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  • 1
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    The Submarine Boundaries of Mount Etna’s Unstable Southeastern Flank (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: Coastal and ocean island volcanoes are renowned for having unstable flanks. This can lead to flank deformation on a variety of temporal and spatial scales ranging from slow creep to catastrophic sector collapse. A large section of these unstable flanks is often below sea level, where information on the volcano-tectonic structure and ground deformation is limited. Consequently, kinematic models that attempt to explain measured ground deformation onshore associated with flank instability are poorly constrained in the offshore area. Here, we attempt to determine the locations and the morpho-tectonic structures of the boundaries of the submerged unstable southeastern flank of Mount Etna (Italy). The integration of new marine data (bathymetry, microbathymetry, offshore seismicity, reflection seismic lines) and published marine data (bathymetry, seafloor geodesy, reflection seismic lines) allows identifying the lineament north of Catania Canyon as the southern lateral boundary with a high level of confidence. The northern and the distal (seaward) boundaries are less clear because no microbathymetric or seafloor geodetic data are available. Hypotheses for their locations are presented. Geophysical imaging suggests that the offshore Timpe Fault System is a shallow second-order structure that likely results from extensional deformation within the moving flank. Evidence for active uplift and compression upslope of the amphitheater-shaped depression from seismic data along with subsidence of the onshore Giarre Wedge block observed in ground deformation data leads us to propose that this block is a rotational slump, which moves on top of the large-scale instability. The new shoreline-crossing structural assessment may now inform and improve kinematic models.
    Description: Published
    Description: 810790
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seafloor ; fault ; flank dynamics ; hydroacoustic ; geodesy ; seismic profiles ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.02. Data dissemination
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Modeling Tsunamis Generated by Submarine Landslides at Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): A Numerical Benchmark Study (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: We present a benchmark study aimed at identifying the most effective modeling approach for tsunami generation, propagation, and hazard in an active volcanic context, such as the island of Stromboli (Italy). We take as a reference scenario the 2002 landslide-generated tsunami event at Stromboli simulated to assess the relative sensitivity of numerical predictions to the landslide and the wave models, with our analysis limited to the submarine landslide case. Two numerical codes, at different levels of approximation, have been compared in this study: the NHWAVE three-dimensional non-hydrostaticmodel in sigma-coordinates and theMultilayer-HySEA model. In particular, different instances of Multilayer-HySEA with one or more vertical discretization layers, in hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic formulation and with different landslide models have been tested. Model results have been compared for the maximum runup along the shores of Stromboli village, and the waveform sampled at four proximal sites (two of them corresponding to the locations of the monitoring gauges, offshore the Sciara del Fuoco). Both rigid and deformable (granular) submarine landslide models, with volumes ranging from 7 to 25 million of cubic meters, have been used to trigger the water waves, with different physical descriptions of the mass movement. Close to the source, the maximum surface elevation and the resulting runup at the Stromboli village shores obtainedwith hydrostatic and non-hydrostaticmodels are similar. However, hydrostatic models overestimate (with respect to non-hydrostatic ones) the amplitude of the initial positive wave crest, whose height increases with the distance. Moreover, as expected, results indicate significant differences between the waveforms produced by the different models at proximal locations. The accuratemodeling of near-field waveforms is particularly critical at Stromboli in the perspective of using the installed proximal sea-level gauges, together with numerical simulations, to characterize tsunami source in an early-warning system. We show that the use of non-hydrostatic models, coupled with a multilayer approach, allows a better description of the waveforms. However, the source description remains the most sensitive (and uncertain) aspect of the modeling. We finally show that non-hydrostatic models, such as Multilayer-HySEA, solved on accelerated GPU architectures, exhibit the optimal trade-off between accuracy and computational requirements, at least for the envisaged problem size and for what concerns the proximal wave field of tsunamis generated by volcano landslides. Their application and future developments are opening new avenues to tsunami early warning at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 628652
