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  • General Chemistry  (546)
  • Aircraft Stability and Control
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Limnology
  • 2010-2014  (15)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949  (769)
  • 2014  (15)
  • 1948  (407)
  • 1947  (362)
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  • 2010-2014  (15)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1945-1949  (769)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-05-25
    Description: The Efficient Descent Advisor (EDA) controller automation tool generates trajectory-based speed, path, and altitude-profile advisories to facilitate efficient, continuous descents into congested terminal airspace. While prior field trials have assessed the trajectory-prediction accuracy for large jet (i.e., Boeing and Airbus) types, smaller (i.e., regional and business) jet types present unique challenges involving different descent procedures and Flight Management System (FMS) capabilities. A small-jet field trial was conducted at Denver in the fall of 2010 with the objective of measuring trajectory prediction accuracy and quantifying the primary sources of error. This paper uses data collected onboard a Bombardier Global 5000 test aircraft to quantify the size and sources of trajectory prediction error. Error sources were quantified for the 44 runs by incrementally replacing predicted data with data collected onboard the aircraft and measuring the effect on time error. Results for en-route descents, from prior to top of descent to the meter fix 60-120 nmi downstream, indicate that the aircraft arrived an average 15 seconds earlier than predicted, with a standard deviation of 10 seconds. Target Mach and CAS deceleration were found to be the two largest error sources. If CAS deceleration error was reduced using a typical, more predictable level flight deceleration then the arrival time prediction error in 2010 would be on par with a 2009 flight trial of Airbus and Boeing revenue flights. Four of the error sources, tracker jumps, CAS deceleration, target Mach, and path distance, lend themselves to significant reductions with modest to no changes to ATC automation andor procedures. Wind error and its impact on arrival time error was significantly reduced in 2010 compared to a 1994 flight test using NASAs Boeing 737 test aircraft.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/TM-2014-218341 , ARC-E-DAA-TN15102
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper introduces a modeling and simulation tool for aeroservoelastic analysis of rectangular wings with trailing edge control surfaces. The inputs to the code are planform design parameters such as wing span, aspect ratio and number of control surfaces. A doublet lattice approach is taken to compute generalized forces. A rational function approximation is computed. The output, computed in a few seconds, is a state space aeroservoelastic model which can be used for analysis and control design. The tool is fully parameterized with default information so there is little required interaction with the model developer. Although, all parameters can be easily modified if desired.The focus of this paper is on tool presentation, verification and validation. This process is carried out in stages throughout the paper. The rational function approximation is verified against computed generalized forces for a plate model. A model composed of finite element plates is compared to a modal analysis from commercial software and an independently conducted experimental ground vibration test analysis. Aeroservoelastic analysis is the ultimate goal of this tool. Therefore the flutter speed and frequency for a clamped plate are computed using V-g and V-f analysis. The computational results are compared to a previously published computational analysis and wind tunnel results for the same structure. Finally a case study of a generic wing model with a single control surface is presented. Verification of the state space model is presented in comparison to V-g and V-f analysis. This also includes the analysis of the model in response to a 1-cos gust.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AFRC-E-DAA-TN17312 , AIAA SciTech 2015- Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference; Jan 05, 2015 - Jan 09, 2015; Kissimmee, Fl; United States
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: This paper presents a normalization based modified reference model adaptive control method for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) uncertain systems in the presence of bounded external disturbances. It has been shown that desired tracking performance can be achieved for the system's output and input signals with the proper choice of design parameters. The resulting adaptive control signal satisfies a second order linear time invariant (LTI) system, which is the effect of the normalization term in the adaptive laws. This LTI system provides the guideline for the design parameter selection. The theoretical findings are confirmed via a simulation example.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN17809 , IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC); Dec 15, 2014 - Dec 17, 2014; Los Angeles, CA; United States
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In June 2013, NASA and the U.S. Army jointly conducted a simulation experiment in the NASA-Ames Vertical Motion Simulator that examined and quantified the effects of limited-authority control system augmentation on handling qualities and task performance in both good and degraded visual environments (DVEs). The vehicle model used for the experiment was the OH-58D with similar size, weight and performance, and the same 4-blade rotor system as the Bell 407 civilian helicopter that is commonly used for medical evacuation and emergency medical services. The control systems investigated as part of this study included the baseline aircraft Rate Command system, a short-term Attitude Command/Attitude Hold system that uses lagged-rate feedback to provide a short-term attitude response, Modernized Control Laws that provide an Attitude Command/Attitude Hold control response type, and Modernized Control Laws with