ALBERT

Description:    The obtained data on the average long-term ionic runoff of mountain rivers of Azerbaijan served as the basis for the study of its distribution and for the improvement of computation technique depending on the average annual water runoff and on the average height and area of the catchment. Content Type Journal Article Pages 279-283 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040108 Authors M. A. Abduev, Aliev Institute of Geography, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, ul. G. Dzhavida 31, Baku, 370143 Azerbaijan Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The time series of seasonal average values and standard deviations of wind speed components at the isobaric surfaces of 850 and 200 hPa are analyzed on the basis of the data of upper-air observations carried out in 1961–2003 at 18 stations of the Russian Federation territory. The energy spectra of wind speed components in the first and in the second halves of the whole period under study are compared. On the whole, an increase in average values of U -component and decrease in average values of V -component took place both in upper and lower troposphere, and the largest variations occurred in winter season in the upper troposphere. Average coefficients of linear trends of average winter values for the whole region amount to 0.57 and −0.62 m/s per 10 years for the wind components U and V at the isobaric surface of 200 hPa, respectively. The increase in the standard deviations of both components was registered in the upper troposphere in winter period almost on the whole territory. The average coefficients of linear trends of standard deviations at the isobaric surface of 200 hPa in winter for the whole region amount to 0.53 and 0.61 m/s per 10 years for U - and V -components, respectively. The intensity of the annual cycle and processes of intraseasonal scale both in the lower and upper troposphere increased in the second half of the whole interval under study. Content Type Journal Article Pages 229-238 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040029 Authors A. V. Khokhlova, All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information-World Data Center, ul. Koroleva 6, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249035 Russia A. A. Timofeev, All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information-World Data Center, ul. Koroleva 6, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249035 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    Results of joint calculations with meteorological WRF ARW model and chemistry transport CHIMERE model are considered as a basis of the modern system of the air quality assessment and forecasting. The system was designed in the Russian Hydrometeorological Center and Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Detailed prognostic information about the atmosphere state provided by the WRF ARW was used in the CHIMERE model for describing the air mass transport processes, chemical transformation, and pollution deposition. Results of retrieval and forecast of surface ozone concentration as one of main air quality indicators are under consideration. Calculations of ozone concentrations for different configurations of a prognostic system differ in resolution of model grid and in the way the boundary conditions are prescribed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 249-257 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040054 Authors R. B. Zaripov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. B. Konovalov, Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulnova 46, Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Russia I. N. Kuznetsova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. B. Belikov, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 109017 Russia A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The technique and results of computations of statistical parameters of ice pile-up formation on the western coast of the northern Caspian Sea are presented. The dynamic model of ice pile-up formation on the shores is described. The main ice, meteorological, and morphologic factors influencing the shore pile-up formation are analyzed. The test computation enabling to estimate the model adequacy is described. The estimation principle of the probability of the formation of the ice pile-up of certain size is given and the distribution functions of geometrical parameters of the pile-ups on the western coast of the northern Caspian Sea are obtained. The limits of the proposed model are specially stipulated. Content Type Journal Article Pages 193-199 DOI 10.3103/S106837391103006X Authors S. V. Klyachkin, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    Interadapted fields of main hydrophysical characteristics in the vicinity of hydrological sections carried out in 1997–1998 in the Barents Sea are obtained on the basis of model computations. The complex analysis of these materials and atmospheric situation in the region during 1997–1998 enabled to estimate quantitatively the variations of significant hydrodynamic conditions: the decrease in the inflow of rather warm and salty North Atlantic waters and the compensation inflow of polar waters, the decrease in total heat content and the weakening of water dynamics in the system of the general cyclonic circulation, and the increase in the ice coverage of the Barents Sea in anomalously cold winter 1997/98. It is revealed with a high degree of the confidence probability that the significant deviations from the normal conditions occur in response to the global El Niño disturbance which took place in the same years with the maximum values of the Southern Oscillation Index in January–March 1998. Content Type Journal Article Pages 185-192 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030058 Authors A. N. Sidorova, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Krasikova 23, Moscow, 117218 Russia A. D. Shcherbinin, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Krasikova 23, Moscow, 117218 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    The probability multimodel forecast system based on the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC) model data is verified. The winter and summer seasonal mean fields T 850 and precipitation seasonal totals are estimated. To combine the models into a multimodel ensemble, the probability forecast is calculated for each of single models first, and then these forecasts are combined using the total probability formula. It is shown that the multimodel forecast is considerably more skilful than the single-model forecasts. The forecast quality is higher in the tropics compared to the mid- and high latitudes. The multimodel ensemble temperature forecasts outperform the random and climate forecasts for Northern Eurasia in the above- and below-normal categories. Precipitation forecast is less successful. For winter, the combination of single-model ensembles provides the precipitation forecast skill exceeding that of the random forecast for both Northern Eurasia and European Russia. Content Type Journal Article Pages 145-154 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030010 Authors A. Yu. Bundel, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. N. Kryzhov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Young-Mi Min, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center, 1463 U-dong, Haeundae-gu, Busan, 612-020 Republic of Korea V. M. Khan, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia R. M. Vilfand, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. A. Tishchenko, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    Development of a long-living Cb cloud in the desert part of Saudi Arabia on April 10, 2008 is analyzed. Continuous satellite and radar observations of the cloud are carried out during five hours. Numerical modeling of the cloud is performed using a nonstationary 1.5-dimensional model. Data on the Cb cloud and its anvil development dynamics are obtained. It is shown that the anvil characteristics differ significantly in the zone of its formation directly over the cloud and when moving away from it. It is pointed out that the radar underestimates the anvil sizes. Estimation of precipitation rate from the cloud under study by means of satellite and radar measurements is compared against the results of numerical modeling. It is found that precipitation rate could reach 100 mm/h. The radar estimates of the precipitation rate are significantly overstated, which is, in this case, due to presence of large hail particles. Content Type Journal Article Pages 167-174 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030034 Authors T. W. Krauss, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA A. A. Sin’kevich, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia N. E. Veremei, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Yu. A. Dovgalyuk, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia V. S. Makitov, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA V. D. Stepanenko, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    It is demonstrated that the results of the climate modeling cannot be directly used to forecast the regional climate changes on the territory of the Russian Federation for one-three decades due to the strong influence of the natural long-period climatic variability associated with the processes in the ocean-atmosphere system in the North Atlantic. A model is proposed of the temperature variations in the regions of the Russian Federation including the variations of the global temperature and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. An empirical dynamic-stochastic model with external radiation impacts is used for the global temperature. Different scenarios of concentration variations of the radiation-active atmospheric components and NAO are considered. It is demonstrated that depending on the accepted hypothesis concerning the type of the expected NAO variations (natural fluctuations or the result of anthropogenic impacts) and on the scenario of concentration variations of the sulfate aerosols and methane, the average annual temperature variations on the territory of the Russian Federation between 2007 and 2030 may amount from 0.81 to 1.90°C. The estimates of temperature variations for the main physiographic regions of the Russian Federation are obtained. Content Type Journal Article Pages 217-228 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040017 Authors M. Yu. Bardin, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The characteristics of spatiotemporal variability of surface air temperature anomaly fields in China are computed from the data of instrumental observations carried out from 1907 to 2000. The fields are represented by their empirical orthogonal function expansion. The temporal variations of the coefficients of this expansion are considered at the scale range from one month to five years. It turned out that both the orthogonal function structure and the type of the temporal variability of expansion coefficients in China differ from those in Northern Eurasia. Investigating the current climate warming in China, it is enough to consider the first two empirical orthogonal functions of temperature fields only. The characteristic time of the existence of temperature anomalies described by these functions is almost the same as that of the temperature anomalies in Northern Eurasia described by the first empirical orthogonal function of the respective fields. Content Type Journal Article Pages 239-243 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040030 Authors N. M. Datsenko, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia N. N. Ivashchenko, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia D. M. Sonechkin, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Krasikova 23, Moscow, 117218 Russia Q. Chun, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000 China B. Yang, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donggang West Road 320, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000 China Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The review is compiled based on the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in the CIS and Baltic countries, functioning in the operational regime at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses the data from the national network of filter ozonometers M-124 type under supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO). The proper operation of the entire system is under an operational control from observations with the OMI satellite (US NASA) equipment. Basic TO observation data for each month of the fourth quarter of 2010, for the quarter and the year as a whole are generalized. Peculiarities of the Spring Antarctic Ozone Anomaly development in 2010 are described. Basic results of regular observations of the surface ozone and other minor atmospheric gas components in the Moscow region in 2010 are also under consideration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 139-144 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020105 Authors A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia N. S. Ivanova, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia G. M. Kruchenitskii, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    Peculiarities are investigated of the air temperature variation tendencies at some stations of the Far East in 1976–2005. The estimate of linear trend equation coefficients is computed according to the air temperature observation data using the least squares method. It is demonstrated that the air temperature trend in northern regions possesses a small probability at small values of residual variability. In the southern regions, the trend significance increases for almost all seasons at small values of residual variability. At midlatitude stations, the trend significance in January and February decreases considerably due to the large values of residual variability. Content Type Journal Article Pages 740-743 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110038 Authors T. A. Shatilina, Pacific Research Fisheries Center, per. Shevchenko 4, Vladivostok, 690091 Russia G. Sh. Tsitsiashvili, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Radio 7, Vladivostok, Primorskii krai, 690041 Russia T. V. Radchenkova, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Radio 7, Vladivostok, Primorskii krai, 690041 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    An applied statistical analysis is considered of periodically correlated time series with the known correlation period T . The statistical estimates are suggested of the trend (of nonrandom additive component) and mathematical expectation (of seasonal or daily component) of the time series under investigation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 744-749 DOI 10.3103/S106837391011004X Authors V. G. Alekseev, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 109017 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    The problem of the solar radiation heat assimilation in the stratum of the ice hummock sail is considered within the frameworks of the problem of quantitative description of hummocky formation evolution. The technique of experimental investigations and the measuring means are described. The results are given of observations on the solar radiation weakening in the stratum of ice hummocks and level ice carried out at the North Pole-35 drifting station and during the Arctic-2008 expedition on board the scientific-research vessel Akademik Fedorov . It is demonstrated that the ice hummock sail stratum assimilates 20–50% of solar radiation more than the level sea ice. The possible explanation of this phenomenon is proposed based on morphometric peculiarities of ice hummock formation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 40-44 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010067 Authors O. M. Andreev, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia B. V. Ivanov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia A. M. Bezgreshnov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    Investigations carried out in the Northern Dvina River basin revealed that the decrease in the ice thickness on small rivers is of significant importance in the increase in the water content of rivers in winter in recent decades. This process resulted in the improvement of the channel capacity as a result of the decrease in the ice formation intensity on the rivers and of the increase in the fraction of ground waters participating in the winter river runoff formation. It is proposed to consider the initial winter ice conditions as a separate important factor of this process as they define the types of river freezing influencing on the winter river runoff formation as well. Content Type Journal Article Pages 348-353 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050098 Authors E. V. Gurevich, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    The classification is made of atmospheric circulation over the South China Sea water area for the period from 2000 to 2008 on the basis of daily surface synoptic charts taking account of the movement of cyclones and location of anticyclones. Three typical situations are marked out: low-gradient field, low-gradient field with the strong wind in the north of the sea, and the tropical cyclone appearance including three subtypes (the cyclone in the north, at the center, and in the south of the sea). The repeatability, continuity, and duration of the action of the types of atmospheric processes are computed as well as their seasonal and interannual variability. Content Type Journal Article Pages 294-299 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050025 Authors A. M. Polyakova, Il’ichev Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Baltiiskaya 43, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    The paper is based on the experimental data obtained by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute during the expeditions carried out in 2001–2008 within the frameworks of the Ice Research Program of Lukoil Co. in the northwestern part of the Caspian Sea. The in situ data processing and their statistical analysis enabled to obtain new information on the geometry of ice formations and distribution of main morphometric parameters of ice hummocks and stamukhas. The regularities are revealed of distributions of morphometric characteristics and parameters of the internal structure of ice hummocks and stamukhas. Content Type Journal Article Pages 333-339 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050074 Authors E. U. Mironov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia V. S. Porubaev, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    A computer complex is described developed for the detailed temperature forecasting in large megalopolises. It consists of the global and microclimatic models implementing the modeling of the thermal regime within Moscow. To increase the modeling quality, an improved technique is proposed of computation of temperature characteristics within the urban canyon. A spatial resolution of output modeling data reaches 500 m. A comparison with the station data demonstrates that the accuracy of air temperature simulation in Moscow and in its nearest vicinities is quite satisfactory. Content Type Journal Article Pages 300-306 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050037 Authors A. V. Kislov, Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow, 119899 Russia P. I. Konstantinov, Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow, 119899 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    A complex analysis is made of the variability of climatic, hydrological, and oceanological processes and environmental factors in the Baltic Sea region in the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. The cause-and-effect relations between the climate dynamics over the North Atlantic and hydrometeorological conditions in the Baltic basin are established. Different variants of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices were used as an atmospheric circulation intensity measure. Content Type Journal Article Pages 340-347 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050086 Authors V. V. Drozdov, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Malookhtinskii pr. 98, St. Petersburg, 195196 Russia N. P. Smirnov, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Malookhtinskii pr. 98, St. Petersburg, 195196 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    Conventional average values of Wallace-Gutzler indices for the regional circulations and average values of major variability components of the fields of the North Atlantic surface temperature anomalies are plotted on the geographical map used to analyze the total daily precipitation fields. The computation conditions of average values are defined by the dates classified according to three equiprobable gradations of total precipitation. A projection of conditional average values to the precipitation field points enables to estimate the atmospheric and oceanic “tracks” within the marked out gradations of total precipitation. The stratification and computation of characteristics are carried out for the summer and winter seasons. Large regions are revealed of statistically significant interrelation of the atmospheric circulation and major components of variability of the sea surface temperature anomalies with the extreme gradations of total precipitation for summer and winter seasons. The recommendations are formulated for the use of obtained results in the practice of the seasonal forecasting of meteorological conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 285-293 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050013 Authors A. V. Murav’ev, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. A. Kulikova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    Multimodel forecast fields of temperature at 850 hPa and seasonal precipitation are combined using a procedure of two-step averaging. It is shown that the resulting forecasts averaged over the multimodel ensemble outperform the forecasts of individual models. The verification of forecast production has been carried out on cross-validated hindcasts according to WMO requirements. The simulation of spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric variables is assessed. The results indicate that the combined models are rather skillful in the tropical oceans, while the accuracy in the extratropics is poor. Content Type Journal Article Pages 11-17 DOI 10.3103/S106837391101002X Authors V. M. Khan, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. N. Kryzhov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia R. M. Vil’fand, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. A. Tishchenko, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia A. Yu. Bundel’, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The accumulation factor of radionuclides in river and water body bottom sediments K is an integral magnitude and depends on many parameters. With a two-compartment migration model (water-bottom sediments) an analytical relation is established for the conditions of a steady-state process of radioactive transfer for calculating K depending on the known parameters of radionuclide migration in the aquatic environment. With a reference to cesium 137 the calculated factor value is found for silty sediments in rivers and water bodies under characteristic summertime parameters of migration. The numerical analysis showed that the coefficient of radionuclide distribution in the water-suspension system and turbidity influence mostly the K value for cesium 137. For the practical use of this coefficient, a scheme of its correction is suggested depending on turbidity. An example of its practical use for calculating cesium 137 in water is considered. The calculated and measured volumetric activity values are intercompared. Content Type Journal Article Pages 33-39 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010055 Authors A. L. Krylov, Institute of Problems of Safety Development of Atomic Energetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. B. Tul’skaya 52, Moscow, 115191 Russia A. V. Nosov, Joint-Stock Company “Atomenergoproject” Rosatom, ul. Bakuninskaya 7, str. 1, Moscow, 105005 Russia V. P. Kiselev, Institute of Problems of Safety Development of Atomic Energetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. B. Tul’skaya 52, Moscow, 115191 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The display is considered of global processes in the ocean-atmosphere system in the variability of hydrophysical and hydrobiological fields of the northwestern part of the Black Sea in spring period of 1978–1995. It is demonstrated that the variability of North Atlantic and Southern oscillations in winter-spring period affects the spring hydrometeorological conditions in catchment areas of European rivers of the Black Sea basin causing the variability of runoff volumes of these rivers and the scales of spreading river waters at the northwestern shelf. Hydrological and hydrobiological characteristics of shelf waters varying in the process influence the formation of distribution of suspended matter content and transparency. Content Type Journal Article Pages 45-54 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010079 Authors E. N. Voskresenskaya, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine A. S. Kukushkin, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine N. V. Mikhailova, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    Main differences are considered in the formation of physical and mechanical ice properties in hummocky formations as compared with level areas of the ice cover. The results of laboratory and field investigations demonstrate that these differences are caused both by dynamometamorphic transformations of crystal ice structure as a result of the compression of ice fields before the beginning of hummocky ice formation and in the process of consolidation of ice blocks within the ice hummocks formed during the winter-spring period. Content Type Journal Article Pages 823-831 DOI 10.3103/S106837391012006X Authors K. P. Tyshko, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 12

