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  • Articles  (33)
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  • Articles  (33)
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  • 1
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    Profile of David M. Karl [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-08
    Description: From the moment 17-year-old David Karl first glimpsed the ocean from the summit of Cadillac Mountain on Maine's Mount Desert Island, he was captivated by the blue waters surrounding the fog-veiled islands. Since then, he has contributed to some of the world's most pivotal discoveries in oceanography. Karl, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2006 and is now a professor of oceanography at the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaii, has witnessed iconic moments like the discovery of hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift. His work on 23...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 2
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    Profile of Pamela J. Fraker [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-17
    Description: A busy factory with intricate connections to the bloodstream, bone marrow is one of the most extensive—and active—tissues in the body, churning out cellular precursors of the bloodstream, immune system, fat, and bone. For all its activity, the response of the bone marrow to conditions like obesity is often ignored....
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 3
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    Profile of Eric D. Siggia [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-11
    Description: In the past two decades, microarrays, so-called omics technologies, and improved methods for nucleic acid sequencing have created a vast amount of biological data for researchers to sort through. Pioneering fields of science have sprung up in response to this challenge, eager to create helpful tools by leveraging the expertise of scientists in fields as diverse as mathematics and physics. Condensed matter physicist Eric Siggia, a recently elected member of the National Academies of Sciences, has been at the forefront of this movement.pnas;109/15/5551/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eric D. Siggia.In 1997, Siggia was one of only three physicists at The Rockefeller University in New York...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 4
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    Profile of R. Scott Hawley [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: Meiosis sets the stage for sexual reproduction through a trifold and tightly choreographed dance: Chromosomes from the mother and father form pairs, exchange genetic material, and then separate from their partners. Geneticist R. Scott Hawley, who has studied these three steps for the better part of his career, has dubbed...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 5
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    Profile of Nancy L. Craig [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: Nancy Craig studies how DNA moves from place to place: a deceptively simple quest that has revealed how transposons, or so-called “DNA cut-and-paste elements,” snip themselves from one location on the chromosome and resettle in another. Craig, a professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 6
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    A man of science, vision, integrity, and kindness [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: A man does what he must—in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures—and that is the basis of all human morality.—Sir Winston Churchill, British politician (1874–1965)F. Sherwood (Sherry) Rowland was best known for his ground-breaking work on the impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on stratospheric ozone....
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 7
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    PNAS Plus: Refining a successful experiment [Editorials] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-22
    Description: On January 1, 2011, PNAS began an experiment to publish long research articles exclusively online in a new section called PNAS Plus. The draw was to increase the regular research article page limit from 6 to 10 pages and to eliminate charges for online color images. In its first year, 1,353 papers were submitted to PNAS Plus, and we have published more than 380 PNAS Plus papers to date. The trend for 2012 suggests continued popularity of PNAS Plus as a route of submission for all authors.As part of a gradual evolution from print to online, PNAS Plus authors were...
    Keywords: Editorials
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  • 8
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    Profile of George M. Church [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-25
    Description: George Church wants to rewrite the genetic code. A virtual manual of protein synthesis, the code reflects how organisms interpret strings of letters in the genome into strings of amino acids in proteins. Exploiting the code's redundancy, Church, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, hopes to alter the genetic code of bacteria to enable the production of proteins with unnatural amino acids, a step toward radical genome tailoring that could someday lead to a range of applications in medicine and microbiology. To that end, Church's graduate student,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 9
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    Profile of Shinya Yamanaka [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-13
    Description: More than a decade ago, Shinya Yamanaka gazed through a microscope at human embryos growing in a laboratory dish at a fertility clinic in Osaka, Japan. The pulsating blobs struck a primitive chord in the young researcher. “Watching the embryos, I felt that if there was a way to find cures for human diseases without destroying them, then that's what I should pursue,” recalls Yamanaka, a stem cell biologist at Japan's Kyoto University and a newly elected foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. That close encounter with a kernel of human life led to a scientific exploration with...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Sandra Diaz [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-18