an additional Position Hold function. Evaluation tasks included the ADS-33 Hover, Sidestep, Acceleration/Deceleration, and Pirouette Mission Task Elements, as well as a new proposed Emergency Medical Services task that includes an approach and landing at a minimally prepared remote landing site. Degraded visual environments were simulated with night vision goggles and an unaided night scene. A total of nine experimental test pilots participated in the four-week simulation experiment. Data recorded during the evaluation included Cooper-Harper handling qualities ratings, Bedford Workload scale ratings, and task performance. The Usable Cue Environment (UCE) was measured for this simulation experiment, and found to be UCE equals 1 in good visual environments and UCE equals 2 in degraded visual environments with night vision goggles. Results showed that handling qualities ratings were improved with a control system providing short-term attitude response over a rate command system, although the improvements were not sufficient to produce Level 1 handling qualities in degraded visual environments. Results for an Attitude Command/Attitude Hold control system showed that borderline Level 1 handling qualities could be achieved in degraded visual environments, and the 10 percent authority stability augmentation system was adequate to obtain these handling qualities ratings.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN13978 , AHS Log No. 1052 , AHS (American Helicopter Society) Annual Forum and Technology Display (Forum 70); May 20, 2014 - May 22, 2014; Montreal, QC; Canada
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Flight research has shown the effectiveness of adaptive flight controls for improving aircraft safety and performance in the presence of uncertainties. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA)'s Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC) project designed and conducted a series of flight experiments to study the impact of variations in adaptive controller design complexity on performance and handling qualities. A novel complexity metric was devised to compare the degrees of simplicity achieved in three variations of a model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) for NASA's F-18 (McDonnell Douglas, now The Boeing Company, Chicago, Illinois) Full-Scale Advanced Systems Testbed (Gen-2A) aircraft. The complexity measures of these controllers are also compared to that of an earlier MRAC design for NASA's Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) project and flown on a highly modified F-15 aircraft (McDonnell Douglas, now The Boeing Company, Chicago, Illinois). Pilot comments during the IRAC research flights pointed to the importance of workload on handling qualities ratings for failure and damage scenarios. Modifications to existing pilot aggressiveness and duty cycle metrics are presented and applied to the IRAC controllers. Finally, while adaptive controllers may alleviate the effects of failures or damage on an aircraft's handling qualities, they also have the potential to introduce annoying changes to the flight dynamics or to the operation of aircraft systems. A nuisance rating scale is presented for the categorization of nuisance side-effects of adaptive controllers.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-E-DAA-TN10945 , NASA/TM-2014-216640
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A generic model of the aerodynamic coefficients was developed using wind tunnel databases for eight different aircraft and multivariate orthogonal functions. For each database and each coefficient, models were determined using polynomials expanded about the state and control variables, and an othgonalization procedure. A predicted squared-error criterion was used to automatically select the model terms. Modeling terms picked in at least half of the analyses, which totalled 45 terms, were retained to form the generic nonlinear aerodynamic (GNA) model. Least squares was then used to estimate the model parameters and associated uncertainty that best fit the GNA model to each database. Nonlinear flight simulations were used to demonstrate that the GNA model produces accurate trim solutions, local behavior (modal frequencies and damping ratios), and global dynamic behavior (91% accurate state histories and 80% accurate aerodynamic coefficient histories) under large-amplitude excitation. This compact aerodynamics model can be used to decrease on-board memory storage requirements, quickly change conceptual aircraft models, provide smooth analytical functions for control and optimization applications, and facilitate real-time parametric system identification.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Paper 2014-0542 , NF1676L-16662 , AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Jan 13, 2014 - Jan 17, 2014; National Harbor, MD; United States
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a certainty equivalence output feedback backstepping adaptive control design method for the systems of any relative degree with unmatched uncertainties without over-parametrization. It uses a fast prediction model to estimate the unknown parameters, which is independent of the control design. It is shown that the system's input and output tracking errors can be systematically decreased by the proper choice of the design parameters. The approach is applied to aerospace control problems and tested in numerical simulations.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN12362 , SciTech 2014; Jan 13, 2014 - Jan 17, 2014; National Harbor, MD; United States
