ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

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Influence of ecosystem changes on harvestable resources at high latitudes (2019)

Haug, Tore ; Dolgov, Andrey ; Filin, Anatoly ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(Supplement_1): i1-i2. Published 2019 Dec 01. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz253.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-01

Description: Results from investigations of the Barents Sea environment and biological resources were presented at a Russian–Norwegian Symposium in Murmansk, Russia on 5–7 June 2018. The thematic focus of the symposium was “Influence of ecosystem changes on harvestable resources at high latitudes”. Contributions to the symposium were organized under five theme sessions: oceanography, plankton, benthos, fishes, and top predators. From the rich spectrum of symposium contributions, five articles appear in this supplemental issue.

Print ISSN: 1054-3139

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics

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Standardizing harvest rates of finfish caught by shore-based recreational fishers (2019)

Tate, Alissa ; Lo, Johnny ; Mueller, Ute ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; Published 2019 Dec 02. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz228. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-12-02

Description: Evaluation of fisheries management and sustainability indicators can be supported by a reliable index of harvest rate. However, the most appropriate model that accounts for recreational fisheries is largely unknown. In order to adjust for these factors, generalized linear models were applied to data from shore-based recreational fishing surveys conducted in Western Australia between 2010 and 2016. Five candidate error distributions (lognormal, Gamma, Zero-Altered Gamma, Tweedie, and delta-lognormal) and seven independent variables (year, month, target species, fishing platform, fishers’ avidity, time of day, and day type) were examined for commonly caught nearshore teleost species. Zero-Altered Gamma and Tweedie models performed best overall, although model performance and explanatory variables varied between species. Standardized harvest rates for Australian herring (Arripis georgianus) declined from 1.88 ± 0.17 (mean ± s.e.) fish per fishing party per day) in 2010 to 0.86 ± 0.07 in 2016, while harvest rates for School whiting (Sillago spp.) increased from 0.44 ± 0.21 in 2010 to 0.94 ± 0.34 in 2016. The standardized harvest rates for both species generally showed less fluctuation among years and consistently had smaller errors than the raw harvest rates. Overall, the results suggest that the choice of error distribution, as well as explanatory variables, is species dependent when assessing shore-based fisheries. The approach used could easily be adapted to other recreational fisheries to establish reliable species-specific harvest rates that can detect variability against thresholds set in harvest strategies.

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Estimating stock status from relative abundance and resilience (2019)

Froese, Rainer ; Winker, Henning ; Coro, Gianpaolo ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 527–538. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz230.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-20

Description: The Law of the Sea and regional and national laws and agreements require exploited populations or stocks to be managed so that they can produce maximum sustainable yields. However, exploitation level and stock status are unknown for most stocks because the data required for full stock assessments are missing. This study presents a new method [abundance maximum sustainable yields (AMSY)] that estimates relative population size when no catch data are available using time series of catch-per-unit-effort or other relative abundance indices as the main input. AMSY predictions for relative stock size were not significantly different from the â€œtrueâ€ values when compared with simulated data. Also, they were not significantly different from relative stock size estimated by data-rich models in 88% of the comparisons within 140 real stocks. Application of AMSY to 38 data-poor stocks showed the suitability of the method and led to the first assessments for 23 species. Given the lack of catch data as input, AMSY estimates of exploitation come with wide margins of uncertainty, which may not be suitable for management. However, AMSY seems to be well suited for estimating productivity as well as relative stock size and may, therefore, aid in the management of data-poor stocks.

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History of the Spanish demersal fishery in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Seas (2019)

Punzón, Antonio ; Rueda, Lucia ; Rodríguez-Basalo, Augusto ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 553–566. Published 2019 Dec 10. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz231.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-10

Description: Long fisheries time series allow the review of baselines and inform our knowledge of past events that have conditioned the recent history of the stocks. In this study, we investigated trends in fisheries landings data for the most representative Atlantic and Mediterranean demersal fisheries off the Spanish Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands (1933–1986). The aim was to analyse the evolution of demersal species exploitation and detect changes in landings and fishing tactics. Ten species were selected, which included teleosts, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Results indicated a decrease in Landings Per Unit of Capacity (LPUC) in six of the species examined. While in the Atlantic the process of substitution or incorporation of new species to the fisheries occurs progressively, in the Mediterranean this incorporation occurs simultaneously for many of the species. Four main fishing tactics (landing pattern obtained from the classification analysis of landings per species) were identified. Geographically nearby and connected regions developed similar fishing tactics to each other, and also changed over time. While the fleets from isolated regions were more specialized, and only carrying out one fishing tactic during the study period. Improvements in LPUC with the implementation of new technology and legislative and management measures were not observed.

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Life history changes and fisheries assessment performance: a case study for small yellow croaker (2019)

Lee, Qi ; Lee, Alice ; Liu, Zunlei ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 645–654. Published 2019 Dec 17. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz232.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-17

Description: Many intensely exploited fish stocks have experienced changes in trophic structure and environmental conditions, resulting in non-stationary population processes. We evaluate the ability of assessment methods to estimate quantities used in management (like target biomasses and fishing mortalities) when life history processes are non-stationary and comprehensive data are not available. We use the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) fishery in the East China and Yellow Seas as a case study. We simulate age-structured populations with time-varying fishery and life history characteristics similar to that of the small yellow croaker in China based on historical studies that demonstrate changes in life history. We then fit surplus production and statistical catch-at-age models to simulated catch and index data from these populations. Given our assumptions, both estimation models yielded biased quantities important to management. The production model estimated reference points associated with target biomass with less bias than the age-structured model, while the latter outperformed the former when estimating reference points associated with target fishing mortality. The age-structured model also better captured relative population trends and provided flexibility to consider impacts of life history changes over time. We suggest that assessments of similar stocks consider the potential of life history variation impact management quantities.

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The economic costs of seal presence in Swedish small-scale fisheries (2019)

Waldo, Staffan ; Paulrud, Anton ; Blomquist, Johan

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 815–825. Published 2019 Nov 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz221.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-26

Description: Growing seal populations are examples of successful marine management, and the seals are often seen as a symbol of a thriving ecosystem. However, seals are well known to interact with local small-scale fisheries by feeding from the gears. This causes both lost catches and broken gear, which negatively affect the economic viability of the small-scale fisheries. While lost catches are known to be substantial, no information is currently available on costs for mending gear, searching for fishing grounds with less seals, etc. This article estimates these costs from a questionnaire sent to Swedish fishers. The total cost due to seals for small-scale fisheries is about €690? 000, which corresponds to 7% of the expenditure for purchased goods (not labour and capital). The total time spent on seal-related work corresponds to ∼8% of total working time. Combining additional costs with revenue losses due to decreased catches, it is shown that the economic viability of the small-scale fisheries becomes low due to the seal interaction, which affects the economic and social sustainability of the sector.

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Feeding and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the eastern Baltic Sea under environmental change (2019)

Neuenfeldt, Stefan ; Bartolino, Valerio ; Orio, Alessandro ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 624–632. Published 2019 Nov 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz224.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-26

Description: Five decades of stomach content data allowed insight into the development of consumption, diet composition, and resulting somatic growth of Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) in the eastern Baltic Sea. We show a recent reversal in feeding level over body length. Present feeding levels of small cod indicate severe growth limitation and increased starvation-related mortality. For young cod, the low growth rate and the high mortality rate are manifested through a reduction in size-at-age. The low feeding levels are likely the result of a decrease in benthic prey abundance due to increased hypoxic areas, while decreasing abundances of pelagic species in the area of cod distribution have prevented a compensatory shift in diet. Our study emphasizes that environmental forcing and the decline in pelagic prey caused changes in consumption and growth rates of small cod. The food reduction is amplified by stunted growth leading to high densities of cod of smaller size competing for the scarce resources. The average growth rate is negative, and only individuals with feeding levels well above average will survive, though growing slowly. These results suggest that the relation between consumption rate, somatic growth and predatorprey population densities is strongly environmentally mediated.

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Turbidity alters estuarine biodiversity and species composition (2019)

Lunt, Jessica ; Smee, Delbert L

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 379–387. Published 2019 Nov 11. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz214.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-11

Description: Turbidity is widely regarded for modulating primary production and influencing the distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation. Although less well studied, turbidity can also have significant effects on trophic interactions and food webs by modifying light penetration and scattering, influencing foraging ability of visual-hunting predators such as fishes. By interfering with visual foragers, turbidity may shift food webs towards predators that forage with other sensory modalities (e.g. chemoreception and mechanoreception), consequently altering food web structure. We analysed turbidity effects on estuarine community composition and biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico by analysing an 18-year fisheries-independent data set and assessing communities inhabiting contemporary oyster reefs (Crassostrea virginica). In the long-term data set, elevated turbidity was associated with decreased fish species richness and diversity and higher abundances of benthic species that rely more on chemoreception for foraging and predator avoidance (e.g. crabs). High turbidity may provide a predation refuge for crabs and other benthic organisms that visually oriented fish prey upon. On oyster reefs, crabs readily consume suspension-feeding organisms including newly settled oysters and porcelain crabs (Petrolisthes armatus). Both were significantly less abundant in high turbidity. Human practices that increase turbidity may indirectly influence trophic interactions, species distributions, ecosystem function, and biodiversity.

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Evaluating impacts of bottom trawling and hypoxia on benthic communities at the local, habitat, and regional scale using a modelling approach (2019)

van Denderen, P D ; Bolam, S G ; Friedland, R ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 278–289. Published 2019 Nov 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz219.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-20

Description: Bottom trawling disturbance and hypoxia are affecting marine benthic habitats worldwide. We present an approach to predict their effects on benthic communities, and use the approach to estimate the state, the biomass relative to carrying capacity, of the Baltic Sea at the local, habitat, and regional scale. Responses to both pressures are expected to depend on the longevity of fauna, which is predicted from benthic data from 1558 locations. We find that communities in low-salinity regions mostly consist of short-lived species, which are, in our model, more resilient than those of the saline areas. The model predicts that in 14% of the Baltic Sea region benthic biomass is reduced by at least 50%, whereas an additional 8% of the region has reductions of 10–50%. The effects of hypoxia occur over larger spatial scales and lead to a low state of especially deep habitats. The approach is based on a simple characterization of the benthic community, which comes with high uncertainty, but allows for the identification of benthic habitats that are at greatest risk and prioritization of management actions at the regional scale. This information supports the development of sustainable approaches to manage impact of human activities on benthic ecosystems.

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Marine ecosystems model development should be rooted in past experiences, not anchored in old habits (2019)

Maps, Frédéric ; Record, Nicholas R

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 46–57. Published 2019 Dec 03. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz218.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-03

Description: Numerical models of marine ecosystems tend to increase in complexity, incorporating a growing number of functions and parameters. Here, we reflect on the issue of “anchoring” inherent to model development, i.e. the tendency for modellers to take processes, functional forms and parameters from previous studies as granted. We focused on the particular example of the parameterization of temperature-dependent ontogeny in Calanus spp. copepods. We could identify 68 studies that implemented and parameterized this functional relationship. Semantic analysis identified distinct clusters of research scopes and coauthor networks. We showed that biases in parameters origin have the potential to produce misleading results, while recent experimental studies were often not assimilated into contemporary modelling studies. Anchoring involves external constraints in numerical models' development such as conceptual gaps and data scarcity, as well as internal drivers such as academic ontogeny and cultural background of the modeller. Retrospective quantitative literature analyses help identify how biases have worked their way into the collective understanding and help to suggest ways forward for the research community. These involve implementation of revision management systems for parameters and functional forms as already exists for numerical codes, and, as always, a more efficient dialogue between modellers, experimentalists and field ecologists.

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Examining the ecological role of jellyfish in the Eastern Bering Sea (2019)

Ruzicka, James ; Brodeur, Richard D ; Cieciel, Kristin ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 791–802. Published 2019 Dec 17. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz244.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-17

Description: Within the Eastern Bering Sea, the jellyfish Chrysaora melanaster has fluctuated widely over recent decades. We examined the role of C. melanaster as an ecosystem-structuring agent via application of ecosystem models representing inner-, mid-, and outer-shelf regions of comparable areal coverage. Chrysaora melanaster utilize 1% of total mid-shelf consumer production, or 1/4th the energy required by forage fish (capelin Mallotus villosus, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, age-0 Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, age-0 walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus). Model simulations show the impacts of C. melanaster are broadly distributed across consumer groups with increasingly negative impacts with higher jellyfish biomass. Age-0 pollock represent the greater part of the forage fish biomass, and observed pollock biomass during low jellyfish years (2004–2007) was significantly greater than during high jellyfish years (2009–2014). However, sensitivity among consumer groups to observed jellyfish variability is small, within 5% of baseline (2004–2015) conditions. Estimates using similar models for the Coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGoA) and Northern California Current (NCC) suggest large differences in the role of scyphozoans among northern Pacific shelf ecosystems. Only 0.1% of total summer consumer production is required to support CGoA Chrysaora, while the coastal NCC population uses 19%.

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Otolith increment width-based chronologies disclose temperature and density-dependent effects on demersal fish growth (2019)

Vieira, Ana Rita ; Dores, Sandra ; Azevedo, Manuela ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 633–644. Published 2019 Dec 17. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz243.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-17

Description: Climate change and fishing are drastically impacting marine ecosystems. Comprehending the biological consequences of these effects on commercially exploited fish is especially challenging. Here, we developed a 43-year otolith increment width-based growth chronology for one of the most important commercially exploited fish species in the Northeast Atlantic (European hake, Merluccius merluccius). Increasingly complex linear mixed-effects models were used to partition growth variation into intrinsic (age, sex, and age-at-capture) and extrinsic (environmental and biotic variables) factors, allowing age interaction with extrinsic variables to assess age-dependent responses in growth. Our results provided strong evidence that European hake growth is impacted by ocean temperature, namely sea surface temperature and temperature at depth, and species abundance (recruitment), with different responses depending on fish age. We found evidence that increasing ocean temperature could be highly detrimental for species growth especially during the first years of life. We provided insights into the effects of environmental and biotic factors on species growth variation. Such information is key to recognize the sensitivity of European hake growth to climate change, which may contribute to sustainable management policies for this valuable resource.