Description:    Features are considered of using a two-dimensional model of the atmospheric boundary layer for estimation of coastal fog parameters for the Siberian reservoirs, based on reanalysis and on output data of a regional climate model. The model fog characteristics are compared with observations at the reservoirs of Surgut power plants. Examples are given of the fog characteristic calculation for the projected Evenki hydrosystem. It is shown that the data of regional climate model can be used if the changes are taken into account of background climate in the area of the projected reservoir. Content Type Journal Article Pages 791-798 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910120010 Authors E. D. Nadezhina, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia V. I. Matsak, Energetic Engineering Center of Ural, ul. Avtomatiki 3, Yekaterinburg, 620049 Russia A. A. Semioshina, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia I. M. Shkol’nik, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 12

Description:    In connection with analysis of anomalous weather in summer of 2010, the state-of-the-art is reviewed of climatology of the blocking anticyclones, of mechanism for their onset and persistence, as well as possibilities of their forecasting. The main results are quoted on occurrence frequency, intensity, and duration of blockings and on their connection with features of general circulation of the atmosphere in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. As the primary cause of the blocking formation, nonlinear instability of the Rossby waves is considered with intense energy exchange with planetary waves and with synoptic-scale eddies. Mathematical means have been developed to investigate the energy exchange on the real data of objective analysis (reanalysis). This approach can be applied to analyze causes of anomalous duration of the summer blocking. From the point of view of forecasting, blockings do not differ much from other atmospheric pressure systems. Namely, within the framework of medium-range forecasting, the blocking onset, under condition of its absence in the initial fields, can be predicted with a projection of several days; also, the ensemble forecasts are generally more successful than those obtained with any single model. The blocking duration and decay can be predicted successfully within the medium-range forecasting. Content Type Journal Article Pages 721-730 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110014 Authors N. P. Shakina, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia A. R. Ivanova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    The greenhouse gases emission (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O) from domestic and international aviation in the Russian Federation is assessed. In 2007, the total emission of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O amounted to 18.4 million tons of CO 2 -equivalent, which is 21% below the 1990 level. Carbon dioxide dominates in the component composition of the emissions, its part in 2007 accounted for 99.1% of the emission. Taking into account the tendency towards increasing fuel consumption due to intense aircraft traffic it can be expected that compared to the present level the greenhouse gases emissions in 2012 and 2020 will increase by 15 and 45%, respectively. Accounting for the increased aircraft emissions as well as plans of foreign countries to include the international aviation into the scheme of greenhouse gases emission allowance (trade credits) it is expedient to make more precise the greenhouse gases emissions from the Russian aviation based on the detailed flight data for all types of the aircraft. Content Type Journal Article Pages 18-24 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010031 Authors V. A. Grabar, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia M. L. Gitarskii, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia T. M. Dmitrieva, Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Novovagan’kovskii per. 12, Moscow, 123242 Russia E. P. Glukhovskaya, Federal Aeronautical Service, Leningradskii pr. 37, kor. 2, Moscow, 125993 Russia N. I. Khor’kova, State Corporation for Organizing Air Traffic in the Russian Federation, Leningradskii pr. 37, kor. 7, Moscow, 125167 Russia S. V. Kirichkov, State Research Institute for Civil Aviation, Sheremet’evo-1 Airport, Moscow, 124340 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    Chemical weapon dumped after World War II in the Baltic Sea continues to be of a great concern of the public and population of the countries adjoining the area of dumping. One of such areas is part of the water area in the vicinity of the island of Bornholm. In 2007–2008, within the frameworks of the EU MERCW project “Modelling the Environmental Risks Related to Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons” the area was researched during the expedition and potential effect of the dumped chemical weapon on the Baltic Sea ecosystem was studied. The major objective of this paper is to assess the risk for the population from consuming the fish caught in the area of chemical weapon dumping near Bornholm. The risk assessment for the population consuming the fish contaminated by arsenic compounds was conducted. It is demonstrated that the level of the risk for the human population taking in arsenic is of such a value that (in accordance with the carcinogen risk classification) the decision-makers are recommended to take measures for its reducing. Content Type Journal Article Pages 324-332 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050062 Authors M. N. Katkova, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    The maps are presented of seasonal air temperature and precipitation amount anomalies averaged for the whole Volga region and adjacent territory for two time periods, 1946–1977 and 1978–2008. It is demonstrated that the considerable differences in the thermal and moistening regimes of the Volga region exist for these two periods. The relation is described between the variations of temperature and precipitation amount and the circulation types according to Vangengeim-Girs classification as well as the possibility to use these data for specifying the climatic scenarios obtained on the basis of physically complete hydrodynamic models. Content Type Journal Article Pages 307-314 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050049 Authors O. A. Anisimov, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia I. I. Borzenkova, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia E. L. Zhil’tsova, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia O. K. Zakharova, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia V. A. Kokorev, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia S. A. Reneva, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia Yu. G. Strel’chenko, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg, 199053 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    A method is presented to determine the quadratic nonlinearity parameter and amplitude of low-frequency internal gravity waves in the coastal zone of a fringing sea, based upon their propagation rate dependence on local value of pycnocline vertical displacement produced by the waves. To test the method, the internal wave field observations in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan are used. The testing results show that the internal wave parameters calculated using the proposed method and the experimental data are in a good agreement with those calculated from theoretical formulas. Content Type Journal Article Pages 269-272 DOI 10.3103/S106837391104008X Authors V. V. Novotryasov, Il’ichev Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Baltiiskaya 43, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia E. P. Pavlova, Il’ichev Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Baltiiskaya 43, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    Changes in daily mean and daily maximum surface ozone concentrations, temperature, and relative humidity are evaluated based on the data of long-term observations (from 11 to 16 years) carried out at eight German stations. For all stations the trends of daily mean surface ozone concentration are statistically significant and positive. The trend values are different and generally range from 0 to 10% per 10 years. The trends of the maximum daily concentration are, on average, approximately 1.5 times less. Noticeable part of trends of the surface ozone concentration is connected with the trends of meteorological variables: temperature, relative humidity, and air mass transport direction. After the account of the influence of the trends of meteorological variables, the trends of the surface ozone concentration at most stations substantially decrease. The highest trend values of daily mean and daily maximum surface ozone concentrations are observed in a cold season; in a warm season, the trend values are much lower, at some stations they are statistically insignificant. A conclusion is made that for a correct revealing of reasons of long-term changes in the surface ozone concentration one should take into account changes in meteorological factors influencing its formation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 258-264 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040066 Authors A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia O. A. Tarasova, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    Distribution of pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere is analyzed in the latitudinal range of 40°–60° from the data of three sets of reanalysis. It is shown that the latitude-mean value of the 500-hPa isobaric surface tends to grow during last decades. By means of analysis of tropospheric frontal zone characteristics, the cases are revealed with blocking deformation of the pressure field. Occurrence frequency of blockings is analyzed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 244-248 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040042 Authors V. P. Sadokov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The results of calculation and analysis of a long-term spatial variability in volumes of the influx of a wide spectrum of dissolved chemical substances to the Ob-Taz estuarine area are under consideration. It is shown that physical transport of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus, silicic acid, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, heavy metal compounds down the rivers flowing into the Ob-Taz estuarine area dominates over the processes of their chemical-biological transformation. Therefore, a substantial amount of these compounds enters the estuarine ecosystems, which leads to a substantial transformation of the component composition of their water environment and a greater extent of its pollution. The latter predetermines a possible transition of the Ob-Taz estuarine area state from equilibrium into crisis, and in occasional years, even into critical state. Content Type Journal Article Pages 200-206 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030071 Authors V. A. Bryzgalo, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia V. V. Ivanov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia I. M. Ivanova, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    The results of a comparative analysis of temporal and spatial variations in the particulate matter (PM 10 ) concentration are under consideration; the information is obtained based on the measurement data from the Mosekomonitoring network of stations and results of calculations with the CHIMERE chemistry transport model adapted for the Russian central region. The intercomparison of measurement data obtained in summer 2007 and respective calculations showed that the model provided a satisfactory reproduction of the observed temporal variability of the daily mean PM 10 concentration (an averaged correlation coefficient is 0.8), but systematically underestimated the absolute values of the PM 10 concentration. It is shown that model data quality can be significantly improved due to a simple a priori correction of the model errors. Irregularities in the spatial distribution of the PM 10 concentration and their dependence on meteorological conditions were revealed. The reasons of the formation of episodes of a high PM 10 concentration are considered. Content Type Journal Article Pages 175-184 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030046 Authors I. N. Kuznetsova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. B. Konovalov, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulnova 46, Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Russia A. A. Glazkova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia M. I. Nakhaev, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia R. B. Zaripov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia E. A. Lezina, Mosekomonitoring State Nature Protection Organization, ul. Novyi Arbat 11, str. 1, Moscow, 121019 Russia A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia M. Beekmann, Inter-University Laboratory of Atmospheric Systems, av. Général de Gaulle 61, Paris, 94010 France Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    The main problems of the study of the meteorological regime, climate, hydrology, snow avalanches, mudflows, and glaciers are considered. It is demonstrated that the level of their exploration on the plain territory is sufficient on the whole, however, the mountain territories are poorly studied. The opening of new stations including the automatic ones and the organization of snow-route observations are required. It is necessary to carry out the preparation and publishing of new handbooks on the climate and surface water resources and to create the catalogs of glaciers, snow avalanches, and mudflows on the basis of the modern topographic maps and satellite images. Content Type Journal Article Pages 273-278 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040091 Authors P. M. Lur’e, Northern Caucasian Interregional Territorial Administration for Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring, ul. Erevanskaya 1/7, Rostov-on-Don, 344025 Russia V. D. Panov, Northern