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The X-56A aircraft is a remotely-piloted aircraft with flutter modes intentionally designed into the flight envelope. The X-56A program must demonstrate flight control while suppressing all unstable modes. A previous X-56A model study demonstrated a distributed-sensing-based active shape and active flutter suppression controller. The controller relies on an estimator which is sensitive to bias. This estimator is improved herein, and a real-time robust estimator is derived and demonstrated on 1530 fiber optic sensors. It is shown in simulation that the estimator can simultaneously reject 230 worst-case fiber optic sensor failures automatically. These sensor failures include locations with high leverage (or importance). To reduce the impact of leverage outliers, concentration based on a Mahalanobis trim criterion is introduced. A redescending M-estimator with Tukey bisquare weights is used to improve location and dispersion estimates within each concentration step in the presence of asymmetry (or leverage). A dynamic simulation is used to compare the concentrated robust estimator to a state-of-the-art real-time robust multivariate estimator. The estimators support a previously-derived mu-optimal shape controller. It is found that during the failure scenario, the concentrated modal estimator keeps the system stable.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: DFRC-E-DAA-TN14268 , AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference; Jun 16, 2014 - Jun 20, 2014; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Morpheus Lander is a vertical takeoff and landing test bed vehicle developed to demonstrate the system performance of the Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C) system capability for the integrated autonomous landing and hazard avoidance system hardware and software. The Morpheus flight control system design must be robust to various mission profiles. This paper presents a design methodology for employing numerical optimization to develop the Morpheus flight control system. The design objectives include attitude tracking accuracy and robust stability with respect to rigid body dynamics and propellant slosh. Under the assumption that the Morpheus time-varying dynamics and control system can be frozen over a short period of time, the flight controllers are designed to stabilize all selected frozen-time control systems in the presence of parametric uncertainty. Both control gains in the inner attitude control loop and guidance gains in the outer position control loop are designed to maximize the vehicle performance while ensuring robustness. The flight control system designs provided herein have been demonstrated to provide stable control systems in both Draper Ares Stability Analysis Tool (ASAT) and the NASA/JSC Trick-based Morpheus time domain simulation.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: JSC-CN-31053 , AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference; Aug 04, 2014 - Aug 07, 2014; San Diego, CA; United States|AIAA Space 2014; Aug 04, 2014 - Aug 07, 2014; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As part of the NASA Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies (VSST), Assuring Safe and Effective Aircraft Control Under Hazardous Conditions (Technical Challenge #3), an effort is underway within Boeing Research and Technology (BR&T) to address Advanced Modeling and Uncertainty Quantification for Flight Dynamics (VSST1-7). The scope of the effort is to develop and evaluate advanced multidisciplinary flight dynamics modeling techniques, including integrated uncertainties, to facilitate higher fidelity response characterization of current and future aircraft configurations approaching and during loss-of-control conditions. This approach is to incorporate multiple flight dynamics modeling methods for aerodynamics, structures, and propulsion, including experimental, computational, and analytical. Also to be included are techniques for data integration and uncertainty characterization and quantification. This research shall introduce new and updated multidisciplinary modeling and simulation technologies designed to improve the ability to characterize airplane response in off-nominal flight conditions. The research shall also introduce new techniques for uncertainty modeling that will provide a unified database model comprised of multiple sources, as well as an uncertainty bounds database for each data source such that a full vehicle uncertainty analysis is possible even when approaching or beyond Loss of Control boundaries. Methodologies developed as part of this research shall be instrumental in predicting and mitigating loss of control precursors and events directly linked to causal and contributing factors, such as stall, failures, damage, or icing. The tasks will include utilizing the BR&T Water Tunnel to collect static and dynamic data to be compared to the GTM extended WT database, characterizing flight dynamics in off-nominal conditions, developing tools for structural load estimation under dynamic conditions, devising methods for integrating various modeling elements into a real-time simulation capability, generating techniques for uncertainty modeling that draw data from multiple modeling sources, and providing a unified database model that includes nominal plus increments for each flight condition. This paper presents status of testing in the BR&T water tunnel and analysis of the resulting data and efforts to characterize these data using alternative modeling methods. Program challenges and issues are also presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Paper 2014-0035 , NF1676L-17980 , Science and Technology Forum and Exposition (SciTech2014); Jan 13, 2014 - Jan 17, 2014; National Harbor, MD; United States
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Flying near the edge of the safe operating envelope is an inherently unsafe proposition. Edge of the envelope here implies that small changes or disturbances in system state or system dynamics can take the system out of the safe envelope in a short time and could result in loss-of-control events. This study evaluated approaches to predicting loss-of-control safety margins as the aircraft gets closer to the edge of the safe operating envelope. The goal of the approach is to provide the pilot aural, visual, and tactile cues focused on maintaining the pilot's control action within predicted loss-of-control boundaries. Our predictive architecture combines quantitative loss-of-control boundaries, an adaptive prediction method to estimate in real-time Markov model parameters and associated stability margins, and a real-time data-based predictive control margins estimation algorithm. The combined architecture is applied to a nonlinear transport class aircraft. Evaluations of various feedback cues using both test and commercial pilots in the NASA Ames Vertical Motion-base Simulator (VMS) were conducted in the summer of 2013. The paper presents results of this evaluation focused on effectiveness of these approaches and the cues in preventing the pilots from entering a loss-of-control event.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN12490 , SciTech 2014; Jan 13, 2014 - Jan 17, 2014; National Harbor, MD; United States
