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  • Chemical Engineering  (130)
  • Aerodynamics  (10)
  • 1955-1959  (140)
  • 1956  (140)
  • 1
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    Aerodynamic Design of Axial-flow Compressors (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Available experimental two-dimensional-cascade data for conventional compressor blade sections are correlated. The two-dimensional cascade and some of the principal aerodynamic factors involved in its operation are first briefly described. Then the data are analyzed by examining the variation of cascade performance at a reference incidence angle in the region of minimum loss. Variations of reference incidence angle, total-pressure loss, and deviation angle with cascade geometry, inlet Mach number, and Reynolds number are investigated. From the analysis and the correlations of the available data, rules and relations are evolved for the prediction of the magnitude of the reference total-pressure loss and the reference deviation and incidence angles for conventional blade profiles. These relations are developed in simplified forms readily applicable to compressor design procedures.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-E56B03a
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  • 2
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    Some Effects of Roll Rate on the Longitudinal Stability Characteristics of a Cruciform Missile Configuration as Determined from Flight Test for a Mach Number Range of 1.1. to 1.8 (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A model of a cruciform missile configuration having a low-aspect-ratio wing equipped with flap-type controls was flight tested in order to determine stability and control characteristics while rolling at about 5 radians per second. Comparison is made with results from a similar model which rolled at a much lower rate. Results showed that, if the ratio of roll rate to natural circular frequency in pitch is not greater than about 0.3, the motion following a step disturbance in pitch essentially remains in a plane in space. The slope of normal- force coefficient against angle of attack C(sub N(sub alpha)) was the same as for the slowly rolling model at 0 degrees control deflection but C(sub N(sub alpha)) was much higher for the faster rolling model at about 5 degrees control deflection. The slope of pitching-moment coefficient against angle of attack C(sub m(sub alpha)) as determined from the model period of oscillation was the same for both models at 0 degrees control deflection but was lower for the faster rolling model at about 5 degrees control deflection. Damping data for the faster rolling model showed considerably more scatter than for the slowly rolling model.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L55L16
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  • 3
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    Wind Tunnel Investigation at Low Speed of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Army Chemical Corps Model E-112 Bomblets with Span Chord Ratio of 2 - 1 (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental investigation has been made in the Langley stability tunnel to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of the Army Chemical Corps model E-112 bomblets with span-chord ratio of 2:1. A detailed analysis has not been made; however, the results showed that all the models were spirally unstable and that a large gap between the model tips and end plates tended to reduce the instability.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL56L20
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  • 4
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    Effect of Wing Height and Dihedral on the Lateral Stability Characteristics at Low Lift of a 45 Deg Swept-Wing Airplane Configuration as Obtained from Time-Vector Analyses of Rocket-Propelled-Model Flights at Mach Numbers from 0.7 to 1.3 (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Lateral-stability flight tests were made over the Mach number range from 0.7 to 1.3 of models of three airplane configurations having 45deg sweptback wings. One model had a high wing; one, a low wing; and one, a high wing with cathedral. The models were otherwise identical. The lateral oscillations of the models resulting from intermittent yawing disturbances were interpreted in terms of full-scale airplane flying qualities and were further analyzed by the time-vector method to obtain values of the lateral stability derivatives. The effects of changes i n wing height on the static sideslip derivatives were fairly constant in the speed range investigated and agreed well with estimated values based on subsonic wind-tunnel tests. Effects of geometric dihedral on the rolling moment due to sideslip agreed well with theoretical and other experimental results and with a theoretical relation involving the damping in roll. The damping in roll, when compared with theoretical and other experimental results, shared good agreement at supersonic speeds but was somewhat higher at a Mach number of 1.0 and at subsonic speeds. The damping in yaw shared no large changes in the transonic region.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L56E17
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  • 5
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    Some Effects of Roll Rate on the Longitudinal Stability Characteristics of a Cruciform Missile Configuration as Determined from Flight Test for a Mach Number Range of 1.1 to 1.8 (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A model of a cruciform missile configuration having a low-aspectratio wing equipped with flap-type controls was flight tested in order to determine stability and control characteristics while rolling at about 5 radians per second. Comparison is made with results from a similar model which rolled at a much lower rate. Results showed that, if the ratio of roll rate to natural circular frequency in pitch is not greater than about 0.3, the motion following a step disturbance in pitch essentially remains in a plane in space. The slope of normal-force coefficient against angle of attack C(sub N(sub A)) was the same as for the slowly rolling model at O deg control deflection but C(sub N(sub A)) was much higher for the faster rolling model at about 5 deg control deflection. The slope of pitching-moment coefficient against angle of attack & same for both models at 0 deg control deflection but was lower for the faster rolling model at about 5 deg control deflection. Damping data for the faster rolling model showed considerably more scatter than for the slowly rolling model.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-L55L16
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  • 6
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    A Transonic Wind-Tunnel Investigation of a Seaplane Configuration having a 40 Deg Sweptback Wing, TED No. NACA DE 387 (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: During the course of an aerodynamic loads investigation of a model of the Martin XP6M-1 flying boat in the.Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel, longitudinal-aerodynamic-performance information was obtained. Data were obtained at speeds up to and exceeding those anticipated for the seaplane in level flight and included the Mach number range from 0.84. to 1.09. The angle of attack was varied from -2deg to 6deg and the average Reynolds number, based on wing mean aerodyn&ic chord, was about 3.7 x 10(exp 6). This seaplane, although not designed to maintain level flight at Mach numbers beyond the force break, was found to have a transonic drag-rise coefficient of 0.0728, with an accompanying drag-rise Mach number of about 0.85. A large portion of the.drag rise and the relatively low value of drag-rise Mach number result from the axial coincidence of the maximum areas of the principal airplane components.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL55D07 , Rept-4960
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  • 7
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    Static Longitudinal Stability Characteristics of a Series of 90-Millimeter Artillery Shells at Mach Numbers of 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.2 (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Wind-tunnel tests have been made to determine the static longitudinal stability of several models of a short-range artillery shell at Mach numbers of 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.2. The results of the tests indicated that the best of the spool-shaped shells was statically stable in pitch at all test Mach numbers for an angle-of-attack range up to about 10 degrees. The best of the finned shells was stable to a maximum angle of attack of about 6 degrees. The addition of a probe to the nose of the finned shells resulted in increased static longitudinal stability at the highest Mach numbers tested and in a large decrease in the axial-force coefficients at all Mach numbers.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SL56D27
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  • 8
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    On the Contribution of Turbulent Boundary Layers to the Noise Inside a Fuselage (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The following report deals in preliminary fashion with the transmission through a fuselage of random noise generated on the fuselage skin by a turbulent boundary layer. The concept of attenuation is abandoned and instead the problem is formulated as a sequence of two linear couplings: the turbulent boundary layer fluctuations excite the fuselage skin in lateral vibrations and the skin vibrations induce sound inside the fuselage. The techniques used are those required to determine the response of linear systems to random forcing functions of several variables. A certain degree of idealization has been resorted to. Thus the boundary layer is assumed locally homogeneous, the fuselage skin is assumed flat, unlined and free from axial loads and the 'cabin' air is bounded only by the vibrating plate so that only outgoing waves are considered. Some of the details of the statistical description have been simplified in order to reveal the basic features of the problem. The results, strictly applicable only to the limiting case of thin boundary layers, show that the sound pressure intensity is proportional to the square of the free stream density, the square of cabin air density and inversely proportional to the first power of the damping constant and to the second power of the plate density. The dependence on free stream velocity and boundary layer thickness cannot be given in general without a detailed knowledge of the characteristics of the pressure fluctuations in the boundary layer (in particular the frequency spectrum). For a flat spectrum the noise intensity depends on the fifth power of the velocity and the first power of the boundary layer thickness. This suggests that boundary layer removal is probably not an economical means for decreasing cabin noise. In general, the analysis presented here only reduces the determination of cabin noise intensity to the measurement of the effect of any one of our variables (free stream velocity, boundary layer thickness, plate thickness or the characteristic velocity of propagation in the plate). The plate generates noise by vibrating in resonance over a wide range of frequencies and increasing the damping constant is consequently an effective method of decreasing noise generation. One of the main features of the results is that the relevant quantities upon which noise intensity depends are non-dimensional numbers in which boundary layer and plate properties enter as ratios. This is taken as an indication that in testing models of structures for boundary layer noise it is not sufficient to duplicate in the model the structural characteristics of the fuselage. One must match properly the characteristics of the exicitng pressure fluctuations to that of the structure.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1420