Caucasian Interregional Territorial Administration for Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring, ul. Erevanskaya 1/7, Rostov-on-Don, 344025 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    A long-range atmosphere transfer of radionuclides from nuclear explosions and nuclear plant accidents is considered. Data on radionuclide transport in the Yenisey, Pripet, Sozh, Iput’, and Besed’ rivers are presented. The time of the radionuclide transport from the Irish Sea to the Baltic and Barents seas is defined using changes in the cesium 134/cesium 137 isotope ratio. Content Type Journal Article Pages 265-268 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040078 Authors S. M. Vakulovskii, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia M. G. Germenchuk, Department for Hydrometeorology, Ministry of Nature, ul. Komsomol’skaya 16, Minsk, 220030 Belarus O. M. Zhukova, Republic Center for Radiation Control and Environment Monitoring, pr. Nezavisimosti 110a, Minsk, 220114 Belarus Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    Results of investigations of the winter river runoff formation in the Northern Dvina River basin (without the Vychegda River basin) are under consideration. The peculiarities of the winter runoff formation are revealed from the analysis of the conditions of the runoff reduction in different parts of the river basin. A regulatory effect of the upper links of the river net on the lower links is established. Content Type Journal Article Pages 130-133 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020087 Authors E. V. Gurevich, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg 199053, Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The slope of the tropopause is calculated from the data of its height in the points of a regular grid. From the NCEP Reanalysis-2 for 1990–2007, the slope angles are calculated of the tropopause approximated by different constant values of Ertel potential vorticity within the latitude band of 30°–70° N. Effects of horizontal resolution of the data under use on the calculation results are studied on the basis of ten-day samples of objective analysis by UKMO, NCEP, and operative objective analysis of Hydrometeorological Center of Russia in different seasons of 2009. Content Type Journal Article Pages 82-90 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020026 Authors A. R. Ivanova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    Some results of activities on cloud seeding operations to modify the weather conditions over metropolises are given. The main objective of these activities was to dissipate the clouds and to decrease or to stop the precipitation on the territory under protection during the political, cultural, or sporting events. Up to 12 aircraft specially equipped with the measuring equipment needed to carry out the cloud seeding, with the Land-Aircraft-Land radio data transmission system, and with the cloud seeding means were used to fulfill the works on the weather modification. The liquid nitrogen, “dry ice”, silver iodide, and coarse-dispersion powder were used as the reagents for the cloud seeding. To control the aviation works and the results of the cloud seeding, the ground-based automated meteorological radar systems were used. The results of more than 40 large-scale operations on the improvement of weather conditions carried out since 1995 in different regions of Russia and near abroad indicate the efficiency of the methods and technical means of cloud seeding developed by the specialists of Roshydromet to modify the atmospheric precipitation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 117-123 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020063 Authors B. P. Koloskov, Agency of Atmospheric Technologies, Novovagan’kovskii per. 8, Moscow, 123995 Russia V. P. Korneev, Agency of Atmospheric Technologies, Novovagan’kovskii per. 8, Moscow, 123995 Russia V. V. Petrov, Agency of Atmospheric Technologies, Novovagan’kovskii per. 8, Moscow, 123995 Russia G. P. Beryulev, Central Aerological Observatory, ul. Pervomaiskaya 3, Dolgoprudny Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia B. G. Danelyan, Central Aerological Observatory, ul. Pervomaiskaya 3, Dolgoprudny Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia G. G. Shchukin, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The characteristics are studied of warm cloud mediums (size spectra, concentration, etc.) formed in the cloud chamber of the volume of 3200 m 3 at adiabatic expansion of the humid air and at the variations of condensation nuclei concentration within the limits of 50–500 times from the initial one. To remove the nuclei, the volume electrostatic technique was used not requiring the ventilators. By means of the decrease in the cloud condensation nuclei concentration to the order of 100 cm −3 and less, it was succeeded for the first time to prevent the formation of clouds and fogs at adiabatic cooling of the humid air with equivalent speed of less than U z = 28 cm/s. At U z = 28–35 cm/s and nuclei concentration of 50–200 cm −3 , it becomes possible to simulate the fine-droplet hazes and fogs with monomodal spectra at average droplet diameter of 4–6 μm. At small and moderate rate U z = 11–100 cm/s and active nuclei concentration of 300–700 cm −3 , one can simulate the convective clouds with wide polymodal spectra. The potential of modern models of cloud spectra formation and the prospects of application of the technique of ion-stimulated variations of condensation nuclei concentration are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 155-166 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030022 Authors V. V. Smirnov, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    An evolution of the anomalous tropical storm is considered developed on April 29–May 4, 2008 over the Bay of Bengal. After the origination, it spread eastward through the Andaman Sea and reached the Myanmar coast. The analysis of formation and development of the tropical storm over the water area of the Bay of Bengal demonstrated that the sea level pressure at the center of this storm was rather high. Nevertheless, catastrophically large precipitation amount fell in Myanmar. Content Type Journal Article Pages 112-116 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020051 Authors A. I. Degtyarev, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia N. V. Degtyareva, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    Basing on statements of general theory of systems, possibilities are considered to use the Lotki-Volterra model describing behavior of the system of consumer-resource (object-resource) for biological populations, in description of evolution elements of convective cloud (convective cell). The obtained results lead to a conclusion on applicability of the approach to the mentioned purposes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 134-138 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020099 Authors G. S. Burundukov, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 E. I. Potapov, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 I. A. Garaba, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 S. D. Plyusnin, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 E. A. Zasavitskii, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 M. T. Abshaev, Mountain Geophysical Institute, pr. Lenina 2, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria, 360004 Russia A. M. Abshaev, Mountain Geophysical Institute, pr. Lenina 2, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria, 360004 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    Several carbon cycle models listed in the IPCC materials are used for assessing the atmospheric CO 2 response to various scenarios for the CO 2 anthropogenic emission into the atmosphere. The same materials present the Green function expressions of these models in terms of this exponential approximation, i.e., in the form of a sum of exponents. The uncertainties that occur when the Green function is substituted by its exponential approximation are investigated. The reason of such an analysis is a classic conclusion that a general problem of the exponential approximation refers to the class of inconsistent problems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 25-32 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010043 Authors M. Ya. Antonovskii, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    An average long-term distribution of temperature and salinity is analyzed for different months (May–November) computed on the basis of materials accumulated at standard oceanological sections of the northern part of the Tatar Strait. The main attention is paid to the section Korsakov Cape-Cape Syurkum crossing the water area under study practically in the middle. In early spring, the cold waters with salinity of more than 33‰ are registered at the section Korsakov Cape-Cape Syurkum. The waters with smaller salinity are revealed only in late spring, in June. In the same period, the intensification of cold intermediate layer occurs, first of all, in the western part of the section. The waters in the surface layer near the Sakhalin coast are warmed more than at the continental shelf. During the summer, this difference gradually decreases and the surface layer temperature becomes even in September. On the contrary, the spatial salinity gradients increase. In the fall, under the influence of northern and northwestern winds being typical of this period, the upwelling is formed near the Sakhalin coast and the cold dense waters emerge in the narrow coastal strip. The direction of alongshore flow changes from northern to the southern one. At the section Korsakov Cape-Cape Syurkum in November, the influence of small-salinity waters associated with the Amur River runoff is significantly revealed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 55-64 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010080 Authors G. V. Shevchenko, Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Nauki 1B, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693022 Russia E. A. Vilyanskaya, Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Baltiiskaya 43, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia V. N. Chastikov, Sakhalin Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, ul. Komsomol’skaya 196, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 693023 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The results are stated of estimation of short-range forecasting of heavy precipitation ( P ≥ 10 mm/12 hours) and strong wind at the height of 10 m ( V ≥ 10 m/s) using three nonhydrostatic models from the WRF family: ARW, ARW Glob, and NMM. The forecasts on the basis of all three models were carried out using two grids. The horizontal resolution of external grids varied from 9 to 16.5 km and that of the nested grids, from 3 to 5.5 km. For the ARW and NMM models, the values at side boundaries of external nested grids were taken from the forecasts on the basis of the global GFS NCEP model and for the ARW Glob model, from the global forecasts based on this model. The convection parameterization was turned off at nested grids for all models. The forecasts of heavy precipitation and strong wind at nested grids over the European territory of Russia were estimated from the radar and station measurements in summer 2008. It is obtained that all three models reproduce well enough the mesoscale convective systems and associated areas of heavy precipitation and strong wind but they have common shortcomings: they overestimate the amount and area of heavy precipitation and underestimate the strong wind speed. To a lesser degree, these shortcomings are typical of the ARW model. The possible reasons for systematic errors in the forecasts are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010018 Authors N. F. Vel’tishchev, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. D. Zhupanov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Yu. B. Pavlyukov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    A one-dimensional model of fast ice wind-induced break-up developed before was adapted for two-dimensional case that enabled to explain many regularities of this phenomenon. A numerical scheme is proposed of the integration of the acting stresses and potential resistivity by the fast ice area as well as the method for taking into account the correlation between the wind direction and prevailing coastline orientation that enables to simulate practically any combination of tensile and shearing stresses in the basins of arbitrary shape. The seasonal variability of strengthening ice properties is taken into account. All numerical tests carried out within the frameworks of this investigation demonstrated the qualitative and, partly, quantitative similarity of computation results and regularities observed in nature. The model sensitivity to the variation of some parameters is studied. The limits of model applicability are discussed and the directions of further research are proposed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 65-71 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010092 Authors S. V. Klyachkin, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    New data are obtained on cesium 137 contamination after the Chernobyl NPP accident of settlements, agricultural lands, and forest areas in four Russian regions most affected by the accident: the Bryansk, Kaluga, Orel, and Tula regions. The new information was used to qualify the database on radioactive contamination of these areas. The renewed database was used as a basis for compiling maps on the terrain contamination by cesium 137 in 2006 and a series of prognostic maps with a ten-year interval from 2016 to 2056. The assessment of the dynamics of a change in the zonal areas with different levels of contamination by cesium 137 and the time when the patterns of respective contamination levels disappear in these areas is specified. Content Type Journal Article Pages 817-822 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910120058 Authors E. V. Imshennik, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia E. V. Kvasnikova, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 12