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Numerical simulations of fluid flow and collection efficiency for a Science Engineering Associates (SEA) multi-element probe are presented. Simulation of the flow field was produced using the Glenn-HT Navier-Stokes solver. Three dimensional unsteady results were produced and then time averaged for the collection efficiency results. Three grid densities were investigated to enable an assessment of grid dependence. Collection efficiencies were generated for three spherical particle sizes, 100, 20, and 5 micron in diameter, using the codes LEWICE3D and LEWICE2D. The free stream Mach number was 0.27, representing a velocity of approximately 86 ms. It was observed that a reduction in velocity of about 15-20 occurred as the flow entered the shroud of the probe.Collection efficiency results indicate a reduction in collection efficiency as particle size is reduced. The reduction with particle size is expected, however, the results tended to be lower than previous results generated for isolated two-dimensional elements. The deviation from the two-dimensional results is more pronounced for the smaller particles and is likely due to the effect of the protective shroud.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN15808 , AIAA Aviation 2014; Jun 16, 2014 - Jun 20, 2014; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Control of complex Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft traversing from hovering to wing born flight mode and back poses notoriously difficult modeling, simulation, control, and flight-testing challenges. This paper provides an overview of the techniques and advances required to develop the GL-10 tilt-wing, tilt-tail, long endurance, VTOL aircraft control system. The GL-10 prototype's unusual and complex configuration requires application of state-of-the-art techniques and some significant advances in wind tunnel infrastructure automation, efficient Design Of Experiments (DOE) tunnel test techniques, modeling, multi-body equations of motion, multi-body actuator models, simulation, control algorithm design, and flight test avionics, testing, and analysis. The following compendium surveys key disciplines required to develop an effective control system for this challenging vehicle in this on-going effort.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: AIAA Paper 2014-2999 , NF1676L-17842 , AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations (ATIO) Conference; Jun 16, 2014 - Jun 20, 2014; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: This is the story of a unique research airplane-unique because the airplane and the programs that supported it did things that have never been done before or since. The major purpose of this book is to tell the story of NASA's role in the X-31 program. In order to do this, though, it is necessary to put NASA's participation in perspective with the other phases of the program, namely the genesis of the concept, the design and fabrication of the aircraft, the initial flight testing done without NASA participation, the flight testing done with NASA participation, and the subsequent Navy X-31 Vectoring ESTOL (extreme short takeoff and landings) Control Operation Research (VECTOR) program.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NASA/SP-2014-613 , HQ-STI-13-153
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Instittuto Nacional de Investigaçao Pesqueira, INIP, luanda , Angola
    Description: Bachelors
    Description: Trabaho de fin cdoursado para obtençâo do grau de licenciatura em Biologica
    Description: Published
    Description: biologia marinha, fitoplâncton, limnologia, algas
    Description: marine biology, phytoplankton, algae,
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Nannoplankton ; Biology ; Limnology ; Algae
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Theses and Dissertations , Bachelor thesis
    Format: 56
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several groups of new airfoil sections, designated as the NACA 8-series, are derived analytically to have lift characteristics at supercritical Mach numbers which are favorable in the sense that the abrupt loss of lift, characteristic of the usual airfoil section at Mach numbers above the critical, is avoided. Aerodynamic characteristics determined, from two-dimensional windtunnel tests at Mach numbers up to approximately 0.9 are presented for each of the derived airfoils. Comparisons are made between the characteristics of these airfoils and the corresponding characteristics of representative NPiCA 6-series airfoils. The experimental results confirm the design expectations in demonstrating for the NACA S-series airfoils either no variation, or an Increase from the low-speed design value, In the lift coefficient at a constant angle of attack with increasing Mach number above the critical. It was not found possible to improve the variation with Mach number of the slope of the lift curve for these airfoils above that for the NACA 6-series airfoils. The drag characteristics of the new airfoils are somewhat inferior to those of the NACA 6- series with respect to divergence with Mach number, but the pitching-moment characteristics are more favorable for the thinner new sections In demonstrating somewhat smaller variations of moment coefficient with both angle of attack and Mach number. The effect on the aero&ynamic characteristics at high Mach numbers of removing the cusp from the trailing-edge regions of two 10-percent-chord-thick NACA 6-series airfoils is determined to be negligible.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-TN-1771