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  • 9
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    Directional Stability of Towed Airplanes (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: So far, very careful investigations have been made regarding the flight properties, in particular the static and dynamic stability, of engine-propelled aircraft and of untowed gliders. In contrast, almost no investigations exist regarding the stability of airplanes towed by a towline. Thus, the following report will aim at investigating the directional stability of the towed airplane and, particularly, at determining what parameters of the flight attitude and what configuration properties affect the stability. The most important parameters of the flight attitude are the dynamic pressure, the aerodynamic coefficients of the flight attitude, and the climbing angle. Among the configuration properties, the following exert the greatest influence on the stability: the tow-cable length, the tow-cable attachment point, the ratio of the wing loadings of the towing and the towed airplanes, the moments of inertia, and the wing dihedral of the towed airplane. In addition, the size and shape of the towed airplane vertical tail, the vertical tail length, and the fuselage configuration are decisive factors in determining the yawing moment and side force due to sideslip, respectively.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1401 , Deutsches Igneieur-Archives; 21; 4; 245-265
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  • 10
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    Laminar Flow About a Rotating Body of Revolution in an Axial Airstream (1956)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We have set ourselves the problem of calculating the laminar flow on a body of revolution in an axial flow which simultaneously rotates about its axis. The problem mentioned above, the flow about a rotating disk in a flow, which we solved some time ago, represents the first step in the calculation of the flow on the rotating body of revolution in a flow insofar as, in the case of a round nose, a small region about the front stagnation point of the body of revolution may be replaced by its tangential plane. In our problem regarding the rotating body of revolution in a flow, for laminar flow, one of the limiting cases is known: that of the body which is in an axial approach flow but does not rotate. The other limiting case, namely the flow in the neighborhood of a body which rotates but is not subjected to a flow is known only for the rotating circular cylinder, aside from the rotating disk. In the case of the cylinder one deals with a distribution of the circumferential velocity according to the law v = omega R(exp 2)/r where R signifies the cylinder radius, r the distance from the center, and omega the angular velocity of the rotation. The velocity distribution as it is produced here by the friction effect is therefore the same as in the neighborhood of a potential vortex. When we treat, in what follows, the general case of the rotating body of revolution in a flow according to the calculation methods of Prandtl's boundary-layer theory, we must keep in mind that this solution cannot contain the limiting case of the body of revolution which only rotates but is not subjected to a flow. However, this is no essential limitation since this case is not of particular importance for practical purposes.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1415 , Ingenieur-Archives; 21; 4; 227-244
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A generalized correlation of diffusion coefficients (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Graphical correlations of binary gas diffusion coefficients are developed based on the Hirschfelder-Bird-Spotz diffusion equation and the theorem of corresponding states. A critical diffusion coefficient is defined and is used in turn for a definition of a “reduced” coefficient. The reduced diffusion coefficient is correlated graphically in generalized form in terms of the reduced properties of the diffusing gas. Using air as a reference “barrier” gas, the authors compared critical diffusion coefficients for various gases diffusing through a single barrier gas with the critical coefficients for these gases through air. This ratio, termed the barrier gas ratio, was found to be independent of the properties of the diffusing gas. A graphical correlation of the barrier gas ratio enables rapid estimation of a binary diffusion coefficient with a minimum of information.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020104
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of nitration of benzene with mixed acid (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 26-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well-emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34° to 54°C. The acid-phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole % benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied from 25 to 80 volume % acid phase.The reaction rate based on the total volume of the reacting mixture is shown to be a function of the phase compositions, temperature, and volume % of acid phase.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020106
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of bubble-cap fractionating-column plate efficiencies (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating the true conditions of operation of a bubble-cap tray is presented. Intermediate between the Murphree and the Lewis methods, which represent the extremes of actual operation, this method involves the use of a correlation to determine the degree of liquid mixing on the tray and the use of new relations between the Murphree vapor efficiency, the Lewis case I efficiency, and the true local efficiency. For the last, partial liquid mixing is taken into account.Data were obtained on an 18-in. O.D. three-tray bubble-cap tower containing ten 3-in. bubble caps a tray. Partial liquid mixing was correlated for changes in vapor and liquid rates, pressure, temperature, and weir height for the system ethylene dichloride-toluene.Efficiency data on acetone-water, ethanol-water, and ethylene dichloride-toluene showed the following effects: (1) low concentration of lwo boiler usually, but not always, resulted in low true local efficiencies, always with high Murphree efficiencies; (2) vapor velocity effects are more intimately connected with slot velocity than superficial velocity (and hence entrainment); (3) raising the pressure gives higher efficiencies; (4) an increase in liquid depth increases the true local efficiency but may have no effect on the Murphree efficiency.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020105
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of ideal-stage requirements in complex liquid-liquid extraction systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure for obtaining equilibrium data and predicting ideal-stage requirements in a complex liquid-liquid extraction system is presented. Preliminary equilibrium data are obtained from a simulated column run involving a series of batch contacts operated in such a manner as to approach steady state countercurrent conditions. The flow ratios and stage requirements for continuous operation are then estimated by trial-and-error by use of a modified McCabe-Thiele method.The procedure lends itself particularly well to those systems with interdependent distribution of the two components. Data for the separation of hafnium from zirconium are presented to show the utility of the method.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020108
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer through a homogeneous isotropic turbulent field (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 42-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because of the large scale of the motion responsible for mixing in turbulent fields, turbulent transport processes differ from molecular transport processes in that the mixing depends on the previous history of the diffusing material and turbulent fields are generally nonhomogeneous.The effect of the time dependency of the diffusion process is examined for the case of heat transfer from a hot wall to a cold wall through a turbulently flowing fluid. The fluid is assumed to have a uniform velocity and the turbulence is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The calculations are carried out by assuming a distribution of heat sources along the hot wall and of heat sinks along the cold wall. G. I. Taylor's theory of turbulent diffusion for a homogeneous isotropic field is used to describe the properties of these sources and sinks. These calculations are compared with temperature profiles obtained as a solution to Fick's Law using a constant diffusion coefficient. A marked difference between the two sets of curves is obtained in the vicinity of the wall and in the beginning of the heat exchange section.A calculated profile on the basis of an idealized model of heat transfer in channel flow is compared with actual measurements made by Page, Corcoran, Schlinger, and Sage (7) at a distance far enough downstream so that the temperature profile had reached a steady condition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020109
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and dioxide over steel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 46-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide on various steel catalysts was studied in the temperature range of 800° to 1,300°F. and at pressures from 5 to 30 atm. The feed gases (3.75 to 20 SCFH) were passed over a catalyst bed of 1/8-in. steel balls supported in a brass-lined reactor 0.81 in. in diam. The percentage of carbon oxides in the feed was 30% in the runs using a H2—CO2 feed and varied from 15 to 38% in the runs with a H2—CO feed. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed composition, space velocity, and mass velocity were studied. Carbon deposition did not affect the activity of the catalyst and could be removed readily.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020110
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algebraic approach to calculating the solvent extraction of complex mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 34-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the usual method of calculating the solvent extraction of complex mixtures it is assumed that the complex mixture behaves like a binary mixture. However, the hypothetical binary composition of the mixture is never explicitly used; rather, an additive property of the mixture is used as an indication of its composition. The calculation must be done graphically on a triangular diagram or its equivalent.On the assumption that the complex mixture consists of only two hypothetical components, empirical equations have been arrived at relating the distribution coefficients of these two components and of the solvent to the phase compositions. These equations contain three arbitrary constants. By use of the data from a minimum of three simple laboratory batch extractions of a given complex mixture, the three constants, plus the hypothetical binary composition of the original complex mixture, can be determined.With the equations for the distribution coefficients, the equilibrium curve and tie lines for the system can be calculated. Properties of the raffinates and extracts can be measured and related to the hypothetical binary compositions of these mixtures.The use of the method is demonstrated by comparing calculated results with laboratory yields and properties. The calculated results show good agreement with the experimental results. Calculations can be carried out not only on the triangular diagram, but by any of the other graphical methods that have been developed for the solvent extraction of binary mixtures. Equally important, calculations can be done analytically, and therefore the use of automatic computers is feasible.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020107