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: landslide ; tsunami ; volcano ; Stromboli ; numerical simulation ; benchmark ; hazard assessment ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Application of Subspace-Based Detection Algorithm to Infrasound Signals in Volcanic Areas (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: Infrasonic signals investigation plays a fundamental role for both volcano monitoring purpose and the study of the explosion dynamics. Proper and reliable detection of weak signals is a critical issue in active volcano monitoring. In particular, in volcanic acoustics, it has direct consequences in pinpointing the real number of generated events (amplitude transients), especially when they exhibit low amplitude, are close in time to each other, and/or multiple sources exist. To accomplish this task, several algorithms have been proposed in literature; in particular, to overcome limitations of classical approaches such as short-time average/long-time average and cross-correlation detector, in this paper a subspace-based detection technique has been implemented. Results obtained by applying subspace detector on real infrasound data highlight that this method allows sensitive detection of lower energy events. This method is based on a projection of a sliding window of signal buffer onto a signal subspace that spans a collection of reference signals, representing similar waveforms from a particular infrasound source. A critical point is related to subspace design. Here, an empirical procedure has been applied to build the signal subspace from a set of reference waveforms (templates). In addition, in order to determine detectors parameters, such as subspace dimension and detection threshold, even in presence of overlapped noise such as infrasonic tremor, a statistical analysis of noise has been carried out. Finally, the subspace detector reliability and performance, have been assessed by performing a comparison among subspace approach, cross correlation detector and short-time average/long-time average detector. The obtained confusion matrix and extrapolated performance indices have demonstrated the potentiality, the advantages and drawbacks of the subspace method in tracking volcanic activity producing infrasound events. This method revealed to be a good compromise in detecting low-energy and very close in time events recorded during Strombolian activity
    Description: Published
    Description: 579923
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: infrasound signal ; trigger algorithm ; infrasound volcano monitoring ; strombolian activity ; etna volcano ; infrasonic tremor ; subspace detector ; infrasound events ; solid earth ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    The Seismicity of Ischia Island, Italy: An Integrated Earthquake Catalogue From 8th Century BC to 2019 and Its Statistical Properties (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-01
    Description: Ischia is a densely inhabited and touristic volcanic island located in the northern sector of the Gulf of Naples (Italy). In 2017, the Mw 3.9 Casamicciola earthquake occurred after more than one century of seismic quiescence characterized only by minor seismicity, which followed a century with three destructive earthquakes (in 1828, 1881, and 1883). These events, despite their moderate magnitude (Mw 〈 5.5), lead to dreadful effects on buildings and population. However, an integrated catalogue systematically covering historical and instrumental seismicity of Ischia has been still lacking since many years. Here, we review and systematically re-analyse all the available data on the historical and instrumental seismicity, to build an integrated earthquake catalogue for Ischia with a robust characterization of existing uncertainties. Supported by new or updated macroseismic datasets, we significantly enriched existing catalogues, as the Italian Parametric Earthquake Catalogue (CPTI15) that, with this analysis, passed from 12 to 57 earthquakes with macroseismic parametrization. We also extended back by 6 years the coverage of the instrumental catalogue, homogenizing the estimated seismic parameters. The obtained catalogue will not only represent a solid base for future local hazard quantifications, but also it provides the unique opportunity of characterizing the evolution of the Ischia seismicity over centuries. To this end, we analyse the spatial, temporal, and magnitude distributions of Ischia seismicity, revealing for example that, also in the present long-lasting period of volcanic quiescence, is significantly non-stationary and characterized by a b-value larger than 1.
    Description: This work benefited of the agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC).
    Description: Published
    Description: 629736
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ischia island ; Volcano seismicity ; Seismic catalogue ; Completeness analysis ; Ensemble modelling ; Frequency size distribution ; Poisson process ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.02. Data dissemination ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
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    Gas Emissions From the Western Aleutians Volcanic Arc (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: The Aleutian Arc is remote and highly active volcanically. Its 4,000 km extent from mainland Alaska to Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula hosts over 140 volcanic centers of which about 50 have erupted in historic times. We present data of volcanic gas samples and gas emission measurements obtained during an expedition to the western-most segment of the arc in September 2015 in order to extend the sparse knowledge on volatile emissions from this remote but volcanically active region. Some of the volcanoes investigated here have not been sampled for gases before this writing. Our data show that all volcanoes host high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal systems and have gas discharges typical of volcanoes in oceanic arcs. Based on helium isotopes, the western Aleutian Arc segment has minimal volatile contributions from the overriding crust. Volcanic CO2 fluxes from this arc segment are small, compared to the emissions from volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula and mainland Alaska. The comparatively low CO2 emissions may be related to the lower sediment flux delivered to the trench in this part of the arc.