Description:    The comparison is represented of the results of surface ozone concentration measurements in two megalopolises, Moscow and Kiev. A temporal course of ozone concentration and temperature in both cities is close by the shape and is typical of medium-polluted plain stations. In both megalopolises, two maxima are observed within the seasonal ozone concentration variability, in spring and summer, and during the day, a usual ozone concentration maximum (approximately in 2–3 hours after the local noon) and the night one being typical of big cities. An average ozone concentration and an average temperature in corresponding periods are higher in Kiev than in Moscow. Evidently, the summer maximum is associated with photochemical ozone generation processes, and the spring one, with dynamic processes of its transport in the atmosphere. In both megalopolises, the episodes are observed in the warm period under meteorological conditions being unfavorable for the pollutant scattering in the atmosphere when the ozone concentration exceeds the threshold limit value and is dangerous for health. The repeatability of such episodes is the highest one in July-August. In Kiev, such episodes are more frequent than in Moscow. An effective statistical model is constructed for both megalopolises in which the observed ozone concentration is represented in the form of regression function of temperature and relative humidity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 806-812 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910120034 Authors A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia I. B. Belikov, AOZT Atmosfera, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 119017 Russia N. F. Elanskii, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 109017 Russia I. N. Kuznetsova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Ya. O. Romanyuk, Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Akademika Zabolotnogo 27, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine M. G. Sosonkin, Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Akademika Zabolotnogo 27, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine O. A. Tarasova, World Meteorological Organization, 7bis, avenue de la Paix, Case postale No. 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 12

Description:    Data are considered on samples taken during the 2006–2008 expeditions from the water and bottom sediments in the areas where chemical weapon was dumped in the Bornholm basin. Arsenic concentration is detected with the X-ray fluorescence analysis and inversion voltammetry. Results are under consideration of the enhanced arsenic content and their relation to arsenic-bearing toxic agents. It is pointed out that arsenic contamination is local in character and at present is of no serious hazard to the natural environment. Content Type Journal Article Pages 315-323 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911050050 Authors I. S. Khalikov, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Yu. I. Savin, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 5

Description:    Basing on airmass motion trajectory calculations over the Arabian Peninsula on April 10, 2008, it can be assumed that in the lower and middle troposphere, zones with increased air moisture exist due to air inflow from the Red Sea. As a result, mesoscale volumes of dry and moist air are neighboring, though large-scale field is comparatively homogeneous with low humidity. In the mesoscale zones, intense thunderstorm and hailstorm Cb clouds developed, whose characteristics and evolution are studied in the paper. Continuous radar observations of the clouds are carried out during 5 hours. Numerical simulation of the cloud evolution is performed with nonstationary 1.5-dimensional model. It is noted that under the mentioned atmospheric conditions, in the area under consideration, heavy rain and hail from the Cb clouds are observed. The main factors of their origination are high thermal instability of the atmosphere and moist air inflow from outside. Content Type Journal Article Pages 102-111 DOI 10.3103/S106837391102004X Authors T. W. Krauss, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA A. A. Sin’kevich, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia N. E. Veremei, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Yu. A. Dovgalyuk, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia V. S. Makitov, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA V. D. Stepanenko, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The types of scientific works on the investigation of hydrological objects in the Antarctic oases during the whole period under study are systematized. The investigations (the periods and areas of their carrying out) are recited with the description of the main obtained scientific results as well as the areas of investigations planned for the future. It is demonstrated that it is important to broaden the network of glaciological, hydrological, and ecological monitoring on the territories of the Antarctic oases for the purpose of the full-fledged complex analysis of the current state of the Antarctic ecosystems carried out on the basis of the integration approach with the use of the modern scientific methods. Content Type Journal Article Pages 207-215 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911030083 Authors I. N. Sokratova, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 3