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanics of steady state single-phase fluid displacement from porous media (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The physical processes are discussed by which a fluid is displaced from a porous medium during steady state viscous flow by another fluid of the same density and viscosity under conditions of complete miscibility of the two fluids. The displacement occurs on a microscopic scale as a result of combined convective and diffusional mixing. The length of the zone of mixing which comprises the displacement front is predicted to be dependent upon the rate of flow, the diffusion coefficient for the two-fluid system, the characteristics of the pore geometry, and the distance the front has traversed at the time of its observation.Experimental data are presented for the displacement of benzene by ethyl n-butyrate at several rates of flow from packed sand columns. These data show that the length of the frontal mixing zone after a prescribed distance of flow is greater at the higher rates of flow. The postulated dependence of the length of the front upon the diffusion coefficient and the pore geometry has not yet been investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020111
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure drop through porous mediaParts I through IV of this article appeared in the Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and Chemical Engineering Progress (1 to 4). (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluid flow data are presnted for beds of uniformly sized spheres consolidated with resin over a porosity range from 36.4 to 12.3%. The data are analyzed in terms of an effective pore volume and equations are given for predicting pressure drop by use of a friction-factor-Reynolds-number plot.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020117
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regenaration of fluidized cracking catalysts (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation for correlating regeneration process variables in fluid-catalytic cracking has been developed from pilot plant data. This equation takes into account not only the chemical-reaction rate for burning coke deposited on the catalyst but also the diffusional resistance to oxygen transfer. The resistance presumably occurs between the bubbles within the fluidized bed and the void spaces in the relatively denser mass of particles. The coefficient of mass transfer was found to be inversely proportional to the 1.5 power of the average particle diameter and directly proportional to the square of the gas mass velocity. The specific reaction-verlocity constant was found to be a function to temperature and catalyst activity as well as the nature of the feed from which the coke was deposited. Comparison of pilot plant data with commercial data suggests that nonuniform gas distribution in larger beds makes some of the catalyst ineffective.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020115
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of specific heat of organic liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 88-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical equation is presented for predicting the specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure of organic liquids as a function of temperature from data on the velocity of sound, infrared and Raman spectra. By use of this equation, the average deviation of the calculated from the experimental values of specific heat for 100 organic liquids at 68°F. is ±1.5%.An alternate correlation for hydrocarbon liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is also presented. Based on it, the average deviation of the calculated from the experimental values for 100 points representing the entire temperature range is ±0.9%.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020119
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Mass transfer in a wetted-wall column: Turbulent flow (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The object of this study has been the measurement of concentration profiles of water vapor in a wetted-wall column with fully developed turbulent pipe flow of air for several positions downstream of the inlet. The air Reynolds number was 25,000. The mathematical formulation of this problem involves the Navier-Stokes equations and the mass transfer equation with a boundary condition of constant concentration at the wall. No attempt has been made toward an analytical solution of this problem, as the exact solution of the turbulence problem has not been developed. Instead, values of the mass and momentum transfer correlation, urh, and urux, have been computed as a function of the radius. The eddy diffusivity for momentum and mass and the local mass transfer rates are shown for engineering purposes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Determination of relative permeability under simulated reservoir conditions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 94-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus for the determination of relative permeability under simulated reservoir conditions has been designed, constructed, and operated successfully. Complete water-oil relative-permeability data, with kerosene and simulated reservoir brine have been taken on four natural-sandstone cores at fluid pressures to 5,000 1b./sq. in. and overburden pressures to 10,000 1b./sq. in. One run was made at low pressure at a temperature of 160°F. for comparison with the results at low temperature. The apparatus is now being expanded so that gas-oil relative-permeability data may be taken, and crude oil containing gas in solution may be employed as the oil phase.The results indicate that essentially the same water-oil relative-permeability data are obtained at fluid pressures of 5,000 1b./sq. in. as at 30 1b./sq. in. gauge. The application of overburden pressure causes a reduction in both water and oil effective permeability in about the same proportion as it affects the single-phase permeability. Consequently the calculated relative permeabilities are affected to only a moderate extent. The results of the one run at 160°F. were in good agreement with the values obtained at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020120
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    Crystal-size distribution in mixed suspensions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although vacuum crystallizers are used widely, crystal-size-control methods have not been adequately analyzed. This paper supplies in part the deficiency of technical information on this problem. Industrial crystallizers may have inherent nucleation rates in excess of or below the seed-crystal requirement for the desired product-crystal size. This paper deals specifically with means of crystal-size control by removal of excess nuclei from mixed circulating suspensions as encountered in vacuum crystallizers. It is shown that under certain conditions the cumulative size distribution in the suspension varies as the fourth power of the size. Therefore, it may also be shown that the key to effective size-control procedures is the segregation time of nuclei in the fines-removal system. Procedures based mainly on crystal-size classification by hydraulic elutriation can hardly be effective unless they are also designed to meet the segregation-time requirements.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020122
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    Forces acting in flowing beds of solids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 127-138 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020125
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    Properties of evaporated metal films related to their use for surface temperature measurements (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 113-117 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extension of the understanding of properties of films of metals produced on glass surfaces by vacuum evaporation has permitted the fabrication of film-resistance thermometers that with simple instrumentation accurately measure surface or average surface temperatures without altering the geography of that surface. Formerly unknown and unstabled related properties of such films have been classified and may be anticipated or eliminated by recommended experimental procedures. Films of several of the most chemically inert and refractory metals 300 to 3,000 Å. thick have been shown to attain accuracies as high as 0.01°C. for practical periods of time. Their use, which is described, is developing satisfactorily, and the technique and equipment for their preparation are relatively simple.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Handbook of engineering materials, Douglas F. Miner and John B. Seastone, editors. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 1,380 pages. $17.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020126
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020201
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    Introduction to chemical engineering. Walter L. Badger and Julius T. Banchero. McGraw-Hill book company, Inc., New York (1955). 753 pages. $9.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020127
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    Chemical reactor stability and sensitivity: II. Effect of parameters on sensitivity of empty tubular reactorsPart I of this article appeared in the December, 1955, issue of the A.I.Ch.E. Journal. (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 117-126 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper extensive calculations on the quasi isothermal tubular reactor are presented. Temperature and concentration profiles were obtained on an analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). The calculations tend to show that there are regions of operation in which the reactor effluent is very sensitive to operating conditions. For example, it is shown that in some regions of operation a small change in the heat transfer coefficient at the reactor wall or a small dilution of the feed will produce large changes in the effluent. In such cases the reactor is said to exhibit parametric sensitivity. It is shown analytically that this sensitivity may be predicted by analyzing the frequency response or transient response of the reactor approximated by a local linearization. This linearization requires complete solutions of the steady state problem. Semiquantitative results are then obtained for the regulation required from a given specification of product limits. The frequency-response analysis should be useful in connection with the control problem.If the reactor is fed partially with a recycle stream, then experience with electrical systems indicates that the possibility of instability exists. It is shown that at least theoretically these instabilities do exist, and a method based on the transfer function is developed for derivation of criteria of stability or instability.