    Description: Fluctuations in biodiversity are not just collateral damages in the face of global environmental change, according to Sandra Díaz, a professor of community and ecosystems ecology at Córdoba National University in Argentina and a senior principal researcher of the Argentine National Research Council. Díaz explores how the chemical and physical traits of plants—such as size, texture, and nutrient content of leaves, wood density, palatability to herbivores, and canopy architecture—influence a plant’s response to the environment and play an active role in the planet’s constant evolution in response to environmental change.pnas;109/29/11469/UNFIG01F1unfig01Sandra M. Díaz.Díaz has uncovered the important variables driving ecosystem functions...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Kevan M. Shokat [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-11
    Description: Protein kinases are the workhorses of the cell, orchestrating complex cellular activities by carrying out a relatively simple chemical modification: the transfer of a phosphate molecule from ATP to a protein or lipid substrate via a process called phosphorylation. Kinases are crucial to the function of all living organisms, and deregulated kinase activity lies at the heart of humanity’s most pernicious diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. But deciphering the role of each of the more than 500 kinases encoded in the human genome has proven remarkably challenging.pnas;109/28/11057/UNFIG01F1unfig01Kevan M. Shokat.A kinase’s function—and its role in disease—can only become...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 12
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    Profile of Ira Mellman [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Nestled in an industrial sprawl at the foot of California’s San Bruno Mountain, the biotechnology firm Genentech faces the steel-gray waters of the San Francisco Bay. From his perch in the postcard-worthy campus, National Academy of Sciences member Ira Mellman has presided over a small cadre of cancer biologists for nearly half a decade. When Mellman became vice president of research oncology at the firm in 2007, he was already a household name among the world’s leading cell biologists thanks to his discovery of microscopic vesicles called endosomes, which shuttle proteins between compartments within cells. Over the years, he has...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 13
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    Profile of Anthony J. McMichael [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-02
    Description: Smoking causes lung cancer. Diets high in fat and cholesterol clog arteries. Exercise is good for the heart. These links between behavior and disease represent the end products of epidemiological studies involving thousands of people that have taken years, even decades, to complete. But what happens when health issues crop up without a clear cause, or when the causes are too numerous to parse out? Traditionally, epidemiologists have steered clear of such relationships. By doing so, however, they ignore many of the world’s most pressing public health problems, says Anthony McMichael, head of the Environment, Climate, and Health research program...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 14
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    Roy J. Britten, 1919-2012: Our early years at Caltech [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: Roy Britten died in Costa Mesa, California on January 21, 2012, of pancreatic cancer at age 92. His work in the 1960s, in which he used renaturation kinetics to provide a quantitative image of the single-copy and repetitive sequence content of animal genomes, was of gigantic intellectual import, and it essentially built the ground floor of the edifice that we call genomics today. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972. At the beginning of the 1970s, Roy and I teamed up as scientific partners, and we relocated to Caltech. At Caltech, we worked together...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 15
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    Profile of Marc R. Montminy [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-09
    Description: At any given moment in the human body, a typical cell encounters a barrage of environmental cues—hormones, nutrients, growth factors, and other chemicals—surging through the bloodstream, ready to influence the pattern of genes expressed in the cell by tickling receptors on the cell’s surface. How an extracellular signal makes its way inside the cell to the nucleus, where it alters gene expression, is no simple task. But this molecular process is precisely what fascinates Marc Montminy, a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Three decades ago,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 16
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    Profile of Lee D. Ross [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-09
    Description: Social psychologist Lee Ross has never felt content to confine his research to the laboratory. He prefers to wade knee-deep through global issues, finding ways to apply his expertise to problems ranging from climate change and healthcare to education and the legal system. Ross, a professor of psychology at Stanford University (Stanford, CA) and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted a long and distinguished career to observing how people behave in real-life situations, including second-track negotiations and conflict resolution in the Middle East and Northern Ireland. His findings have offered valuable insights into the factors...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 17
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    Wylie Vale [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: To die at the height of a man's career, the highest moment of his effort here in this world, universally honored and admired, to die while great issues are still commanding the whole of his interest, to be taken from us at a moment when he could already see ultimate success in view is not the most unenviable of fates.Winston Churchill (1940)Wylie Vale, professor and head of the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology at The Salk Institute, member of the National Academy of Sciences, and leader in the field of neuroendocrinology, passed away in his sleep on January 3,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Ken A. Dill [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: A protein is a chain of amino acids that has been folded into a precise shape, explains statistical physicist Ken Dill, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and director of the Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology at Stony Brook University in New York. A protein with 100 amino acids can ball up in a staggering number of ways: roughly 3200 (1). Yet each protein molecule balls up into the exact shape needed to perform its desired role in the body. Even more impressive–the folding often occurs within milliseconds.pnas;109/9/3194/UNFIG01F1unfig01Ken A. Dill.How, researchers like Dill have...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 19
