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  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (223,062)
  • Frontiers Media  (32,152)
  • 2020-2024  (1,713)
  • 2020-2023  (145)
  • 2020-2022  (253,356)
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  • 1
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    Compound Hot and Dry Events in Europe: Variability and Large-Scale Drivers (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Climate, Frontiers Media, 3, pp. 58, ISSN: 2624-9553
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: An important aspect of inevitable surprises, for the climate system, is the potential of occurrence of compound extreme events. These can be events that occur at the same time over the same geographic location or at multiple locations within a given country or around the world. In this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal variability of summer compound hot and dry (CHD) events at European level and we quantify the relationship between the occurrence of CHDs and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Here we show that summer 1955 stands out as the year with the largest spatial extent characterized by hot and dry conditions (~21.2 at European level), followed by 2015 (~20.3), 1959 (~19.4), and 1950 (~16.9). By employing an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis we show that there are three preferred centers of action of CHDs over Europe: Fennoscandia, the central part of Europe, and the south-eastern part of Europe. Overall, hot and dry summers are, in general, associated with persistent high-pressure systems over the regions affected by CHDs, which in turn reduces the zonal flow and diverts the storm tracks southward. The high-pressure systems associated with each mode of variability largely suppresses ascending motions, reduces water vapor condensation and precipitation formation, leading to drought conditions below this atmospheric system. This study may help improve our understanding of the spatio-temporal variability of hot and dry summers, at European level, as well as their driving mechanisms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 2
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    Imprint of climate change on pan-Arctic marine vegetation (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media, 7, pp. 617324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-23
    Description: The Arctic climate is changing rapidly. The warming and resultant longer open water periods suggest a potential for expansion of marine vegetation along the vast Arctic coastline. We compiled and reviewed the scattered time series on Arctic marine vegetation and explored trends for macroalgae and eelgrass (Zostera marina). We identified a total of 38 sites, distributed between Arctic coastal regions in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway/Svalbard, and Russia, having time series extending into the 21st Century. The majority of these exhibited increase in abundance, productivity or species richness, and/or expansion of geographical distribution limits, several time series showed no significant trend. Only four time series displayed a negative trend, largely due to urchin grazing or increased turbidity. Overall, the observations support with medium confidence (i.e., 5–8 in 10 chance of being correct, adopting the IPCC confidence scale) the prediction that macrophytes are expanding in the Arctic. Species distribution modeling was challenged by limited observations and lack of information on substrate, but suggested a current (2000– 2017) potential pan-Arctic macroalgal distribution area of 820.000 km2 (145.000 km2 intertidal, 675.000 km2 subtidal), representing an increase of about 30% for subtidaland 6% for intertidal macroalgae since 1940–1950, and associated polar migration rates averaging 18–23 km decade−1 . Adjusting the potential macroalgal distribution area by the fraction of shores represented by cliffs halves the estimate (412,634 km2 ). Warming and reduced sea ice cover along the Arctic coastlines are expected to stimulate further expansion of marine vegetation from boreal latitudes. The changes likely affect the functioning of coastal Arctic ecosystems because of the vegetation’s roles as habitat, and for carbon and nutrient cycling and storage. We encourage apan-Arctic science- and management agenda to incorporate marine vegetation into a coherent understanding of Arctic changes by quantifying distribution and status beyond the scattered studies now available to develop sustainable management strategies for these important ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Synergic Use of Multi-Sensor Satellite Data for Volcanic Hazards Monitoring: The Fogo (Cape Verde) 2014–2015 Effusive Eruption (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-29