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    X-ray diffraction procedures for polycrystalline and amorphous materials. H. P. Klug and L. E. Alexander. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1954). 716 pages. $15.00 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 140-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020128
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    Nuclear engineering and the unit operations (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 141-141 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020202
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    Process for fission-product removal from uranium-Bismuth reactor fuels by use of fused-salt extraction (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 163-168 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The liquid-metal-fuel reactor under development at the Brookhaven National Laboratory uses a fuel which is a solution of U233, Mg, and Zr in liquid bismuth. For a power breeder thermal reactor, high neutron economy is essential, and this calls for low concentrations of those fission products in the fuel which are high neutron capturers. Roughly 45% by weight of the fission products can be continuously removed from the fuel by salt extraction with alkali and alkaline-earth fused-salt mixtures. These fission products contain the highly “poisonous” rare earths. This paper will present a discussion of processdesign considerations and proposed flow sheets.
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    Estimation of heat sources in nuclear reactors (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of local heating rates is needed for estimation of operating temperatures, thermal stresses, and cooling requirements in nuclear reactor components. Heat is liberated by the dissipation of the energy of fission fragments, beta particles, fast neutrons, and gamma photons. Heating rates are formulated in terms of either neutron or gamma flux densities, the corresponding collision probabilities, and appropriate energy transfer coefficients, the forms of which are given. Special methods of estimating the flux densities are discussed. The data on the magnitudes of the various energy sources are reviewed.
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    Mass transfer in liquid metals (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 184-189 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of mass transfer was measured for solid metal shapes dissolving into mercury at room temperature. Sherwood numbers for horizontal tin, cadmium, zinc, and lead cylinders dissolving by natural convection agreed with Nusselt numbers for heat transfer in nonmetallic liquids at the same Rayleigh (Grashof × Prandtl) numbers. Dissolving of zinc tubes by mercury flowing turbulently within them agreed with heat transfer to nonmetals in tubes. Dissolving of random beds of lead spheres by mercury flowing through the bed agreed with similar nonmetal systems. It is concluded that mass transfer processes in liquid metals follow substantially the correlations for other fluids in heat or mass transfer, which with moderate safey factors may thus be used for at least preliminary design purposes.
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    Continuous dissolution of uranium-aluminum reactor fuels (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 190-194 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extensive pilot plant studies of the continuous, mercury-catalyzed nitric acid dissolution of uranium-aluminum alloy materials similar to possible reactor fuel elements were carried out. Marked differences were observed in the dissolution rates of cast and wrought alloys. Optimum feed-acid concentrations varied with the type of alloy. At constant acid feed conditions dissolving rates varied approximately with the cube root of catalyst concentration up to a limiting concentration. The metal dissolving rate was proportional to the 0.8 power of the nitric acid feed rate. A general empirical correlation was developed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Diffusion of uranium through graphite (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 195-198 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusion rates of uranium through graphite were determined in the temperature range of 3,000° to 4,350°F. The diffusion couples consisted of sintered UC2 disks in contact with graphite rods. The observations indicated two distinct types of uranium transport which could be associated with volume diffusion and with migration along pores respectively.Volume diffusion was characterized by steep concentration gradients and shallow penetration. The diffusion coefficient Dv, in sq. cm./sec. between 3,300° and 4,250°F., is given by an equation. Above 4,250°F. incipient melting of the UC2 was evident and the diffusion coefficients were much higher than those given by the equation.As an example of the penetration resulting from volume diffusion, calculations show that, after 1,000 hr. at 4,200°F. the uranium concentration at 0.1 cm. from the interface will be 1,000 mg./cc., compared with 10,000 mg./cc. for pure UC2.Pore migration resulted in uranium penetration far beyond that arising from volume diffusion at equivalent temperatures and diffusion times. However, uranium concentrations were very small compared with those corresponding to volume diffusion. Pore migration is strongly temperature dependent.To estimate the practical importance of pore migration, the uranium flow through a graphite wall at 3,000°F. was measured. With a wall thickness of 0.32 cm., the average flow per unit area was 0.015 mg./ (sq. cm.)/ (hr.) for a 40-hr. test.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Flow distribution among parallel heated channels (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 199-205 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coolant flow distribution among parallel tubes in a nuclear reactor (or boiler or heat exchanger) can be very sensitive to variations in heat input, dimensions, etc. Analytical expressions are given for partial derivatives which measure flow variations for several situations. The utility of orifices and valves in reducing flow sensitivity is discussed. Numerical results are reported for a system using water at supercritical pressurs with an eightfold expansion from inlet to outlet.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    A semiempirical solution for local heat transfer coefficients for flow in nonparallel passageways (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 271-272 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method, based upon the pertinent flat-plate heat transfer equation, is presented for computing the local heat transfer coefficients for a boundary layer subjected to streamwise velocity and pressure gradients. No extensive mathematical background is required as the complexity of a rigorous solution for this type of problem is avoided. The validity of the method for gases is demonstrated by comparison of the predicted coeffcients with the experimental data for two widely different problems.
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    Plate efficiency with chemical reaction - absorption of Carbon dioxide in Monoethanolamine solutions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of chemical reaction on plate efficiency has been given little attention in the determination of bubble-plate efficiencies, although it is of importance in many operations. A typical example is the absorption of carbon dioxide in monoetnanolamine solutions.The over-all Murphree gas-phase plate efficiency can be shown to be a function of Kg(A/V) where A/V is the interfacial surface area formed per tray per unit volume of gas. In order to evaluate variations in tray efficiency due to factors influencing Kg, data available in the literature for the absorption of carbon dioxide in monoethanolamine were considered. These showed that the liquid film was controlling and that for a packed column at constant liquid rate the absorption coefficient could be satisfactorily expressed by an equation that resembles somewhat equations which have been developed for the effect of rapid secondorder reactions on kL. However, the observed effect of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the gas is not so great as the theoretical equations would predict.By use of the equation mentioned above to predict Kg, satisfactory correlation of observed plate efficiencies is obtained for a commercial column over a considerable range of conditions. It appears that the correlation can be extended to other pressures, flow rates, and column designs by an evaluation of the effect of these variables on A/V and Kg.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Application of Bernoulli's equation to buoyant systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The various forms of Bernoulli's equation as customarily written express static pressure energy in terms of absolute pressure, thereby restricting their direct application to systems situated in vacuo. It is shown here that recognition (1) of the universal presence of a fluid outside all systems over which Bernoulli's equation is written, and (2) of the practical necessity of measuring pressure within such systems as gauge pressures relative to the pressure of the exterior fluid leads to a more general set of equations and to a concept of buoyant static pressure and potential energies, as opposed to strictly abslute values.Failure properly to distinguish between these two types of energy quantities may result in error and confusion in the application of the various forms of Bernoulli's equation.