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A Bayesian hierarchical approach to estimate growth parameters from length data of narrow spread (2019)

Zhou, Shijie ; Martin, Sarah ; Fu, Dan ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 613–623. Published 2019 Dec 13. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz241.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-13

Description: Estimating fish growth from length frequency data is challenging. There is often a lack of clearly separated modes and modal progression in the length samples due to a combination of factors, including gear selectivity, slowing growth with increasing age, and spatial segregation of different year classes. In this study, we present an innovative Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) that enables growth to be estimated where there are few distinguishable length modes in the samples. We analyse and identify the modes in multiple length frequency strata using a multinormal mixture model and then integrate the modes and associated variances into the BHM to estimate von Bertalanffy growth parameters. The hierarchical approach allows the parameters to be estimated at regional levels, where they are assumed to represent subpopulations, as well as at species level for the whole stock. We carry out simulations to validate the method and then demonstrate its application to Indian Ocean longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol). The results show that the estimates are generally consistent with the range of estimates reported in the literature, but with less uncertainty. The BHM can be useful for deriving growth parameters for other species even if the length data contain few age classes and do not exhibit modal progression.

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Colour maps for fisheries acoustic echograms (2019)

Blackwell, Robert E ; Harvey, Richard ; Queste, Bastien Y ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 826–834. Published 2019 Dec 22. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz242.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-22

Description: Echograms are used to visualize fisheries acoustic data, but choice of colour map has a significant effect on appearance. Quantitative echograms should use colour maps, which are colourful (have a perceived variety and intensity of colours), sequential (have monotonic lightness), and perceptually uniform (have consistency of perceived colour contrast over their range). We measure whether colour maps are colourful (M^(3)>0), sequential (rs=Â±1), and perceptually uniform (Ïâ€‰=â€‰1) using an approximately perceptually uniform colour space (CIELAB). Whilst all the fisheries acoustic colour maps tested are colourful, none is sequential or perceptually uniform. The widely used EK500 colour map is extremely colourful (M^(3)=186), not sequential (rs=0.06), and has highly uneven perceptual contrast over its range (Ï=0.26). Of the fisheries acoustic colour maps tested, the Large Scale Survey System default colour map is least colourful (M^(3)=79), but comes closest to being sequential (rs=âˆ’0.94), and perceptually uniform (Ï=0.95). Modern colour maps have been specifically designed for colour contrast consistency, accessibility for viewers with red-green colour-blindness, and legibility when printed in monochrome, and may be better suited to the presentation and interpretation of quantitative fisheries acoustic echograms.

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Gannets are not attracted to fishing vessels in Iceland—potential influence of a discard ban and food availability (2019)

Clark, Bethany L ; Vigfúsdóttir, Freydís ; Jessopp, Mark J ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 692–700. Published 2019 Dec 04. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz233.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-04

Description: Fisheries produce large amounts of waste, providing food subsidies for scavengers. Discards influence seabird movement, demography and community structure, but little is known about seabird–fishery interactions where discarding is banned. Here, we investigate how northern gannets Morus bassanus respond to fishing vessels in Iceland, where discarding commercial species is illegal, but birds may still access bait, offal, or catch. We GPS-tracked 82 foraging trips for 36 breeding gannets from two colonies (Skrúður and Hellisey) and obtained time-matched vessel locations. We classified bird behaviour using Hidden Markov Models and then tested the effect of vessel distance on behavioural state-switching using multi-state Markov models. Fishing vessels were present during 94% of foraging trips. However, the likelihood of gannets switching from travelling to foraging was unaffected by vessel proximity, regardless of gear type or activity. When encountering vessels, gannets rarely foraged but instead were more likely to continue travelling. When controlling for population size, gannet foraging trips at both colonies were shorter than expected, suggesting favourable conditions. The lack of behavioural responses to vessels among Icelandic gannets is likely driven by the discard ban and availability of pelagic fishes. Our findings have implications for understanding bycatch risk and the consequences of discard reforms.

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Great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) predation on juvenile down-migrating trout (Salmo trutta) in a lowland stream (2019)

Källo, Kristi ; Baktoft, Henrik ; Jepsen, Niels ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 721–729. Published 2019 Dec 04. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz227.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-04

Description: Since in 1980s, the number of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) has increased all over its European distribution area. This has led to conflicts between bird conservation and fisheries. Mariager fjord in Denmark is an important feeding and transition area for a large population of migrating seatrout (Salmo trutta), but it also provides resting and breeding places for cormorants. Thus, juvenile anadromous salmonids migrating from the river to the sea may be exposed to high predation risk during a critical and vulnerable time in their development. A total of 31? 123 down-migrating wild seatrout were tagged with Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags in 2008, 2009, 2015, and 2016 in river Villestrup, the main tributary flowing into Mariager fjord. Tagged fish were measured and grouped by their developmental stage as parr, pre-smolt, or smolt. To quantify cormorant predation, nearby cormorant colonies and roosting sites were repeatedly scanned for PIT tags with a manual antenna to record tags from predated fish. Minimum predation rate was 27% but varied among years. Body length of the fish and predation risk were negatively correlated and the latter was dependent on the group of the fish. This study demonstrates a potential negative effect of predation by great cormorants on an important population of wild trout.

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Highlighting growth regulation processes in fish populations by a simplex simulation approach: application to Merluccius hubbsi stocks in the Southwestern Atlantic (2019)

Semmar, Nabil ; Vaz-dos-Santos, André M

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(4): 1401-1413. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz240.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-20

Description: A new simplex-based simulation approach (Spx) was developed to highlight multidirectional and multi-scale relationships between morphometric variables helping to functionally differentiate biological (fish) groups for better stocks definition and monitoring. Application concerned Merluccius hubbsi sampled in 1968–1972 and 2004 in six Southwestern Atlantic areas. Simulation results highlighted negative trends opposing front to back compartments indicating competition for body biomass distribution. However, top and bottom parts within these compartments were positively correlated indicating cooperative processes in favour of target local growth regulation. Positive and negative trends of growth regulation were also highlighted at lower body scale, notably between smaller components constituting body front compartment. On a geographical scale, average regulation levels of same morphometric variables showed monotonic or alternated variations between successive fish groups. This highlighted target and modulated growth regulations governing biomass distribution in different body parts by geographical-dependent ways. Under dynamical aspect (1968–1972 vs. 2004), growth regulation of mouth tended to increase with time leading to conclude on morphometric responses of M. hubbsi to overfishing pressure. Spx results were confirmed by several traditional approaches which showed less integrative aspect.

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Integration of bioenergetics in an individual-based model to hindcast anchovy dynamics in the Bay of Biscay (2019)

Bueno-Pardo, Juan ; Petitgas, Pierre ; Kay, Susan ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 655–667. Published 2019 Dec 10. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz239.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-10

Description: The population of European anchovy of the Bay of Biscay collapsed at the beginning of the 21st century, causing the closure of its fishery between 2005 and 2010. In order to study both the human and environmental causes of the anchovy population dynamics, an approach coupling individual bioenergetics to an individual-based model was applied between 2000 and 2015. This modelling framework was forced with outputs from a physical–biogeochemical model. In addition to a base-case scenario with realistic forcing, alternative scenarios were run without inter-annual variability in either fishing mortality or environmental conditions. During the decrease in population biomass, a high fishing pressure coincided with a combination of environmental variables promoting the appearance of large individuals that could not survive severe winters because of their high energetic demands. The recovery of the population was favoured by a period of warm years with abundant food favouring the winter survival of age 1 individuals, in coincidence with the closure of the fishery. Our modelling approach also allows to test the consequences of a retrospective implementation of the current harvest control rule from 2000 which, according to our results, would have prevented the collapse of the population and avoided the fishery closure.

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Humpback whales extend their stay in a breeding ground in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (2019)

Avila, Isabel Cristina ; Dormann, Carsten F ; García, Carolina ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 109–118. Published 2019 Dec 28. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz251.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-28

Description: During the austral winter, G-stock humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, migrate to the Tropical Eastern Pacific to breed. To analyse if the whale migration times have changed over time, we analysed 31 years (1988–2018) of arrival and departure times to Gorgona National Park, Colombia, an important breeding site. During this period, whales have significantly changed their arrival time, coming now earlier, but their departure time has not changed significantly. Hence, humpback whales now stay 1 month longer than 31 years ago. Humpbacks arrived in Gorgona at the earliest during the beginning of May and stayed at the most until late December. The change observed in the arrival time to breeding grounds could be related to ice sheet mass changes in autumn in Antarctica and increase in population size over the past decades but we were unable to determine which factor is more important in explaining the observed trend. Management decisions in Colombia need to account for a longer stay, specifically restricting anthropogenic activities from 1May to 31December. We urge other researchers to review their data, in case this shift is evident in other regions and management plans need to be updated.

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Extinction risk and conservation of critically endangered angel sharks in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (2019)

Lawson, Julia M ; Pollom, Riley A ; Gordon, Cat A ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 12–29. Published 2019 Dec 13. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz222.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-13

Description: Understanding the details of local and regional extinctions allows for more efficient allocation of conservation activities and resources. This involves identifying where populations persist, where populations may still be present, and where populations may be locally extinct. Three threatened angel sharks occur in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea: Sawback Angelshark (Squatina aculeata), Smoothback Angelshark (Squatina oculata), and Angelshark (Squatina squatina). Population sizes and geographic ranges of these species have been reduced due to overfishing and habitat loss, placing them among the world s most threatened chondrichthyans. We revise distribution maps, review global status, and present a Conservation Strategy to protect and restore these angel shark populations by minimizing fishing mortality, protecting critical habitat, and mitigating human disturbance. Updated distributions reveal that a halving of the geographic extent may have occurred for all three species, with potential declines of 51% for Sawback Angelshark, 48% for Smoothback Angelshark, and 58% for Angelshark. While 20 national and international management measures are now in place for Angelshark, only half of these include the other two species. We encourage further conservation action to adopt and develop this Conservation Strategy to restore angel shark populations to robust levels and safeguard them throughout their range.

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The importance of fishing opportunity to angler utility analysis in marine recreational fisheries (2019)

Young, Erik G ; Melnychuk, Michael C ; Anderson, Leif E ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; Published 2019 Dec 17. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz234. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-12-17

Description: Managers of recreational fisheries make assumptions about what anglers value, often emphasizing factors directly related to catch. Evaluations that include both catch and non-catch aspects of recreational fishing, as well as the trade-offs between attributes that are trip-based and those that measure opportunity over a season, are rarely be incorporated into management objectives and the design of management frameworks. A study of two marine recreational fisheries in the United States, Pacific halibut in central Oregon and red snapper in northeast Florida, comprised local interviews and a limited survey of recreational anglers to evaluate the relative importance of catch rates, season length, and the uncertainty around early closures. National meeting reports, interviews, and stated-preference survey results suggested that angling opportunity in the form of longer seasons may be more important to anglers than either catch rates or the uncertainty that results from mid-season changes to fishery closure dates. Results suggest that researchers evaluating economic benefits to anglers should consider including opportunity attributes directly in angler surveys. Issues associated with limited sample sizes and a lack of intermediate attribute values limit the use of this study for direct regulatory guidance, but it instead offers a potential methodology to be applied in future analyse.

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Temporal changes in the growth of a crustacean species, Portunus armatus, in a temperate marine embayment: evidence of density dependence (2019)

Marks, Rachel ; Hesp, S Alex ; Johnston, Danielle ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 773–790. Published 2019 Dec 18. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz229.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-18

Description: Growth is a key attribute influencing population dynamics and fishery production, and understanding factors that affect the growth of individuals in a population is essential in fisheries science and management. This study analyses 18 years of fishery-independent trawl data to determine the relationships among temperature, density, primary productivity and growth of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus armatus, in a temperate marine embayment. Growth was modelled using mixture distribution analyses and cohort-specific seasonal growth curves to estimate the size of crabs at the age of 0.5 and 1.5 years. Growth was highly seasonal, with size-at-age increasing during the austral summer periods and slowing/ceasing during the cooler winter months. The results from the mixture models were used to estimate the mean size of the 0.5- and 1.5-year-old crabs in each year. Linear models showed that the mean size of adult P. armatus at 1.5 years was negatively related to the density of juvenile (0.5 year) crabs in the previous year (i.e. the same cohort) and chlorophyll a concentrations in this year. Increased chlorophyll a levels may increase the survival of larval and megalopal P. armatus, leading to density-dependent effects such as increased competition among juveniles for food and spatial resources, and ultimately, reduced growth.

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Different but not opposed: perceptions between fishing sectors on the status and management of a crab fishery (2019)

Obregón, Clara ; Tweedley, James R ; Loneragan, Neil R ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; Published 2019 Dec 05. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz225. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-12-05

Description: Fisher perceptions are a useful source of information that allows changes in stocks to be detected quickly and indicate the social acceptability of different management regulations. Yet traditionally, such information is rarely employed when developing management approaches. Face-to-face interviews were used to elicit recreational and commercial fishers’ perceptions of a crab (Portunus armatus) fishery in three south-western Australian estuaries. Differences in the perceived changes in the average size of crabs and fishing effort, reported concerns and supported solutions were detected among the recreational fishers utilizing the three estuaries and between recreational and commercial fishers in the Peel-Harvey Estuary. However, some common views were expressed by recreational and commercial fishers, with both sectors stating concerns over recreational fisher compliance and increased fishing and environmental pressures. While both sectors believed that reducing fishing and increasing compliance would benefit crab stocks, the mechanisms for achieving this differed. Recreational fishers favoured increasing the length of the seasonal closure, while commercial fishers favoured the introduction of a recreational shore-based fishing licence. These findings suggest that sector- and estuary-specific management rules may better facilitate the amelioration of pressures affecting individual estuaries and could contribute towards a more socially and biologically sustainable fishery.

