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  • Articles  (402)
  • Review of Environmental Economics and Policy  (82)
  • 88666
  • Political Science  (402)
  • Sociology
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  • Articles  (402)
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  • 1
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    Subscription (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    A Word from the Editor (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 3
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    The Social Value of Job Loss and Its Effect on the Costs of U.S. Environmental Regulations (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Job loss is typically not valued in benefit–cost analyses of environmental regulations. But empirical evidence suggests that involuntary job loss results in large social costs, particularly when local unemployment is high. This article presents estimates of the social costs of job loss in the United States, based on estimates of how local labor markets respond to job changes. These estimated social costs have a present value per job lost in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. However, these social costs are far less than the earnings associated with the lost jobs, because of labor market adjustments as well as some offsets from the value of increased non-work time. An examination of major U.S. environmental regulations suggests that job losses will usually add only modestly to overall regulatory costs. However, if the magnitude of a regulation’s benefits and costs are close in monetary terms, then accounting for job loss could tip the regulatory decision. It is also important for regulatory analyses to examine the potential magnitude of gross job loss, particularly in high unemployment areas.
    Keywords: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q58 - Government Policy, H43 - Project Evaluation ; Social Discount Rate, J68 - Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 4
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    Should Benefit-Cost Methods Take Account of High Unemployment? Symposium Introduction (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Conventional methods in benefit–cost analysis maintain that the effects of new environmental regulations should focus on long run equilibria with and without the policies being evaluated. This article introduces a symposium that considers how the employment effects of environmental regulations might be included in benefit–cost analyses. Three lessons emerge from the symposium. First, the empirical evidence to date indicates that it is difficult to measure the net employment effects of environmental regulations. The record is mixed, with support for effects at the plant level. The record is less clear for the reduced form estimates using more aggregate data. Second, it is possible to construct an ex post "analysis chain" that allows for estimation of the adjustment costs associated with a job loss. These estimates depend importantly on the assumptions made in the construction of the counterfactual baseline employment history and the outcomes after job losses. The ways in which households might adapt to a job loss are especially important for measuring adjustment costs. Finally, economy-wide evaluations of the impact of environmental regulations require a new framework to characterize the role of regulations and the associated changes in environmental quality for steady state responses to policy.
    Keywords: H40 - General, Q58 - Government Policy, E24 - Employment ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Intergenerational Income Distribution
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 5
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    Environmental Regulations and the Welfare Effects of Job Layoffs in the United States: A Spatial Approach (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article develops welfare-consistent measures of the employment effects of environmental regulation. Our analysis is based on a microeconomic model of how households with heterogeneous preferences and skills decide where to live and work. We use the model to examine how job loss and unemployment would affect workers in Northern California. Our stylized simulations produce earnings losses that are consistent with empirical evidence. They also produce two new insights. First, we find that earnings losses are sensitive to business cycle conditions. Second, we find that earnings losses may substantially understate welfare losses once we account for the fact that workers may have to commute further or live in a less desirable community after losing a job.
    Keywords: D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, Q52 - Pollution Control Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 6
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    An Introduction to the Green Paradox: The Unintended Consequences of Climate Policies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: How important is the Green Paradox? We address this question in three ways. First, we present a simple model explaining how announcing a future climate policy may increase carbon emissions today – the Green Paradox effect. This effect is a result of fossil fuel producers increasing their extraction today as a response to a reduction in future resource rents. Second, we examine the theoretical and empirical literature to assess whether green paradoxes are likely to occur, and if they are, whether they are big enough to be of concern for policy makers. We consider several factors that affect the existence of the green paradox, including long-term extraction costs, short-term extraction capacities, the mix of policy instruments, and potential spatial carbon leakage to countries that have no climate policy. We find that these and other factors can sometimes strengthen, but mostly weaken, the case for concern about the green paradox. Third, we identify the lessons the literature offers for policy makers. We argue that in designing climate policy, policy makers need to consider the supply side of the fossil fuel market.
    Keywords: H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Q31 - Demand and Supply, Q38 - Government Policy, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Cover (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 8
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    Global Warming and the Green Paradox: A Review of Adverse Effects of Climate Policies (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article examines the possible adverse effects of well-intended climate policies, an outcome known as the Green Paradox. A weak Green Paradox arises if the announcement of a future carbon tax or a sufficiently fast rising carbon tax encourages fossil fuel owners to extract reserves more aggressively, thus exacerbating global warming. We argue that such policies may also encourage more fossil fuel to be locked in the crust of the earth, which can offset the adverse effects of the weak Green Paradox. We show that a subsidy on clean renewables may have similar weak Green Paradox effects. Green welfare (the converse of environmental damages) declines (i.e., the strong Green Paradox) if the beneficial climate effects of locking up more fossil fuel do not outweigh the short-run weak Green Paradox effects. Neither the weak nor the strong Green Paradox occurs for the first-best Pigouvian carbon tax. We also discuss dirty backstops, spatial carbon leakage, and green innovation.
    Keywords: D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty, H20 - General, Q31 - Demand and Supply, Q38 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 9
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    A Macroeconomic Perspective on Evaluating Environmental Regulations (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: This article examines how dynamic general equilibrium models and methods that are commonly used to evaluate macroeconomic policies can also be useful for evaluating the aggregate consequences of environmental regulations. I describe two macroeconomic models of interest that differ in the extent to which they incorporate heterogeneity and microeconomic detail. I illustrate how standard methods from macroeconomics can be applied in both models by considering calculations for a hypothetical environmental regulation.
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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  • 10
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    Introductory Comment-The Green Paradox: A Supply-Side View of the Climate Problem (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-18
    Description: Why have policies aimed at reducing the demand for carbon not succeeded in slowing down global carbon extraction and CO 2 emissions, and why have carbon prices failed to increase over the last three decades? This comment argues that this is because of the Green Paradox, that is, the anticipation of sales by resource owners who try to preempt the destruction of their markets by green policies. Reviewing some of the conditions under which strong and weak versions of the Green Paradox may emerge, it is argued that there is little hope that green replacement technologies will impose hard price constraints that would keep long-run extraction within a fixed carbon budget and that, therefore, even strong versions of the paradox cannot easily be avoided.
    Keywords: O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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