    Description: Monitoring volcanic eruptions provides key information for hazard assessment and its time evolution. Satellite remote sensing data are nowadays essential to perform such task, thanks to their capability to survey disastrous events also in remote and under-monitored regions, with frequent revisit time and accurate spatial resolution. Even though satellite imageries are presently used to analyze several phenomena related to eruptions, automatic methods and synergic exploitation of different sensors are rarely considered. In this work, we have analyzed satellite images coming from both synthetic apertureradar(SAR)andopticalsensors,tostudytheeffusiveeruptionofFogovolcano, CapeVerde,whichtookplacebetweenNovember2014andJanuary2015.Inparticular, we have exploited multi-sensor images from Sentinel-1, COSMO-SkyMed, Landsat8, and Earth-Observing-1 missions, to retrieve lava flow patterns and volcanic source parameters related to the eruption. The main outcome of our work is the application of a new automatic change detection technique for estimating the lava field and its temporalevolution,combiningtheSARintensityandtheinterferometricSARcoherence. The innovative algorithm is able to take full advantage of the Sentinel-1 mission’s 6day repeat cycle. Such data are here used for the first time for lava mapping, thereby providing an unprecedented example of using the multi-temporal interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence to automatically monitor lava flow evolution in emergency phase. This new technique, jointly used with optical satellite images, is capable of resolving with spatial and temporal detail the evolution of lava flows. We have also performed differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) to map the ground deformation and retrieve the feeding dyke by inverting syn-eruptive signals. Results from source modeling show a SW-NE oriented dyke, located inside Chã das Caldeiras, SW of the Pico do Fogo. Our work highlights how multidisciplinary and satellite open data, along with innovative and automatic processing techniques, may be adopted for real-time hazard estimates in an operational environment
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 22
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: lava, volcanic source modeling, synthetic aperture radar, optical images, change detection, hierarchical-split-based approach, DInSAR coherence, Fogo volcano
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide-Utilizing Kyrpidia spormannii Species From Pantelleria Island, Italy (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-30
    Description: Volcanic and geothermal areas are hot and often acidic environments that emit geothermal gasses, including H2, CO and CO2. Geothermal gasses mix with air, creating conditions where thermoacidophilic aerobic H2- and CO-oxidizing microorganisms could thrive. Here, we describe the isolation of two Kyrpidia spormannii strains, which can grow autotrophically by oxidizing H2 and CO with oxygen. These strains, FAVT5 and COOX1, were isolated from the geothermal soils of the Favara Grande on Pantelleria Island, Italy. Extended physiology studies were performed with K. spormannii FAVT5, and showed that this strain grows optimally at 55°C and pH 5.0. The highest growth rate is obtained using H2 as energy source (μmax 0.19 ± 0.02 h-1, doubling time 3.6 h). K. spormannii FAVT5 can additionally grow on a variety of organic substrates, including some alcohols, volatile fatty acids and amino acids. The genome of each strain encodes for two O2-tolerant hydrogenases belonging to [NiFe] group 2a hydrogenases and transcriptome studies using K. spormannii FAVT5 showed that both hydrogenases are expressed under H2 limiting conditions. So far no Firmicutes except K. spormannii FAVT5 have been reported to exhibit a high affinity for H2, with a Ks of 327 ± 24 nM. The genomes of each strain encode for one putative CO dehydrogenase, belonging to Form II aerobic CO dehydrogenases. The genomic potential and physiological properties of these Kyrpidia strains seem to be quite well adapted to thrive in the harsh environmental volcanic conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: Article 951
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO ; H2 ; Kyrpidia spormannii ; [NiFe]-hydrogenases ; phylogeny ; thermoacidophilic ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Editorial: role of protein palmitoylation in synaptic plasticity and neuronal differentiation (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Yoshii, A., & Green, W. N. Editorial: role of protein palmitoylation in synaptic plasticity and neuronal differentiation. Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience, 12(27), (2020), doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00027.
    Description: Protein palmitoylation, the reversible addition of palmitate to proteins, is a dynamic post-translational modification. Both membrane (e.g., channels, transporters, and receptors) and cytoplasmic proteins (e.g., cell adhesion, scaffolding, cytoskeletal, and signaling molecules) are substrates. In mammals, palmitoylation is mediated by 23-24 palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), also called ZDHHCs for their catalytic aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine (DHCC) domain. PATs are integral membrane proteins found in cellular membranes. In the palmitoylation cycle, palmitate is removed by the depalmitoylation enzymes, acyl palmitoyl transferases (APT1 and 2), and α/β Hydrolase domain-containing protein 17 (ABHD17A-C). These are cytoplasmic proteins that are targeted to membranes where they are substrates for PATs. The second class of depalmitoylating enzymes are palmitoyl thioesterases, PPT1 and 2, discovered through their association with infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. These are secreted proteins found in the lumen of intracellular organelles, primarily lysosomes, where their function as depalmitoylating enzymes is unclear.