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Automatic detection of Western rock lobster using synthetic data (2019)

Mahmood, Ammar ; Bennamoun, Mohammed ; An, Senjian ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(4): 1308-1317. Published 2019 Nov 22. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz223.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-22

Description: Underwater imaging is being extensively used for monitoring the abundance of lobster species and their biodiversity in their local habitats. However, manual assessment of these images requires a huge amount of human effort. In this article, we propose to automate the process of lobster detection using a deep learning technique. A major obstacle in deploying such an automatic framework for the localization of lobsters in diverse environments is the lack of large annotated training datasets. Generating synthetic datasets to train these object detection models has become a popular approach. However, the current synthetic data generation frameworks rely on automatic segmentation of objects of interest, which becomes difficult when the objects have a complex shape, such as lobster. To overcome this limitation, we propose an approach to synthetically generate parts of the lobster. To handle the variability of real-world images, these parts were inserted into a set of diverse background marine images to generate a large synthetic dataset. A state-of-the-art object detector was trained using this synthetic parts dataset and tested on the challenging task of Western rock lobster detection in West Australian seas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first automatic lobster detection technique for partially visible and occluded lobsters.

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Leveraging scientific uncertainty in fisheries management for estimating among-assessment variation in overfishing limits (2019)

Privitera-Johnson, Kristin M ; Punt, André E

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 515–526. Published 2019 Dec 13. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz237.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-13

Description: Fisheries management systems can utilize probability-based harvest control rules to incorporate scientific uncertainty and manager risk tolerance when setting catch limits. A precautionary buffer that scales with scientific uncertainty is used to calculate the acceptable biological catch from the overfishing limit (OFL) for US West Coast groundfish and coastal pelagic species. A previous analysis formed the basis for estimating scientific uncertainty as the among-assessment variation in estimates of historical spawning biomass time-series. This “historical biomass” approach may underestimate scientific uncertainty, because the OFL is a function of estimated exploitable biomass and fishing mortality. We developed a new approach that bases the calculation of scientific uncertainty on projected spawning biomass (SSB) and OFLs, accounting for uncertainty in recruitment and among-assessment variation. OFL projections yielded a higher estimate of uncertainty than SSB (0.502 vs. 0.413 for 25-year projections and 0.562 vs. 0.384 for a 1-year projection, assuming a deterministic stock-recruitment relationship). Assuming a stochastic stock-recruitment relationship produced smaller estimates of uncertainty (0.436, 25-year OFL projections; 0.452, 1-year OFL projections; 0.360, 25-year SSB projections; 0.318, 1-year SSB projections). The projection-based approach presented herein is applicable across stocks and regions that conduct assessments with sufficient and consistent outputs for calculating an OFL.

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Incorporating environmental forcing in developing ecosystem-based fisheries management strategies (2019)

Guo, Chuanbo ; Fu, Caihong ; Olsen, Norm ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 500–514. Published 2019 Dec 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz246.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-20

Description: This study incorporated two pathways of environmental forcing (i.e. â€œlarval mortality forcingâ€ and â€œsomatic growth forcingâ€) into an end-to-end ecosystem model (Object-oriented Simulator of Marine ecOSystEms, OSMOSE) developed for the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA) off western Canada, in order to evaluate alternative fisheries management strategies under environmental changes. With a suite of ecosystem-level indicators, the present study first compared the ecosystem effects of different pathways of environmental forcing scenarios; and then evaluated the alternative fisheries management strategies which encompassed a series of fishing mortality rates relative to FMSY (the fishing mortality rate that produces maximum sustainable yield) and a set of precautionary harvest control rules (HCRs). The main objectives of this study were to (i) explore the ecosystem effects of different environmental forcing scenarios; (ii) identify the impacts of different fishing mortality rates on marine ecosystem structure and function; and (iii) evaluate the ecosystem-level performance of various levels of precautionary HCRs. Results indicated that different pathways of environmental forcing had different ecosystem effects and incorporating appropriate HCRs in the fisheries management process could help maintain ecosystem health and sustainable fisheries. This study provides important information on future fisheries management options within similar marine ecosystems that are facing global changes.

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Determining key drivers of perceptions of performance of rights-based fisheries in Australia using a Bayesian belief network (2019)

Pascoe, Sean ; Van Putten, Ingrid ; Hoshino, Eriko ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(2): 803–814. Published 2019 Nov 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz220.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-26

Description: Rights-based management has been advocated as a means of improving the biological sustainability and economic performance of commercial fisheries. The most common forms of rights-based management implemented are individual transferable catch quotas (ITQs) and individual transferable effort quotas (ITEs). Perceptions of success of these management systems vary, however, with some being considered successful while others have been criticized, especially when broad social outcomes are taken into consideration. In this study, we develop a Bayesian belief network model that considers the underlying governance and social environment in which the fishery operates, along with the characteristics of the fishery. We use data derived from a survey of fishers, managers, and scientists to populate the model from 47 Australian fisheries currently managed through ITQs and ITEs. As well as capturing the characteristics of the fisheries, the survey asked respondents for their perceptions on the overall performance of the management system, as well as its performance against social, economic, environmental, and governance objectives. The results suggest that positive perceptions of management performance are related to the quality of social relationships between fishers, the efficiency in the functioning of quota markets, and the degree to which economic information is used in quota setting.

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Marine science within a net-zero emission statutory framework (2019)

Turrell, W R

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2500. Published 2019 Nov 07. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz192.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-07

Description: This is a correction to: ICES Journal of Marine Science, fsz164, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz164

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Image-based, unsupervised estimation of fish size from commercial landings using deep learning (2019)

Álvarez-Ellacuría, Amaya ; Palmer, Miquel ; Catalán, Ignacio A ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(4): 1330-1339. Published 2019 Nov 23. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz216.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-23

Description: The dynamics of fish length distribution is a key input for understanding the fish population dynamics and taking informed management decisions on exploited stocks. Nevertheless, in most fisheries, the length of landed fish is still made by hand. As a result, length estimation is precise at fish level, but due to the inherent high costs of manual sampling, the sample size tends to be small. Accordingly, the precision of population-level estimates is often suboptimal and prone to bias when properly stratified sampling programmes are not affordable. Recent applications of artificial intelligence to fisheries science are opening a promising opportunity for the massive sampling of fish catches. Here, we present the results obtained using a deep convolutional network (Mask R-CNN) for unsupervised (i.e. fully automatic) European hake length estimation from images of fish boxes automatically collected at the auction centre. The estimated mean of fish lengths at the box level is accurate; for average lengths ranging 20–40 cm, the root-mean-square deviation was 1.9 cm, and maximum deviation between the estimated and the measured mean body length was 4.0 cm. We discuss the challenges and opportunities that arise with the use of this technology to improve data acquisition in fisheries.

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Are we sacrificing the future of coral reefs on the altar of the “climate change” narrative? (2019)

Abelson, Avigdor

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 40–45. Published 2019 Dec 12. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz226.

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Publication Date: 2019-12-12

Description: Following a series of mass-bleaching events that have seriously degraded coral reefs, notably the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, a common narrative is now dominating the discourse, according to which “the only sure way to save the world’s coral reefs is climate change mitigation”. However, climate change is not a sole stressor. Most coral reefs around the world are threatened by a myriad of local stressors, including overfishing, destructive fishing, untreated sewage, agriculture effluents (nutrients and pesticides), and siltation due to deforestation. Reefs will not survive the severe effects of this plethora of stressors while waiting until we mitigate climate change. In order to safeguard reefs, we need to adopt a new narrative—“there are diverse ways in which we can improve the chances of saving coral reefs”—by acting now to: (i) improve their local protection and marine protected area networks, (ii) alleviate their critical local stressors, (iii) restore degraded and damaged reefs, and (iv) promote reef resilience and adaptation (e.g. adaptation networks, assisted evolution) to the changing conditions, notably climate change effects. It is time for us to move on from the impractical goals of the climate change narrative (“interventions beyond our field of expertise”) to building up resilience and adaptation of social-ecological systems of coral reefs.

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There is no best method for constructing size-transition matrices for size-structured stock assessments (2019)

Cronin-Fine, Lee ; Punt, André E

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 136–147. Published 2019 Nov 22. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz217.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-22

Description: Stock assessment methods for many invertebrate stocks, including crab stocks in the Bering Sea of Alaska, rely on size-structured population dynamics models. A key component of these models is the size-transition matrix, which specifies the probability of growing from one size-class to another after a certain period of time. Size-transition matrices can be defined using three parameters, the growth rate (k), asymptotic size (L∞), and variability in the size increment. Most assessments use mark-recapture data to estimate these parameters and assume that all individuals follow the same growth curve, but this can lead to biased estimates of growth parameters. We compared three approaches: the traditional approach, the platoon method, and a numerical integration method that allows k, L∞, or both to vary among individuals, under a variety of scenarios using simulated data based on golden king crabs (Lithodes aequispinus) in the Aleutian Islands region of Alaska. No estimation method performed best for all scenarios. The number of size-classes in the size-transition matrix and how the data are generated heavily dictate performance. However, we recommend the numerical integration method that allows L∞ to vary among individuals and smaller size-class widths.

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Comparison of multiple approaches to calculate time-varying biological reference points in climate-linked population-dynamics models (2019)

O’Leary, Cecilia A ; Thorson, James T ; Miller, Timothy J ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(3): 930–941. Published 2019 Nov 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz215.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-21

Description: Fisheries managers use biological reference points (BRPs) as targets or limits on fishing and biomass to maintain productive levels of fish stock biomass. There are multiple ways to calculate BRPs when biological parameters are time varying. Using summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) as a case study, we investigated time-varying approaches in concert with climate-linked population models to understand the impact of environmentally driven variability in natural mortality, recruitment, and size-at-age on two commonly used BRPs [B0(t) and F35%(t)]. We used the following two approaches to calculate time-varying BRPs: dynamic-BRP and moving-average-BRP. We quantified the variability and uncertainty of different climate dependencies and estimation approaches, attributed BRP variation to variation in life-history processes, and evaluated how using different approaches impacts estimates of stock status. Results indicate that the dynamic-BRP approach using the climate-linked natural mortality model produced the least variable reference points compared to others calculated. Summer flounder stock status depended on the estimation approach and climate model used. These results emphasize that understanding climate dependencies is important for summer flounder reference points and perhaps other species, and careful consideration is warranted when considering what time-varying approach to use, ideally based upon simulation studies within a proposed set of management procedures.

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Correlation between catch method, condition, and diet patterns in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) (2019)

Ljungberg, Peter ; Ovegård, Maria ; Öhman, Kristin ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 267–277. Published 2019 Sep 08. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz167.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-08

Description: With seal populations increasing significantly in the Baltic Sea, the conflict between seals and fisheries is growing. The most sustainable method for mitigating the seal–fishery conflict is to develop and use seal-safe fishing gear. Although pots have been shown to be a promising alternative to gillnets for catching cod (Gadus morhua), there are indications that cod caught in pots are in poorer condition than those caught in gillnets, potentially making the pots a less-economical alternative. This study investigates whether this difference in condition is consistent over larger spatial scales. Gear-specific cod condition was related to both short-term (determined from stomach contents) and long-term (determined by stable isotope analysis) diet composition. Results indicate that differences in fish condition between gear types are consistent over large areas, possibly due to temporal and spatial differences in feeding strategies. We argue that condition differences between pot- and gillnet-caught cod may be driven by differences in behavioural traits. Consequently, fishing with a certain gear type may have ecological consequences affecting population characteristics, with implications for fisheries management. From the perspective of the seal–fisheries conflict, pots may ultimately have consequences on the catch value of fish.

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Recent advances in understanding the effects of climate change on the world’s oceans (2019)

Hollowed, Anne B ; Barange, Manuel ; Garçon, Véronique ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(5): 1215–1220. Published 2019 Aug 04. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz084.

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Publication Date: 2019-08-04

Description: In June 2018, 〉600 scientists from over 50 countries attended the Fourth International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans (ECCWO-4). ECCWO-4 provided a forum for scientists to share information, build understanding, and advance responses to climate impacts on oceans and the many people, businesses and communities that depend on them. Seven Key Messages emerging from the symposium and relevant information from recently published literature are summarized. Recent scientific advances are improving our ability to understand, project, and assess the consequences of different levels of 21st century climate change for ocean ecosystems and ocean dependent communities. Outcomes of the symposium highlighted the need for on-going engagement with stakeholders, communities, and managers when considering the trade-offs associated with tactical and strategic opportunities for adaptation to climate change. Science informed adaptation frameworks that engage the public in their development are needed for effective management of marine resources in a changing climate. The summary provides a brief overview of the advances in climate-ocean science emerging from the symposium and provides context for the contributed papers within the broader socio-ecological advances of the discipline.

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Automatic segmentation of fish using deep learning with application to fish size measurement (2019)

Garcia, Rafael ; Prados, Ricard ; Quintana, Josep ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(4): 1354-1366. Published 2019 Oct 22. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz186.

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Publication Date: 2019-10-22

Description: One of the leading causes of overfishing is the catch of unwanted fish and marine life in commercial fishing gears. Echosounders are nowadays routinely used to detect fish schools and make qualitative estimates of the amount of fish and species present. However, the problem of estimating sizes using acoustic systems is still largely unsolved, with only a few attempts at real-time operation and only at demonstration level. This paper proposes a novel image-based method for individual fish detection, targeted at drastically reducing catches of undersized fish in commercial trawling. The proposal is based on the processing of stereo images acquired by the Deep Vision imaging system, directly placed in the trawl. The images are pre-processed to correct for nonlinearities of the camera response. Then, a Mask R-CNN architecture is used to localize and segment each individual fish in the images. This segmentation is subsequently refined using local gradients to obtain an accurate estimate of the boundary of every fish. Testing was conducted with two representative datasets, containing in excess of 2600 manually annotated individual fish, and acquired using distinct artificial illumination setups. A distinctive advantage of this proposal is the ability to successfully deal with cluttered images containing overlapping fish.

