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  • 1
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    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science publication information (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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  • 2
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    NSTX-U Advances in Real-Time C++11 on Linux (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Programming languages like C and Ada combined with proprietary embedded operating systems have dominated the real-time application space for decades. The new C++11 standard includes native, language-level support for concurrency, a required feature for any nontrivial event-oriented real-time software. Threads, Locks, and Atomics now exist to provide the necessary tools to build the structures that make up the foundation of a complex real-time system. The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) is breaking new ground with the language as applied to the needs of fusion devices. A new Digital Coil Protection System (DCPS) will serve as the main protection mechanism for the magnetic coils, and it is written entirely in C++11 running on Concurrent Computer Corporation’s real-time operating system, RedHawk Linux. It runs over 600 algorithms in a 5 kHz control loop that determine whether or not to shut down operations before physical damage occurs. To accomplish this, NSTX-U engineers developed software tools that do not currently exist elsewhere, including real-time atomic synchronization, real-time containers, and a real-time logging framework. Together with a recent (and carefully configured) version of the GCC compiler, these tools enable data acquisition, processing, and output using a conventional operating system to meet a hard real-time deadline (that is, missing one periodic is a failure) of 200 microseconds.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 3
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    Quantification of the Conditioning Phase in Cooled Pixelated TlBr Detectors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Thallium-bromide (TlBr) is currently under investigation as an alternative room-temperature semiconductor gamma-ray spectrometer due to its favorable material properties (large bandgap, high atomic numbers, and high density). Previous work has shown that 5 mm thick pixelated TlBr detectors can achieve sub-1% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV for single-pixel events. These results are limited to $ - 20{^ circ }{rm C}$ operation where detector performance is stable. During the first one to five days of applied bias at $ - 20{^ circ }{rm C}$ , many TlBr detectors undergo a conditioning phase, where the energy resolution improves and the depth-dependent electron drift velocity stabilizes. In this work, the spectroscopic performance, drift velocity, and freed electron concentrations of multiple 5 mm thick pixelated TlBr detectors are monitored throughout the conditioning phase. Additionally, conditioning is performed twice on the same detector at different times to show that improvement mechanisms relax when the detector is stored without bias. We conclude that the improved spectroscopy results from internal electric field stabilization and uniformity caused by fewer trapped electrons.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 4
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    Characterization of Silicon Photomultipliers for nEXO (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are attractive candidates for light detectors for next generation liquid xenon double-beta decay experiments, like nEXO (next Enriched Xenon Observatory). In this paper we discuss the requirements that the SiPMs must satisfy in order to be suitable for nEXO and similar experiments, describe the two test setups operated by the nEXO collaboration, and present the results of characterization of SiPMs from several vendors. In particular, we find that the photon detection efficiency at the peak of xenon scintillation light emission (175-178 nm) approaches the nEXO requirements for tested FBK and Hamamatsu devices. Additionally, the nEXO collaboration performed radio-assay of several grams of bare FBK devices using neutron activation analysis, indicating levels of $^{40}{rm K}$ , $^{232}{rm Th}$ , and $^{238}{rm U}$ of the order of $ 〈 0.15$ , ( $ 6.9cdot 10^{ - 4} - 1.3 cdot 10^{ - 2}$ ), and $ 〈 0.11 ~hbox{mBq}/hbox{kg}$ , respectively.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 5
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    Estimation of Minimum DNBR Using Cascaded Fuzzy Neural Networks (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: It is very important for plant operators to be informed of the departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR) to prevent the fuel cladding from melting and a boiling crisis in a nuclear reactor. The reactor core monitoring and protection systems require a minimum DNBR value to monitor reactor coolant conditions. In this study, in order to estimate the minimum DNBR value, a cascaded fuzzy neural network (CFNN) method was used. The CFNN model can be used to estimate the minimum DNBR value through the process of adding fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) repeatedly. The proposed DNBR estimation algorithm was verified by applying the nuclear and thermal data acquired from many numerical simulations of the optimized power reactor 1000 (OPR1000). The CFNN model was compared to previously developed models and was found to be superior to them. Therefore, this model can be used to effectively monitor and predict the minimum DNBR in the reactor core.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 6
