluid (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 624-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of solid particles on fluid turbulence was studied for fully developed flows of slurries in a vertical 3-in. pipe for solids concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 2.5 volume %. Point source turbulent diffusion data in the slurry flows were compared with data for flows without solids present. The solids do not appear to have a large effect on the diffusion rate unless there is an appreciable average slip velocity between the solids and the fluid and unless the solids concentration is high enough.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060424
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    Unsteady multicomponent diffusional evaporation (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 551-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unsteady diffusion-controlled evaporation of a pure fluid into a multicomponent mixture is studied by a boundary-layer method. An expression is obtained for the volume of vapor produced by the evaporating species as a function of time. It is shown that the result can be interpreted in terms of an effective diffusivity of the type proposed by Wilke and by Stewart. It is further demonstrated that the boundary-layer method predicts a sweep-diffusion effect.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060409
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    The acceleration of the surface of a falling film (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 703-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060436
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    Mass transfer in condensation (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 706-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060438
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    Computer program abstracts (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 5D-5D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060442
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    Thermal conductivity: Reduced state correlation for ethylene and its application to gaseous aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives at moderate pressures (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 676-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By means of a procedure similar to that used for the inert gases (19) and methane (20) a reduced thermal conductivity correlation was developed for ethylene from experimental data available in the literature (2, 3, 4, 9, 13). The resulting correlation permits the prediction of thermal conductivities for gaseous and liquid ethylene in the temperature range TR = 0.4 to TR = 6.0 and for pressures up to PR = 50. For pressures below PR = 0.5 this correlation was found to apply to gaseous aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives but not to cyclic compounds. For these aliphatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives the relation between thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure and temperature is k*/k+c = 0.364 T1.786R.Experimental thermal conductivities of ethylene in the liquid state and dense-phase region were compared with values predicted by the reduced-state correlation. The average deviation for thirty-six experimental points was 1.8%. Gaseous-state data at atmospheric pressure of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, halogenated derivatives, esters, aldehydes, ketones, amines, nitriles, and other aliphatic compounds were also compared with values predicted by this correlation. For 414 experimental points the average deviation was 1.63%.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Thermal transfer in turbulent gas streams: Temperature distribution in boundary flows about spheres (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 693-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A knowledge of the temperature distribution about bodies of revolution, and more particularly about spheres, is of interest in connection with many problems associated with thermal and material transport. The present investigation involved measurements of the temperature distribution in the boundary flows about a 0.5-in. porous sphere and 0.5-in. and 1.0-in. silver spheres. The measurements were made in an air stream at velocities between 4 and 32 ft./sec. under conditions of shear flow, as well as at various positions in the wake of a perforated grid. From these measurements the thickness of the thermal boundary layer was established as a function of polar angle and conditions of flow. The experimental data were correlated upon the assumption that the normalized temperature in the boundary flow is a single-valued function of the position in the thermal boundary layer. It appeared that this simple assumption described the experimental data within the uncertainties of measurement and that the Blasius function provided a reasonable description of the relationship of the normalized temperature to the relative position in the thermal boundary layer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060435
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    Errata (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 3D-3D 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060441
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  • 81
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    Evaporation from drops containing dissolved solids (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 9-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the evaporation from single drops containing solids. By means of a specially designed sensitive balance, drops were suspended over a hot-air stream and their drying behavior was observed. Weight changes were measured during evaporation. Experimental data are presented on the time of appearance of the first solid phase and the formation of a solid crust for a wide range of drying conditions and materials. A theory is advanced for predicting the formation of a solid phase in drying a droplet containing a dissolved solid. This theory shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. A tentative proposal for the application of the results to spray-dryer performance is suggested.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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    The effect of dynamic surface tension on nucleate boiling coefficients (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the effects the surface tension of aqueous solutions of surface-active agents had on the bubble-formation characteristics of these solutions. Bubbles were formed by two processes: by passing air through a horizontal orifice submerged in the solution and by nucleate boiling at an electrically heated surface. The experimental measurements taken with the air-bubble system were used to determine the nature of the surface-tension effect on air-bubble formation. This knowledge was then applied to the interpretation of boiling measurements made with the same solutions. The boiling coefficients of the Tergitol-water solution were found to vary inversely with dynamic surface tension. Boiling coefficients for Aerosol-water solutions, however, varied in a manner which could not be related to surface-tension effects.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The constant-volume heat capacities of gaseous perfluorocyclobutane and propylene (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The constant-volume heat capacities of gaseous perfluorocyclobutane and propylene have been measured over a considerable range of temperatures and densities with a new type of adiabatic calorimeter. This calorimeter differs from previous constant-volume gas calorimeters in having very thin walls and being equipped with an internal motor stirrer to provide temperature uniformity. The experimental results have been compared with the predictions of the Benedict-Webb-Rubin and Martin-Hou equations, by use of published values of the zero-pressure-constant-volume heat capacity. The over-all agreement is satisfactory, with a maximum difference between the experimental and calculated heat capacities of 6.7%; however the comparison reveals several interesting systematic differences between the experimental and calculated values of the derivatives of the constant-volume heat capacity with respect to temperature and density.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Thermal conductivity of packed beds (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation has been developed to predict the thermal conductivity of packed beds for various conditions of pressure, temperature, and particle size. The correlation takes into account the reduction in thermal conductivity of the gas phase at lower pressures when the mean free path of the gas molecules is of the same order as the distance between particles which are effective in transferring heat. Radiation becomes significant for large particles and high temperatures. A new relationship for the radiation contribution to the thermal conductivity of packed beds has been developed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060113