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A multi-stock harvest control rule based on “pretty good yield” ranges to support mixed-fisheries management (2019)

Garcia, Dorleta ; Dolder, Paul J ; Iriondo, Ane ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 119–135. Published 2019 Oct 11. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz181.

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Publication Date: 2019-10-11

Description: Advice for commercially exploited fish stocks is usually given on a stock-by-stock basis. In light of the ecosystem-based fisheries management, the need to move towards a holistic approach has been largely acknowledged. In addition, the discard bans in some countries requires consistent catch advice among stocks to mitigate choke species limiting fisheries activity. In this context, in 2015, the European Commission proposed the use of fishing mortality ranges around fishing mortality targets to give flexibility to the catch advice system and improve the use of fishing opportunities in mixed-fisheries. We present a multi-stock harvest control rule (HCR) that uses single stock assessment results and fishing mortality ranges to generate a consistent catch advice among stocks. We tested the performance of the HCR in two different case studies. An artificial case study with three stocks exploited simultaneously by a single fleet and the demersal mixed-fishery operating in Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. The HCR produced consistent catch advice among stocks when there was only a single fleet exploiting them. Even more, the HCR removed the impact of the discard ban. However, in a multi-fleet framework the performance of the HCR varied depending on the characteristics of the fleets.

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Balancing conservation and utilization in spawning aggregation fisheries: a trade-off analysis of an overexploited marine fish (2019)

Erisman, Brad E ; Grüss, Arnaud ; Mascareñas-Osorio, Ismael ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 148–161. Published 2019 Oct 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz195.

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Publication Date: 2019-10-21

Description: Although the management of fish spawning aggregations (FSAs) often requires a precautionary approach that initially emphasizes conservation, understanding the dynamics of spawning and interactions with fishing activities can help identify long-term management solutions that balance conservation with utilization. We designed a parsimonious, per-recruit model to evaluate the potential effects of seven time-closure scenarios implemented during the spawning season on egg production per recruit (EPR; a conservation metric) and yield per recruit (YPR; a fisheries metric) of Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus), a vulnerable marine fish that experiences persistent overfishing at its only known spawning grounds in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Three of the seven scenarios provided small-to-large increases in EPR (8–43%) accompanied by only small decreases in YPR (3–11%) that resulted in a sustainable fishery. Increased mortality of juveniles and small adults through targeted fishing or as bycatch in other fisheries, however, would erode the fisheries and conservation benefits of time closures. Our results demonstrate that information on spawning and fishing activities can be combined with stakeholder input to identify regulations that permit the sustainable harvesting of FSAs. Furthermore, the implementation of brief, temporal fishing effort restrictions can represent a viable, less restrictive alternative to marine protected areas for the management of FSAs.

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Relationship between shell integrity of pelagic gastropods and carbonate chemistry parameters at a Scottish Coastal Observatory monitoring site (2019)

León, Pablo ; Bednaršek, Nina ; Walsham, Pam ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 436–450. Published 2019 Oct 09. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz178.

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Publication Date: 2019-10-09

Description: Ocean acidification (OA), the anthropogenic carbon dioxide-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry, is likely to have a significant impact on calcifying plankton. Most planktonic studies on OA are based on “one-off” cruises focused on offshore areas while observations from inshore waters are scarce. This study presents the first analysis on the shell integrity of pelagic gastropods (holoplanktonic pteropods and planktonic larvae of otherwise benthic species) at the Scottish Coastal Observatory monitoring site at Stonehaven on the east coast of Scotland. The shell integrity of archived pelagic gastropods specimens from 2011 to 2013 was examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy and the relationship with OA (pH and aragonite saturation, Ωarg) and other environmental parameters was investigated. Evidence of shell dissolution was detected in all analysed taxa even though the seawater was supersaturated with respect to aragonite. The shell condition matched the temporal pattern observed in Ωarg, with higher proportion of dissolution associated with decreasing Ωarg, suggesting that the seasonality component of carbonate chemistry might affect the shell integrity of pelagic gastropods. The proportion of shell dissolution differed significantly between larvae and adult stages of pteropods, supporting the hypothesis that early-life stages would be more vulnerable to OA-induced changes. Our data also suggest that sensitivity to OA may differ even between closely related taxonomic groups. The strong interannual variability revealed by the year-to-year shell dissolution and Ωarg illustrates the difficulty in assessing the plankton response to OA in the field and the value of time series studies.

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King tuna: Indian Ocean trade, offshore fishing, and coral reef resilience in the Maldives archipelago (2019)

Yadav, Shreya ; Abdulla, Ameer ; Bertz, Ned ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 398–407. Published 2019 Oct 09. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz170.

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Publication Date: 2019-10-09

Description: The traditional offshore pole-and-line tuna fishery of the Maldives has historically promoted low levels of reef fishing in this archipelago. While the tuna fishery is old and extensive—some evidence suggests it has been in place for over a thousand years—the reasons for its development have not been closely examined. Why did an offshore fishery develop in such small and isolated islands with abundant and easily accessible nearshore reefs? Why is tuna considered the “king of fish” in the Maldives, in contrast to many other islands across the globe where reef fish are prized for a wide variety of cultural and social reasons, often deeply rooted in community histories? In this article, we use a historical approach to uncover some of the drivers of this fishery, and the long-term consequences it has had for the resilience of this island chain. We trace the written accounts of travellers, voyagers, and traders, in addition to more recent research to gain an understanding of how early Indian Ocean trade networks may have shaped the development of this fishery over time. We propose that the early growth of the tuna fishery was likely tied to the trade in money cowries (Monetaria moneta), of which the Maldives was a major global supplier. A regional demand and market for dried tuna from the fourteenth century onwards contributed to the income of Maldivians and promoted and supported reef health by encouraging relatively low levels of reef fishing. However, the emergence and substantial growth of the Maldivian tourist industry in the past few decades are resulting in a shift in local consumption preferences and increased exploitation of reef fisheries. Exploring this history is important, not only to help contextualize the modern governance of the offshore tuna fishery, but also for a more nuanced understanding of the social, cultural, and ecological dynamics that have shaped Maldivian coral reefs in the past with implications for those that will do so in the future.

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Towards sustainable European seaweed value chains: a triple P perspective (2019)

van den Burg, S W K ; Dagevos, H ; Helmes, R J K

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; Published 2019 Oct 03. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz183. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-10-03

Description: Seaweeds are seen as important future feedstock for Europe, providing biomass for food, feed, and other applications. Seaweeds can contribute to a circular food system a protein transition and bio-based economy. Europe is a minor player in the world market dominated by the Asian producers and processors. According to the FAO, total production of aquatic plants (dominated by seaweed) was 30 million tonnes in 2016, with China (47.9%) and Indonesia (38, 7%) dominating production. This article discusses the challenges to seaweed production and use in Europe and formulates future directions for upscaling the European seaweed sector. From a People, Planet, Profit perspective, there is no need to focus on producing large volumes of seaweed per se. We need to focus on nature-inclusive production systems, producing the right amount of the right seaweeds, based on the carrying capacity of the European seas. The seaweed sector must avoid developing along the “old” economy’s way of cost leadership but develop along the way of the “new” circular economy. Seaweeds should not be seen as a new product “added” to the market but become an integral part of the European food system, being used for human consumption, feed and improving production processes.

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Regional variation in directed swimming by Atlantic salmon smolts leaving Scottish waters for their oceanic feeding grounds—a modelling study (2019)

Ounsley, James P ; Gallego, Alejandro ; Morris, David J ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 315–325. Published 2019 Oct 05. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz160.

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Publication Date: 2019-10-05

Description: An understanding of the migratory trajectories and behaviours of Atlantic salmon post-smolts during the early marine phase of their life cycle is needed for effective conservation and marine planning. A simulation study of post-smolt migration from Scottish shores was carried out, combining a high-resolution hydrodynamic model of the Scottish continental shelf with a Lagrangian particle tracking model. Various different notional swimming behavioural scenarios were simulated, including current-orientated and compass-directed movement across a range of swimming speeds. Current-following behaviours did not facilitate migration towards feeding grounds in the North Atlantic. In addition, modelled trajectories resulting from directed-swimming behaviours imply that populations around Scotland need to adopt different locally adapted migratory strategies to successfully reach their feeding grounds.

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The past, present, and future of the regulation of offshore chemicals in the North Sea—a United Kingdom perspective (2019)

Sühring, R ; Cousins, A ; Gregory, L ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(3): 1157–1166. Published 2019 Sep 30. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz172.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-30

Description: The North Sea is one of the most studied and exploited ecosystems worldwide. The multiple uses from industrial, transport, as well as recreational activities have required researchers, regulators, and legislators to understand and, where possible, to minimize any expected negative environmental impacts. As with any international sea, assessing the current pressures and management actions resulting from these activities is centred on several national and international legislative instruments. This variety of co-existing legislations makes development processes and regulatory assessments cumbersome and time consuming. Hence there is a need to integrate environmental risk assessment and management across sectors, ensuring smart, cost-effective data generation, as well as supporting and standardizing environmental practices. This paper provides an overview of the changing regulatory frameworks regarding offshore chemicals used in the oil and gas industry, and the process of chemical risk assessment conducted under the Offshore Chemical Notification Scheme (ONCS) in the UK. Our view of methodological, research, and regulatory needs and challenges that should be addressed to ensure an adequate and sustainable assessment of offshore chemical use in the North Sea is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the issues faced regarding chemicals used in the UK oil and gas sector with respect to declining hydrocarbon production.

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Age-specific shifts in Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) distribution in response to changing ocean climate (2019)

Wheeland, Laura J ; Morgan, M Joanne

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(1): 230–240. Published 2019 Sep 13. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz152.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-13

Description: Fish distribution is strongly influenced by temperature, with populations predicted to respond to ongoing changes in ocean climate by adapting distribution to maintain preferred thermal habitats. Over the last several decades, the Northwest Atlantic off Newfoundland, Canada has experienced wide variation in temperature and significant changes in the structure of the marine community. A period of particularly cold ocean conditions from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s saw Greenland halibut occupying deeper waters, and moving farther offshore and southward. Distributional shifts across periods of varying thermal conditions were most pronounced in the youngest ages. While no specific nursery areas were evident, these young fish typically occurred in shallower waters where temperatures were more variable, moving deeper with age. Sensitivity to changing ocean climate may vary with age. This adaptation to shifting temperatures suggests that this species is likely to alter its distribution in the face of continued changes in ocean climate. Age-specific differences in response to changing temperature have potential implications for ecosystem interactions and fisheries management.

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Movements of Atlantic halibut in the Gulf of Maine based on geolocation (2019)

Liu, Chang ; Bank, Crista ; Kersula, Michael ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2020–2032. Published 2019 Sep 17. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz169.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-17

Description: Atlantic halibut are a “Species of Concern” in US waters and little is known about their movements and stock structure. Recent stock assessments drew attention to the paucity of information for assessing and managing this stock. To investigate movement patterns and stock structure, halibut were tagged off Massachusetts and Maine within US waters of the Gulf of Maine region using pop-up satellite archival tags and data storage tags. A hidden Markov model (HMM) geolocation method previously developed for other groundfish species was adapted to estimate the movement tracks of the tagged halibut (n = 25) based on the tag-recorded depth and temperature. Total distance travelled based on geolocation ranged from 36 to 1701 km, whereas straight line distance between tagging and end locations ranged from 0.4 to 440.7 km. Estimated movement rates varied between 2.7 and 10 km day−1. Two tagged halibut made long-distance movements to putative spawning habitat in the Northeast Channel off Georges Bank. Thirteen (13) out of 25 geolocated individuals were estimated to have reached Canadian waters. Geolocation results revealed home range, return movement, and seasonal migration movement patterns exhibited by the tagged halibut. The HMM geolocation method could be a useful tool in providing information on halibut movements that can inform stock assessment and management decisions.

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Developing a microscopic image dataset in support of intelligent phytoplankton detection using deep learning (2019)

Li, Qiong ; Sun, Xin ; Dong, Junyu ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(4): 1427-1439. Published 2019 Sep 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz171.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-20

Description: Phytoplankton plays an important role in marine ecological environment and aquaculture. However, the recognition and detection of phytoplankton rely on manual operations. As the foundation of achieving intelligence and releasing human labour, a phytoplankton microscopic image dataset PMID2019 for phytoplankton automated detection is presented. The PMID2019 dataset contains 10 819 phytoplankton microscopic images of 24 different categories. We leverage microscopes to collect images of phytoplankton in the laboratory environment. Each object in the images is manually labelled with a bounding box and category of ground-truth. In addition, living cells move quickly making it difficult to capture images of them. In order to generalize the dataset for in situ applications, we further utilize Cycle-GAN to achieve the domain migration between dead and living cell samples. We built a synthetic dataset to generate the corresponding living cell samples from the original dead ones. The PMID2019 dataset will not only benefit the development of phytoplankton microscopic vision technology in the future, but also can be widely used to assess the performance of the state-of-the-art object detection algorithms for phytoplankton recognition. Finally, we illustrate the performances of some state-of-the-art object detection algorithms, which may provide new ideas for monitoring marine ecosystems.

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The influence of performance reviews on regional fisheries management organizations (2019)

Haas, Bianca ; Haward, Marcus ; McGee, Jeffrey ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2082–2089. Published 2019 May 23. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz088.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-23

Description: Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) are key bodies responsible for managing fisheries on the high seas and also in areas of the ocean under national jurisdiction. The performance of RFMOs has, however, become the focus of broad-based criticism in the context of increasing fishing effort, the scale, and sophistication of illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, and concerns over the wider environmental impacts of fishing activities. In response to these criticisms, the United Nations General Assembly has called on RFMOs to carry out performance reviews (PRs) to assess their record in fisheries management. PRs can provide the opportunity to assess the strengths and weaknesses of past actions by specific RFMOs. There is, however, limited information and analysis available on the progress made by RFMOs after PRs have been carried out. To fill this gap, this paper assesses the performance of five RFMOs that have undergone PRs on two occasions. The paper assesses the performance of these five RFMOs against a scoring system that analyses improvements made after the first PR based on the recommendations made in the second PR. This analysis is encouraging, as all five RFMOs demonstrated significant improvement in their performance in the period after their initial PR, especially in “conservation and management” and “international cooperation” activities.