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    Electrons, atoms, metals and alloys. William Hume-Rothery. Revised edition. Philosophical Library, New York (1955). 387 pages. $10.00 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 18J 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020233
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    Thermodynamics from the classic and generalized standpoints. Joseph Louis Finck. Bookman Associates, New York (1955). 224 pages. $7.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 20J 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020235
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    Masthead (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020301
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    Heat Transfer (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 21J 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020236
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    Nuclear and radiochemistry. Gerhart Friedlunder and Joseph W. Kennedy. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 468 pages. $7.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 20J 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020234
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    Chemical engineering kinetics (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 281-281 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020302
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    Rate of flow and mechanics of bubble formation from single submerged orifices. II. Mechanics of bubble formation (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 300-306 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    Viscosity of liquids (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 290-295 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three viscosity correlations were tested for liquids at their boiling points. Compounds studied included normal paraffins, branched-chain hydrocarbons, aromatics, halogenated methanes and ethanes, water, and aliphatic alcohols. The correlations were tested for the most part with viscosity and thermodynamic data found in the literature. Some experimental viscosity measurements were made, however, for normal paraffins from pentane to octane at temperatures up to about 300°F., which is higher than has previously been reported.Two correlations are based on Eyring's theory of absolute reaction rates. The third is based on the compressibility factor of the saturated liquid, and this correlation is unique, as all available data for normal paraffins with eight or more carbon atoms are represented by a single curve. The three correlations presented here can be used to extrapolate viscosity data over large temperature ranges up to the critical temperature. Logical predictions of the viscosities of related compounds are possible.
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    Formation of gas bubbles at horizontal orifices (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 337-342 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Air bubbles were formed in water and in mineral oil by use of single, circular, horizontal, square-edged orifices facing upward. Twenty orifices were tested, ranging from 0.017 to 0.79 cm. (0.0067 to 0.31 in.) in radius. Incieasms the whime, of the gas chamber below the orifice (over the range of 4 to 4,000 cc.) was found to increase the bubble size. The gas-chamber volume was minimized in most of the work in order to confine attention to the effects of orifice size and gas-flow rate. The liquid containers were large enough to eliminate significant wall effects, and operations were conducted at atmospheric pressure.The gas-flow rate was varised from about 0.01 to about 250 cc./sec. over the course of the work. At relatively low rates, the orifices generally formed single “static” bubbles, the volumes of which were proportional to the surface tension and orifice radius and independent of the gas-flow rate. At high flow rates the bubble frequency became high and the bubble volume became proportional to the gas-flow rate and independent of the surface tension. The bubble frequency reached a maximum value for each orifice, this value being a function of the orifice radius. For air bubbles in water, the correlation of the maximum bubble frequency, nm bubbles/sec., with the orifice radius, r cm., and the air-flow rate, q cc./sec., was found to be nm = 9.1q0.13/r0.43. The maximum frequencies ranged from about 25 bubbles/sec. for the largest orifices to about 75 bubbles/sec. for the smallest orifices used.It was found that consecutive bubbles paired or coalesced in definite ways in certain ranges of the gas-flow rate. A description is given of this bubble behavior, based on stroboscopic and photographic observation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020309
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    Enthalpy of hydrocarbon mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of estimating enthalpies of mixtures of light hydrocarbons is presented. Enthalpes so obtained are consistent with equilibrium-vaporization constants that have been correlated with the composition characterization factor, the molal average boiling point (M.A.B.P.).Values of the isothermal-pressure corrections to the enthalpy of ideal gas mixtures (H° — H) are presented on three plots with parameters of temperature, pressure, and molal-average boiling point. Pressures range from zero to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs., temperatures from -200° to 500°F., and M.A.B.P. from -200° to 150°F.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020310
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    Vapor pressures: The saturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 347-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous analysis of the available data presented in the literature for all the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from methane through n-eicosane was conducted to establish the constants A, B, C, and D of the vapor-pressure equation developed by Frost and Kalkwarf (21). With all the constants determined, vapor pressures can be calculated accurately from the triple to the critical point. The actual constants A, B, C, and D have been calculated from the available reported vapor-pressure data of eighty-seven saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and include all the normal paraffins through eicosane and all the isomeric paraffins through the nonanes.In order to ascertain the validity of calculated-vapor-pressure constants, values of A, B, C, and D were produced from the molecular structure and normal boiling point for all the normal paraffins through eicosane and all the thirty-four isomeric nonanes. The normal paraffins were selected to cover the range of the saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons; whereas the nonanes were chosen because they represent the most complex structures for which reported vapor pressures are available.With the calculated constants, vapor pressures were evaluated from the equation at several representative points and were compared with reported values to produce an overall absolute average percentage of deviation of 0.58 for the normal paraffins and 0.73 for the isomeric nonanes, or 0.68 for these fifty-four saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Differential heats of condensation and enthalpies of saturated liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By use of saturated-vapor enthalpies determined by accepted procedures in conjunction with differential latent heats of condensation, the saturated-liquid enthalpies are established for the system methane-ethane at 200, 400, and 600 lb./sq. in. abs. and for the system ethane-n-butane and propane-n-butane at the two lower pressures. Where comparison is possible, the liquid-enthalpy values obtained by this method are in general agreement with those previously determined by Edmister and Canjar. The procedure used is thermodynamically rigorous and may be applied to any binary mixture, provided the Benedict-Rubin-Webb equation of state is valid in the vapor phase and P-V-T-x data are available.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020319
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    Characteristics of porous beds and structures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 393-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020320
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    Notes on phase relations of binary mixtures in the region of the critical point (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 426-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020324
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    The atomic nucleus. Robley Evans. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 972 pp., $14.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 11S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020327
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    Estimation of critical properties of organic compounds by the method of group contributions. A. L. Lyderren. Engineering Experiment Station Report 3. College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (1955). 22 pages (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020328
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    Chemical engineering, volume II : Unit operations. J. M. Coulson and J. F. Richardson. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 588 pages, $9.00 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020329
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    Generalized thermodynamic properties of pure fluids. A. L. Lydersen, R. A. Greenkorn, and O. A. Hougen. Engineering Experiment Station Report 4. College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (1955). 99 pages, $3.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12S 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020330
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    Liquid extraction in an agitated vessel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 529-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to show how the efficiency of solute transfer between two immiscible liquids is influenced by the type, size, and submergence and rotational speed of the impeller and the degree of baffling, residence time, and phase ratio. The system water-kerosene-n-butylamine solute was agitated in a continuous-flow 14 3/4-in. -diam. vessel using propellers, spiral turbines, and flat-blade turbines from 4 to 10 in. in diameter. The feed streams were introduced at the wall at the bottom of the vessel and left at the top of the vessel.On the basis of the power required for a given level of stage efficiency, the best agitator design is any impeller that has a diameter about 40% of the vessel diameter and is centered in the unbaffled vessel. Without baffles the impeller type and depth of submergence have little effect on performance. The power increase required by the addition of baffles is small at the highest stage efficiencies, especially with the larger radial-flow impellers, but may be severalfold at efficiency levels of 70 to 90%. This presumably results from the lowered mass transfer driving force caused by the increase in end-to-end mixing due to wall baffles. Whether baffles have such a large adverse effect if the feed is introduced into the impeller rather than at the vessel wall is not fully established, but there is some evidence that baffling is also undesirable in this case. For baffled operation, impeller type and submergence do affect performance.A correlation of stage efficiency is presented in terms of Reynolds number and power number. In addition, energy input per volume of total flow is correlated in terms of residence time and stage efficiency for one size of baffled propeller.Spot samples taken from the vessel showed large, random-concentration fluctuations out to 20 residence times and perhaps indefinitely. Reproducible results were obtained by taking time-averaged samples.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Phase separation and mass transfer in a liquid-liquid cyclone (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 545-551 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid-liquid phase separation and mass transfer studies were made in a 4-in.-diam. cyclone of conventional construction. The cyclone was tested with oil-water volume phase ratios ranging from values of 1/3 to 9/1 and for total flows up to 24 gal./min., although most variables were studied at a feed rate of 10 gal./min. Kerosene or a white oil (vis. 9 centipoises at 77°F.) was used as the oil phase. Valve or line premixing was used to disperse the feed. Valve pressure drops were in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 lb./sq.in., and inlet drop sizes, where determined, were about 1 mm. The optimum cyclone geometry (volume, diameter of inlet, overflow and underflow lines) and the optimum split (overflow/underflow) were determined in terms of a phase-separation efficiency Es.At optimum geometry and split a number of mass transfer runs were made in which monobutylamine solute was transferred from the kerosene to the water phase. These runs indicated that Es decreased but mass transfer efficiency increased as the feed rate or pressure drop across the mixing valve was increased.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020423