    Description: This work was supported by University of Illinois start-up fund (to AY) and NIH/NIDA (grant DA044760 to WG).
    Keywords: palmitoylation and depalmitoylation ; synaptic plasticity ; axonal growth ; lysosome ; neurodegenerative disease ; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) ; Huntington disease
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Ancestral absence of electron transport chains in Patescibacteria and DPANN (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Beam, J. P., Becraft, E. D., Brown, J. M., Schulz, F., Jarett, J. K., Bezuidt, O., Poulton, N. J., Clark, K., Dunfield, P. F., Ravin, N. V., Spear, J. R., Hedlund, B. P., Kormas, K. A., Sievert, S. M., Elshahed, M. S., Barton, H. A., Stott, M. B., Eisen, J. A., Moser, D. P., Onstott, T. C., Woyke, T., & Stepanauskas, R. Ancestral absence of electron transport chains in Patescibacteria and DPANN. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, (2020): 1848, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01848.
    Description: Recent discoveries suggest that the candidate superphyla Patescibacteria and DPANN constitute a large fraction of the phylogenetic diversity of Bacteria and Archaea. Their small genomes and limited coding potential have been hypothesized to be ancestral adaptations to obligate symbiotic lifestyles. To test this hypothesis, we performed cell–cell association, genomic, and phylogenetic analyses on 4,829 individual cells of Bacteria and Archaea from 46 globally distributed surface and subsurface field samples. This confirmed the ubiquity and abundance of Patescibacteria and DPANN in subsurface environments, the small size of their genomes and cells, and the divergence of their gene content from other Bacteria and Archaea. Our analyses suggest that most Patescibacteria and DPANN in the studied subsurface environments do not form specific physical associations with other microorganisms. These data also suggest that their unusual genomic features and prevalent auxotrophies may be a result of ancestral, minimal cellular energy transduction mechanisms that lack respiration, thus relying solely on fermentation for energy conservation.
    Description: This work was funded by the USA National Science Foundation grants 1441717, 1826734, and 1335810 (to RS); and 1460861 (REU site at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences). RS was also supported by the Simons Foundation grant 510023. TW, FS, and JJ were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. NR group was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00245). SS was funded by USA National Science Foundation grants OCE-0452333 and OCE-1136727. BH was funded by NASA Exobiology grant 80NSSC17K0548.
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Archaea ; evolution ; genomics fermentation ; respiration ; oxidoreductases
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Effects of excess brain-derived human alpha-synuclein on synaptic vesicle trafficking (2021)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Roman-Vendrell, C., Medeiros, A. T., Sanderson, J. B., Jiang, H., Bartels, T., & Morgan, J. R. Effects of excess brain-derived human alpha-synuclein on synaptic vesicle trafficking. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15, (2021): 639414, https://doi.org/10.3389./fnins.2021.639414
    Description: α-Synuclein is a presynaptic protein that regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking under physiological conditions. However, in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, α-synuclein accumulates throughout the neuron, including at synapses, leading to altered synaptic function, neurotoxicity, and motor, cognitive, and autonomic dysfunction. Neurons typically contain both monomeric and multimeric forms of α-synuclein, and it is generally accepted that disrupting the balance between them promotes aggregation and neurotoxicity. However, it remains unclear how distinct molecular species of α-synuclein affect synapses where α-synuclein is normally expressed. Using the lamprey reticulospinal synapse model, we previously showed that acute introduction of excess recombinant monomeric or dimeric α-synuclein impaired distinct stages of clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis, leading to a loss of synaptic vesicles. Here, we expand this knowledge by investigating the effects of native, physiological α-synuclein isolated from the brain of a neuropathologically normal human subject, which comprised predominantly helically folded multimeric α-synuclein with a minor component of monomeric α-synuclein. After acute introduction of excess brain-derived human α-synuclein, there was a moderate reduction in the synaptic vesicle cluster and an increase in the number of large, atypical vesicles called “cisternae.” In addition, brain-derived α-synuclein increased synaptic vesicle and cisternae sizes and induced atypical fusion/fission events at the active zone. In contrast to monomeric or dimeric α-synuclein, the brain-derived multimeric α-synuclein did not appear to alter clathrin-mediated synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Taken together, these data suggest that excess brain-derived human α-synuclein impairs intracellular vesicle trafficking and further corroborate the idea that different molecular species of α-synuclein produce distinct trafficking defects at synapses. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which excess α-synuclein contributes to synaptic deficits and disease phenotypes.