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Food habits of an endangered seabird indicate recent poor forage fish availability off western South Africa (2019)

Crawford, Robert J M ; Sydeman, William J ; Thompson, Sarah Ann ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(5): 1344–1352. Published 2019 May 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz081.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-20

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Physiological responses of juvenile Chilean scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) to isolated and combined environmental drivers of coastal upwelling (2019)

Ramajo, Laura ; Fernández, Carolina ; Núñez, Yolanda ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1836–1849. Published 2019 May 10. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz080.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-10

Description: Coastal biota is exposed to continuous environmental variability as a consequence of natural and anthropogenic processes. Responding to heterogeneous conditions requires the presence of physiological strategies to cope with the environment. Ecosystems influenced by upwelling endure naturally cold, acidic and hypoxic conditions, nevertheless they sustain major fisheries worldwide. This suggests that species inhabiting upwelling habitats possess physiological adaptations to handle high environmental variability. Here, we assessed the impact of the main upwelling drivers (temperature, pH and oxygen) in isolation and combined on eco-physiological responses of Chilean scallop Argopecten purpuratus. A. purpuratus responded to hypoxia by increasing their metabolic performance to maintain growth and calcification. Calcification was only affected by pH and increased under acidic conditions. Further, A. purpuratus juveniles prioritized calcification at the expense of growth under upwelling conditions. Increasing temperature had a significant impact by enhancing the physiological performance of A. purpuratus juveniles independently of oxygen and pH conditions, but this was associated with earlier and higher mortalities. Our results suggest that A. purpuratus is acclimated to short-term colder, acidic and hypoxic conditions, and provide important information of how this species responds to the heterogeneous environment of upwelling, which is significantly relevant in the climatic context of upwelling intensification.

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The role of marine mammals in the Barents Sea foodweb (2019)

Blanchet, Marie-Anne ; Primicerio, Raul ; Frainer, André ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(Supplement_1): i37-i53. Published 2019 Aug 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz136.

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Publication Date: 2019-08-26

Description: Marine mammals are important players in the Barents Sea ecosystem but their structural role in the foodweb has been little explored. We compare foodweb-related characteristics within and between phylogenetic groups for 19 marine mammals. As a group, they directly connect to the most central species (i.e cod and haddock) in the Barents Sea (i.e. cod and haddock) and consume over half of the available species. Pinnipeds are the most homogenous phylogenetic group with high omnivory and high prey richness. Mysticetes are split between well-connected species with high omnivory like the humpback whale, and peripheral specialists like the blue whale. Based on foodweb-derived indices some species consistently cluster together forming two groups, suggesting topological redundancy within them. One is dominated by Arctic seals and the other includes most of the baleen whales. Marine mammals generally contribute to network modularity as their trophic links are mainly within their own module. However, Atlantic species such as the grey seal act as a module connector decreasing modularity. This might negatively affect ecosystem robustness with perturbation effects spreading further and quicker in the foodweb. In the Arctic reaches of the Barents Sea, climate warming is likely to bring about extensive changes in the foodweb structure through a redistribution of species.

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Infaunal community responses to ancient clam gardens (2019)

Cox, Kieran D ; Gerwing, Travis G ; Macdonald, Tara ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2362–2373. Published 2019 Aug 01. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz153.

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Publication Date: 2019-08-01

Description: Aquatic ecosystems have been managed for millennia. Indigenous communities in North America pioneered numerous marine resource management strategies to ensure food security and support thriving economies, which have been active throughout the Northwest Coast of North America for over 14 000 years. Developed to increase shellfish productivity, clam gardens have been active for millennia. The diverse infaunal communities within these ecosystems can act as indicators of habitat alterations and provide an opportunity to study ecological community responses to seascapes shaped by millennia-old resource management structures. To determine how community structure differs between clam gardens and unmodified areas, we assessed infaunal diversity and density between intertidal mudflats, sandflats, and clam gardens. Differences in community composition were found among site types, with certain taxa, including culturally important species increasing within clam gardens. Per cent similarity analyses indicated that infaunal communities were more dissimilar among, than within site types. Furthermore, regression trees indicated that increases in diversity and density were closely correlated with the amount of shell and gravel within each habitat, which are associated with clam garden function and management practices. Species-specific and environmental responses to clam gardens indicate that human modifications in nearshore habitats created novel and distinct types of soft sediment communities.

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Estimating age composition for multiple years when there are gaps in the ageing data: the case of western Atlantic bluefin tuna (2019)

Ailloud, Lisa E ; Lauretta, Matthew V ; Walter, John F ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1690–1701. Published 2019 Apr 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz069.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-26

Description: Age–length key (ALK) methods generally perform well when length samples and age samples are representative of the underlying population. It is unclear how well these methods perform when lengths are representative but age samples are sparse (i.e. age samples are small or missing in many years, and some length groups do not have any age observations). With western Atlantic bluefin tuna, the available age data are sparse and have been, for the most part, collected opportunistically. We evaluated two methods capable of accommodating sparse age data: a novel hybrid ALK (combining forward ALKs and cohort slicing) and the combined forward-inverse ALK. Our goal was to determine if the methods performed better than cohort slicing, which has traditionally been used to obtain catch-at-age for Atlantic bluefin tuna, given the data limitations outlined above. Simulation results indicated that the combined forward-inverse ALK performed much better than the other methods. When applied to western Atlantic bluefin tuna data, the combined forward-inverse ALK approach was able to track cohorts and identified an inconsistency in the ageing of some samples.

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A general theory of age-length keys: combining the forward and inverse keys to estimate age composition from incomplete data (2019)

Ailloud, Lisa E ; Hoenig, John M

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1515–1523. Published 2019 Apr 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz072.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-26

Description: There are two approaches to estimating age composition from a large number of length observations and a limited number of age determinations: the forward and the inverse age-length keys. The forward key looks at the distribution of age within each length bin while the inverse key looks at the distribution of length at each age. The former is more precise but has stringent requirements for the way data are collected. The latter approach is more widely applicable. We review the theory of the two keys with particular attention to necessary assumptions and the restrictions on when the methods are applicable. We show it is possible to combine the two approaches into a combined forward-inverse age-length key. This approach can be used to estimate age composition in several years simultaneously. It takes advantage of the efficiency of the forward key in years when that is appropriate, applies the inverse key to years with no age data, and uses a blending of the two approaches for years with moderate amounts of age data.

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Atlantic salmon return rate increases with smolt length (2019)

Gregory, Stephen D ; Ibbotson, Anton T ; Riley, William D ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1702–1712. Published 2019 Apr 23. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz066.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-23

Description: Recent declines in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations are generally attributed to factors in their marine life-phase. However, it is postulated that factors affecting their freshwater life-phase might impact their marine survival, such as the influence of body size. While larger smolts are widely hypothesized to have higher marine survival rates, empirical support remains scant, in part due to inadequate data and ambiguous statistical analyses. Here, we test the influence of smolt body size on marine return rates, a proxy for marine survival, using a 12-year dataset of 3688 smolts tagged with passive integrated transponders in the River Frome, Southern England. State-space models describe the probability of smolts surviving their marine phase to return as 1 sea-winter (1SW) or multi-sea-winter adults as a function of their length, while accounting for imperfect detection and missing data. Models predicted that larger smolts had higher return rates; the most parsimonious model included the effect of length on 1SW return rate. This prediction is concerning, as freshwater juvenile salmon are decreasing in size on the River Frome, and elsewhere. Thus, to maximize adult returns, restoration efforts should focus on freshwater life-stages, and maximize both the number and the size of emigrating smolts.

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Countering a climate of instability: the future of relative stability under the Common Fisheries Policy (2019)

Harte, Michael ; Tiller, Rachel ; Kailis, George ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 1951–1958. Published 2019 Jun 25. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz109.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-25

Description: European fisheries are at a critical juncture. The confluence of political change and environmental change, along with the challenges of past Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) reforms such as the landing obligation, creates a once in a generation opportunity for a paradigm shift in fisheries management in the region. This paper sets out a series of arguments for why the status quo situation for the governance of European Union fisheries, especially for shared Northeast Atlantic fisheries is very likely unsustainable under these new circumstances. At stake is confidence in, and support for the management of the regions shared fisheries, the economic viability of fisheries and sustainability of stocks. Brexit is an additional incentive to unlock the potential of existing, but little used mechanisms within the CFP to allow the reimagining of fisheries management and governance in the Northeast Atlantic. Three of these tools and mechanisms are (i) Quota swapping, (ii) Article 16 quota uplift provisions, (iii) and Article 15 flexibility mechanisms. These mechanisms can be adopted by individual Member States for fleets in their waters or in the case of quota swapping be applied across Member States and may help stabilize fisheries under these stressors.

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Assessing vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the fisheries sector in Dominica: long-term climate change and catastrophic hurricanes (2019)

Pinnegar, John K ; Engelhard, Georg H ; Norris, Norman J ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(5): 1353–1367. Published 2019 Jun 07. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz052.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-07

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Projected biophysical conditions of the Bering Sea to 2100 under multiple emission scenarios (2019)

Hermann, Albert J ; Gibson, Georgina A ; Cheng, Wei ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1937. Published 2019 Jun 09. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz111.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-09

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Performance of multispecies assessment models: insights on the influence of diet data (2019)

Trijoulet, Vanessa ; Fay, Gavin ; Curti, Kiersten L ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1938. Published 2019 Jun 06. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz112.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-06

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Farmer monitoring reveals the effect of tidal height on mortality risk of oysters during a herpesvirus outbreak (2019)

Pernet, Fabrice ; Gachelin, Sonia ; Stanisière, Jean-Yves ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1932–1933. Published 2019 Jun 06. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz093.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-06

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Reference levels of ecosystem indicators at multispecies maximum sustainable yield (2019)

Briton, Florence ; Shannon, Lynne ; Barrier, Nicolas ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2070–2081. Published 2019 Jun 23. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz104.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-23

Description: We investigate reference points for ecosystem indicators in support of an Ecosystem Approach to Fishery. In particular, we assess indicator capacity to detect when the Multispecies Maximum Sustainable Yield (MMSY) is reached, under a wide range of multispecies fishing strategies. The analysis was carried out using a simulation approach based on the ecosystem model OSMOSE in the southern Benguela. We show that the 13 ecosystem indicators have reference points at MMSY that are highly variable across fishing strategies. The state of the ecosystem at MMSY is so variable across fishing strategies that it is not possible to set reference points without considering the fishing strategy. However, strategy-specific reference points were found to constitute robust proxies for MMSY in more than 90% of the simulated fishing strategies. For instance, under the current fishing strategy in the southern Benguela, robust reference points at MMSY could be identified for the following indicators: mean length of fish, mean lifespan, biomass over catch ratio, trophic level of the surveys, mean trophic index, proportion of predatory fish, intrinsic vulnerability index, and mean maximum length.

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Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua) diet composition: long-term interannual, seasonal, and ontogenetic patterns (2019)

Holt, Rebecca E ; Bogstad, Bjarte ; Durant, Joël M ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1641–1652. Published 2019 May 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz082.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-20

Description: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is an ecologically and commercially important species in the North-Atlantic region. Cod is a top predator and information on its trophic ecology is integral for understanding predator–prey relationships and food-web dynamics. We present an analysis of the trophic patterns of Barents Sea (BS) cod using a unique 33-year time-series of stomach-content data from 1984 to 2016. We assessed patterns in diet (prey) composition across years, between seasons, as well as ontogenetic trends in diet, including predator–prey size relationships. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed, with fish becoming more important prey with increasing cod size. A very early onset of piscivory was found in 〈20 cm cod. Cannibalism was found in cod 〉 20 cm and increased with size. Juvenile cod exhibit a tendency towards consuming prey up to 33% of their body length, whereas larger cod feed on all prey sizes, resulting in asymmetric predator–prey size distributions. Diet varied significantly during 1984–2016, consistent with changes in both prey, cod abundance, and distribution. Seasonal differences were observed; capelin dominated the winter diet, whereas cod, polar cod, and other fish species were prevalent in summer/autumn months. This work represents an important step towards understanding trophic linkages that determine BS ecosystem dynamics.

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Bias in common catch-curve methods applied to age frequency data from fish surveys (2019)

Nelson, Gary A

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2090–2101. Published 2019 May 20. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz085.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-20

Description: Catch curve analysis is often used in data-limited fisheries stock assessments to estimate total instantaneous mortality (Z). There are now six catch-curve methods available in the literature: the Chapman–Robson, linear regression, weighted linear regression, Heincke, generalized Poisson linear, and random-intercept Poisson linear mixed model. An assumption shared among the underyling probability models of these estimators is that fish collected for ageing are sampled from the population by simple random sampling. This type of sampling is nearly impossible in fisheries research because populations are sampled in surveys that use gears that capture individuals in clusters and often fish for ageing are selected from multi-stage sampling. In this study, I explored the effects of multi-stage cluster sampling on the bias of the estimates of Z and their associated standard errors. I found that the generalized Poisson linear model and the Chapman–Robson estimators were the least biased, whereas the random-intercept Poisson linear mixed model was the most biased under a wide range of simulation scenarios that included different levels of recruitment variation, intra-cluster correlation, sample sizes, and methods used to generate age frequencies. Standard errors of all estimators were under-estimated in almost all cases and should not be used in statistical comparisons.

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The Rosa Lee phenomenon and its consequences for fisheries advice on changes in fishing mortality or gear selectivity (2019)

Kraak, Sarah B M ; Haase, Stefanie ; Minto, Cóilín ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(7): 2179–2192. Published 2019 Jun 30. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz107.