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    Calculation of equilibrium flash vaporization curves by an integration method (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 67-70 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Techniques for solving the equilibrium flash problem are reviewed and a new technique especially adapted for use on automatic digital computers is developed. Instead of a single equation with multiple roots being solved by an iterative process, as is usually done, the problem is rephrased as a differential equation, and a numerical integration is made. The isothermal and isobaric flash problems can be handled with essentially the same equations. The method is particularly advantageous when a complete flash curve is required and the equations can be used when a linear model of the equilibrium flash process is required.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060114
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    Detonation characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 92-96 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Detonation velocities were measured in mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen containing 25 to 75 mole % hydrogen at initial temperatures from 160° to 580°K. and initial pressures from 1/2 to 2 atm. The measurements were made in a number of tubes of different diameter to permit extrapolation to a tube of infinite diameter. Theoretical detonation characteristics were computed for the same range of conditions. The measured and computed velocities are in good agreement except in rich mixtures and at subatmospheric pressures. Schlieren photographs reveal that the detonation wave front is very thin for a stoichiometric mixture but degenerates to a complicated zone of interacting shock waves and turbulent combustion as the percentage of hydrogen is reduced. The detonation velocity is found to depend only slightly on initial temperature and pressure. The computed pressures behind the detonation and reflected waves are roughly proportional to initial pressure and to the reciprocal of the initial temperature.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Mechanics of particle bounce (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 124-127 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Irregular particles bounce with randomly distributed angles of reflection. There is a certain probability that a particle striking at low angle will bounce at a high angle and be carried far out into the main fluid flow. Bounce phenomena were investigated with respect to bounce of a model particle, limitations on dust collection (back mixing), and energy loss during the flow of suspensions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060123
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    Flow patterns in agitated vessels (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow patterns obtained when viscous fluids are agitated inside baffled cylindrical tanks have been studied in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. The experimental technique consisted of observing the motions of small tracer particles in highly illuminated, narrow beams of light.The results may be broken down into two major categories. The first was a qualitative comparison between the flow patterns obtained in non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids of the same general viscosity levels. This part of the study included observation of changes in the flow fields as one moves from laminar into turbulent conditions for both fluid systems.The second portion of the paper deals with quantitative determinations of local flow velocities, shear rates, and power-dissipation rates in various parts of the vessel. The following conclusions may be drawn from these measurements.1. Local fluid shear rates were found to be directly proportional to impeller speed, in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. As would be expected, the shear rates decreased more rapidly with increasing distances from the impeller in pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluids than in Newtonian systems.2. The rates of local power dissipation decreased rapidly with distance from the impeller.3. The fluid velocities in the horizontal plane of the impeller varied almost linearly with rotational speed in the Newtonian systems, in accordance with prior observations. On the other hand, movement in pseudoplastic systems increased exponentially with impeller speed. This effect, like the dampening of shear rates, is caused by the cumulative effects of local velocity and viscosity changes in these systems. (Increases in velocity decrease the fluid viscosity, which in turn causes further increases in velocity, etc.)This work serves to define pertinent problems which are of importance in determining mixing rates, on a microscopic scale. Efforts may now perhaps be turned more profitably than before toward macroscopic fluid-mixing studies.
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    Compressions of liquids. III. Temperature and molecular weight dependence of the Hudleston parameters for the n-alkanes (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: General equations for the temperature dependence of the parameters of the Hudleston equation are given which were deduced from a study of n-alkane compression data. Empirical expressions for the molecular-weight dependence of the constants of these equations are likewise given which are applicable only to n-alkanes. By use of these relations in the Hudleston equation the compressions of the family of liquid n-alkanes over ranges of T, P, and m were calculated on an IBM-650 computer. The over-all standard percentage error (SPE) of the computer calculations for n-alkanes of 7 to 20 carbons up to temperatures not exceeding their normal boiling points was 0.10%. The over-all SPE for n-alkanes of 7 to 40 carbons up to temperatures substantially above their normal boiling points (but not exceeding 300°C.) was 0.21%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Communications to the editor (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 170-170 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060134
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    Computer program abstracts (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 3M 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060139
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    Masthead (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060201
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    Heat and mass transfer to decelerating finely atomized sprays (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of heat and mass transfer in the nozzle zone of water sprays produced by internal-mixing pneumatic nozzles and hollow-cone pressure nozzles was determined for both concurrent and crosscurrent drying air-flow patterns. The Nusselt numbers for the evaporating drops were correlated by means of the equation proposed by Ranz and Marshall for stationary drops in a moving air flow. Methods of measuring the physical properties of the water-air system were developed, and special attention was devoted to the determination of drop velocities and air humidity.