    Description: Published
    Description: 786021
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aleutians ; volcano ; gas ; volatiles ; geochemistry ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius and Ischia Seismicity in the Context of the Neapolitan Volcanic Area (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-06
    Description: Studying seismicity in a volcanic environment provides important information on the state of activity of volcanoes. The seismicity of the Neapolitan volcanoes, Campi Flegrei, Vesuvius, and Ischia, shows distinctive characteristics for each volcano, coveringwide range of patterns and types. In this study we relocated some significant volcano- tectonic earthquake swarms that occurred in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius. Moreover, we compared the earthquake occurrence evolution, the magnitude and the seismic energy release of the three volcanoes. Also, we considered the results of seismic analysis in the light of geochemical and ground deformation data that contribute to defining the state of activity of volcanoes. In Campi Flegrei, which is experiencing a long term unrest, we identified a seismogenic structure at shallow depth in Pisciarelli zone that has been activated repeatedly. The increasing seismicity accompanies an escalation of the hydrothermal activity and a ground uplift phase. At Vesuvius a very shallow seismicity is recorded, which in recent years has shown an increase in terms of the number of events per year. Earthquakes are usually located right beneath the crater axis. They are concentrated in a volume affected by the hydrothermal system. Finally, Ischia generally shows a low level of seismicity, however, in Casamicciola area events with a moderate magnitude can occur and these are potentially capable of causing severe damage to the town and population, due to their small hypocentral depth (typically 〈 2.5 km). After the seismic crisis of August 21, 2017 (mainshock magnitude M 4), the seismicity returned to a low level in terms of occurrence rate and magnitude of earthquakes. The seismicity of these three different volcanic areas shows some common aspects that highlight a relevant role of hydrothermal processes in the seismogenesis of volcanic areas. However, while the main swarms in Campi Flegrei and most of the Vesuvian earthquakes are distributed along conduit-like structures, the seismicity of Ischia is mainly located along faults. Furthermore, the temporal evolution of seismicity in Neapolitan volcanic area suggests a concomitant increase in the occurrence of earthquakes both in Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius in recent years.
    Description: Published
    Description: 662113
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Upward Magma Migration within the Multi-level Plumbing System of the Changbaishan Volcano (China/North Korea) Revealed by the Modeling of 2018-2020 SAR Data (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Changbaishan volcano (China/North Korea border) consists of a cone with a summit caldera and last erupted in 1903. An unrest episode occurred between 2002 and 2006, followed by subsidence. The volcano was responsible for the largest eruption of the last Millennium in 946 CE and it is characterized by a multi-level plumbing system. Here, we analyze the Changbaishan 2018-2020 deformations by using remote sensing data, detecting an up to 20 mm/yr, NW-SE elongated nearly-uplift of its southeastern flank and a -20 mm/yr nearly-subsidence of the southwestern flank. Modeling results show that three active sources are responsible for the observed ground velocities: a deep tabular deflating source, a shallower inflating NW-SE elongated spheroid source, and a NW-SE striking dip-slip fault. The depth and geometry of the inferred sources are consistent with independent petrological and geophysical data. Our results reveal an upward magma migration from 14 km to 7.7 km. The modeling of the leveling data of the 2002-2005 uplift and 2009-2011 subsidence depicts sources consistent with the 2018-2020 active system retrieved. The past unrest is related to pressurization of the upper portion of the spheroid magma chamber, whereas the subsidence is due to crystallization of its floor, this latter reactivated in 2018-2020. Therefore, Changbaishan is affected by an active magma recharge controlled by a NW-SE trending fault system. Satellite data analysis is a key tool to unravel the magma dynamics at poorly monitored and crossborder volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 741287
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: active magma recharge ; Plumbing system ; Deformation modelling ; Changbaishan volcano ; InSAR ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    A message from the ‘underground forge of the gods’: history and current eruptions at Mt Etna (2022)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-11
    Description: Mt Etna has made headlines over the last weeks and months with spectacular eruptions, some of them highly explosive. This type of paroxysmal eruptive behaviour is characteristic of Etna’s activity over the past few decades and so it is no surprise that Etna is among the most active volcanoes worldwide. Etna is well-known for its extraordinary geology and due to its repeated eruptive activity it provides a continuous supply of new scientific opportunities to understand the inner workings of large basaltic volcanic systems. In addition to its scientific value, Etna is also a world famous tourist attraction and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2013 for its geological and cultural value and not least for its fine agricultural products. Etna’s status as an iconic volcano is not a recent phenomenon; in fact, Etna has been a literary fixture for at least 3000 years, giving rise to many ancient myths and legends that mark it as a special place, deserving of human respect. From the ancient eruptions to the latest events in February–April 2021, people try to explain and understand the processes that occur within and beneath the volcano. In this article, we briefly summarize the recent eruptive activity of Etna as well as the ancient myths and legends that surround this volcano, from the underground forge of Hephaestus to the adventures of Odysseus, all the way to the benefits and dangers the volcano provides to those living on its flanks today.