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Publication Date: 2019-06-30

Description: When size-selective fishing removes faster-growing individuals at higher rates than slower-growing fish, the surviving populations will become dominated by slower-growing individuals. When this “Rosa Lee phenomenon” is ignored, bias may occur in catch and stock projections. In a length-and-age-based model we quantified the effects through simulations of a simplified fishery on a stock that resembles Western Baltic cod. We compared outcomes of runs with and without taking account of the Rosa Lee phenomenon in scenarios of changes in fishing mortality. We found that, when only fishing rate was changed, the biases in predictions of spawning-stock biomass (SSB), yield and catches of undersized fish were relatively small (〈10% in absolute values). When the selectivity parameters of the gear were increased, the bias in the prediction of the catches of undersized fish was very substantial (+120 to 160%). When the selectivity parameters were decreased, the biases in the predictions of SSB, yield and catches of undersized fish, were substantial (25–50% in absolute values). With slower mean growth the biases became more pronounced. We conclude that in short-term forecasts, medium-term projections, and MSE simulations featuring selectivity changes, the Rosa Lee phenomenon should be accounted for, ideally by using length-based models.

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Recreational and small-scale fisheries may pose a threat to vulnerable species in coastal and offshore waters of the western Mediterranean (2019)

Lloret, J ; Biton-Porsmoguer, S ; Carreño, A ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; Published 2019 May 06. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz071. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-05-06

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Developing the knowledge base needed to sustainably manage mesopelagic resources (2019)

Hidalgo, Manuel ; Browman, Howard I

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(3): 609–615. Published 2019 May 01. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz067.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-01

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Disrupting data sharing for a healthier ocean (2019)

Pendleton, Linwood H ; Beyer, Hawthorne ; Estradivari, ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1415–1423. Published 2019 Apr 29. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz068.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-29

Description: Ocean ecosystems are in decline, yet we also have more ocean data, and more data portals, than ever before. To make effective decisions regarding ocean management, especially in the face of global environmental change, we need to make the best use possible of these data. Yet many data are not shared, are hard to find, and cannot be effectively accessed. We identify three classes of challenges to data sharing and use: uploading, aggregating, and navigating. While tremendous advances have occurred to improve ocean data operability and transparency, the effect has been largely incremental. We propose a suite of both technical and cultural solutions to overcome these challenges including the use of natural language processing, automatic data translation, ledger-based data identifiers, digital community currencies, data impact factors, and social networks as ways of breaking through these barriers. One way to harness these solutions could be a combinatorial machine that embodies both technological and social networking solutions to aggregate ocean data and to allow researchers to discover, navigate, and download data as well as to connect researchers and data users while providing an open-sourced backend for new data tools.

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Developing spatio-temporal models using multiple data types for evaluating population trends and habitat usage (2019)

Grüss, Arnaud ; Thorson, James T

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1748–1761. Published 2019 Apr 25. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz075.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-25

Description: Spatio-temporal models have become key tools for evaluating population trends and habitat usage. We developed a spatio-temporal modelling framework employing a combination of encounter/non-encounter, count, and biomass data collected by different monitoring programs (“combined data”). The three data types are predicted using a computationally efficient approximation to a compound Poisson-gamma process. We fitted spatio-temporal models to combined data for Gulf of Mexico (GOM) red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) for 2006–2014. These spatio-temporal models provided insights into GOM red snapper spatial distribution patterns, which we corroborated by comparing to past predictions generated using only encounter/non-encounter data. However, relying on biomass and count data in addition to encounter/non-encounter data also allowed us to reconstruct biomass trends for GOM red snapper and to examine patterns of distribution shifts and range expansion/contraction for this population for the first time. Moreover, combining multiple data types improved the precision of reconstructed population trends and some variables quantifying habitat usage. Finally, scenarios and simulation experiments conditioned upon red snapper data showed that the improvement in fitting to combined data is greater when biomass data for the study population are lacking for an entire subregion and, to a lesser extent, for an entire time period (e.g. in early years).

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Overcoming long Bayesian run times in integrated fisheries stock assessments (2019)

Monnahan, Cole C ; Branch, Trevor A ; Thorson, James T ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1477–1488. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz059.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: Bayesian inference is an appealing alternative to maximum likelihood estimation, but estimation can be prohibitively long for integrated fisheries stock assessments. Here, we investigated potential causes of long run times including high dimensionality, complex model structure, and inefficient Bayesian algorithms for four US assessments written in AD Model Builder (ADMB), both custom built and Stock Synthesis models. The biggest culprit for long run times was overparameterization and they were reduced from months to days by adding priors and turning off estimation for poorly-informed parameters (i.e. regularization), especially for selectivity parameters. Thus, regularization is a necessary step in converting assessments from frequentist to Bayesian frameworks. We also tested the usefulness of the no-U-turn sampler (NUTS), a Bayesian algorithm recently added to ADMB, and the R package adnuts that allows for easy implementation of NUTS and parallel computation. These additions further reduced run times and better sampled posterior distributions than existing Bayesian algorithms in ADMB, and for both of these reasons we recommend using NUTS for inference. Between regularization, a faster algorithm, and parallel computation, we expect models to run 50–50 000 times faster for most current stock assessment models, opening the door to routine usage of Bayesian methods for management of fish stocks.

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Fisheries sustainability relies on biological understanding, evidence-based management, and conducive industry conditions (2019)

Nilsson, Jessica A ; Johnson, Craig R ; Fulton, Elizabeth A ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1436–1452. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz065.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: This article recognizes that the impacts and effects of fishing are key to marine ecosystem management and explores the relationship between fisheries exploitation and sustainable harvests, and the collapse and depletion of stocks. A survey of 21 fisheries from around the world assessed key biological, environmental, social, economic, industry, governance, and management variables and associated criteria that potentially affect stock abundance. We developed 51 criteria as potential contributing factors underpinning three main fishery management outcomes: a sustainable fishery, a depleted fishery, or a collapsed fishery. The criteria that scored highest for the 15 sustainable fisheries in the analysis were associated with the broad groupings of biology (characteristics of the species and stock), management (legal and policy frameworks, tools and decision systems), and industry (economic performance and value). This analysis showed that while a fishery might have a high score for management, sustainability is likely to be difficult to achieve without a medium or high score for biological knowledge.

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Effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on snow crab catch rates in the Barents Sea pot fishery (2019)

Nguyen, Khanh Q ; Humborstad, Odd-Børre ; Løkkeborg, Svein ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1893–1901. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz062.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) has become an important species for the Norwegian seafood industry since its first commercial harvest in 2012. However, periodically catch rates can be low, causing a financial strain on the fishery. Thus, improving the catch rate of existing pot designs has the potential to significantly improve the profitability of fishing enterprises. In this study, we investigated whether the addition of low-powered purple and white light-emitting diode (LED) fishing lights inside the pots could improve catch rates of snow crab in the Barents Sea. Results showed that pots with purple lights harvested a 12.8% higher catch per unit effort (CPUE; number of crab per pot) of legal-sized crab, which was significantly more than the control pots (p = 0.035); pots with white lights did not catch significantly more crab (p > 0.05). Pots equipped with only light (no bait) caught very few crabs and were not considered a viable alternative. Although purple LEDs increased snow crab capture, the economic benefits of using underwater lights in pots remains unclear given the high capital investment required.

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Population structure and spatial distribution of porbeagles (Lamna nasus) in Irish waters (2019)

Cameron, Luke W J ; Roche, William K ; Houghton, Jonathan D R ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1581–1590. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz046.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: Porbeagles throughout the North Atlantic have experienced severe population decline through overfishing, with the northeastern population listed as critically endangered. Management of this population is constrained by the paucity of data on porbeagle population structure, distribution and behaviour in this region. Here we use a long-term (47 year) Irish capture-mark-recapture dataset to investigate the population structure, spatial distribution and seasonal movements of this species. From 1970–2017, a total of 268 sharks (9 recaptures) were ID tagged, with most individuals likely being juvenile based on length at maturity estimates (mean total length = 143.9 cm, SD = 35.4). Almost all captures were recorded at three distinct locations near angling hubs along the south, west and north coasts with catches peaking in August. Long-term trends in capture date indicated a shift towards earlier capture dates in the northern site (n = 153). Our findings suggest Irish waters may act as a persistent summer aggregation site for juveniles, which show evidence for seasonal site fidelity, returning to nearby locations between years. These findings demonstrate the utility of such programmes, which can be implemented, with minimal expense by engaging with the angling sector, to elucidate the population structure and distribution of wide-ranging fish species.

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Spatio-temporal dynamics and behavioural ecology of a “demersal” fish population as detected using research survey pelagic trawl catches: the Eastern Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua) (2019)

Casini, Michele ; Tian, Huidong ; Hansson, Martin ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1931-1931. Published 2019 Apr 13. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz042.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-13

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Beyond consensus: perceptions of risk from petroleum developments in Lofoten, Vesterålen, and Senja, Norway (2019)

Bjørkan, Maiken ; Veland, Siri

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1393–1403. Published 2019 Apr 09. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz056.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-09

Description: The proposed petroleum developments in the Lofoten, Vesterålen, and Senja are a controversial issue in Norway. We ask how insights into legitimacy and risk perception can help to illuminate the disputed policy process for petroleum developments in Lofoten, Vesterålen, and Senja. Our Q-methodology elicits three key narratives that steer the policy process: (i) best practice and knowledge does not permit coexistence, and fishing takes priority; (ii) coexistence is possible with good process where the nation-state manages risk; and (iii) the state and industry cannot facilitate coexistence, science and conservation come first. We argue these narratives reflect divergence in worldview in three key ways: (i) differential perspectives on the priority of local, national, and global scales; (ii) emphasis on the role of knowledge, skill, and rectitude in finding best policy; and (iii) differential concern for fish, the nation-state, and conservation. We argue for a more realistic approach to coexistence in deliberative democracy that does not aim for consensus and win-win outcomes, and assert that disagreement and partial victories and losses is a natural and healthy state of affairs in a democracy.

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Responsive harvest control rules provide inherent resilience to adverse effects of climate change and scientific uncertainty (2019)

Kritzer, J P ; Costello, C ; Mangin, T ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1424–1435. Published 2019 Apr 01. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz038.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-01

Description: Climate change is altering marine ecosystem and fish stock dynamics worldwide. These effects add to scientific uncertainties that compromise fisheries management. Among the strategies that can respond to climate change and scientific uncertainty, modifications to harvest control rules (HCRs) might be among the most direct and impactful. We used a bioeconomic model to compare alternative HCRs in terms of biomass, yield, and profits in response to potential effects of climate change and scientific uncertainty, specifically simulated retrospective patterns, for 14 stocks on the Northeast Shelf of the United States. Our results suggest that a responsive HCR in which fishing mortality changes with measured changes in biomass builds inherent resilience to adverse effects of both climate change and scientific uncertainty relative to an HCR in which fishing mortality is precautionary but fixed. This was despite that fact that the HCR algorithm did not account for the climate effects modelled. A fixed fishing mortality HCR was effective when climate effects were negligible or beneficial. Scientific uncertainty further reduced biomass, yield, and profits by about the same magnitude as climate change. Our results suggest that simple changes to HCRs can be a readily implementable strategy for responding to climate change and scientific uncertainty.

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Characterizing the first wave of fish and invertebrate colonization on a new offshore petroleum platform (2019)

Todd, Victoria L G ; Williamson, Laura D ; Cox, Sophie E ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(3): 1127-1136. Published 2019 May 05. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz077.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-05

Description: Offshore Oil & Gas (O&G) infrastructure creates artificial reef complexes that support marine communities in oceans. No studies have characterized the first wave of colonization, which can reveal information about habitat attraction and ecological connectivity. Here we used opportunistically-collected industrial Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to investigate fish and invertebrate colonization on a new North Sea O&G platform and trenching of an associated pipeline. We observed rapid colonization of fish communities, with increases in species richness (S), abundance (N), and diversity (H′) over the first four days (the entire study period). By contrast, there was minimal change in motile invertebrate communities over the survey period. After trenching, invertebrate S, N and H′ decreased significantly, whilst fish S, N and H′ increased. This study is the first to report on the pioneer wave of fish and invertebrate colonization on O&G infrastructure, thereby providing rare insight into formation of new reef communities in the sea. These short and opportunistic data are valuable in terms of showing what can be discovered from analysis of ‘pre-installation’ ROV footage of O&G structures, of which there are terabytes of data held by O&G companies waiting to be analyzed by environmental scientists.

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Investigating the suitability of the Slope Sea for Atlantic bluefin tuna spawning using a high-resolution ocean circulation model (2019)

Rypina, Irina I ; Chen, Ke ; Hernández, Christina M ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1666–1677. Published 2019 May 10. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz079.

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Publication Date: 2019-05-10

Description: Motivated by recent evidence of Atlantic bluefin tuna spawning in the Slope Sea, we investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of oceanographic conditions that are conducive to successful spawning by bluefin in this region. Specifically, we considered advection patterns and water temperatures based on a new high-resolution ocean circulation model. After validating model velocities and temperatures using observations, three criteria were used to evaluate the success of simulated bluefin spawning during 2013: water temperature at spawning locations, mean water temperature along larval trajectories, and larval residence time within the Slope Sea. Analyses of satellite-based, decade-long (2008–2017) datasets suggest that conditions, specifically water temperatures and advection patterns, in the Slope Sea in 2013 were representative of typical years. The temperature criteria are more frequently satisfied in the southern and southwestern parts of the domain, whereas the residence time criterion favors more northern areas further from the Gulf Stream. The probability map of successful spawning locations shows a maximum near the northwestern bight of the Slope Sea. Spawning success is near-zero through most of June, increases in July, and peaks in early-to-mid August. Overall, water temperatures and retentive capabilities suggest that the Slope Sea provided suitable conditions for successful spawning of bluefin during 2013.

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Strengths and limitations of before–after–control–impact analysis for testing the effects of marine protected areas on managed populations (2019)

Kerr, Lisa A ; Kritzer, Jacob P ; Cadrin, Steven X

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(4): 1039–1051. Published 2019 Feb 19. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz014.