Description:    Regional peculiarities of the direction of climate-related changes in the maximum and minimum river runoff in Russia in the 20th century, frequency and duration of dangerous inundations with economic damage, floods, mudflows as well as lack of water, and low-water periods are under consideration. It is found that for the first years of the 21st century, compared to the last decade of the 20th century, frequency and duration of hazardous inundations during high waters and floods increased in the Upper Ob and Kama river basins, during high waters, in the rivers of the Far East Primorye and Sakhalin, in the Northern Caucasus, the danger induced by mudflows and rain floods increased. In the Lena and Yenisey river basins, the flood hazard was preserved in the case of ice clogging. At the same time, in the Western Siberian, Trans-Baikal, the Amur, and Kolyma basins the frequency of periods with extremely shallow water significantly increased. Content Type Journal Article Pages 124-129 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020075 Authors V. A. Semenov, All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information-World Data Center, ul. Koroleva 6, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249035 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The study of the liquid water content and reserve of convective cloudiness accompanied by the rain showers, thunderstorms, and hail is carried out. The values of liquid water content and reserve were obtained by means of computations on the basis of the radar characteristics of cumulonimbus cloudiness as well as with the aid of a number of empirical dependences. It was demonstrated that the use of meteorological radar information for the purpose of computation of the microphysical cloud characteristics such as liquid water content and reserve enables to supplement and specify the data of the ground-based meteorological and aerological observations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 91-101 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020038 Authors N. A. Kalinin, Perm State University, ul. Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990 Russia A. A. Smirnova, Perm State University, ul. Bukireva 15, Perm, 614990 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The review is compiled based on the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in the CIS and Baltic countries, functioning in the operational regime at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses the data from the national network of M-124 filter ozonometers under supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO); the proper operation of the entire system is under an operational control from observations with the OMI satellite (US NASA) equipment. Basic TO observations data for each month of the third quarter of 2010 and for the quarter as a whole are generalized. Basic results of regular observations of the surface ozone content in Moscow and in other regions of Russia and the Ukraine characterizing to a great extent the surface air quality in these regions are under consideration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 785-789 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110099 Authors A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia N. S. Ivanova, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia O. B. Blyum, Gryshko National Botanic Garden, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Timiryazevskaya ul. 1, Kiev, 01014 Ukraine S. N. Kotel’nikov, Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 38, Moscow, 119991 Russia G. M. Kruchenitskii, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia I. N. Kuznetsova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. A. Lapchenko, Karadag Nature Reserve of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Nauki 24, pos. Kurortnoe, 89188 Ukraine Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    Results are represented of comparison of temperature profiles obtained using the remote MTP-5 profilers and radiosondes in three towns: Nizhni Novgorod, Dolgoprudny, and Orenburg in 2004–2006. The comparisons carried out for three types of profiles, namely, for adiabatic type and for surface and raised inversions demonstrated that the MTP-5 instrument registers reliably the temperature profile type. The best coincidence of profiles is observed in the lower 200-m layer. The mean square deviation of the difference of temperature values from the measurements of MTP-5 and radiosonde in the altitude interval of 0–600 m is within the range of 0.9–1.4°C. Content Type Journal Article Pages 777-784 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110087 Authors M. N. Khaikin, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    A three-dimensional nonstationary baroclinic model of the Barents Sea is under consideration. The simulation was performed with allowance for all basic factors influencing the current: wind, pressure, tides, inhomogeneous water density, and flows across the open boundaries. Stationary and nonstationary sea dynamics has been simulated. It is found that an instantaneous flow pattern is highly variable and does not coincide with the schemes of a general drift. The main contribution to variability is made by tidal oscillations. Periodically, the tide and wind form vortex structures in different parts of the Barents Sea. The model is developed and used for getting data on currents on open boundaries of local models of different sea sites for calculating the transport of suspended substances when laying the subwater gas pipeline from the Shtokman gas condensate field to Kola Peninsula. A brief review of measurement data and results of model simulation of the currents in the Barents Sea is prepared. Content Type Journal Article Pages 750-759 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110051 Authors A. S. Averkiev, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Malookhtinskii pr. 98, St. Petersburg, 195196 Russia K. A. Klevannyi, St. Petersburg Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring with Regional Functions, Dvadtsat’ tret’ya liniya, V. O. 2a, St Petersburg, 199026 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    An approach to assessing design hydrological characteristics under nonstationary conditions is under consideration. The Bayesian algorithm for assessing prognostic (design) characteristics of the minimum runoff is recommended with a special reference to processing observation data on the river runoff in the Upper Don River basin. Content Type Journal Article Pages 769-776 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110075 Authors M. V. Bolgov, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia N. I. Sentsova, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    The method is developed of season separation within the annual cycle of thermal atmospheric conditions tracing the regime of the intrusion of relatively cold and warm air flows into the Black Sea area and providing the increase in the estimation reliability of thermal conditions within the actual seasonal periods. The considerable irregularity of the dates of actual season beginning and the possibility of considerable fluctuations of duration of their spring and fall modifications are revealed. It is noticed that the season separation methods change the estimate of their thermal conditions so considerably that the standard procedure of the annual cycle division into the seasons cannot be considered anymore as the method providing the reliability of their determination. It is demonstrated that the season separation method used in the paper also provides the increase in the estimation reliability of the regime of seasonal and long-tern variability of agrometeorological, hydrophysical, hydrochemical, and hydrobiological processes in the Black Sea basin. Content Type Journal Article Pages 760-768 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110063 Authors O. I. Prokopov, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Southern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelendzhik-7, Krasnodarskii krai, 3534467 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    Numerical experiments are analyzed for 1860–2100 with the version of the climate model of intermediate complexity of the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) including the model of general ocean circulation as the oceanic module (CM IAP RAS-GOC) taking account of concentration variations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols from the data of observations and reconstructions for the second half of the 19th and for the 20th century and, according to SRES scenarios, in the 21st century. In the 20th century, the model simulates realistically the variations of surface atmospheric temperature, characteristics of heat absorption by the ocean, and oceanic meridional heat transport. The linear trend of global surface atmospheric temperature in the 20th century (in its last 30 years) in this version of the model amounts to 0.5 ± 0.1 K/100 years (0.22 ± 0.05 K/10 years) that is agreed with the observational data. In the 21st century, the global increase in the surface temperature amounts to 2.5 K (3.5 and 4.1 K) for SRES B1 scenario (for SRES A1B and SRES A2 scenarios, respectively). The increase in the surface temperature is the most significant in high latitudes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere and it is higher, on the whole, over the land than over the ocean. The warming near the surface is larger in winter than in summer. The maximum warming is observed in the Arctic and over the land of subpolar latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere reaching 6–10 K by the end of the 21st century in these regions as compared with the end of the 20th century depending on the anthropogenic impact scenario. At the increase in surface temperature in the 20th–21st centuries, the increase in the heat flow to the ocean and the weakening of the heat transport by the ocean from the tropics to the polar area by 1.5–2 times are registered, on the whole. At the warming, the CM IAP RAS-GOC gives the general increase in the annual precipitation amount which is especially appreciable in the tropics and in the storm-track regions. At the global averaging, the precipitation in the 21st century increase by 20–25%. Content Type Journal Article Pages 73-81 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020014 Authors A. V. Eliseev, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 109017 Russia I. I. Mokhov, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 109017 Russia K. E. Muryshev, Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 3, Moscow, 109017 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The nature of cold half-years in midlatitude Asia is investigated using the data from 1917 to 2008. The schemes are developed of transitive forecasts of various characteristics of the thermal cold half-year structure on the basis of the use of seasonal rhythms within the cold half-year: the duration of the whole cold period and pre-spring period and the dates of the end of the coldest winter period. The reasonability of computation scheme adaptation to the certain dynamics of both predictors and predictants is demonstrated. The possibilities are considered of the determination of duration and dates of the coldest winter period coming at certain stations with the lead time of one year according to the conditional repeatability of the process of their temporal variations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 731-739 DOI 10.3103/S1068373910110026 Authors L. S. Chernysheva, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, Primorskii krai, 690950 Russia V. A. Platonova, Far Eastern Federal University, ul. Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, Primorskii krai, 690950 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 11

Description:    A method is presented to determine the quadratic nonlinearity parameter and amplitude of low-frequency internal gravity waves in the coastal zone of a fringing sea, based upon their propagation rate dependence on local value of pycnocline vertical displacement produced by the waves. To test the method, the internal wave field observations in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan are used. The testing results show that the internal wave parameters calculated using the proposed method and the experimental data are in a good agreement with those calculated from theoretical formulas. Content Type Journal Article Pages 269-272 DOI 10.3103/S106837391104008X Authors V. V. Novotryasov, Il’ichev Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Baltiiskaya 43, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia E. P. Pavlova, Il’ichev Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Baltiiskaya 43, Vladivostok, 690041 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The obtained data on the average long-term ionic runoff of mountain rivers of Azerbaijan served as the basis for the study of its distribution and for the improvement of computation technique depending on the average annual water runoff and on the average height and area of the catchment. Content Type Journal Article Pages 279-283 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040108 Authors M. A. Abduev, Aliev Institute of Geography, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, ul. G. Dzhavida 31, Baku, 370143 Azerbaijan Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    A long-range atmosphere transfer of radionuclides from nuclear explosions and nuclear plant accidents is considered. Data on radionuclide transport in the Yenisey, Pripet, Sozh, Iput’, and Besed’ rivers are presented. The time of the radionuclide transport from the Irish Sea to the Baltic and Barents seas is defined using changes in the cesium 134/cesium 137 isotope ratio. Content Type Journal Article Pages 265-268 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911040078 Authors S. M. Vakulovskii, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia M. G. Germenchuk, Department for Hydrometeorology, Ministry of Nature, ul. Komsomol’skaya 16, Minsk, 220030 Belarus O. M. Zhukova, Republic Center for Radiation Control and Environment Monitoring, pr. Nezavisimosti 110a, Minsk, 220114 Belarus Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 4