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    Correlating vapor pressures and heats of solution for the ammonium nitrate - water system: An enthalpy-concentration diagram (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 210-214 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The usual tedious method of construction of enthalpy-concentration charts for solutions of solids requires data seldom available. A new, simple method is therefore presented that utilizes more readily available data, that is vapor pressures of the solutions. These plot as straight lines on a logarithmic-reference substance plot. Differences from unity of the slopes of these lines represent heats of solution, and when this difference function is integrated between concentration limits the integral heat of solution is obtained. The enthalpy chart is then readily constructed by use of the specific heats of liquid and solid.Ammonium nitrate is the solid used in this example, and water is the liquid because of the industrial importance of aqueous solutions. Vapor pressures were carefully determined experimentally, and the enthalpy chart was developed from the straight lines of the logarithmic plot and available heat data. Constants for the vapor-pressure curves for ammonium nitrate solutions and equations for enthalpies of solid ammonium nitrate are given for the temperature range 0° to 170°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Mass transfer from a solid soluble sphere to a flowing liquid stream (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solution rates of 1/2-, 3/4-, and 1-in. cast benzoic acid spheres were measured under natural-and forced-convection conditions. Upward-flowing streams of water and aqueous propylene glycol, in laminar and turbulent flow, were used to contact single spheres in either a 1.50- or 4.00-in.- diameter column. Sphere Reynolds numbers ranged from 10 to 16,920; Schmidt numbers from 987 to 69,680; sphere- to column-diameter ratios, ds/dc, from 0.123 to 0.497; and Grashof numbers from 5,130 to 125,200.The Sherwood number was found independent of the laminar-turbulent transition for pipe flow and the sphere- to column-diameter ratio when the Reynolds number is based on the average fluid velocity and sphere diameter.A correlation of the data based on the additivity of the natural and forced convection processes is proposed, and statistical analyses of the new experimental data result in equations which correlate other heat and mass transfer data for single spheres immersed in bounded and free-jet streams of gases and liquids for NRe, S from 1 to 30,000 and NSe from 0.6 to 3,000, within an average deviation of about 20%.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060213
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    Natural convection inside a horizontal cylinder (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 251-257 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The two vertical halves of the wall of a 4.3-in. I.D. cylinder were maintained at different uniform temperatures. The rate of circulation of air inside the cylinder and the local rate of heat transfer between the wall and air were derived from measurements of the velocity and temperature fields in the air for wall-temperature differences from 3.5° to 367°F. The overall rate of circulation was found to increase quite rapidly and then to decrease slowly as the wall-temperature difference was increased. The over-all Nusselt number based on the wall-temperature difference was found to have an approximately constant value of 7.0.Numerical solution of the partial differential equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for this system was investigated with an IBM-650 magnetic drum computer. Instabilities in the computational procedure and limitations of this computer prevented solution of the general problem. However specification of the velocity field obtained from experiment yielded a numerical solution for the temperature field in good agreement with the experimental measurements.
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    Diffusion in compressed binary gaseous systems (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 274-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Apparatus is described for experimentally determining diffusion coefficients in dense-gas systems to pressures of 15,000 lb./sq. in. abs. Tests were made with the hydrogen-nitrogen and methane-ethane systems at 104°, 139°, and 171°F. to 10,000 lb./sq. in. abs. and with the nitrogen-methane and nitrogen-ethane systems at 104°F. to 2,500 lb./sq. in. abs. In all cases it was found that diffusion coefficients predicted on the basis of the Lennard-Jones model with Thorne's dense-gas correction diverged below the experimental data in the high-density region. Coefficients predicted from the Slattery-Bird reduced-state correlation showed better agreement with the experimental data. The temperature dependence of the results is better described by the exponential form for liquids than by the form of the dense-gas theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060221
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  • 98
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    Burning rates of solid propellants (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is proposed for the burning of solid propellants which takes into account heat transfer, diffusion, and chemical reaction processes. The chemical step influencing the rate is postulated to be a reaction between a gaseous molecule and a solid component occurring at the solid-gas interface. The combination of expressions for the rates of the heat transfer, diffusion, and reaction steps leads to relatively simple equations for the burning rate in terms of (1) the physical properties of the propellant; (2) the transport coefficients; (3) the operating conditions of the burning process, temperatures, and pressure; and (4) chemical characteristics of the gas-solid reaction, activation energy, frequency factor, and heat of reaction.The well-established facts concerning burning rates, the effect of pressure and initial temperature, and the phenomenon of erosive burning are predicted by the proposed theory. Also specific experimental data for burning potassium and ammonium perchlorate composite propellants can be predicted from the theory. The values of the variables necessary to obtain agreement between observed and predicted results are generally realistic. However it should be emphasized that conclusions regarding the detailed mechanism of the burning process cannot be obtained from comparison with burning-rate data. Elucidation of the kinetic steps in the process will require experimental investigation of the intermediate products of combustion and a detailed study of the burning surface and gaseous flame zone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060225
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  • 99
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    The effect of velocity profile on axial dispersion in packed beds (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960), S. 344-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060234
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  • 100
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    Masthead (1960)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 6 (1960) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690060301
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