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    Thermodynamic properties of tertiary butyl alcohol (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 552-554 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By use of Cp values from the literature and experimentally determined vapor-pressure-temperature and pressure-volume-temperature relationships, a thermodynamic network has been established for tertiary butyl alcohol in the range of 78° to 500°F. and 14.7 to 700 lb./sq. in. abs. The results include tabulated values of p, v, T, H, S, f, and Z, as well as the vapor-pressure-temperature curve, the critical properties, and constants for the Beattie-Bridgeman equation.The original pressure data were accurate to within 0.14% in the high range and to within 4% in the low range. The limits on the experimental volume data were 0.07% for large vapor volumes and 2% for liquid volumes. The temperature was determined to within 0.1 °F., or less than 0.02% of the absolute temperature.Experimentally determined vapor pressures were found to be lower than those reported in the literature in the range above 1 atm. Values previously reported were obtained by extrapolation of a vapor-pressure-temperature relation developed for use at subatmospheric pressures. For pressures below 1 atm. the experimental values agreed with the reported values.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Composition change in binary-component spray vaporization at atmospheric pressure (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 555-560 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an investigation of the factors affecting the change in composition with vaporization of a binary-component spray in heated air at atmospheric pressure. The behavior of the system orthodichlorobenzene-tetrachloroethylene was studied in air ranging from 400° to 1,000°F. Initial drop diameters in the sprays were in the 20- to 400-µ range. The experimental data obtained indicated that the rate of change of spray composition during vaporization was affected only by the chamber-air temperature, the initial feed composition, and the nozzle characteristics.Equations are presented which mathematically describe the vaporization process, liquid diffusion being assumed within the drop controls. These equations have been solved by a stepwise procedure for three initial drop sizes. Results of these calculations have been added statistically according to the initial-drop-size distribution in order to predict the vaporization behavior of the spray. Details of this process of statistical combination have been summarized by Culverwell (1).The calculations agreed with the experimental data previously obtained during the first 5 in. of nozzle-to-tray travel. After 5 in. the deviation was great. Future experimental work to determine more precise values of drop-size distribution, initial drop velocity, and liquid diffusion coefficient may result in more complete agreement.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020425
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    Evolution of gas from liquids flowing through porous media (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 560-567 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of oil and gas by pressure depletion involves both the formation of bubbles and the diffusion of gas from the liquid phase into these bubbles. Studies were undertaken to outline in detail the process of bubble formation when the driving force is small. This work shows that the formation of bubbles is a random process which can, however, be described by a simple probability distribution function. Also, calculations have been made to determine how fast gas will diffuse into uniformly distributed gas bubbles.These results make it possible to describe the manner in which a gas phase is established during the pressure depletion process. In this process the rate of pressure decline is the most important factor influencing the total number of bubbles produced. Laboratory tests have substantiated the finding that in certain types of porous media the amount of oil recovered is sensitive to the number of bubbles formed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020426
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    Ignition of solid propellants by forced convection (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 568-571 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for the ignition of single grains of solid propellant in a stream of gas at high temperature. The investigation encompassed gas temperatures from 578° to 1,070°K., gas velocities corresponding to free-stream Reynolds numbers from 156 to 624, a complete range of oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, and a few oxygen-carbon dioxide mixtures. Pyrocellulose and double-base propellants were tested. The grains were approximately 1/8 in. in diameter and extended through the gas stream, so that ignition was forced to take place on the cylindrical surface rather than on the end of the grain. The exposure before ignition was measured for a large number of grains. The data can be represented by an equation that is consistent with the known effect of flow rate on convective heat transfer and the known effect of temperature on chemical reaction rates, an indication that both processes are important in ignition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Correlating kinetic data in reactors: Application to tertiary Butanol dehydration (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 572-573 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactor-unit concept proposed by Hurt is extended in this paper to include fractional-order reactions and to show the effect of volume change on the system. Equations defining the reactor unit for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions are derived.The catalytic dehydration of tertiary butanol was chosen as a means of studying the validity of the extended reactor-unit concept. The experimental investigation was conducted over a wide range of flow rates, catalyst bed heights, and temperatures. The result of the application of this modified reactor-unit expression to the correlation of the data was excellent.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Ju Chin Chu, Shu Lung Wong, Sherman L. Levy, and Rajendra Paul. J. W. Edwards, Publisher, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigon (1956). 754 pages, $9, paperbound (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 577-577 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020429
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    Mass-transfer operations. Robert E. Treybal. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 666 pages, $9.50 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 577 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020430
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    Comprehensive inorganic chemistry: Vol. III, The Halogens. Robert C. Brasted. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., New York (1954). 250 pages $5. (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020432
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    Tables of thermal properties of gases. Joseph Hilsenralh, C. W. Beckett, W. S. Benedict, Lilla Fano, H. J. Hoge, J. F. Masi, R. L. Nuttoll, Y. S. Touloukian, and H. W. Woolley. National Bureau of Standards Circular 564. Government Printing Ofice, Washington 25, D. C. (1955). 408 pages, $3.75 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 11D-11D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020431
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    High-temperature technology. Edited by I. E. Compbell. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1956). 526 pages, $15 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020433
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    Catalysis, vol. II: Fundamental principles (part 2). Edited by Paul H. Emmett. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York (1955). 473 pages, $12 (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 12D-12D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020434
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    Averaging of mass transfer rates (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 578 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020435
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    Analysis of kinetic data for heterogeneous reactions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chemical engineer frequently has to correlate kinetic data for heterogeneous reactions simply and accurately in order to make useful predictions of reaction rates over a range of conditions. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood approach, which is frequently used for this purpose, does not have the theoretical validity commonly attributed to it, and its use leads to unnecessary mathematical complexity. A simpler method of analysis is suggested which is based on power dependencies of the rate on concetrations, the powers being restricted to integral of half-integral values. The data for several reactions are shown to be adquately correlated by the suggested procedure, which is simple and convenient.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Kinetics on ideal and real surfaces (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 62-64 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The wide applicability of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood classical kinetics to surfaces which are known to depart strongly from ideal Langmuir behavior is a well-known paradox of surface catalysis. The applicability and limitations of the classical method are illustrated by means of a simple reaction. The generality of the method is demonstrated by its applicability to ammonia synthesis with and without water vapor. The limitations are often more than compensated for by the added insight into reaction mechanism which it can provide without unded complexity. A three-step approach to surface kinetics is suggested and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020113
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    Adsorption phase equilibrium correlations: Light-hydrocarbon vapors on activated charcoal (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data correlations are presented for equilibrium adsorption of pure hydrocarbon vapors and their mixtures. The systems represented are C1 to C4 hydrocarbons (olefins and paraffins) on gas-adsorbent grades of activated charcoal. The mixture data are limited to binary and ternary gas systems. The adsorption conditions represented among the correlated data cover ranges of 77° to 175°F. temperature and 0 to 100 lb./sq. in. gauge. With the use of empirical adsorption constants, a common correlation of specific adsorption capacity for the various hydrocarbons is presented; it applies for either pure components or their mixtures. A correlation is given also for adsorption relative volatilities. Approximate adsorption heats, a limited amount of high-temperature steam adsorption data, and sample calculations on applications of the correlations are included. The prediction methods are recommended for adsorption conditions up to 250°F. and 250 lb/sq. in. gauge for the particular systems studied.