Description:    The problem of the solar radiation heat assimilation in the stratum of the ice hummock sail is considered within the frameworks of the problem of quantitative description of hummocky formation evolution. The technique of experimental investigations and the measuring means are described. The results are given of observations on the solar radiation weakening in the stratum of ice hummocks and level ice carried out at the North Pole-35 drifting station and during the Arctic-2008 expedition on board the scientific-research vessel Akademik Fedorov . It is demonstrated that the ice hummock sail stratum assimilates 20–50% of solar radiation more than the level sea ice. The possible explanation of this phenomenon is proposed based on morphometric peculiarities of ice hummock formation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 40-44 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010067 Authors O. M. Andreev, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia B. V. Ivanov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia A. M. Bezgreshnov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    Multimodel forecast fields of temperature at 850 hPa and seasonal precipitation are combined using a procedure of two-step averaging. It is shown that the resulting forecasts averaged over the multimodel ensemble outperform the forecasts of individual models. The verification of forecast production has been carried out on cross-validated hindcasts according to WMO requirements. The simulation of spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric variables is assessed. The results indicate that the combined models are rather skillful in the tropical oceans, while the accuracy in the extratropics is poor. Content Type Journal Article Pages 11-17 DOI 10.3103/S106837391101002X Authors V. M. Khan, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. N. Kryzhov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia R. M. Vil’fand, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. A. Tishchenko, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia A. Yu. Bundel’, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The accumulation factor of radionuclides in river and water body bottom sediments K is an integral magnitude and depends on many parameters. With a two-compartment migration model (water-bottom sediments) an analytical relation is established for the conditions of a steady-state process of radioactive transfer for calculating K depending on the known parameters of radionuclide migration in the aquatic environment. With a reference to cesium 137 the calculated factor value is found for silty sediments in rivers and water bodies under characteristic summertime parameters of migration. The numerical analysis showed that the coefficient of radionuclide distribution in the water-suspension system and turbidity influence mostly the K value for cesium 137. For the practical use of this coefficient, a scheme of its correction is suggested depending on turbidity. An example of its practical use for calculating cesium 137 in water is considered. The calculated and measured volumetric activity values are intercompared. Content Type Journal Article Pages 33-39 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010055 Authors A. L. Krylov, Institute of Problems of Safety Development of Atomic Energetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. B. Tul’skaya 52, Moscow, 115191 Russia A. V. Nosov, Joint-Stock Company “Atomenergoproject” Rosatom, ul. Bakuninskaya 7, str. 1, Moscow, 105005 Russia V. P. Kiselev, Institute of Problems of Safety Development of Atomic Energetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. B. Tul’skaya 52, Moscow, 115191 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The greenhouse gases emission (CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O) from domestic and international aviation in the Russian Federation is assessed. In 2007, the total emission of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O amounted to 18.4 million tons of CO 2 -equivalent, which is 21% below the 1990 level. Carbon dioxide dominates in the component composition of the emissions, its part in 2007 accounted for 99.1% of the emission. Taking into account the tendency towards increasing fuel consumption due to intense aircraft traffic it can be expected that compared to the present level the greenhouse gases emissions in 2012 and 2020 will increase by 15 and 45%, respectively. Accounting for the increased aircraft emissions as well as plans of foreign countries to include the international aviation into the scheme of greenhouse gases emission allowance (trade credits) it is expedient to make more precise the greenhouse gases emissions from the Russian aviation based on the detailed flight data for all types of the aircraft. Content Type Journal Article Pages 18-24 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010031 Authors V. A. Grabar, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia M. L. Gitarskii, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia T. M. Dmitrieva, Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Novovagan’kovskii per. 12, Moscow, 123242 Russia E. P. Glukhovskaya, Federal Aeronautical Service, Leningradskii pr. 37, kor. 2, Moscow, 125993 Russia N. I. Khor’kova, State Corporation for Organizing Air Traffic in the Russian Federation, Leningradskii pr. 37, kor. 7, Moscow, 125167 Russia S. V. Kirichkov, State Research Institute for Civil Aviation, Sheremet’evo-1 Airport, Moscow, 124340 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The results are stated of estimation of short-range forecasting of heavy precipitation ( P ≥ 10 mm/12 hours) and strong wind at the height of 10 m ( V ≥ 10 m/s) using three nonhydrostatic models from the WRF family: ARW, ARW Glob, and NMM. The forecasts on the basis of all three models were carried out using two grids. The horizontal resolution of external grids varied from 9 to 16.5 km and that of the nested grids, from 3 to 5.5 km. For the ARW and NMM models, the values at side boundaries of external nested grids were taken from the forecasts on the basis of the global GFS NCEP model and for the ARW Glob model, from the global forecasts based on this model. The convection parameterization was turned off at nested grids for all models. The forecasts of heavy precipitation and strong wind at nested grids over the European territory of Russia were estimated from the radar and station measurements in summer 2008. It is obtained that all three models reproduce well enough the mesoscale convective systems and associated areas of heavy precipitation and strong wind but they have common shortcomings: they overestimate the amount and area of heavy precipitation and underestimate the strong wind speed. To a lesser degree, these shortcomings are typical of the ARW model. The possible reasons for systematic errors in the forecasts are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010018 Authors N. F. Vel’tishchev, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia V. D. Zhupanov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Yu. B. Pavlyukov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1

Description:    The pollution of surface inland waters under the influence of anthropogenic activity is of the global nature. A process of the pollutant concentration formation is considered as the stochastic one. The dividing of observational series into separate time periods is proposed to obtain the homogeneous series of the pollutant concentration. A technique of the mathematical modeling of pollutant concentration taking account and regardless of the autocorrelation dependence is given. The results of mathematical modeling of biogenic substance concentration in small watercourses in the northwest of the Russian Federation are estimated. Content Type Journal Article Pages 476-481 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911070077 Authors S. N. Kovalenko, St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, ul. Politekhnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 7

Description:    Computer recording of thermal drilling rate of ice hummocks and stamukhas gives the objective information on their internal structure and basic morphometric characteristics. Methods of determination of the consolidation layer of ice hummocks and stamukhas and the thermal drilling data processing technique are considered in the paper. The reliability of determination of consolidated layer boundaries on the basis of the thermal drilling rate should be corroborated by the temperature measurements. To estimate the time spent for the ice hummock temperature measurement using the polyethylene tubes which are put into the boreholes and filled with the antifreeze, the experimental study of the borehole freezing rate was carried out depending on the temperature and salinity of ice. The results of experiments corroborating the existence of convection in the antifreeze are given. The used methods of ice hummock temperature measurement are discussed. The method of investigation of ice formations combining the thermal drilling technique and ice temperature measurement on the borehole wall enables to obtain the accurate data on the position of the lower boundary of consolidated layer, although it results in a smaller number of the boreholes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 460-466 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911070053 Authors V. V. Kharitonov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia V. A. Morev, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 7

Description:    The present-day state of the Roshydromet agrometeorological observation subsystem is analyzed. Structural changes in the agrometeorological observational network over the last 30 years are estimated. The necessity in developing a new strategy of agrometeorological monitoring of agricultural lands based on complexing surface agrometeorological observations, data on space and air sounding of the Earth’s surface as well as on estimated interpretative and prognostic methods is emphasized. A conceptual organizational structure of functioning of a subsystem of agrometeorological monitoring of agricultural lands is suggested, basic areas of development of the active observational network are defined. Content Type Journal Article Pages 492-498 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911070090 Authors A. D. Kleshchenko, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia V. A. Dolgii-Trach, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 7

Description:    Within the frameworks of the presented model, the beginning of the spring and autumn hydrological seasons depends on the temperature regime of air flows in the region under investigation. As compared with the standard procedure of season determination, this model is more flexible in taking account of the probabilistic nature of the time of the beginning of hydrological seasons and variations of their duration. It ensures a higher reliability of estimates of thermal surface water properties and analysis of their evolution within the seasons and annual cycles. A considerable irregularity in the time of the beginning of spring and autumn seasons and a possibility of significant fluctuations of their duration changes the estimation of thermal surface water conditions so considerably that the initial (calendar) model can be no longer considered as the source of reliable information. Content Type Journal Article Pages 467-475 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911070065 Authors O. I. Prokopov, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Southern Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prostornaya ul. 1-g, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar krai, 3534467 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 7