    Description: Published
    Description: 141-149
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Etna, mythology, 2021 paroxysms, economy ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Tales From Three 18th Century Eruptions to Understand Past and Present Behaviour of Etna (2021)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-23
    Description: The structure of an active volcano is highly dependent on the interplay between the geodynamic context, the tectonic assessment as well as the magmatic processes in the plumbing system. This complex scenario, widely explored at Etna during the last 40 years, is nevertheless incomplete for the recent historical activity. In 1763 two eruptions occurred along the west flank of the volcano. There, an eruption started on 6th February and formed the scoria cone of Mt. Nuovo and a roughly 4-km-long lava flow field. Another small scoria cone, known as Mt. Mezza Luna, is not dated in historical sources. It is located just 1 km eastward of Mt. Nuovo and produced a 700mlong flow field. We focused on the activity of Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna for several reasons. First, the old geological maps and volcanological catalogues indicate that Mt. Mezza Luna and Mt. Nuovo cones were formed during the same eruption, while historical sources described Mt. Nuovo’s activity as producing a single scoria cone and do not give information about the formation of Mt. Mezza Luna. Second, petrologic studies highlight that the products of Mt. Mezza Luna are similar to the sub-aphyric Etna basalts; they preserve a composition relatively close to Etna primitive magma which were also erupted in 1763, during La Montagnola flank eruption, which took place along the South Rift of the volcano. Third, the two scoria cones built up along the so-called West Rift of Etna, which represents one of the main magma-ascent zones of the volcano. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that could prove useful for other volcanoes whose past activity is still to be reconstructed. Critical reviews of historical records, new field surveys, petrochemical analyses and petrologic modelling of the Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna eruptions have been integrated with literature data. The results allowed improving the stratigraphic record of historical eruptions reported in the Mount Etna Geological map, modelling the sub-volcanic magmatic processes responsible for magma differentiation, and evidencing recurrent mechanisms of magma transfer at Etna. Indeed, the intrusion of a deep primitive magma along the South Rift is often associated with the activation of other rift zones that erupt residual magma stored in the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: This study has been funded by the EC FP7 Mediterranean Supersite Volcanoes project (ECGA 308665) of the European Commission
    Description: Published
    Description: 774361
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Etna volcano, historical activity, historical geological maps, stratigraphic sequence, deep magma composition, volcano rift zones ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Editorial: Seismicity in Volcanic Areas (2022)
    Frontiers Media S.A.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-11
    Description: Editorial article
    Description: Seismic activity (e.g., earthquakes, tremors) beneath volcanic areas is primarily caused by the dynamic interaction of molten rock and hydrothermal fluids with the solid host rock, by fracturing and fragmentation of the magma itself, and by tectonic processes interacting with the volcano. In addition, near-surface phenomena such as explosions and rockfalls at a volcanic edifice also produce seismic events. At volcano observatories globally, the real-time monitoring of the spatial and temporal patterns of seismic events is an essential geophysical tool to quantify the state of unrest, and forecast eruptions successfully. Seismic waveforms, earthquake catalogues and earthquake ray-path properties commonly supplement this tool to model the complex processes responsible for the earthquakes quantitatively, and to image subsurface magmatic and tectonic structures. Independent constraints provided by other disciplines such as geodesy and structural geology also significantly help scientists to understand the volcanic processes. Recent advances in earthquake recording technology, computing power and algorithms in artificial intelligence, allow processing and interpretation of large and complex multi-parametric datasets and scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 829460
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake swarms ; volcanic areas ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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