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    Light transmittance as a measure of interfacial area in liquid-liquid dispersions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial area in liquid-liquid systems has been measured photographically. Precision and accuracy of the method have been shown to be better than 10%. To avoid tedium of counting drops, a simple light probe of easily reproducible design has been developed to measure the light transmission through the dispersions formed. A correlation of light transmittance with interfacial area is presented and its usefulness and limitations are discussed.
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    Neutron lifetimes and void coefficients for research reactors (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 219-225 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Prompt neutron lifetimes and viod coefficients were calculated for research reactors using M.T.R.-type fuel elements, moderators of light and heavy water, and reflectors of light water, heavy water, graphite, and beryllium. Heavy-water-reflected and -moderated research reactors may have neutron lifetimes of the order of 0.001 sec. as compared with about 0.00006 sec. for a light-water-reflected and -moderated research reactor. Lifetime of the light-water core can be improved considerably by use of better reflectors, but at a substantial reduction and even reversal in sign of the void coefficient.
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    Heat transfer to water flowing parallel to a rod bundle (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 226-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer was measured for water flowing parallel to 5/8-in. rods in a triangular lattice (0.914-in. spacing). Velocity was varied from 5 to 20 ft./sec., temperature from 150° to 325°F., and heat flux from 50,000 to 200,000 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.). Reynolds numbers ranged from 70,000 to 700,000. Coefficients were 40% higher than predicted from the Colburn equation for flow in pipes by use of the equivalent diameter. The effect of heated length was studied. No variation in local coefficient around the rod periphery was found. Pressure drops were 65% higher than predicted by the Fanning equation (by use of De).
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    Factorial experiments in sequence: The attainment of optimum conditions for a decontamination process (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The advantages of factorial design are first illustrated by a simple experiment devoted to the effect of two pH factors and an iron-concentration factor on the efficiency of a decontamination process employing iron sulfide as a scavenging agent. The broadening of the base of an investigation by the expansion of a factorial is illustrated by addition of the sulfide concentration as a factor. Finally the principle of expanded factorials is further utilized in the later phases of the study, in which additional levels are assigned to the pH factors in order to arrive at a closer estimate of the optimum conditions for the process.
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    A system for counting variables in separation processesTabular material has been deposited as document 4807 with the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C., and may be obtained for $5.00 for photoprints or $2.25 for 35-mm. microfilm. (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 240-248 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the proposed system for counting variables in separation processes the processes are resolved into their simpler component classes, e.g., theoretical plates, heat exchangers, reboilers, distillation columns, etc., and a distinction is made between those variables which are inherent in the systems and those which may be specified for design. Results are presented for the most commonly occurring component classes, and all possible process relations existing among these classes are expressed by a set of generalized equations [(16) to (19)]. The procedure of counting variables is therefore reduced to compositon from variables for the component classes by use of the generalized equations.
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    A common basis for the correlation of forced and natural convection to horizontal cylinders (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 249-250 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Natual and forced convection have always been correlated on different bases although the two phenomena have much in common. Accordingly, a method for correlating both types of convection on the same basis, at least for heat transfer outside horizontal cylinders, would be of interest.A tentative method of accomplishing this for transverse convection is presented, involving certain simplifying assumptions relating to drag and buoyancy, from which an “effective velocity” for natural convection is calculated (by means of the well-known drag correlation) and incorporated in a Reynolds number. The Nusselt number for natural convection is then correlated in terms of the Prandtl number and this Reynolds number in much the same manner as that for McAdams's well-known correlation for forced convection. For 150 different combinations of independent variables covering seven different fluids and wide ranges of diameter, surface temperature, and bulk fluid temperature, the transformed natural-convection data agree with Douglas and Churchill's recent refinement of McAdams's relationship for forced convection with an average deviation of about ±10%.
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    Fluid flow in simulated fractures (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 259-264 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020224
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    Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: n-heptane in the gas phase of the ethane-n-heptane and propane-n-heptane systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Because little information is available concerning the behavior of hydrocabons under conditions far from equilibrium, it appears desirable to obtain data for the diffusion coefficients of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase.The Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n-heptane in the gas phase of the ethane-n-heptane and propane-n-heptane systems were measured at temperatures from 100° to 220° F. and for pressures up to 60 lb./sq. in. The fick diffusion coefficient was calculated as a function of state from these measurements.The experimental results indicate that the interfacial resistance between the liquid and the gas phases into which the transport was taking place is small. It was found that pressure exerted a significant influence upon the Maxwell diffusion coefficient for both of the binary systems investigated. There is a marked decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in molecular weight of the stagnant component.
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    Vapor-liquid equilibrium for the benzene-acetone system (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 280 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Structure and performance of filter media. I. The internal structure of filter media (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 307-315 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The internal structure of various types of filter media and the nature of fluid flow through them are examined. Methods of characterizing the internal pore structure of filter media are reviewed, and the permeability, bubble-pressure, and mercury-intrusion methods are applied to ten typical media, with resulting values of average and maximum pore radius and pore-size distribution being reported. These data on internal pore structure are related to the construction variables characteristic of the media examined, in particular the effect of yarn construction, yarn twist, fabric weave, and fabric finish on textile-type filter media.
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    Response (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 10S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690020326
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    Fractionation of gas mixtures in a moving-bed adsorber. II. Equilibrium consideration (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 463-467 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for estimating adsorption equilibria based on a modification of the Polanyi adsorption-potential theory was developed for use in the investigation described in Part I of this article. In addition, the recently published correlation method of Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Cadogan, suitably modified for the present application, was successfully employed in the correlation and extrapolation of the ternary equilibrium data.