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel to determine the effects of decreasing the rudder deflection, of decreasing the rudder span, and of differential rudder movements on the spin and recovery characteristics of a 0.057-scale model of the Chance Vought XF7U-1 airplane. The results indicated that decreasing the rudder span or the rudder deflections, individually or jointly, did not seriously alter the spin or recovery characteristics of the model; and recovery by normal use of controls (full rapid rudder reversal followed l/2 to 1 turn later by movement of the stick forward of neutral) remained satisfactory. Linking the original rudders so that the inboard rudder moves from full with the spin to neutral while the outboard rudder moves from neutral to full against the spin will also result in satisfactory spin and recovery characteristics. Calculations of rudder-pedal forces for recovery showed that the expected forces would probably be within the capabilities of a pilot but that it would be advisable to install some type of boost in the control system to insure easy and rapid movement of the rudders.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL9H30a
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A series of flight tests have been made at the Langley Flight Research Division at the request of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy, to determine the flying qualities of the Grumman F8F-1 air- plane. This paper presents the test results necessary to determine the longitudinal stability and control characteristics end the stalling characteristics. These tests were made between February and June of 1947- The range of Mach numbers covered in this investigation was approximately 0.10 to 0.62, and no attempt was made to investigate compressibility effects at higher Mach numbers. The lateral and directional stability and control characteristics of the subject airplane have already been reported (reference 1). Also presented in this paper is a discussion of the normal accelerations induced by yawing velocity and sideslip which were considered ob,jectionable by the pilot for this airplane. A discussion of the undesirable accelerations has been included with a view towards formulating some flying-qualities requirements limiting them.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8H27
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A spin investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel on a 1/24-scale model of the North American XP-86 airplane. The effects of control settings and movements upon the erect and inverted spin and recovery characteristics of the model were determined for the design gross weight loading. The long-range loading was also investigated and the effects of extending slats and dive flaps were determined. In addition, the investigation included the determination of the size of spin-recovery parachute required for emergency recovery from demonstration spins, the rudder force required to move the rudder for recovery, and the best method for the pilot to escape if it should become necessary to do so during a spin. The results of the investigation indicated that the XP-86 airplane will probably recover satisfactorily from erect and inverted spins for all possible loadings. It was found that fully extending both slats would be beneficial but that extending the dive brakes would cause unsatisfactory recoveries. It was determined that a 10.0-foot-diameter tail parachute with a drag coefficient of 0.7 and with a towline 30.0 feet long attached below the jet exit or a 6.0-foot-diameter wingtip parachute opened on the outer wing tip with a towline 6.0 feet long would insure recoveries from any spins obtainable. The rudder-pedal force necessary to move the rudder for satisfactory recovery was found to be within the physical capabilities of the pilot.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8D22
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: This paper presents the results of measurements of longitudinal stability of a 1/50-scale model of the XP-88 airplane by the wing-flow method. Lift, rolling-moment, hinge-moment, and pitching-moment characteristics as well as the downwash at the tail were measured over a Mach number range from approximately 0.5 to 1.05 at Reynolds numbers below 1,000,000. No measurements of drag were obtained. No abrupt changes due to Mach number were noted in any of the parameters measured. The data indicated that the wing was subject to early tip stalling; that the tail effectiveness decreased gradually with increasing Mach number up to M = 0.9, but increased again at higher Mach numbers; that the variation of downwash with angle of attack did not change appreciably with Mach number except between 0.95 and 1.0 where d(epsilon)/d(alpha), decreased from 0.46 to 0.32; that at zero lift with a stabilizer setting of -1.5 deg there was a gradually increasing nosing-up tendency with increasing Mach number; and that the control-fixed stability in maneuvers at constant speed gradually increased with increasing Mach number.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8E28A
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of the spin and recovery characteristics of a 0.057-scale model of the Chance Vought XF7U-1 airplane has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel. The effects of control settings and movements on the erect and inverted spin and recovery characteristics were determined, as were also the effects of extending the wing slats, of center-of-gravity movement, and-of variation in the mass distribution. The investigation also included wing-tip spin-recovery-parachute tests, pilot-escape tests, and rudder-control-force tests. The investigation indicated that the spin and recovery characteristics of the airplane will be satisfactory for all conditions. It was found that a single 4.24-foot (full-scale) parachute when opened alone from the outboard wing tip or two 8.77-foot (full-scale) parachutes when opened simultaneously, one from each wing tip, would effect satisfactory emergency recoveries (the drag coefficients of the parachutes, based on the surface area of the parachute, were 0.83 and 0.70 for the 4.24- and 8.77-foot parachutes, respectively). The towline length in both cases was 25 feet (full scale). Tests results showed that, if the pilot should have to leave the airplane during a spin, he should jump from the outboard side (left side in a right spin) of the cockpit. The rudder-control force necessary for recovery from a spin was found to be rather high but appeared to be within the upper limits of a pilot's capabilities.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8A13
