ALBERT

Description:    Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290–320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climate change. These two variables may act separately, additively, or synergistically on specific aspects of fish biochemistry. We raised Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar ) parr for 54 days in outdoor tanks held at 12 and 19 °C and, at each temperature, we exposed them to three spectral treatments differing in UV radiation intensity. We quantified individual fatty acid (FA) mass fractions in four tissues (dorsal muscle, dorsal and ventral skin, and ocular tissue) at each temperature × UV combination. FA composition of dorsal muscle and dorsal and ventral skin was not affected by UV exposure. Mass fractions of 16:0, 18:0, and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were greater in dorsal muscle of warm-reared fish whereas 18:3n-3, 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total FA were significantly higher in cold-reared fish. Mass fractions of most of the FA were greater in the dorsal and ventral skin of warm-reared fish. Cold-reared salmon exposed to enhanced UVB had higher ocular tissue mass fractions of 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, and PUFA compared to fish in which UV had been removed. These observations forecast a host of ensuing physiological and ecological responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon to increasing temperatures and UVB levels in native streams and rivers where they mature before smolting and returning to the sea. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3719-5 Authors Michael T. Arts, National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada Michelle E. Palmer, Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada Anne Berit Skiftesvik, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway Ilmari E. Jokinen, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland Howard I. Browman, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present work was designed to prepare linseed oil (LSO) microemulsion and explore the possibility of enhancing the uptake and utilization of α-linolenic acid (ALA) present in LSO. The bioavailability of encapsulated LSO as against native oil was monitored in rats by measuring the uptake in vitro using the intestinal everted sac model and in-vivo administration of microemulsions of LSO to rats for a period of 30 days. Microemulsions were prepared by using different binding materials such as gum acacia, whey protein and lipoid. When LSO was encapsulated with gum acacia, whey protein and lipoid, the levels of ALA uptake into intestinal sacs was increased by 6, 17 and 28 % as compared to oil given without encapsulation. EPA and DHA were not observed in the oil absorbed by intestinal everted sacs when given as emulsions with gum acacia or whey protein. When LSO was given as microemulsions with lipoid, EPA + DHA was observed in oil absorbed by intestinal sacs. Similarly when LSO was given as a lipoid emulsion by intubation to rats, the EPA and DHA in serum lipids were found to be 41 and 34 μg/ml, respectively while rats given LSO without encapsulation contained EPA and DHA at 9.1 and 8.8 μg/ml, respectively. Similar changes in omega-3 fatty acid content in liver lipids were observed when LSO was given as a microemulsion with lipoid. This study indicated that ALA was taken up and metabolized to long chain omega-3 PUFA when given as microemulsion with lipoid. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3731-9 Authors D. Sugasini, Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore, 570 020 India B. R. Lokesh, Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore, 570 020 India Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    High-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–MS/MS) approaches have enabled high selectivity and sensitivity for the identification and quantification of glucosylceramide molecular species. Here we demonstrate that HPLC–ESI–MS/MS is an efficient method for characterizing plant glucosylceramide species having the cis -8 and trans -8 isomers of sphingoid bases. Complete baseline separation was achieved using a high-carbon-content octadecylsilyl column and a simple binary gradient comprising methanol and water. The result of 2-hydroxy fatty acid composition achieved by HPLC–ESI–MS/MS was compared with that achieved by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID), indicating that the two methods yield similar molar compositions. The current method should be applicable to seeking the active components of glucosylceramide species from plant materials in response to biological challenges. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3725-7 Authors Hiroyuki Imai, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501 Japan Hideyasu Hattori, Development and Marketing Group, Frontier Science Business Division, Shiseido Co., Ltd., 12 Nishikawabe-cho, Higashikujyo, Minami-ku, Kyoto, 601-8037 Japan Masayuki Watanabe, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Using lipidomic methodologies the impact that meal lipid composition and metabolic syndrome (MetS) exerts on the postprandial chylomicron triacylglycerol (TAG) response was examined. Males (9 control; 11 MetS) participated in a randomised crossover trial ingesting two high fat breakfast meals composed of either dairy-based foods or vegetable oil-based foods. The postprandial lipidomic molecular composition of the TAG in the chylomicron-rich (CM) fraction was analysed with tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography to profile CM TAG species and targeted TAG regioisomers. Postprandial CM TAG concentrations were significantly lower after the dairy-based foods compared with the vegetable oil-based foods for both control and MetS subjects. The CM TAG response to the ingested meals involved both significant and differential depletion of TAG species containing shorter- and medium-chain fatty acids (FA) and enrichment of TAG molecular species containing C16 and C18 saturated, monounsaturated and diunsaturated FA. Furthermore, there were significant changes in the TAG species between the food TAG and CM TAG and between the 3- and 5-h postprandial samples for the CM TAG regioisomers. Unexpectedly, the postprandial CM TAG concentration and CM TAG lipidomic responses did not differ between the control and MetS subjects. Lipidomic analysing of CM TAG molecular species revealed dynamic changes in the molecular species of CM TAG during the postprandial phase suggesting either preferential CM TAG species formation and/or clearance. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3735-5 Authors Maxine P. Bonham, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia Kaisa M. Linderborg, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Aimee Dordevic, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia Amy E. Larsen, Department of Human Biosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia Kay Nguo, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, Australia Jacquelyn M. Weir, Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Victoria, Melbourne, Australia Petra Gran, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia Marika K. Luotonen, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Peter J. Meikle, Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Victoria, Melbourne, Australia David Cameron-Smith, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Heikki P. T. Kallio, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Andrew J. Sinclair, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present study investigated the effect of 4-[4-( Z )-hept-1-enyl-phenoxy] butyric acid (HUHS2002), a newly synthesized free fatty acid derivative, on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor responses. HUHS2002 potentiated currents through GluA1 AMPA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes in a bell-shaped concentration (1 nM–1 μM)-dependent manner, the maximum reaching nearly 140 % of original amplitude at 100 nM. The potentiation was significantly inhibited by GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), but not KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). HUHS2002 had no potentiating effect on currents through mutant GluA1 AMPA receptors with replacement of Ser831, a PKC/CaMKII phosphorylation site, by Ala. In the in situ PKC assay using rat PC-12 cells, HUHS2002 significantly enhanced PKC activity, that is suppressed by GF109203X. Overall, the results of the present study show that HUHS2002 potentiates GluA1 AMPA receptor responses by activating PKC and phosphorylating the receptors at Ser831, regardless of CaMKII activation and phosphorylation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3736-4 Authors Takaaki Nishimoto, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Takeshi Kanno, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Tadashi Shimizu, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8530 Japan Akito Tanaka, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8530 Japan Tomoyuki Nishizaki, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    This study investigated the effect of triticale dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS), flax (FS) and sunflower (SS) seed on growth and the fatty acid profile of subcutaneous (SQ) fat in individually housed steers ( n  = 15 per diet) fed ad libitum (DM basis); (1) control (CON) 90 % barley grain + 10 % barley silage; or substitution of barley grain for: (2) 30 % DDGS; (3) 10 % FS; (4) 30 % DDGS + 8.5 % FS; (5) 10 % SS and (6) 30 % DDGS + 8.5 % SS. Oilseeds in the combination diets were reduced to maintain diet lipid levels below 9 % DM and to determine if favorable changes in the fatty acid profile could be maintained or enhanced at reduced levels of oilseed. Plasma and SQ fat biopsies were collected at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Inclusion of DDGS decreased ( P  〈 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion and backfat thickness. Feeding FS increased ( P  〈 0.05) plasma ALA compared to CON and SS and consistently increased ( P  〈 0.01) ALA and non-conjugated and non-methylene interrupted dienes (NCD), whereas SS tended to decrease ALA in fat. Inclusion of DDGS with FS further increased ( P  〈 0.02) ALA and decreased ( P  〈 0.05) NCD and 18:1- t 10 in fat. The fact that the levels of n-3 fatty acids in SQ fat from steers fed DDGS + FS were higher than those obtained with FS alone, has obvious benefits to the practical cost of favorably manipulating fatty acid profiles in beef. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3720-z Authors M. L. He, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada H. Sultana, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada M. Oba, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada J. P. Kastelic, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada M. E. R. Dugan, Lacombe Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada J. J. McKinnon, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada T. A. McAllister, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Triacylglycerol estolides have been reported as components of the seed oil of a number of plant species and are generally associated with the presence of fatty acids containing hydroxyl groups. We have used MALDI-TOF MS to examine the intact acylglycerol species present in the seed oils of two plants that produce kamlolenic acid (18-hydroxy-Δ9 cis ,11 trans ,13 trans -octadecatrienoic acid). Mallotus philippensis and Trewia nudiflora were both shown to produce seed oil rich in TAG-estolides. Analysis by MALDI-TOF MS/MS demonstrated that the TAG-estolides had a structure different to that previously proposed after enzymatic digestion of the oil. Acylglycerols containing up to 14 fatty acids were detected but fatty acid estolides were only present in a single position on the glycerol backbone, with predominantly non-hydroxyl fatty acids in the remaining two positions. Increased numbers of fatty acids per glycerol backbone were accounted for by the presence of fatty acid estolides containing a correspondingly greater number of fatty acids. For example, acylglycerols containing seven fatty acids had a fatty acid estolide of five fatty acids at one position on the glycerol backbone. Both capped and uncapped fatty acid estolides, with a free hydroxyl group, were present, with capped fatty acid estolides being more abundant in T. nudiflora and uncapped fatty acid estolides in M. philippensis . Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3721-y Authors Mark A. Smith, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Haixia Zhang, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Li Forseille, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Randy W. Purves, National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The varied functional requirements satisfied by trans fatty acid (TFA)—containing oils constrains the selection of alternative fats and oils for use as potential replacements in specific food applications. We aimed to model the effects of replacing TFA-containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) with application-appropriate alternatives on population fatty acid intakes, plasma lipids, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 24-hour dietary recalls for 1999–2002, we selected 25 food categories, accounting for 86 % of soybean oil (SBO) and 79 % of TFA intake for replacement modeling. Before modeling, those in the middle quintile had a mean PHSBO TFA intake of 1.2 % of energy. PHSBO replacement in applications requiring thermal stability by either low-linolenic acid SBO or mid-oleic, low-linolenic acid SBO decreased TFA intake by 0.3 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 0.7–0.8 %. PHSBO replacement in applications requiring functional properties with palm-based oils reduced TFA intake by 0.8 % of energy, increased palmitic acid intake by 1.0 % of energy, and reduced predicted CVD risk by 0.4 %, whereas replacement with fully hydrogenated interesterified SBO reduced TFA intake by 0.7 % of energy, increased stearic acid intake by 1.0 % of energy, and decreased predicted CVD risk by 1.2 %. PHSBO replacement in both thermal and functional applications reduced TFA intake by 1.0 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 1.5 %. Based solely on changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins, all PHSBO replacement models reduced estimated CVD risk, albeit less than previously reported using simpler replacement models. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3705-y Authors Michael Lefevre, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, 9815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-9815, USA Ronald P. Mensink, Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Barbara Petersen, Exponent Inc, Washington, DC 20036, USA Kim Smith, Exponent Inc, Washington, DC 20036, USA Brent D. Flickinger, Nutritional Science, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Randall Research Center, Decatur, IL 62521, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The major fatty acids of a novel species of Thermogemmatispora sp. (strain T81) from the phylum Chloroflexi were identified as i 18:0 (42.8 % of total fatty acids), i 19:0 (9.7 %), and i 17:0 (5.9 %). Also observed was a number of unidentified fatty acids, including a major acid (16.3 %) with ECL of 19.04 (BP1), and 18.76 (TG-WAXMS A). GCMS revealed that this compound is a saturated 20-carbon atom fatty acid. 1 H– and 13 C–NMR, with 1 H– 1 H–COSY and 1 H– 13 C–HSQC experiments suggested the structure of dimethyl octadecanoic acid with iso -branching, and an extra middle-chain methyl group. A pyrrolidide derivative demonstrated the characteristic gaps in GCMS indicating methyl branching at C12 and C17, which was eventually confirmed by a 1 H– 13 C–HSQC–TOCSY experiment. This 12,17-dimethyloctadecanoic acid has not been previously detected or described in these organisms. However, a recent description of a phylogenetically related species of Thermogemmatispora (Yabe et al., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:903–910, 2010), noted an unidentified 20:0 fatty acid with matching GC behavior and GCMS data to that of strain T81. These data suggest that Thermogemmatispora share an ability to synthesize the same fatty acid. A number of other dimethyl-branched fatty acids, namely 8,14-diMe 15:0; 12,15-diMe 16:0; 10,15-diMe 16:0; 12,16-diMe 17:0; 10,16-diMe 17:0; 12,17-diMe 18:0; 12,18-diMe 19:0; 14,19-diMe 20:0, were also identified in strain T81. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3668-z Authors M. Vyssotski, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand J. Ryan, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand K. Lagutin, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand H. Wong, Industrial Research Limited, PO Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, 5040 New Zealand X. Morgan, GNS Science, Extremophiles Research Group, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, 3352 New Zealand M. Stott, GNS Science, Extremophiles Research Group, Private Bag 2000, Taupo, 3352 New Zealand Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present work studies the potential restorative effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 5 μM/24 h) on the dimethoate (DMT)-induced inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells isolated from rat testes. Various fatty acids (FA) from the n-6 (18:2, 20:3, 20:4, 22:4 and 22:5) and n-3 (18.3, 20:5, 22:5, 22:6) series were assayed in Leydig cells, alone (as delipidated BSA complexes) and in combination with DMT (1 ppm). The n-6 FA stimulated lipid peroxidation (LPO) and inhibited the activities of steroidogenic enzymes (3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases). The n-3 FA