Description:    The analysis of the correlation between the monthly mean temperature and total monthly precipitation of the months of cold and warm periods demonstrated an existence of several rather close correlations. Supposedly, these correlations can be used as supplementary tools for the long-range weather forecasting for the months of the warm period on the basis of the mean temperature and total precipitation of cold period months. Content Type Journal Article Category Reports Pages 690-692 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100074 Authors G. P. Telitsyn, Bol’shekhekhtsirsk State Natural Reserve, ul. Yubileinaya 8, Bychikha, Khabarovsk Territory, 680502 Russia N. E. Zintsova, Bol’shekhekhtsirsk State Natural Reserve, ul. Yubileinaya 8, Bychikha, Khabarovsk Territory, 680502 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    The real characteristics of the MFAS sodar industrially produced by Scintec AG (Germany) are given. The paper presents a wider range of altitudes as compared with the papers published before as a result of using the meteorological mast with the height of 310 m and longer duration of practically continuous testing embracing different weather conditions in the period from July to November 2008. During the comparison, the 10-min averaging time for the wind speed and direction is used. The comparison of the data of acoustic sounding and contact measurement methods indicates that the sodar provides reliable information on the vertical profiles of average wind speed within the considered altitude range up to 300 m except the cases of heavy rainfalls and low wind speed. Content Type Journal Article Category Reports Pages 693-699 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100086 Authors M. A. Novitskii, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia N. F. Mazurin, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia L. K. Kulizhnikova, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia O. Yu. Kalinicheva, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia L. A. Tereb, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia D. R. Nechaev, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia V. L. Sapronov, Scientific and Production Association Typhoon, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    Under consideration are results of solving the problem of the river water content estimation under conditions of uncertainties of climate change forecasts and the catchment state with a reference to the Amu Darya River basin. When constructing regional climate models, one selected a multimodel approach using the results of several global models and a statistical downscaling method that made the climate scenarios more detailed. The estimates demonstrated that in the medium- and long-term perspective, the Amu Darya River runoff is expected to decrease. As a result of the Bayesian ideology application, using the calculations got with a total probability formula, a prognostic probability curve of an annual river runoff supply of the basin rivers was derived based on different weights given to the estimates of a mean value for different climate scenarios. Prognostic characteristics of the annual runoff for the Amu Darya basin rivers are estimated in a form acceptable for hydrologic and hydroeconomic application. Content Type Journal Article Pages 681-689 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100062 Authors N. A. Agal’tseva, Center for Hydrometeorology Service at the Cabinet of Uzbekistan, ul. K. Mukhsuma 72, Tashkent, 100052 Uzbekistan M. V. Bolgov, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia T. Yu. Spektorman, Center for Hydrometeorology Service at the Cabinet of Uzbekistan, ul. K. Mukhsuma 72, Tashkent, 100052 Uzbekistan M. D. Trubetskova, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia V. E. Chub, Center for Hydrometeorology Service at the Cabinet of Uzbekistan, ul. K. Mukhsuma 72, Tashkent, 100052 Uzbekistan Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    An estimate of the computation accuracy of wind waves is obtained on the basis of three mathematical models used for the diagnosis and forecast of wind waves at the Hydrometcenter of Russia, US National Weather Service, and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The accuracy estimation was carried out for the whole year 2006 by means of the comparison of model computations based on different wind fields with hourly instrumental observations of waves at 16 buoys in the North Atlantic. The computation accuracy was estimated on the basis of six statistical characteristics. Besides, the estimates for various wave height ranges for months and seasons of the year are made for all buoys and grouped into three geographical areas: the coasts of the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. The essential differences are revealed in the accuracy of model-based computation of waves in the areas of the ocean with different wind wave regimes, in different seasons of the year, and within various wave height ranges. The obtained results indicate the necessity to improve the present-day methods of diagnosis and forecast of wind waves. Content Type Journal Article Pages 669-676 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100049 Authors E. S. Nesterov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bol’shoi Predtechenskii per. 11-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Z. K. Abuzyarov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bol’shoi Predtechenskii per. 11-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia G. A. Grigor’eva, St. Petersburg Division of Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Vasil’evskii Ostrov, Dvadtsat’ Tret’ya Liniya 2a, St. Petersburg, 199026 Russia I. N. Davidan, St. Petersburg Division of Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Vasil’evskii Ostrov, Dvadtsat’ Tret’ya Liniya 2a, St. Petersburg, 199026 Russia V. I. Dymov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia T. A. Pasechnik, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    Some features of external and internal structures of one-year hummocks formed as a result of multiple interaction of ice fields in various time intervals are considered. Using the concrete results of field researches of ice hummocks as examples, both the main differences in their structure as compared with the single hummocks and common features arisen under certain hydrometeorological and ice conditions are demonstrated. Content Type Journal Article Pages 677-680 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100050 Authors K. P. Tyshko, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia V. V. Kharitonov, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ul. Beringa 38, St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    Changes are analyzed of a Cb cloud characteristics due to its merging with feeder clouds, on the data on a long-living Cb cloud in Saudi Arabia on July 4, 2008. Continuous radar and satellite observations of the cloud are carried out during 6 h. The Cb cloud development is also numerically simulated using a nonstationary 1½ model. It is found that the processes of Cb cloud merging with feeder clouds developing in its vicinities affect significantly the Cb cloud development. This impact demonstrates itself in longer duration of the Cb cloud life span, increasing top height, reflectivity, precipitation duration and intensity. Modification of the feeder clouds can accelerate their development, which eventually can affect notably the Cb cloud. Content Type Journal Article Pages 643-652 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100013 Authors T. W. Krauss, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA A. A. Sin’kevich, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia R. Burger, Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa N. E. Veremei, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Yu. A. Dovgalyuk, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia V. D. Stepanenko, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    A possibility is considered of measuring the ozone in the upper atmosphere of the Earth using solar occultation sounding without mechanical scanning of the solar disk. The estimates are given of the error and vertical resolution of atmospheric transmission function profile retrieved from the solar radiation measurements carried out by the instrument with the field of view of more than 0.5°. These algorithm elements are computed using the Backus-Gilbert method. It is shown that using the measurements in UV spectrum region carried out in this way, it is possible to retrieve transmission functions with the vertical resolution of 3–4 km and error of not more than 0.003. Content Type Journal Article Category Instruments, Observations, and Processing Pages 700-704 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100098 Authors O. V. Shtyrkov, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    The variability of cumulants of the fifth and sixth orders of the sea surface elevations is studied. The investigations are carried out on the basis of the data of direct wave measurements carried out in the field conditions. It is demonstrated that the cumulants of the fifth order are weakly correlated with the variations of the mean sea surface slope generated by the dominant waves. The variations of the cumulant of the sixth order are not correlated with the mean slope variations. The errors of the sea surface elevation probability density approximated by the models based on the use of Gram-Charlier series are analyzed. The analysis is carried out for the models including various numbers of terms of the Gram-Charlier series. Content Type Journal Article Pages 624-629 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090081 Authors A. S. Zapevalov, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, Crimea, 99011 Ukraine Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    The development of the sea breeze in the Crimea during the day is studied on the basis of the mesoscale atmospheric circulation modeling. It is revealed that the formation of gravity currents directed from the banks to the center of the peninsula is observed for the cases of the weak atmospheric circulation. The results of the simulation for August 4, 2007 illustrating this phenomenon are presented. The wind speeds and velocities of the breeze front propagation are determined. Content Type Journal Article Pages 590-595 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090032 Authors V. V. Efimov, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, Crimea, 99011 Ukraine V. S. Barabanov, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, Crimea, 99011 Ukraine A. V. Krupin, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, Crimea, 99011 Ukraine Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    Lidar observations carried out in Tomsk in August 2008 enabled to register the peaks of the back scattering ratio at the altitudes of 8–16 and 18–22 km. The computation of air masses movement trajectories demonstrated that the peaks at the altitudes of 8–16 km correspond to the aerosol layers formed as a result of volcanic eruptions on the Aleutian Islands in July–August 2008. The original software package along with the daily wind speed BADC data and HYSPLIT software with the six-hour GDAS data were used for computations. The periods from the time of eruptions to the time of observations amounted to one or two weeks and more. The verification of results of these computations for these long periods was made on the basis of the satellite data on the sulfur dioxide distribution in the atmosphere after the eruption of the Kasatochi volcano. The computation method applied enabled to simulate the main distribution characteristics of sulfur dioxide pollution areas in the atmosphere within one or two weeks after the eruption. Content Type Journal Article Pages 600-607 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090056 Authors A. A. Cheremisin, Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyi pr. 79, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia V. N. Marichev, Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pl. Akademika Zueva 1, Tomsk, 634021 Russia P. V. Novikov, Krasnoyarsk Institute of Rail Transport, Branch of the Irkutsk State Railway University, ul. Lado Ketskhoveli 89, Krasnoyarsk, 660028 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    The review is compiled based on the results of the operation of the Total Ozone (TO) Monitoring in the CIS and Baltic countries functioning in the operational regime at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses the data from the national network with M-124 filter ozonometers under methodological supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory. The quality of functioning of the entire system is under operational control based on observations obtained from the OMI satellite equipment (NASA, the United States). The basic TO observation data for each month of the second quarter of 2011 and for the quarter as a whole are generalized. The results are also considered of regular surface ozone observations having been conducted by the CAO in the forest area of Moscow since 1991 that characterize the surface ozone state in the central Russian region. Content Type Journal Article Category Reviews and Consultations Pages 638-641 DOI 10.3103/S106837391109010X Authors A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia N. S. Ivanova, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia G. M. Kruchenitskii, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia R. B. Zaripov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. N. Kuznetsova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. B. Konovalov, Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Ulnova 46, Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    During 1996–2009, the number and intensity of cyclones passing over the Pacific Rim in the winter was gradually increasing. Their trajectories were becoming more zonal and, hence, the area of the maximum cyclonic intensity shifted from the Bering Sea to the ocean. It has been revealed that if the cyclonic activity over the region increases, the sea surface temperature in the North Pacific as well as in the Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk was increasing mainly in the summer. In the Bering Sea, the water temperature was decreasing in the spring. Content Type Journal Article Pages 663-668 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100037 Authors S. Yu. Glebova, Pacific Research Fisheries Center, per. Shevchenko 4, Vladivostok, 690091 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    Precipitation forecasts from short- and medium-range ensemble prediction system of the Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation (Hydrometcenter of Russia) are verified. The verification system includes probabilistic and deterministic scores. The precipitation forecast quality is analyzed for different seasons and large-scale circulation types. Further development of ensemble modeling and verification at the Hydrometcenter of Russia is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 653-662 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911100025 Authors A. Yu. Bundel’, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia E. D. Astakhova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia I. A. Rozinkina, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia D. Yu. Alferov, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia A. E. Semenov, Moscow State University, Vorob’evy gory, Moscow, 119899 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 10

Description:    The paper deals with the investigation of the interaction of tropical cyclones (TC) of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans with each other and with the polar front on the basis of computations using the mesoscale numerical ETA-model. The process of the interaction is demonstrated of TC Man-yi with the polar front accompanied by the distortion of vorticity circle and its consolidation with the vorticity zone of the polar front as well as by the formation of a convective “tail” interacting with the frontal zone. It is shown how one can define the beginning of this interaction, the moment of the potential trajectory turn, and the interaction process between a pair of tropical cyclones using the sea level pressure and vorticity fields. The transformation of the kinetic energy field at the isobaric surface of 850 hPa can serve as an indicator of the energy transfer between the cyclones. The influence of islands on the hurricane Gustav resulting in certain changes in the structure of vorticity, wind speed and kinetic energy fields is considered. Content Type Journal Article Pages 569-579 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090019 Authors A. E. Pokhil, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia E. S. Glebova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    A statistical structure of the time series of air temperature with a daily resolution is studied from the data of nine meteorological stations of Russia for the period from 1961 to 2006. A quantitative relation is obtained between the temperature anomaly duration and its extrema for different seasons of the year. The analysis also enabled to reveal the increase in the duration of long-term air temperature anomalies from the west to the east. Content Type Journal Article Pages 596-599 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090044 Authors V. V. Oganesyan, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    Turbulence characteristics in the surface layer of the coastal area of Akhtopol (Bulgaria) under conditions of the breeze circulation are measured. The measurements were carried out at the level of 4.5 m by means of three-component ultrasonic anemometer. To estimate the wind regime in the atmospheric boundary layer, the sodar data and synoptic charts were used. All turbulent characteristics except the correlation coefficient of the friction flow have an appreciable daily course in the case of the sea breeze. In the frontal zone, some characteristics demonstrate sometimes short-term variations of their numerical values. The sea-land front of the breeze circulation is effectively detected from the measurements of wind speed, wind direction, and temperature in the surface layer. It is also possible to judge about the breeze circulation type and turbulence structure in this layer on the basis of these measurements. Content Type Journal Article Pages 580-589 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090020 Authors M. A. Novitskii, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia D. E. Gaitandzhiev, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tsarigradsko Chaussee 66, Sofia, 1784 Bulgaria N. F. Mazurin, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia M. K. Matskevich, Taifun Scientific Industrial Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    A meteorological situation is under consideration during a dust storm observed on September 5–7, 1992 over the Ukraine and Belarus territory contaminated by radionuclide products after the Chernobyl accident. The highest average wind speed in Chernobyl and Pripyat was 10–12 m/s, wind gusts reached 20 m/s. It was found that the radioactive aerosol concentration in the zone of alienation of the Chernobyl NPP increased by one or two orders of magnitude. The transfer of radioactive dust particles to the Vilnius outskirts is recorded. Content Type Journal Article Pages 613-623 DOI 10.3103/S106837391109007X Authors B. I. Ogorodnikov, Karpov Research Physicochemical Institute, ul. Vorontsovo Pole 10, Moscow, 105064 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    Observations are one of the main elements influencing the result of the data assimilation procedure in the models. The additional sources of observations such as the aircraft data have appeared recently. In view of this, the problem arose of receiving the additional observations to specify the result of the data assimilation procedure. The approaches are considered to the estimation of the areas of additional observations for the increase in the accuracy of analysis and forecast in the data assimilation procedure. A technique of observational network planning using the ensemble Kalman filter is proposed. The results are given of numerical experiments on the estimation of the algorithm properties using the model based on the barotropic quasi-geostrophic vortex equation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 511-519 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911080024 Authors E. G. Klimova, Institute for Computational Technologies, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent’eva 6, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 8