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Tests of a 1/20-scale dynamically similar model of the Northrop B-35 airplane were made to study its ditching characteristics. The model was ditched in calm water at the Langley tank no. 2 monorail. Various landing attitudes, speeds,and conditions of damage were simulated during the investigation. The ditching characteristics were determined by visual observation and from motion-picture records and time-history acceleration records. Both longitudinal and lateral accelerations were measured. Results are given in tabular form and time-history acceleration curves and sequence photographs are presented. Conclusions based on the model investigation are as follows: 1. The best ditching of the B-35 airplane probably can be made by contacting the water in a near normal landing attitude of about 9 deg with the landing flaps full down so as to have a low horizontal speed. 2. The airplane usually will turn or yaw but the motion will not be violent. The maximum lateral acceleration will be about 2g. 3. If the airplane does not turn or yaw immediately after landing, it probably will trim up and then make a smooth run or porpoise slightly. The maximum longitudinal decelerations that will be encountered are about 6g or 7g. 4. Although the decelerations are not indicated to be especially large, the construction of the airplane is such that extensive damage is to be expected, and it probably will be difficult to find ditching stations where crew members can adequately brace themselves and be reasonably sure of avoiding a large inrush of water.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8A29
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: At the request of the Henschel Aircraft Works. A. G. Berlin. three models of the missile "Zitterrochen" were investigated at subsonic velocities.(open jet 215-millimeter diameter) and at supersonic velocities (open jet 110 by 130 millimeters) in order to determine the effect of various wing forms on the air forces and moments. Three-component measurements were taken, and one model was also investigated with deflected control plates.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-TM-1159 , DLUM-3122 , Deutsche Luftfahrtforschung, Untersuchungen und Mitteilungen
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The compression plane is intended for operation on or close to the surface of the water, and has a hull with a concave bottom which forms the upper surface of a tunnel into which air is forced under pressure to support part of the load. The results of the tests made in Langley tank no. 1 include values of the horizontal forces, trimming moment, and static pressure in the tunnel for a wide range of loads and speeds and two power conditions, and are presented in the form of curves against speed with load as a parameter. The results are scaled up to 10 times the model size for three conditions at which the model is self-propelled at a steady speed. Lift is obtained from the static pressure of air in the tunnel. In general, the ratio of the gross load to the total resistance increases with increase in load and decrease in speed. This ratio varies between l-7 and 5.7 at high speeds and has a maximum value of 7. The total resistance is nearly the same for both power conditions except at low speeds and heavy loads. No abrupt change in forces on the hull or flow around the hull occurs in. the region of zero draft. The centers of pressure are generally far aft. At the most efficient trim (1.2'), considerable bow-up moment would be required for practicable operation. There is no abrupt transition from the air-borne to the water- borne condition.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8G02
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Flight tests have been made to determine the longitudinal stability and control and stalling characteristics of a North American P-51H airplane. The results indicate that the airplane has satisfactory longitudinal stability in all the flight conditions tested at normal loadings up to 25,000 feet altitude. At Mach numbers above 0.7, the elevator push force required for longitudinal trim decreased somewhat because of compressibility effects. The elevator stick force per g in accelerated turns at the forward center-of-gravity position of 24 percent mean aerodynamic chord above 250 miles per hour was in excess of the required limits at both 5,000 and 25,OOO feet altitude. The longitudinal-trim-force changes due to flaps and power were small, but the rudder-trim-force change with power change was high. The stalling characteristics in all the conditions tested were satisfactory.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The ditching characteristics of the Lockheed XR60-1 airplane were determined by tests of a 1/24-scale dynamic model in calm water at the Langley tank no. 2 monorail. Various landing attitudes, flap settings, speeds, and conditions of damager were investigated. The ditching behavior was evaluated from recordings of decelerations, length of runs, and motions of the model. Scale-strength bottoms and simulated crumpled bottoms were used to reproduce probable damage to the fuselage. It was concluded that the airplane should be ditched at a landing attitude of about 5 deg with flaps full down. At this attitude, the maximum longitudinal deceleration should not exceed 2g and the landing run will be bout three fuselage lengths. Damage to the fuselage will not be excessive and will be greatest near the point of initial contact with the water.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8E17