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    Fractionation of gas mixtures in a moving-bed adsorber. I. Correlation of adsorber performance (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 456-463 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a pilot-scale-moving bed adsorber to separate the various components of a gas mixture using activated carbon as the preferential adsorbent are described. A binary system, methane-acetylene, and a ternary system, methane-carbon dioxide-acetylene, were studied. The performance of the unit was analyzed by means of the transfer-unit-height (H.T.U.) concept based on the observed changes in gas composition during tower operation. For both the binary and ternary systems the transfer-unit height was independent of feed-gas composition but was found to vary linearly with the ratio of feed gas to carbon flow. The over-all transfer-unit-height values based on either the gas or the adsorbed phase were observed to vary from 6.5 in. at 1.39 std. cu. ft./lb. carbon to 36.9 in. at 4.81 std. cu. ft./lb. carbon.
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    Theoretical-plate concept in chromatography (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 477-481 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theoretical-plate concept in chromatography has been treated on the basis of continuous flow of eluent through the plates of the column. A treatment more precise in principle than the previous treatments is presented. General elution and deposition equations have been derived and applied to special cases of practical interest. The derived formulas have the advantage of precision, generality, and simplicity.The theory was found adaptable to the treatment of gradient elution and also to the calculation of the fraction of solute which has been eluted or still-adsorbed on the column during the elution process.A method for the determination of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatographic column is also described.
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    Measurements of bubbles formed in boiling Methanol (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 471-476 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The photographic method was used to measure bubble sizes and frequencies for methanol boiling at atmospheric pressure outside a 3/8-in. O.D., steam-heated, horizontal copper tube. The average temperature of the tube was measured by use of the tube as a resistance thermometer. For nucleate boiling at heat fluxes up to 80% of the maximum, the product of bubble diameter and frequency was constant at 4 in./sec. In this region both the Rohsenow equation and the Forster-Zuber equation gave good predictions of the heat transfer. At higher fluxes the product f × D increased and the equations were much less suitable. The critical temperature difference for copper to methanol was not a single value but was a region extending from 52° to 62°F. The heat flux was nearly constant throughout this range at a maximum of 115,000 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.). For film boiling, f × D was nearly constant at 11 sec.-1 Bromley's equation was unsuitable for ΔT values less than 180°F., but it became applicable at this ΔT. The use of Nusselt's equation for steam condensing inside the tube was found to be satisfactory, proof that the slight slope of the tube was sufficient to permit adequate condensate drainage.
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    Fluidized-bed heat transfer: A generalized dense-phase correlation (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 482-488 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fluidized-bed heat transfer mechanism is proposed that assumes that the chief resistance to heat exchange between a confining wall and a fluidized bed is in the laminar film at the vessel boundary. Heat flow through the film is by conduction. As the solids-particle velocity along the wall will modify film thickness, correlation of film coefficients in terms of particle velocities or the equivalent suggests itself. That heat transport from the boundary of the heating element to the fluidized core proceeds by way of turbulent solids mixing seems indicated by the considerable effect that the solids heat capacity appears to exert on over-all coefficients.The resulting correlation is examined critically in relation to pertinent literature data. The effect of fluidized-bed parameters on heat transfer coefficients is considered, and applicability and limits of the correlation are ascertained.
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    Diffusion and reaction in viscous-flow tubular reactor (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 489-497 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect on point and integral average conversion of chemical reaction, coupled with radial diffusion and radial distribution of reaction times in viscous-flow tubular reactors, is reported. Solutions are given for first-order reaction over an extensive range of dimensionless rate and time variables. An expression is given for a criterion of the conditions when the contribution of diffusion is so small that it may safely be disregarded as a variable. Another criterion also is given for the situation when diffusivity is so large, in comparison with other system constants, that the simple plug flow solution may be used without incurring more than a specified error.The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride was studied in 1/4- and 1/2-in.-diam. reactors in 10- and 15-ft. lengths. Reynolds numbers were between 40 and 400 and temperatures between 25° and 35 °C. It was found that the derived equations form a proper description of experiments in the smaller tube. Deviations from theory in the larger tube are explained in terms of free convection arising from nonisothermal conditions and from concentration gradients in the tube. Grashof criteria for initiation of convection in the system are discussed.
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    Thermodynamic properties of n-hexane (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 514-517 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermodynamic properties of n-hexane have been calculated over a temperature range of 32° to 540°F. and up to a pressure of 600 lb./sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor pressure, volumetric, heat capacity, and latent heat of vaporization data through the application of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data have been found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate to within 0.5 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to 0.0005 B.t.u./(lb.)(°R.).
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    Hydraulic analysis of sudden flow changes in a complex pumping circuit (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 143-147 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A problem arose as to what would happen if there were sudden failures of power to one or more pumps of a large-scale complex pumping circuit composed of several individual pumping systems. This paper describes the application of several published methods of hydraulic transient analysis to the problem. The performance of the system computed under several assumptions is discussed, and a comparison is made with experimentally determined values.
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    Purity control in sodium-cooled reactor systems (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in purity control in sodium systems are covered. Emphasis is placed on results from the prototype S.I.R. system as well as other unpublished data. Included are chemical and nuclear activation analyses of sodium, filtration data, and details and operation of cold traps and plugging indicators.
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    Liquid-metal extraction for processing of spent fuel (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 169-173 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plutonium and the fission products can be removed from irradiated uranium by liquidmetal extraction by use of another metal immiscible with uranium. Metals studied have been silver, cerium, and lanthanum. Plutonium removal by silver is high, by the rare-earth metals moderate. In all cases volatile elements, including cesium, strontium, and barium, are removed. Rare earths are efficiently removed. Ruthenium and molybdenum are largely unaffected. Experiments with synthetic fuels corresponding to long burn-up periods show improved removal of most elements. Repeated batch extractions indicate that a continuous process separating the fuel into uranium, plutonium, and fission-product fractions could be developed.
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    Apparatus for visual study of corrosion by hot water (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 215-218 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a windowed autoclave suitable for studying corrosion of materials by pressurized hot water are described. The technique for taking time-lapse motion pictures of a specimen from the instant of contact with the high-temperature water until the corrosion is complete is explained, and a set of typical pictures is presented showing the progress of the attack. Pressure and temperature measurements provide a means for rough computation of corrosion rates, as is shown by the results of two tests of uranium specimens subjected to pressurized hot water.
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    Effect of gamma radiation on aqueous ethylene-oxygen solutions (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 211-214 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixtures of ethylene and oxygen dissolved in water under pressures ranging from 200 to 700 lb./sq. in. were irradiated with Co60 gamma rays at a dose rate of 180,000 r./hr. G values (molecules/100 ev.) for aldehyde production as high as 200 were observed. Increasing total pressure and dose were found to decrease these G values. Alcohol, acids, hydrogen peroxide, and organic peroxide are also products of the reaction; however, the yields are much smaller.
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    Role of eddy conductivity in thermal transport (1956)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 2 (1956), S. 251-258 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interest in the course of chemical reactions in turbulent flow has made desirable detailed knowledge of the temperature distribution in flowing streams. One method of predicting the temperature distribution under a variety of conditions is reviewed here, the approach being limited to conditions of local uniform transport of momentum. A discussion of some of the aspects of eddy conductivity is included along with a brief review of the velocity distribution in uniform flow.The results serve to illustrate the relation of microscopic conditions of flow to the temperature distribution in a turbulently flowing stream. The importance of the molecular Prandtl number upon the transfer process is stressed.
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