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Publication Date: 2019-02-19

Description: Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a common management strategy for conserving marine resources, but it can be challenging to evaluate their effectiveness for meeting management objectives. Measuring the effectiveness of MPAs is particularly challenging in dynamic and changing environments where other management approaches are simultaneously implemented. Before–after–control–impact (BACI) analysis is a tool that offers a simple and robust design for evaluating complex effects. However, design and interpretation of a BACI analysis is not always straightforward. The goal of this study was to explore the potential for BACI to evaluate MPA performance in a system simultaneously impacted by other management measures and environmental change. We develop a typology of interpretations of BACI results based on the main and interaction effects of the model, categorized by the extent to which dynamics inside and outside of the MPA are independent. Furthermore, we examine how decisions about the spatial and temporal design of the study, and the focal species and response variables, can determine which outcomes from within the typology are evident through BACI applications to New England groundfish area closures. We identify strengths and limitations of the BACI approach and demonstrate that BACI is a valuable but imperfect tool for evaluating MPAs.

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Fishers’ knowledge improves the accuracy of food web model predictions (2019)

Bentley, Jacob W ; Serpetti, Natalia ; Fox, Clive ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(4): 897–912. Published 2019 Jan 30. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz003.

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Publication Date: 2019-01-30

Description: Fisher's knowledge offers a valuable source of information to run parallel to observed data and fill gaps in our scientific knowledge. In this study we demonstrate how fishers' knowledge of historical fishing effort was incorporated into an Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) model of the Irish Sea to fill the significant gap in scientific knowledge prior to 2003. The Irish Sea model was fitted and results compared using fishing effort time-series based on: (i) scientific knowledge, (ii) fishers' knowledge, (iii) adjusted fishers' knowledge, and (iv) a combination of (i) and (iii), termed “hybrid knowledge.” The hybrid model produced the best overall statistical fit, capturing the biomass trends of commercially important stocks. Importantly, the hybrid model also replicated the increase in landings of groups such as “crabs & lobsters” and “epifauna” which were poorly simulated in scenario (i). Incorporating environmental drivers and adjusting vulnerabilities in the foraging arena further improved model fit, therefore the model shows that both fishing and the environment have historically influenced trends in finfish and shellfish stocks in the Irish Sea. The co-production of knowledge approach used here improved the accuracy of model simulations and may prove fundamental for developing ecosystem-based management advice in a global context.

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Multivariate determination of Atlantic herring population health in a large marine ecosystem (2019)

Boyce, Daniel G ; Petrie, Brian ; Frank, Kenneth T

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(4): 859–869. Published 2019 Jan 25. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsy208.

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Publication Date: 2019-01-25

Description: Atlantic herring are among the most harvested marine fish species globally and are of extraordinary ecological and economic importance. Within the Scotian Shelf and Bay of Fundy management zone (NAFO Division 4WX), herring support one of the largest fisheries in Canada, yet the conservation status of the stock is currently unclear. We use field observations, stock assessments, and published studies to evaluate the long-term (1965–2016) status, or health, of 4WX Atlantic herring based on 33 indicators that serve as proxies for the ecological dynamics across the larval, juvenile, and adult stages. Sixteen indicators that showed evidence of significant and synchronous temporal changes were integrated to produce a standardized series of herring population health. This multivariate index exhibited a gradual, long-term decline punctuated by a more rapid decline between 1980 and 2005. Following normalization, future trajectories of herring spawning stock biomass (SSB) over this period were best forecast by the average weight of herring (r2 = 0.63; lag = 6 years) and indicated that SSB would remain low over the next 6 years. Our study suggests that integrating factors related to population health can provide deeper insight in situations where individual series are uncertain and can complement existing assessment approaches.

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Physiological and biochemical responses of Thalassiosira weissflogii (diatom) to seawater acidification and alkalization (2019)

Li, Futian ; Fan, Jiale ; Hu, Lili ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1850–1859. Published 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz028.

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Publication Date: 2019-02-27

Description: Increasing atmospheric pCO2 leads to seawater acidification, which has attracted considerable attention due to its potential impact on the marine biological carbon pump and function of marine ecosystems. Alternatively, phytoplankton cells living in coastal waters might experience increased pH/decreased pCO2 (seawater alkalization) caused by metabolic activities of other photoautotrophs, or after microalgal blooms. Here we grew Thalassiosira weissflogii (diatom) at seven pCO2 levels, including habitat-related lowered levels (25, 50, 100, and 200 µatm) as well as present-day (400 µatm) and elevated (800 and 1600 µatm) levels. Effects of seawater acidification and alkalization on growth, photosynthesis, dark respiration, cell geometry, and biogenic silica content of T. weissflogii were investigated. Elevated pCO2 and associated seawater acidification had no detectable effects. However, the lowered pCO2 levels (25 ∼ 100 µatm), which might be experienced by coastal diatoms in post-bloom scenarios, significantly limited growth and photosynthesis of this species. In addition, seawater alkalization resulted in more silicified cells with higher dark respiration rates. Thus, a negative correlation of biogenic silica content and growth rate was evident over the pCO2 range tested here. Taken together, seawater alkalization, rather than acidification, could have stronger effects on the ballasting efficiency and carbon export of T. weissflogii.

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Dead heat: copepod carcass occurrence along the Japanese coasts and implications for a warming ocean (2019)

Tang, K W ; Ivory, J A ; Shimode, S ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1825–1835. Published 2019 Mar 01. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz017.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-01

Description: Understanding global warming effects on marine zooplankton is key to proper management of marine resources and fisheries. This is particularly urgent for Japan where the coastal water temperature has been increasing faster than the global average over the past decade. Conventional sampling and monitoring programmes, by ignoring the in situ vital status of the zooplankton, produce incomplete information about the state of the ecosystem. We showed that marine copepod carcasses were ubiquitous along a latitudinal gradient of 34–39°N of the Japanese coasts. On average, 4.4–18.1% of the individuals of the main copepod genera (Acartia, Paracalanus, Oithona, and Pseudocalanus) were carcasses, equivalent to 19–250 µg C m−3. Higher fractions of dead copepods tended to occur at higher water temperatures, implicating temperature-dependent non-predation mortality. Carcass occurrence may represent a loss of copepod production for the traditional predation-based food chain. On average, 49.5% of the carcass carbon would be remineralized in the water column via bacteria respiration, with the remainder potentially exported to the seafloor. Continuous warming in the Japanese coasts is expected to accelerate non-predation copepod mortality, with unknown consequences for the local marine food web.

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Acute impacts of bottom trawl gears on benthic metabolism and nutrient cycling (2019)

Tiano, Justin C ; Witbaard, Rob ; Bergman, Magda J N ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1917–1930. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz060.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: Research on the environmental impacts of bottom fishing gears has focused mainly on structural characteristics of benthic habitats such as faunal composition and the physical features of the seafloor. This study focuses more on functional characteristics by addressing the biogeochemical consequences associated with tickler chain beam trawl and electric PulseWing trawl gears. In June 2017, professional fishermen trawled experimental transects with both types of gears in the Frisian Front area of the North Sea. Box core sediment samples and in situ landers were used to evaluate biogeochemical fluxes and sediment characteristics in untrawled and trawled areas (samples taken 3.5–70 h after fishing). A reduction of sedimentary chlorophyll a was observed, which was larger following tickler chain (83%) compared to PulseWing trawling (43%). This displacement of surface material caused significant decreases in the sediment oxygen consumption in tickler chain (41%) and PulseWing trawled samples (33%) along with a deeper penetration of oxygen in the sediment (tickler chain: 3.78 mm, PulseWing: 3.17 mm) compared to untrawled areas (2.27 mm). Our research implies that bottom trawl disturbance can lead to immediate declines in benthic community metabolism, with tickler chain trawling exhibiting more prominent alterations than PulseWing trawling on benthic biogeochemical processes.

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Identifying the distribution of Atlantic cod spawning using multiple fixed and glider-mounted acoustic technologies (2019)

Zemeckis, Douglas R ; Dean, Micah J ; DeAngelis, Annamaria I ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1610–1625. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz064.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: Effective fishery management measures to protect fish spawning aggregations require reliable information on the spatio-temporal distribution of spawning. Spawning closures have been part of a suite of fishery management actions to rebuild the Gulf of Maine stock of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), but difficulties remain with managing rebuilding. The objective of this study was to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of cod spawning during winter in Massachusetts Bay to improve our understanding of cod spawning dynamics and inform fisheries management. Spawning was investigated in collaboration with commercial fishermen during three winter spawning seasons (October 2013–March 2016) using acoustic telemetry and passive acoustic monitoring equipment deployed in fixed-station arrays and mounted on mobile autonomous gliders. Tagged cod exhibited spawning site fidelity and spawning primarily occurred from early November through January with a mid-December peak and some inter-annual variability. The spatial distribution of spawning was generally consistent among years with multiple hotspots in areas >50 m depth. Current closures encompass most of spawning, but important areas are recommended for potential modifications. Utilizing multiple complementary technologies and deployment strategies in collaboration with commercial fishermen enabled a comprehensive description of spawning and provides a valuable model for future studies.

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Perceptions of system-identity and regime shift for marine ecosystems (2019)

van Putten, Ingrid ; Boschetti, Fabio ; Ling, Scott ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1736–1747. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz058.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: There is growing empirical evidence around the world demonstrating regime shifts of marine ecosystems. But generalizable criteria to detect and define regime shifts are elusive because of: (i) an incomplete scientific understanding of processes underlying regime shifts; (ii) because the baseline state and conditions are ill defined, and; (iii) due to an inherent ambiguity in the concept of system identity. We surveyed marine scientists in Tasmania, Australia, and determined the effect of changing conditions (including type of climate impact, species loss, species composition, spatio-temporal extent, and human intervention) on their perception of marine regime shift. We find, there is an objective difficulty in detecting regime shifts that goes beyond scientific uncertainty and there is disagreement on which configurations of change indeed constitute a regime shift. Furthermore, this difference of opinion was not related to the degree of confidence that scientists indicated when identifying regime shifts. This lack of consensus and seemingly unrelated scientific confidence, may be attributable to value ambiguity around people s attitudes, cognitive biases, and baseline shift. When applying evidenced-based reference points in well-reasoned Ecosystem Based Management, there should be scientific consensus on the manifestation and extent of specific regime shifts, and recognition of value ambiguities influencing scientific perceptions.

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Neutral and polar lipid fatty acids in five families of demersal and pelagic fish from the deep Northwest Atlantic (2019)

Şen Özdemir, Nurgül ; Parrish, Christopher C ; Parzanini, Camilla ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1807–1815. Published 2019 Apr 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz054.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-21

Description: Fatty acids in neutral and polar lipids were used to investigate trophic connections in species from five families of demersal (Rajella fyllae, Malacoraja senta, Alepocephalus bairdii, Borostomias antarcticus) and pelagic fish (Bathytroctes macrolepis, Lampanyctus spp., Chaulidos sloani, Serrivomer beanii) sampled in the deep Atlantic Ocean off Newfoundland, Canada. Lipid extracts were fractionated into neutral, acetone-mobile polar, and phospholipids to separate fatty acids in storage from those in membranes. Multivariate analysis of fatty acids showed that there were greater differences among the three lipid fractions than there were among the species when all fatty acid fractions were considered together. Neutral lipid fatty acids were characterized by monoenes, acetone-mobile polar lipids (AMPL) by C18 polyenes, and phospholipids by 16:0 and DHA. Multivariate analysis of fatty acids in phospholipids showed a strong grouping by taxonomic family (>80% similarity), while the neutral lipid fatty acids showed a weaker grouping by family (72.5% similarity) but groupings that also related to habitat and vertical migration. The neutral lipid data supported the use of 20:1ω9 as a biomarker of calanoid copepods and of 16:1ω7 as a marker of diatoms to determine food web connections in deep-sea fish, but not some other common markers. In addition, correlations with δ15N showed that series of ω6 and ω7 fatty acids were trophically transferred though neutral lipids, especially the essential fatty acid, ARA. Neutral lipids were also reservoirs for essential ω3 fatty acids in demersal species, but the major reservoir for DHA was AMPL and phospholipid in pelagic species.

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Accounting for shifting distributions and changing productivity in the development of scientific advice for fishery management (2019)

Karp, Melissa A ; Peterson, Jay O ; Lynch, Patrick D ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(5): 1305–1315. Published 2019 Apr 17. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz048.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-17

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Intraspecific demography of the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis): implications for fisheries management (2019)

Grant, Michael I ; Smart, Jonathan J ; Rigby, Cassandra L ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2020; 77(1): 241–255. Published 2019 Nov 07. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz196.

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Publication Date: 2019-11-07

Description: The silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) is one of the most heavily fished tropical shark species globally, and currently there is increasing concern for its conservation status. However, large differences and ambiguity in life history parameter estimates among regions complicates its conservation and fisheries management. Using a Leslie matrix model that incorporated stochastic effects, we analysed the intraspecific demography of C. falciformis using available life history data from seven regions. Among regions, large differences were observed in generation time and age-specific reproductive contributions. Carcharhinus falciformis generally had low resilience to fishing mortality (F) throughout its distribution. Age-at-first-capture and age-at-last-capture management approaches resulted in substantial differences among regions. This was largely influenced by age-at-maturity. However, in scrutinizing some regional life history studies, it is likely that sampling design and methodological differences among regions have resulted in inaccuracies in life history parameter estimates and subsequent demographic attributes. This implies that age and life-stage-dependent management approaches using these possibly inaccurate life history parameters may be inappropriate. We suggest that a greater emphasis needs to be placed on eliminating human sources of error in elasmobranch life history studies to ensure management for wide-ranging species, such as C. falciformis, is most effective.

