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  • Journals
  • Articles  (4,960)
  • Springer  (4,960)
  • 2000-2004  (4,960)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (4,960)
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  • Journals
  • Articles  (4,960)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biographical notes (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 119-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026518015714
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rethinking the Social Sciences? A Point of View (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 103-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026550901601
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mimesis and the Representation of Reality: A Historical World View (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 61-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: cultural anthropology ; aesthetics ; literary criticism ; art history ; philosophy ; art criticism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The representation of reality is a fundamental concept in the perception of theworld. Its historical consideration leads to an understanding of historical andcontemporary culture. In this paper we specifically investigate theanthropometric stage of cultural development as a historical world view. Wedefine this stage on the basis of René Girard's hypotheses on the origin ofculture, and we isolate its principles. Next, we consider the function of art asthe representation of cultural values. We investigate the three major motivesof artistic representation in the anthropometric stage, i.e. beauty, dramatizationand mimesis. We show how and why these motives play an essential partin the obfuscation and explanation of the origin of culture. Finally, we showhow these developments are dealt with in the aesthetics of Plato and Aristotle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026473504257
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Quantum, Mimesis and the Social Sciences (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026511218440
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum Nonlocality and the Challenge to Scientific Realism (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 3-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Bohr ; Einstein ; nonlocality ; quantum theory ; realism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract In this essay I examine various aspects of the nearcentury-long debate concerning the conceptualfoundations of quantum mechanics and the problems ithas posed for physicists and philosophers fromEinstein to the present. Most crucial here is theissue of realism and the question whether quantumtheory is compatible with any kind of realist orcausal-explanatory account which goes beyond theempirical-predictive data. This was Einstein's chiefconcern in the famous series of exchanges with NielsBohr when he refused to accept the truth orcompleteness of a doctrine (orthodox QM) which ruledsuch questions to be strictly inadmissible. I discussthe later history of quantum-theoretical debate withparticular reference to the issue of nonlocality,i.e., the phenomenon of superluminal(faster-than-light) interaction betweenwidely-separated particles. Then I show how thestandard `Copenhagen' interpretation of QM hasinfluenced current anti-realist orontological-relativist approaches to philosophy ofscience. Indeed, there are clear signs that somephilosophers have retreated from a realist positionvery largely in response to just these problems. So itis important to ask exactly why – on what scientificor philosophical grounds – any preferred alternative(causal-realist) construal should have been ruled outas a matter of orthodox QM wisdom. Moreconstructively, my paper presents various arguments infavour of one such alternative, the `hidden-variables'theory developed since the early 1950s by David Bohmand consistently marginalised by proponents of theCopenhagen doctrine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026447021096
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prefacr (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011327402056
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum Mechanics and Realism (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Quantum mechanics is usually presented as a challenge to scientific realism, but I will argue that the details of quantum mechanics actually support realism. I will first present some basic quantum mechanical concepts and results, including the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) experiment and Bell's theorem, and do it in a way that everyone can understand. I will then use the physics to inform the philosophy, showing that quantum mechanics provides evidence to support epistemological realism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026563220257
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Multilevel Architecture of Creative Dynamic Agency (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 157-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: creative agent ; creative dynamic agency ; field of phenomena ; mosaic of models ; multilevel insertion of models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract There are two classical and opposite positions about scientific discovery: the one that conceives scientific discovery activity as fully rational and the one that conceives scientific discovery activity as fully irrational. In the first case, machines are regarded as able to perform the scientific discovery process whereas, in the second case, machines are considered unable to perform any part of the scientific discovery process.We adopt a third intermediate approach that envisages a new role for machines, which are conceived as descriptions of the results of scientific discovery activity. More precisely, the purpose of the paper is to illustrate the multilevel structure of a machine, called creative dynamic agency, that represents the articulated and incremental description of the product of scientific discovery process. The multilevel architecture reflects the composition relation that holds among phenomena described by creative agents that compose creative dynamic agency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011346818894
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Mechanism for Transfer Between Conceptual Domains in Scientific Discovery and Education (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 129-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: analogy ; conceptual learning ; reasoning ; scientific discovery ; teaching of physics ; transfer mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Confronted with problems or situations that do not yield toknown theories and world views, scientists and students are alike. Theyare rarely able to directly build a model or a theory thereof. Rather,they must find ways to make sense of the circumstances using theircurrent knowledge and adjusting what is recognized in the process. Thisway of thinking, using past ways of perceiving the physical world tobuild new ones does not follow a logical path and cannot be described astheory revision. Likewise, in many situations it is awkward, indeedoften impossible, to resort to analogical reasoning to account for it.This paper presents a new mechanism, called `tunnel effect', that mayexplain, in part, how scientists and students reason while constructinga new conceptual domain. `Tunnel effect' is also contrasted withanalogical reasoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011398802965
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explanatory and Creative Alternatives to the MDL priciple (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 185-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: creativity ; explanatory induction ; informativeness ; intensional complexity ; machine learning ; MDL principle ; model evaluation ; Occam's Razor ; scientific and knowledge discovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle is the modernformalisation of Occam's razor. It has been extensively and successfullyused in machine learning (ML), especially for noisy and long sources ofdata. However, the MDL principle presents some paradoxes andinconveniences. After discussing all these, we address two of the mostrelevant: lack of explanation and lack of creativity. We present newalternatives to address these problems. The first one, intensionalcomplexity, avoids extensional parts in a description, so distributingcompression ratio in a more even way than the MDL principle. The secondone, information gain, forces that the hypothesis is informative (orcomputationally hard to discover) wrt. the evidence, so giving a formaldefinition of what is to discover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011350914776
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