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    Renato Dulbecco: Viruses, genes, and cancer [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-28
    Description: Renato Dulbecco, renowned virologist and cancer researcher, passed away peacefully at his home in La Jolla, CA, February 19, 2012, 3 days before his 98th birthday. He was celebrated not only for his scientific achievements but also for inspiring a generation of younger scientists who went on to become distinguished in their own fields. Renato was a founding fellow of the Salk Institute, where he spent most of his career. He also served as president of the Institute from 1988 to 1992.pnas;109/13/4713/UNFIG01F1unfig01Renato Dulbecco.Renato was born and educated in Italy. He received his MD degree from the University of Torino in...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 20
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    James R. Arnold: From the Manhattan Project to the moon and beyond [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-03-21
    Description: On January 6, 2012, the field of cosmochemistry (more specifically, meteoritics and lunar and planetary sciences) lost one of its founding scientists. Jim Arnold's scientific endeavors ranged widely, ranging from work on the Manhattan Project to the origin and use of cosmogenic nuclides in meteorites and lunar samples and to sampling cosmic dust with balloons.pnas;109/12/4339/UNFIG01F1unfig01Jim Arnold.Jim was born in Metuchen, N.J., on May 5, 1923. He often credited his imagination and curiosity to his early childhood in his family's home. His father, a lawyer and archaeologist, had a large and easily accessible library—a major boon for Jim, who found inspiration...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 21
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    Profile of Robert B. Goldberg [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Over the next 50 years, as Earth's population races toward 9 billion inhabitants, we will need to produce more food than we have produced since the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago (1). This challenge, warns National Academy of Sciences member Robert Goldberg, is particularly daunting given the finite and shrinking amount of arable land on which food crops can be grown. Increasing the yields of crop plants is therefore critical. With that goal in mind, Goldberg, a professor of molecular, cell, and developmental biology at the University of California at Los Angeles, has devoted his career to understanding the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 22
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    Woese and Fox: Life, rearranged [Classic Profile] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-27
    Description: In April 2011 an international team led by researchers at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany announced in Nature that the mind-boggling mix of microbes in the human gut could be neatly grouped into categories called enterotypes (1). Hailed as a finding that might someday help researchers address the long-intractable problem of antibiotic resistance, the discovery of gut microbial signatures in people raised the possibility that individuals might have a defined enterotype, like a blood type, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity (1).pnas;109/4/1019/FIG01F1fig01Fig. 1.(A) Carl Woese examining film on which ribosomal signatures are displayed (2003). (Photo by Jason...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 23
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    Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011) [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-18
    Description: Rosalyn S. Yalow, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, died on May 30, 2011, at the age of 89, having suffered recurrent strokes and a prolonged period of decline. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1977 for creation of the radioimmunoassay (RIA), a discovery that revolutionized almost every field of medicine by providing precise and specific measurements of the concentration of peptide hormones and many other biologically relevant substances in blood and other body fluids (1) (Fig. 1).pnas;109/3/669/FIG01F1fig01Fig. 1.Rosalyn Yalow with King Carl XVI...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Lynn Margulis, 1938-2011 [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: On November 22, 2011, Lynn Margulis, visionary biologist and tireless champion of the microbial world, died of a massive stroke. Born in 1938, Lynn was intellectually precocious, earning her bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago at age 18 and a Berkeley PhD 6 years later. Lynn’s enduring place in science was earned soon thereafter, with the publication of her theory of endosymbiosis, a radical and, as it turned out, lasting explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. In Lynn’s view, the chloroplast originated as a free-living cyanobacterium engulfed by...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Jane I. Guyer [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-15
    Description: Crude oil is extracted in Nigeria but refined overseas. With government policies and exchange rates in constant flux and shortages commonplace, the gasoline that reenters the country may exceed the means of ordinary people. Filling one's tank in Nigeria can be a tense experience, says economic anthropologist Jane Guyer, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and chair of the Department of Anthropology at The Johns Hopkins University. She recalls reading in a newspaper that a customer once became so frustrated waiting in line that he lit a match and blew up the gas station and the...