    Description: This work was supported by the NIH (NINDS/NIA R01NS078165 and R01NS078165-S1 to JM; NINDS U54-NS110435, R01-NS109209, and R21-NS107950 to TB); research funds from the Marine Biological Laboratory (to JM); grants from the UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI), which receives its funding from DRI Ltd., the UK Medical Research Council and Alzheimer’s Society, and Alzheimer’s Research UK (to TB); the Michael J. Fox Foundation (Ken Griffin Imaging Award to TB); a Parkinson’s Disease Foundation Stanley Fahn Award (PF-JFA-1884 to TB); the Eisai Pharmaceutical postdoctoral program to TB; and the Chan Zuckerberg Collaborative Pairs Initiative (to TB).
    Keywords: Clathrin mediated endocytosis ; Electron microscopy ; Endosome ; Lamprey ; Reticulospinal synapse
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Quantifying slopes as a driver of forest to marsh conversion using geospatial techniques: application to Chesapeake Bay coastal-plain, United States (2021)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Molino, G. D., Defne, Z., Aretxabaleta, A. L., Ganju, N. K., & Carr, J. A. Quantifying slopes as a driver of forest to marsh conversion using geospatial techniques: application to Chesapeake Bay coastal-plain, United States. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, (2021): 616319, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.616319.
    Description: Coastal salt marshes, which provide valuable ecosystem services such as flood mitigation and carbon sequestration, are threatened by rising sea level. In response, these ecosystems migrate landward, converting available upland into salt marsh. In the coastal-plain surrounding Chesapeake Bay, United States, conversion of coastal forest to salt marsh is well-documented and may offset salt marsh loss due to sea level rise, sediment deficits, and wave erosion. Land slope at the marsh-forest boundary is an important factor determining migration likelihood, however, the standard method of using field measurements to assess slope across the marsh-forest boundary is impractical on the scale of an estuary. Therefore, we developed a general slope quantification method that uses high resolution elevation data and a repurposed shoreline analysis tool to determine slope along the marsh-forest boundary for the entire Chesapeake Bay coastal-plain and find that less than 3% of transects have a slope value less than 1%; these low slope environments offer more favorable conditions for forest to marsh conversion. Then, we combine the bay-wide slope and elevation data with inundation modeling from Hurricane Isabel to determine likelihood of coastal forest conversion to salt marsh. This method can be applied to local and estuary-scale research to support management decisions regarding which upland forested areas are more critical to preserve as available space for marsh migration.
    Description: Funding for this study was provided by the United States Geological Survey’s Coastal/Marine Hazards and Resources Program and Ecosystems Mission Area.
    Keywords: Salt marsh ; Coastal forest ; Sea level rise ; Chesapeake Bay ; Marsh migration
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  • 9
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    Landscape genomics provides evidence of ecotypic adaptation and a barrier to gene flow at treeline for the arctic foundation species Eriophorum vaginatum0 (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Stunz, E., Fetcher, N., Lavretsky, P., Mohl, J., Tang, J., & Moody, M. Landscape genomics provides evidence of ecotypic adaptation and a barrier to gene flow at treeline for the arctic foundation species Eriophorum vaginatum. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, (2022): 860439, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.860439.