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    IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science information for authors (2015)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 7
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    Irradiation of Electronic Components and Circuits at the Portuguese Research Reactor: Lessons Learned (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: A program was started in 1999 in the Portuguese Research Reactor to test electronics components and circuits for the LHC facility at CERN, initially with a dedicated in-pool irradiation container used at a reactor power of 2 kW and later an irradiation chamber outside the pool, with tailored neutron and gamma filters that could be used at 1 MW. Practice has shown the need to introduce several improvements to the irradiation procedures and infrastructures over the years. In this paper, we review the lessons learned and the major improvements introduced.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 8
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    High Frequency Acoustic Microscopy for the Determination of Porosity and Young’s Modulus in High Burnup Uranium Dioxide Nuclear Fuel (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: During irradiation UO 2 nuclear fuel experiences the development of a non-uniform distribution of porosity which contributes to establish varying mechanical properties along the radius of the pellet. Radial variations of both porosity and elastic properties in high burnup UO 2 pellet can be investigated via high frequency acoustic microscopy. For this purpose ultrasound waves are generated by a piezoelectric transducer and focused on the sample, after having travelled through a coupling liquid. The elastic properties of the material are related to the velocity of the generated Rayleigh surface wave ( $ mathrm {V}_{ mathrm {R}}$ ). A UO 2 pellet with a burnup of 67 GWd/tU was characterized using the acoustic microscope installed in the hot cells of the JRC-ITU at a 90 MHz frequency, with methanol as coupling liquid. $ mathrm {V}_{ mathrm {R}}$ was measured at different radial positions. A good agreement was found, when comparing the porosity values obtained via acoustic microscopy with those determined using SEM image analysis, especially in the areas close to the centre. In addition, Young’s modulus was calculated and its radial profile was correlated to the corresponding burnup profile and to the hardness radial profile data obtained by Vickers micro-indentation
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 9
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    Fast Neutron Detection With 4H-SiC Based Diode Detector up to 500 °C Ambient Temperature (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: In the framework of the European I-Smart project, optimal 4H-SiC based diode geometries were developed for high temperature neutron detection. Irradiation tests were conducted with 14 MeV fast neutrons supplied by a deuterium-tritium neutron generator with an average neutron yield of $4.04 times {10^{10}} - 5.25 times {10^{10}};hbox{n/s}$ at Neutron Laboratory of the Technical University of Dresden in Germany. In this paper, we interpret the first measurements and results with 4H-SiC detector irradiated with fast neutrons from room temperature up to 500 °C. These experiments are serving also the first simulation of the harsh environmental condition measurements in the tritium breeding blanket of the ITER fusion reactor, which is one of the most prominent planned location of high temperature neutron flux characterization studies in the near future.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 10
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    Container Inspection Utilizing 14 MeV Neutrons (2016)
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: A proposal for an autonomous and flexible ship container inspection system is presented. This could be accomplished by the incorporation of an inspection system on various container transportation devices (straddle carriers, yard gentry cranes, automated guided vehicles, trailers). The configuration is terminal specific and it should be defined by the container terminal operator. This enables that no part of the port operational area is used for inspection. The inspection scenario includes container transfer from ship to transportation device with the inspection unit mounted on it. The inspection is performed during actual container movement to the container location. A neutron generator without associated alpha particle detection is used. This allows the use of higher neutron intensities ( $5times {10^9} - {10^{10}} text{n/s}$ in $4pi $ ). The inspected container is stationary in the “inspection position” on the transportation device while the “inspection unit” moves along its side. The following analytical methods will be used simultaneously: neutron radiography, X-ray radiography, neutron activation analysis, (n, $gamma $ ) and (n,n’ $gamma $ ) reactions, neutron absorption. and scattering, X-ray backscattering. The neutron techniques will utilize “smart collimators” for neutrons and gamma rays, both emitted and detected. The inspected voxel is defined by the intersection of the neutron generator and the detectors solid angles. The container inspection protocol is based on identification of discrepancies between the cargo manifest, elemental “fingerprint” and radiography profiles. In addition, the information on contain- r weight is obtained during the container transport and screening by measuring of density of material in the container.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
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