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    Anthony E. Siegman: Laser pioneer, Optical Society president, friend, and colleague [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-01
    Description: The death of Anthony E. (Tony) Siegman on October 7, 2011, was a profound shock to the worldwide optical science and laser community. An esteemed scientist and educator, Tony was also a kind and gentle man.Tony was born November 23, 1931, and raised in rural Michigan. As an early National Merit Scholar, he attended Harvard University and received an AB degree summa cum laude in 3 years. After 2 years on a cooperative plan with the University of California, Los Angeles, and Hughes Research Laboratories, he obtained an MS degree in Applied Physics in 1954. He went north to Stanford...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Daniel G. Nocera [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-01-05
    Description: In a dim-lit laboratory in the chemistry department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a postdoctoral researcher points out the parts of a handmade device that might be our best hope yet for harnessing solar energy. A chip the size of a microscopy slide, the device is an artificial leaf, the first of its kind made of relatively abundant and inexpensive materials that, if further refined, might help make the sun our main source of energy. The brainchild of National Academy of Sciences member and MIT chemistry professor Daniel Nocera, the leaf's stainless steel chip is coated with silicon, which...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Classic Profile of Barbara McClintock [Classic Profile] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-12-12
    Description: For much of the 20th century, genes were considered to be stable entities arranged in an orderly linear pattern on chromosomes, like beads on a string (1). In the late 1940s, Barbara McClintock challenged existing concepts of what genes were capable of when she discovered that some genes could be...
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    Profile of Roberta L. Rudnick [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-05
    Description: Plenty of mysteries lurk beneath the Earth’s surface. Roberta Rudnick, a Distinguished University Professor and chair of the department of geology at the University of Maryland (College Park, MD) and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has plumbed these depths. In her Inaugural Article, Rudnick presents a...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    Profile of Robert E. Ricklefs [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-19
    Description: In his recent Presidential Address to the American Society of Naturalists (1), ornithologist and ecologist Robert Ricklefs mentioned that for many biologists, the words “naturalist” and “natural history” evoke out-of-fashion 19th century pursuits—an era of preoccupation with nature before scientists could perform modern investigations of ecology and evolutionary biology. But...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 31
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    Uncommon woman for the Commons [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-15
    Description: On June 12, 2012, Elinor Awan Ostrom died of pancreatic cancer after an illness of about 6 months. Lin Ostrom, one of the few political scientists to win the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, showed that solutions to common resource problems worked out by individuals directly involved are often more successful and enduring than regimens imposed by central political authorities. Under specified conditions, common resources—forests, fisheries, oil fields, or grazing lands—can be managed successfully by the people who use them. She showed creatively and rigorously that participatory decision-making can work: as she said the day her Nobel Prize was announced,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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    Profile of Anders B{jnodot}orklund [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-15
    Description: When Anders Björklund started medical school in the early 1960s, scientists still believed that the structure of the adult brain was fixed and immutable and that nerve cells could not be regenerated after damage or death. But that view changed when Björklund began using a powerful new fluorescence microscopic method to view subsets of neurons. He became convinced that given the right conditions, immature neurons could be inserted into the brain to help regenerate damaged areas. That leap of faith—and the groundbreaking revelations that followed—jumpstarted his pioneering career in neuroscience.pnas;109/33/13137/UNFIG01F1unfig01Anders Björklund.Björklund, a founder of the Wallenberg Neuroscience Center (Lund, Sweden)...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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    Profile of Charles S. Stanish [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-10
    Description: A magazine photograph shows archaeologist Charles Stanish posing against the bleak backdrop of Northern Chile's Atacama Desert in the shimmering heat of noon. Thrown into relief by the desert’s vast emptiness, Stanish stands in the foreground of a forbidding landscape marked by the remains of a centuries-old irrigation canal built...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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