    Description: Global climate change has resulted in geographic range shifts of flora and fauna at a global scale. Extreme environments, like the Arctic, are seeing some of the most pronounced changes. This region covers 14% of the Earth’s land area, and while many arctic species are widespread, understanding ecotypic variation at the genomic level will be important for elucidating how range shifts will affect ecological processes. Tussock cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum L.) is a foundation species of the moist acidic tundra, whose potential decline due to competition from shrubs may affect ecosystem stability in the Arctic. We used double-digest Restriction Site-Associated DNA sequencing to identify genomic variation in 273 individuals of E. vaginatum from 17 sites along a latitudinal gradient in north central Alaska. These sites have been part of 30 + years of ecological research and are inclusive of a region that was part of the Beringian refugium. The data analyses included genomic population structure, demographic models, and genotype by environment association. Genome-wide SNP investigation revealed environmentally associated variation and population structure across the sampled range of E. vaginatum, including a genetic break between populations north and south of treeline. This structure is likely the result of subrefugial isolation, contemporary isolation by resistance, and adaptation. Forty-five candidate loci were identified with genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses, with most identified genes related to abiotic stress. Our results support a hypothesis of limited gene flow based on spatial and environmental factors for E. vaginatum, which in combination with life history traits could limit range expansion of southern ecotypes northward as the tundra warms. This has implications for lower competitive attributes of northern plants of this foundation species likely resulting in changes in ecosystem productivity.
    Description: This research was made possible by funding provided by NSF/PLR-1417645 to MM. The Botanical Society of America Graduate Student Research Award and the Dodson Research Grant from the Graduate School of the University of Texas at El Paso provided assistance to ES. The grant 5U54MD007592 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) provided bioinformatics resources and support of JM.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Climate change ; Eriophorum vaginatum ; Landscape genomics ; Environmental niche modeling ; Genotype-environment association analyses ; Refugia
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
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    Simulated estuary-wide response of seagrass (Zostera marina) to future scenarios of temperature and sea level (2020)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scalpone, C. R., Jarvis, J. C., Vasslides, J. M., Testa, J. M., & Ganju, N. K. Simulated estuary-wide response of seagrass (Zostera marina) to future scenarios of temperature and sea level. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, (2020): 539946, doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.539946.
    Description: Seagrass communities are a vital component of estuarine ecosystems, but are threatened by projected sea level rise (SLR) and temperature increases with climate change. To understand these potential effects, we developed a spatially explicit model that represents seagrass (Zostera marina) habitat and estuary-wide productivity for Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH) in New Jersey, United States. Our modeling approach included an offline coupling of a numerical seagrass biomass model with the spatially variable environmental conditions from a hydrodynamic model to calculate above and belowground biomass at each grid cell of the hydrodynamic model domain. Once calibrated to represent present day seagrass habitat and estuary-wide annual productivity, we applied combinations of increasing air temperature and sea level following regionally specific climate change projections, enabling analysis of the individual and combined impacts of these variables on seagrass biomass and spatial coverage. Under the SLR scenarios, the current model domain boundaries were maintained, as the land surrounding BB-LEH is unlikely to shift significantly in the future. SLR caused habitat extent to decrease dramatically, pushing seagrass beds toward the coastline with increasing depth, with a 100% loss of habitat by the maximum SLR scenario. The dramatic loss of seagrass habitat under SLR was in part due to the assumption that surrounding land would not be inundated, as the model did not allow for habitat expansion outside the current boundaries of the bay. Temperature increases slightly elevated the rate of summer die-off and decreased habitat area only under the highest temperature increase scenarios. In combined scenarios, the effects of SLR far outweighed the effects of temperature increase. Sensitivity analysis of the model revealed the greatest sensitivity to changes in parameters affecting light limitation and seagrass mortality, but no sensitivity to changes in nutrient limitation constants. The high vulnerability of seagrass in the bay to SLR exceeded that demonstrated for other systems, highlighting the importance of site- and region-specific assessments of estuaries under climate change.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program (OCE-1659463), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Summer Student Fellowship Program, the Barnegat Bay Partnership (through a US EPA Clean Water Act grant to Ocean County College; CE98212313), and the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards/Resources Program. Although this project has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency pursuant to a grant agreement with Ocean County College, it has not gone through the Agency’s publications review process and may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency; therefore, no official endorsement should be assumed. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
    Keywords: Seagrass (Zostera) ; Climate change ; Spatial model ; Sea level rise ; Temperature ; North American Atlantic Coast ; Regional ; Eelgrass (Zostera marina)
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