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Investigating fecundity and egg loss using a non-invasive method during brooding in European lobster (Homarus gammarus) (2019)

Coleman, Matthew T ; Porter, Joanne S ; Bell, Michael C

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1871–1881. Published 2019 Apr 08. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz055.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-08

Description: This article examines two important components of measurement of fecundity in the European lobster Homarus gammarus: (i) comparing the traditional gravimetric dry weight fecundity method against two non-invasive depth gauge methods initially developed for Homarus americanus and (ii) utilizing the depth gauge method to determine egg loss during the brooding period and its impacts on effective fecundity estimates. No significant difference was observed between fecundity estimates derived using either the traditional or depth gauge methods. Derived fecundity estimates from the two depth gauge methods differed by −0.31% (±2.7 s.e.) for cylinder and −1.1% (±2.4 s.e.) for ellipsoid fecundity estimates compared with the traditional method. This highlights the utility of the depth gauge method for providing fast, reliable and low-cost estimates without sacrificing lobsters or their egg masses. Egg loss is estimated to be as high as 44% from initial extrusion to hatching. The application of the non-invasive methods for estimating fecundity to other fisheries and stocks is discussed along with the importance of understanding egg loss in this commercially valuable fishery.

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Assessing effects of genetic, environmental, and biotic gradients in species distribution modelling (2019)

Lowen, J Benjamin ; Hart, Devorah R ; Stanley, Ryan R E ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1762–1775. Published 2019 Apr 08. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz049.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-08

Description: To develop more reliable marine species distribution models (SDMs), we examine how genetic, climatic, and biotic interaction gradients give rise to prediction error in marine SDM. Genetic lineages with distinct ecological requirements spanning genetic gradients have yet to be treated separately in marine SDM, which are often constrained to modeling the potential distribution of one biological unit (e.g. lineage or species) at a time. By comparing SDM performance for the whole species or where observation and predictions were partitioned among geographically discontinuous genetic lineages, we first identified the appropriate biological unit for modeling sea scallop. Prediction errors, in particular contiguous omissions at the northern range margins were effectively halved in genetic lineage SDM (Total error=15%) verses whole species SDM. Remaining SDM prediction error was strongly associated with: i) Sharp climatic gradients (abrupt and persistent spatial shifts in limiting temperatures) found within continental shelf breaks and bottom channels. ii) A biotic gradient in the predation of sea scallop juveniles by the sand star within the Hudson Shelf USA. Our findings highlight how the accuracy of marine SDM is dependent on capturing the appropriate biological unit for modeling (e.g. lineages rather than species) and adequately resolving limiting abiotic and biotic interaction gradients.

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Statistical modelling for exploring diel vertical movements and spatial correlations of marine fish species: a supplementary tool to assess species interactions (2019)

Guan, Lisha ; Jin, Xianshi ; Wu, Qiang ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1776–1783. Published 2019 Apr 08. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz033.

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Publication Date: 2019-04-08

Description: Species interactions are important for explaining community dynamics and population trends, but very time- and effort-consuming to assess. Although diel vertical movements (DVM) and spatial correlations for various fish species have been explored to assess species interactions in aquatic communities, there is lack of cost-efficient approaches to studying both aspects concurrently. In this study, we proposed a single-species spatio-temporal model to quantify diel variations in the probabilities of a non-empty catch (p) and catch rates given that the catch is non-empty (λ). The model is applied to investigate patterns in DVM of nine dominant fish and shrimp species in the Yellow Sea (YS) using bottom trawl survey data. Subsequently, we utilized the spatio-temporal models built for the nine species to hindcast the spatial distributions of p and λ by year and species, which were further used to calculate between-species spatial correlation coefficients (corspatial). Results showed the nine species exhibited three different patterns of diel variation in p or λ, indicating they utilize the water column swept by the bottom trawls at different times of a day. Moreover, for the nine species in the YS those with limited interactions generally have negative corspatial or positive corspatial 〈 0.2 in λ, and others linked by strong predator–prey relationships or major food overlaps have corspatial ≥ 0.46 in λ. The strength of the positive spatial correlations in λ of different fishes shows some correspondence with the intensity of predation and competition between species and may be a supplementary tool to assess species interactions.

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Towards climate resiliency in fisheries management (2019)

Holsman, Kirstin K ; Hazen, Elliott Lee ; Haynie, Alan ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(5): 1368–1378. Published 2019 Mar 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz031.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-26

Print ISSN: 1054-3139

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics

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Optimizing effort allocation in data poor mixed fisheries (2019)

Sgardeli, Vasiliki ; Tserpes, George ; Maravelias, Christos D

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1505–1514. Published 2019 Mar 28. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz044.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-28

Description: Management of mixed fisheries requires reconciling many different and often conflicting objectives (achieving MSY targets and ensuring economic viability among others). In multi-gear mixed fisheries, where many fleets exploit the same species, reallocation of fishing effort can optimize the biological and socioeconomic output of the fishery. Most existing effort allocation tools require extensive data for their parameterization (i.e. detailed effort data and/or analytical assessment of stock status). We present a low-data demanding effort allocation framework for fisheries managed through effort control, with minimum data requirements the surplus production assessment of key stock, catch shares and basic economic fleet data. Profit maximization is considered the overall management goal, which is constrained by single-species biological targets. The method is tested on the Aegean Sea demersal fishery, where two fleet segments exploit numerous species. To achieve sustainable exploitation for the main Aegean stocks, the total effort should be reduced by ∼30%. The framework allows integrating various biological, economic, or other objectives and provides a simple graphical illustration of the allocation result, which can provide a useful tool to convey complex information to managers. To facilitate its application, the source code developed in R programming environment is provided as a supplement.

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Population growth of an endangered pinniped—the New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri)—is limited more by high pup mortality than fisheries bycatch (2019)

Hamilton, Sheryl ; Baker, G Barry

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1794–1806. Published 2019 Mar 28. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz039.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-28

Description: The endangered New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri is killed as incidental bycatch in a trawl fishery operating near their second largest population on Campbell Island in New Zealand’s sub-Antarctic. Using the Potential Biological Removal (PBR) procedure to assess the sustainability of this bycatch for the sea lion population on Campbell Island indicated that annual bycatch estimates, particularly following the implementation of bycatch mitigation measures, are below the PBR threshold of 25 (derived using a precautionary approach). Preliminary Population Viability Analysis (PVA) modelling supported the finding that current bycatch levels, especially given a strong male bias (98%) in bycatch, are sustainable for this population. Models showed that reducing pup mortality through management actions, such as installing ramps in wallows where large numbers of pups drown, would lead to increased population growth. While obtaining more accurate data on population status and demographic parameters for the Campbell Island population should be a priority, this will take many years of research. The PBR and PVA tools demonstrate that contemporary conservation management should continue to focus on increasing pup survival while maintaining mitigation approaches that have reduced bycatch to low levels, together with high observer coverage to sustain confidence in annual bycatch estimates.

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Risk of oil contamination of fish eggs and larvae under different oceanic and weather conditions (2019)

Samuelsen, Annette ; Daewel, Ute ; Wettre, Cecilie

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1902–1916. Published 2019 Mar 21. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz035.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-21

Description: An oil drift model is applied to determine the spread of oil spills from different locations along ship lanes off southern Norway every month for 20 years. These results are combined with results from an egg- and larvae drift model for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to determine their risk of being impacted by oil. The number of eggs and larvae exposed to oil contamination is connected to environmental conditions. The highest risk of overlap between an oil spill and cod in early life stages occurs during March and April when the eggs and larvae concentrations are highest. Spills off the west coast pose a greater risk because of the ship lanes’ proximity to the spawning grounds, but there is large interannual variability. For some spill locations the interannual variability can be explained by variability in wind and ocean currents. Simultaneously occurring onshore transports lead to a high-risk situation because both oil and larvae are concentrated towards the coast. This study demonstrates how results from oil drift and biological models can be combined to estimate the risks of oil contamination for marine organisms, based on the location and timing of the oil spill, weather/ocean conditions, and knowledge of the organisms’ life cycle.

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Understanding local adaptation in a freshwater salmonid fish: evolution of a research programme (2019)

Vøllestad, L Asbjørn ; Primmer, Craig R

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1404–1414. Published 2019 Mar 18. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz037.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-18

Description: Linking ecology and evolution can be challenging, particularly as these fields evolve rapidly tracking technological and theoretical developments. Thus, it is important for practitioners of different biological disciplines to understand new opportunities and challenges. Since theory and methods evolve, so will research programmes—often tracking opportunity. Here, we describe a research programme where we have investigated the population biology of grayling Thymallus thymallus in a Norwegian alpine landscape over three decades. Starting with classical ecological studies, we identified a set of populations that had evolved population-specific phenotypic traits over a relatively short time span (10–30 generations). These observations led us into evolutionary studies at various levels of biological organization, using population and quantitative genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Overall, the results show that the populations exhibit evolutionary responses to local-scale differences in environment (mainly water temperature during early development). Further, plastic responses are important in the early phase of population diversification. Population genomic studies are now becoming possible following the completion of an annotated genome. This will help us and others in addressing questions about the genetic architecture of traits important for local adaptation, thus emphasizing that combining ecological and evolutionary approaches is more important and interesting than ever.

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How emerging data technologies can increase trust and transparency in fisheries (2019)

Probst, Wolfgang Nikolaus

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 77(4): 1286-1294. Published 2019 Mar 14. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz036.

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Publication Date: 2019-03-14

Description: The ubiquitous spread of digital networks has created techniques which can organize, store, and analyse large data volumes in an automized and self-administered manner in real time. These technologies will have profound impacts on policy, administration, economy, trade, society, and science. This article sketches how three digital data technologies, namely the blockchain, data mining, and artificial intelligence could impact commercial fisheries including producers, wholesalers, retailers, consumers, management authorities, and scientist. Each of these three technologies is currently experiencing an enormous boost in technological development and real-world implementation and is predicted to increasingly affect many aspects of fisheries and seafood trade. As any economic sector acting on global scales, fishing and seafood production are often challenged with a lack of trust along various steps of the production process and supply chain. Consumers are often not well informed on the origin and production methods of their product, management authorities can only partly control fishing and trading activities and producers can be challenged by low market prices and competition with peers. The emerging data technologies can improve the trust among agents within the fisheries sector by increasing transparency and availability of information from net to plate.

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Observed and hindcasted subdecadal variability of the tropical Pacific climate (2019)

Mochizuki, Takashi ; Watanabe, Masahiro

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(5): 1271–1279. Published 2019 Feb 28. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz026.

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Publication Date: 2019-02-28

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Accurate estimation of fish length in single camera photogrammetry with a fiducial marker (2019)

Monkman, Graham G ; Hyder, Kieran ; Kaiser, Michel J ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; Published 2019 Mar 14. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz030. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2019-03-14

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Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics

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Movement of juvenile tuna deduced from parasite data (2019)

Moore, Bradley R ; Lestari, Pratiwi ; Cutmore, Scott C ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1678–1689. Published 2019 Feb 27. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz022.

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Publication Date: 2019-02-27

Description: The movements, and hence stock structures, of bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, and yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, remain poorly defined despite their importance to food security, livelihoods and government revenue in many nations. We examined the parasite fauna of juvenile bigeye tuna and juvenile yellowfin tuna from areas within and outside Indonesia to determine how far they may have moved since metamorphosis and acquisition of a piscivorous diet. Patterns in parasite data between collection areas were consistent between the two tuna species. Fish from two outlier areas, Maldives and the Solomon Islands, harboured a distinct parasite fauna from those from adjacent Indonesian areas, although occasionally showed similarity with those from within the Indonesian archipelago. Within Indonesia, the parasite data indicated that few juvenile fish moved west from the Pacific Ocean into the archipelago and few moved west from the archipelago into the eastern Indian Ocean. While sampling of adult fish is required to fully resolve the stock structure of both tuna species, the results provide a necessary first-step in examining structuring of the two tuna species in Indonesia and indicate that juveniles of both species may have more restricted movement than is recognized in current management arrangements.

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Integrating the scale of population processes into fisheries management, as illustrated in the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus (2019)

Wright, P J ; Christensen, A ; Régnier, T ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1453–1463. Published 2019 Feb 26. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz013.

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Publication Date: 2019-02-26

Description: Aggregations of site-attached populations can show marked differences in density due to variation in local productivity and mortality processes. Matching management actions to the scale of biological processes is therefore important for sustainable fisheries management. This study examined the adequacy and appropriate scale of a spatially explicit management regime for sandeel, Ammodytes marinus, in the North Sea. Information from biophysical model simulations of larval transport and otolith chemistry was used to estimate the scale of mixing among aggregations. Together, these approaches indicated that there was negligible exchange of pre-settled sandeel among aggregations >200 km apart. Additionally, a re-analysis of tag-recapture experiments and distribution data indicated that the dispersive range decreased further after settlement. Significant differences in length at maturity and year-class strength not only reflect the limited mixing across the North Sea, but also point to regional differences in productivity and thereby vulnerability to fishing pressure. We conclude that the current management regime comprised of multiple assessment areas enable these differences to be considered in advice on annual fishing quotas.

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Spatio-temporal dynamics and behavioural ecology of a “demersal” fish population as detected using research survey pelagic trawl catches: the Eastern Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua) (2019)

Casini, Michele ; Tian, Huidong ; Hansson, Martin ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2019; 76(6): 1591–1600. Published 2019 Feb 25. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsz016.

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Publication Date: 2019-02-25

Description: Cod is usually monitored for scientific purposes using bottom trawl surveys, although its regular pelagic occurrence is well documented. Here we analysed, using Generalized Additive Models, the spatio-temporal changes in the Eastern Baltic cod adult population using pelagic catches from an acoustic survey covering 37 years and the whole central Baltic Sea. Our analysis shows that in the northern areas cod catch per unit effort (CPUE, kg h-1) was high in the early 1980s whereas it dropped and remained very low thereafter. Conversely, in the southernmost area CPUE largely oscillated after the early 1990s. Our model was able to capture key ecological features of the Baltic cod such as preferred depth of occurrence and response to hypoxic conditions. The model also revealed a clear daily cycle of CPUEs, indicating diel vertical migrations at the population level. The temporal trends of pelagic CPUEs generally followed those from the bottom trawl surveys, although differences were observed especially in the recent years with a relative decline in the cod occurring in the pelagic waters. Our results point to the great potential of acoustic survey trawl catches to complement bottom trawl surveys for investigating the spatio-temporal population dynamics and behaviour of the Baltic cod.

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