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: This report presents the results of an investigation in the transonic speed range of the longitudinal stability characteristics of a proposed configuration for the Republic XF-91 airplane. The tests covered a Mach number range of 0.55 to 1.05 and a Reynolds number range from 400,000 to 1,375,000. Lift, pitching-moment, and rolling-moment characteristics of the half model and the hinge moments on the all-moving tail were measured. The downwash factor delta x epsilon / delta x alpha at the tail was determined from the pitching-moment data. A calculation of the elevator deflection and stick force required for trim was also made. It was found that the variation of force and moment coefficients was linear through the test angle-of-attack range of -1 deg to 8 deg at any Mach number; that the stability increased markedly at Mach numbers above 0.85; that the effectiveness of the tail in producing pitching moments decreased about one-third with increasing Mach numbers and that the value of the downwash factor, delta x epsilon / delta x alpha, at the tail decreased from about 0.35 at a Mach number of 0.85 to about zero at a Mach number near 0.95 and became slightly negative at higher Mach numbers. The calculated values of stick force per g and elevator deflection per g, assuming no aerodynamic balance, increased rapidly above a Mach number of 0.85.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8K17
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Based on results of longitudinal trim and tumble tests of a 0.057-scale model of the Chance Vought XF7U-1 airplane, the following conclusions regarding the trim and tumble characteristics of the airplane have been drawn: 1. The airplane will not trim at any unusual or uncontrolled angles of attack. 2. The airplane will not tumble with the center of gravity located forward of 24 percent of the mean aerodynamic chord. When the center of gravity is located at 24 percent of the mean aerodynamic chord and slats are extended and elevators are deflected full up, the airplane may tumble if given an external positive pitching moment. 3. The tumbling motion obtained will be readily terminated by deflecting the elevators full down so as to oppose the rotation. 4. The accelerations encountered during an established tumble may be dangerous to the pilot and, therefore, action should be taken to terminate a tumble immediately upon its inception. 5. Simultaneous opening of two wing-tip parachutes having diameters of 4 feet or larger and having drag coefficients of approximately 0.7 will effectively terminate the tumble. 6. Model results indicate that the pilot will not be struck by the airplane if it becomes necessary to leave the airplane during a tumble. The pilot may require aid from an ejection-seat arrangement.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8F14
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: At the request of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, a stability and control investigation of a 1/10-scale model of the Chance Vought XF7U-1 airplane has been conducted in the Langley free-flight tunnel. Results of force end flight tests to determine the power-off stability and control characteristics of the model with slats retracted and extended are presented herein. The longitudinal and lateral stability characteristics were satisfactory for both the slats retracted and extended conditions over the lift range up to the stall. With the slats retracted, the stall was fairly gentle but the model rolled off out of control. With the slats extended, control could be maintained at the stall so that the wings could be kept level even as the model dropped.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8A19
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation of the spin and recovery characteristics of a scale model of the Grumman XF9F-2 airplane has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel. The effects of control settings and movements on the erect and inverted spin and recovery characteristics of the model in the flight loading were determined. The investigation also included spin-recovery-parachute, pilot-escape, and rudder-pedal- . force tests. The recovery characteristics of the model were satisfactory for all configurations tested. Spins for the normal control configuration were oscillatory in roll and yaw. Deflecting the leading-edge flaps or the dive brakes did not change the spin and recovery characteristics of the model noticeably. A 10.0-foot tail parachute or a 6.0-foot wing-tip parachute (drag coefficient of 0.75) was found to be effective for recoveries from demonstration spins. The rudder forces in the spin appeared to be within the capabilities of the pilot.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL7L09
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The ditching characteristics of the Army B-36 airplane were determined by testing 1/20- and 1/30-scale dynamic models in calm water in Langley tank no. 2 and at the outdoor catapult. The scope of the tests consisted of ditching the models at various conditions of simulated damage, landing attitudes, and speeds, with various flap settings using several degrees of restraint of the flap hinges. The ditching behavior was evaluated from recordings of deceleration, length of run, and motions of the models. The results showed that the airplane should be ditched at an attitude of about 9 deg with flaps full down. The probable ditching behavior will be a smooth run with a maximum longitudinal deceleration of 3g to 4g and a landing run of 4 to 5 fuselage lengths. Structural failure of the underside of the fuselage will not seriously affect the behavior of the airplane.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8B25
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 20-foot free-spinning tunnel on the 1/20-scale model of the Chance Vought XF6U-1 airplane altered to represent the XF6U-1 airplane as it will be spin-tested in flight, and also altered to represent the F6U-1 airplane as it will be produced for service use. Spin tests were made to determine the effects of control settings and movements at the normal loading. The results show that the spins obtained on the revised XF6U-1 airplane will be oscillatory in roll and yaw and that recoveries by rudder reversal will be rapid. Model test results indicate that the F6U-1 airplane will probably not spin. Inasmuch as the results of this investigation show that the new designs are as good as or better than the original XF6U-1 design in regard to spin recovery, it is felt that the conclusions and recommendations reached for the original design can be applied to the new designs for all loading conditions.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-SL8F03