Description:    This paper deals with direct calculations of the radiation-equilibrium temperature profile in the Earth’s atmosphere from experimental spectroscopic data. The calculations are made for its present composition and for the modified ones, when concentration of a gas, namely, one of carbon dioxide CO 2 , methane CH 4 , nitrous oxide N 2 O or water vapor H 2 O is changed. Calculations were carried out with one-dimensional (horizontally homogeneous) radiation model proceeding from the values of absorption coefficients of atmospheric layers estimated from actual data. Calculations are carried out for small disturbances of the said gases’concentrations. Approximate estimates of large disturbance were made for the cases of total withdrawal of concrete gas from the atmosphere or, on the contrary, of large increase in its concentration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 520-526 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911080036 Authors S. M. Semenov, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia I. O. Popov, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 8

Description:    A comparative contribution of the sea level oscillations of various time scales (long-term, seasonal, synoptic, and mesoscale) to the formation of the Neva River floods is estimated. The identification of the Neva River flood waves as the long gravity ones existing nowadays is called in question. The comparison of estimated characteristics of flood waves with the theoretical variance relations of different types of long waves is carried out. This comparison as well as the results of analysis of meteorological information and numerical experiments carried out before on the basis of the hydrodynamic model of the Baltic Sea demonstrate that the Neva River flood waves are identified as the forced baroclinic topographic waves generated as a result of the resonance between the anemobaric forces in atmospheric cyclones and low-frequency eigenmodes of the open Baltic Sea-Gulf of Finland system. Content Type Journal Article Pages 534-541 DOI 10.3103/S106837391108005X Authors E. A. Zakharchuk, St. Petersburg Division of the State Oceanographic Institute, ul. Beringa 38, V. O., St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia N. A. Tikhonova, St. Petersburg Division of the State Oceanographic Institute, ul. Beringa 38, V. O., St. Petersburg, 199397 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 8

Description:    Diagnostic computations of two main characteristics of grid-scale forcing of ascending motions in the atmosphere, that is, of frontal parameter F and level of neutral buoyancy (convection level) LNB are presented as based on the objective analysis and numerical forecasting data. The computed diagnostics are compared with the observed precipitation amounts at the stations. It is found that convective instability in the deep layers (of large vertical thickness) mostly results in heavy precipitation, while shallow instability (of small vertical thickness), mostly in light precipitation. It manifests itself in monotonous growth of frequency of moderate, heavy, and very heavy precipitation with growing F and LNB ; on the contrary, the light precipitation frequency is maximum under LNB = 2−3 km. At the intense fronts, convective instability is found to be forced in about a half of the case numbers; in winter and summer, instability is forced mainly in the shallow and deep layers, respectively. Frequency distributions of the precipitation rate ranges as dependent on F and LNB are presented as computed from the 10-year data series in the European territory of the former USSR: they are interpreted as the area- and time-averaged spectra of precipitation rate probabilities. As more practical and descriptive, the precipitation probability spectra are introduced as dependent on the predicted precipitation amount in the gridsquare. By the example of semi-Lagrangian model of Hydrometeorological Center of Russia and the NCEP global model (the United States), it is shown that generally the predicted precipitation range is not the most probable: as a rule, the most probable is a lower range of precipitation rate. The presented results can be considered as a demonstration of a possible way to develop a substantiated and reliable method to forecast the probability distribution of the precipitation rate ranges based on the numerical categorical forecast. Content Type Journal Article Pages 499-510 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911080012 Authors N. P. Shakina, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia E. N. Skriptunova, Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation, Bolshoi Predtechenskii per. 9-13, Moscow, 123242 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 8

Description:    The hail cloud modification is carried out by means of the cloud seeding with AgI particles of submicron sizes, in order to create nuclei competing with the natural ones for supercooled liquid droplet water, or in order to accelerate precipitation generation. However, scientific research confirmed a primary role of giant and supergiant particles in generation of nuclei of convective precipitation and hail. Such particles occur also at high levels (5 km and more). As the cloud and precipitation particles grow mainly through coagulation, one can hardly expect a high success from the cloud seeding with AgI submicron particles for hail suppression. In the hail process modification, the Ag particles settle down not at the nuclei but in the hailstone layers. So, AgI is spent not for additional hail nuclei creation, but for intensification of coagulation growth of natural cloud and precipitation particles. This can represent one of the main mechanisms for cloud modification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 608-612 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090068 Authors B. A. Kamalov, Namangan State University, ul. Uichi, Namangan, 716019 Uzbekistan Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    A technique is proposed of precomputing the snowmelt runoff hydrograph on the basis of physical and mathematical models of river runoff formation, available standard data of surface hydrometeorological measurements, and satellite measurements of Earth’s surface conditions. The computations were carried out for two regions including the basins of the Vyatka and Don rivers. It is demonstrated that, in spite of the possible errors and gaps depending on meteorological conditions, the satellite snow cover measurements can be an important addition to the surface measurements for simulating a spatial picture of the runoff formation. The use of physical and mathematical models of the runoff formation enables to reduce the errors of satellite snow cover data and to ensure the spatiotemporal continuity of its monitoring. Content Type Journal Article Pages 630-637 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911090093 Authors L. S. Kuchment, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia A. N. Gel’fan, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia V. N. Demidov, Water Problems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119333 Russia P. Yu. Romanov, Cooperative Institute for Climate Studies, University of Maryland, 5825 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740-3823, USA Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 9

Description:    Basing on statements of general theory of systems, possibilities are considered to use the Lotki-Volterra model describing behavior of the system of consumer-resource (object-resource) for biological populations, in description of evolution elements of convective cloud (convective cell). The obtained results lead to a conclusion on applicability of the approach to the mentioned purposes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 134-138 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020099 Authors G. S. Burundukov, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 E. I. Potapov, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 I. A. Garaba, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 S. D. Plyusnin, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 E. A. Zasavitskii, Institute for Electronic Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Academy of Sciences of Republic of Moldova, ul. Akademicheskaya 3/3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova MD-2-28 M. T. Abshaev, Mountain Geophysical Institute, pr. Lenina 2, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria, 360004 Russia A. M. Abshaev, Mountain Geophysical Institute, pr. Lenina 2, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria, 360004 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    An evolution of the anomalous tropical storm is considered developed on April 29–May 4, 2008 over the Bay of Bengal. After the origination, it spread eastward through the Andaman Sea and reached the Myanmar coast. The analysis of formation and development of the tropical storm over the water area of the Bay of Bengal demonstrated that the sea level pressure at the center of this storm was rather high. Nevertheless, catastrophically large precipitation amount fell in Myanmar. Content Type Journal Article Pages 112-116 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020051 Authors A. I. Degtyarev, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia N. V. Degtyareva, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Roshydromet and Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Glebovskaya 20b, Moscow, 107258 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The review is compiled based on the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in the CIS and Baltic countries, functioning in the operational regime at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO). The monitoring system uses the data from the national network of filter ozonometers M-124 type under supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO). The proper operation of the entire system is under an operational control from observations with the OMI satellite (US NASA) equipment. Basic TO observation data for each month of the fourth quarter of 2010, for the quarter and the year as a whole are generalized. Peculiarities of the Spring Antarctic Ozone Anomaly development in 2010 are described. Basic results of regular observations of the surface ozone and other minor atmospheric gas components in the Moscow region in 2010 are also under consideration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 139-144 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020105 Authors A. M. Zvyagintsev, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia N. S. Ivanova, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia G. M. Kruchenitskii, Central Aerological Observatory, Pervomaiskaya ul. 3, Dolgoprudny, Moscow oblast, 141700 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    Basing on airmass motion trajectory calculations over the Arabian Peninsula on April 10, 2008, it can be assumed that in the lower and middle troposphere, zones with increased air moisture exist due to air inflow from the Red Sea. As a result, mesoscale volumes of dry and moist air are neighboring, though large-scale field is comparatively homogeneous with low humidity. In the mesoscale zones, intense thunderstorm and hailstorm Cb clouds developed, whose characteristics and evolution are studied in the paper. Continuous radar observations of the clouds are carried out during 5 hours. Numerical simulation of the cloud evolution is performed with nonstationary 1.5-dimensional model. It is noted that under the mentioned atmospheric conditions, in the area under consideration, heavy rain and hail from the Cb clouds are observed. The main factors of their origination are high thermal instability of the atmosphere and moist air inflow from outside. Content Type Journal Article Pages 102-111 DOI 10.3103/S106837391102004X Authors T. W. Krauss, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA A. A. Sin’kevich, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia N. E. Veremei, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Yu. A. Dovgalyuk, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia V. S. Makitov, Weather Modification Inc., 3802 20 St. N., Fargo, ND 58102, USA V. D. Stepanenko, Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory, ul. Karbysheva 7, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    Results of investigations of the winter river runoff formation in the Northern Dvina River basin (without the Vychegda River basin) are under consideration. The peculiarities of the winter runoff formation are revealed from the analysis of the conditions of the runoff reduction in different parts of the river basin. A regulatory effect of the upper links of the river net on the lower links is established. Content Type Journal Article Pages 130-133 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911020087 Authors E. V. Gurevich, State Hydrological Institute, Vtoraya liniya 23, V.O., St. Petersburg 199053, Russia Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 2

Description:    The display is considered of global processes in the ocean-atmosphere system in the variability of hydrophysical and hydrobiological fields of the northwestern part of the Black Sea in spring period of 1978–1995. It is demonstrated that the variability of North Atlantic and Southern oscillations in winter-spring period affects the spring hydrometeorological conditions in catchment areas of European rivers of the Black Sea basin causing the variability of runoff volumes of these rivers and the scales of spreading river waters at the northwestern shelf. Hydrological and hydrobiological characteristics of shelf waters varying in the process influence the formation of distribution of suspended matter content and transparency. Content Type Journal Article Pages 45-54 DOI 10.3103/S1068373911010079 Authors E. N. Voskresenskaya, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine A. S. Kukushkin, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine N. V. Mikhailova, Marine Hydrophysical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ul. Kapitanskaya 2, Sevastopol, 99011 Ukraine Journal Russian Meteorology and Hydrology Online ISSN 1934-8096 Print ISSN 1068-3739 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1