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The gust and draft velocities from records of NACA instruments installed in P-61C airplanes participating in thunderstorm flights at Clinton County Army Air Field, Ohio, from September 10, 1947 to September 15, 1947, are presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: NACA-RM-L8C31
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 83 (1948) 
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    Journal of Morphology 83 (1948), S. 61-85 
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    Journal of Morphology 83 (1948), S. 253-279 
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    Journal of Morphology 83 (1948), S. 39-59 
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    Journal of Morphology 83 (1948), S. 105-148 
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    Journal of Morphology 83 (1948), S. 359-371 
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    Journal of Morphology 82 (1948), S. 53-80 
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    Journal of Morphology 82 (1948), S. 229-256 
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    Journal of Morphology 82 (1948), S. 257-268 
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    Journal of Morphology 82 (1948), S. 269-285 
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    Journal of Morphology 82 (1948), S. 355-363 
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    Journal of Morphology 82 (1948), S. 287-329 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 216-217 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 220-220 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 224-224 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 225-231 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei einer kritischen Betrachtung der Kohlenwasserstoffsynthese ergibt sich die Aufgabe, einen höheren Anteil des aufgewendeten Gases in das Endprodukt zu überführen und gleichzeitig wertvollere Erzeugnisse zu erhalten. Entsprechende Arbeiten führten zur Entwicklung einer neuen technischen Synthese, die von Kohlenoxyd-Wasserstoff-Gemischen ausgehend Gemische aliphatischer, normaler Alkohole mit aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen ergibt. Nach Besprechung der chemischen Grundlagen werden auch die betriebstechnischen Erfahrungen bei der Synthese mitgeteilt.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 232-234 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In der Druckfarbenindustrie wird es als ein Mangel empfunden, daß die Angaben über die Lichtechtheit von Druckfarben für das graphische Gewerbe nur auf empirisch festgestellten Vergleichswerten beruhen und daß es bisher nicht möglich war, zwei verschiedene Farben bezüglich ihres Verhaltens gegenüber Belichtung richtig zu bewerten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Versuch dar, die Lichtechtheit von Druckfarben auf Grund ihrer Farbänderung durch Belichtung jederzeit reproduzierbar zahlenmäßig zu erfassen und auf einfache und anschauliche Weise darzustellen. Darum wurde auch vorerst bewußt der exaktere, rein farbmetrische Weg nicht beschritten.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 188-188 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 185-188 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 189-189 
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 196-196 
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    Notes: Die wachsende Bedeutung und der zunehmende Einsatz von nichtmetallischen Baustoffen in der Destillier- und Rektifiziertechnik führte in den letzten Jahren zur Entwicklung und Ausführung neuartiger Füllkörper. Durch Wahl bestimmter Formen und Abmessungen sollten Vorteile in der Belastbarkeit, Wirkung, im Druckverlust oder gleichzeitig in mehreren der genannten Betriebseigenheiten erzielt werden. Diese sind bekanntlich durch eine Reihe von gleichzeitig wirksamen und deshalb überlagerten Einflüssen bedingt. Einen sicheren Anhaltspunkt über die Güte eines Füllkörpers geben deshalb allein Ergebnisse von Versuchen. Diese wurden im Institut für Apparatebau der Technischen Hochschule Karlsruhe mit dem Ziele durchgeführt, Unterlagen für einen Vergleich zwischen den neuartigen und bekannten Füllkörpern zu schaffen.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 175-176 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unter Zugrundelegung des Hagen - Poiseulleschen Gesetzes und der Hagenbach - Korrektur wurde für Kapillarrohr-Strömungsmesser, die nach dem Differenzdruck-Verfahren arbeiten, ein Nomogramm entwickelt, das eine gute Übersicht über die Verwendungsmöglichkeit alter und über die Baugrößen neuer Strömungsmesser erlaubt.
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    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 20 (1948), S. 183-184 
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    Notes: Kolonnen mit rotierenden Einsätzen wurden zuerst in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika entwickelt und wurden mit großem Erfolg benutzt. Im folgenden wird über Versuche an einer derartigen Kolonne berichtet und eine Erklärung der günstigen Trennwirkung gegeben.
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    Notes: In dem folgenden Beitrag sind die Werkstoffeigenschaften der Au-Pt-Legierung, vor allem aber ihr Verhalten in Zahlreichen Spezialfällen der Laboratoriumspraxis beschrieben
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    Notes: Viele Industrieanlagen konnten gegenwärtig noch nicht instand gesetzt werden. Der Bestand der vorhandenen Anlagen muß daher gesichert werden, damit kein weiterer Verfall eintritt. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt sind die zur Instandhaltung von Speisewasseranlagen erforderlichen Maßnahmen im folgenden kurz zusammengestellt.
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