exerted an anti-oxidant effect, decreasing the production of thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances (TBARS) and inhibiting phospholipase A 2 activity. The biosynthesis of testosterone in DMT-treated cultures was completely normalized by ARA (20:4n-6) and partially restored by the addition of 20:3n-6, increasing ARA content inside the mitochondria. The other FA assayed failed to restore androgenesis. COX-2 protein and prostaglandin F2α and E2 production were stimulated by 20:3n-6, ARA, 18:3n-3 and 20:5 n-3. COX-2 protein decreased upon addition of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. StAR protein was increased by ARA and partially increased by 20:3n-6, likely due to its metabolic conversion into ARA. Both FA increased the mitochondrial cholesterol pool available for testosterone biosynthesis. The rate of androgenesis is likely the result of various regulatory factors acting concomitantly on the physiology of Leydig cells. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3669-y Authors Mariana Astiz, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Graciela Hurtado de Catalfo, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina María J. T. de Alaniz, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Carlos Alberto Marra, INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    In these studies, we focused on finding the mechanism(s) underlying the bitter melon ( Momordica charantia L.) methanol fraction (MF)-dependent reduction in the concentration of hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol in the rat. Rats were fed diets containing low (5 %) fat for 2 weeks (experiment 1), or low (5 %) and high (15 %) fat for a longer period of 8 weeks (experiment 2). MF was supplemented at 1 % level in both experiments. After feeding, rats were sacrificed, and their livers were prepared as slices and hepatocytes, followed by incubation with [1(2)- 14 C] acetate or [1- 14 C] oleic acid (18:1 n-6). Under these conditions, we found that rats fed diets containing MF, as compared to those without MF, showed: (1) no adverse effects on food intake and growth, (2) a decreased hepatic TAG and total cholesterol, irrespective of the difference in dietary fat level or feeding period, and (3) a decreased incorporation of [1(2)- 14 C] acetate and [1- 14 C] oleic acid into TAG of liver slices and hepatocytes. MF-supplemented rats also showed no altered incorporation of labeled acetate into cholesterol and cholesterol ester, an increased fecal excretion of neutral steroids, but not of acidic steroids, and an enhanced mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoylacyltransferase I, which is the rate-limiting enzyme for fatty acid oxidation. These results suggest that dietary MF decreases hepatic TAG synthesis while enhancing fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing the concentration of hepatic TAG. The liver cholesterol-lowering effect of MF, however, is probably mediated through an increased fecal excretion of neutral steroids, without an effect on cholesterogenesis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3667-0 Authors Gamarallage V. K. Senanayake, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan Nobuhiro Fukuda, Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan Shoko Nshizono, Center for Collaborative Research and Community Cooperation, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan Yu-Ming Wang, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502 Japan Koji Nagao, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502 Japan Teruyoshi Yanagita, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, 840-8502 Japan Masako Iwamoto, Faculty of Nutritional Science, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, 814-0198 Japan Hideaki Ohta, Faculty of Nutritional Science, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, 814-0198 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    To assess Soxhlet extraction as a method for quantifying fatty acids (FA) of microalgae, crude lipid, FA content from Soxhlet extracts and FA content from in situ transesterification (ISTE) were compared. In most cases, gravimetric lipid content was considerably greater (up to sevenfold) than the FA content of the crude lipid extract. FA content from Soxhlet lipid extraction and ISTE were similar in 12/18 samples, whereas in 6/18 samples, total FA content from Soxhlet extraction was less than the ISTE procedure. Re-extraction of residual biomass from Soxhlet extraction with ISTE liberated a quantity of FA equivalent to this discrepancy. Employing acid hydrolysis before Soxhlet extraction yielded FA content roughly equivalent to ISTE, indicating that acidic conditions of ISTE are responsible for this observed greater recovery of FA. While crude lipid derived from Soxhlet extraction was not a useful proxy for FA content for the species tested, it is effective in most strains at extracting total saponifiable lipid. Lipid class analysis showed the source of FA was primarily polar lipids in most samples (12/18 lipid extracts contained 〈5% TAG), even in cases where total FA content was high (〉15%). This investigation confirms the usefulness of ISTE, reveals limitations of gravimetric methods for projecting biodiesel potential of microalgae, and reinforces the need for intelligent screening using both FA and lipid class analysis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 195-207 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3624-3 Authors Jesse McNichol, Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada Karen M. MacDougall, Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada Jeremy E. Melanson, Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada Patrick J. McGinn, Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    A sucrose-rich diet (SRD) induces insulin resistance and dyslipidemia with impaired hepatic glucose production and gluconeogenesis, accompanied by altered post-receptor insulin signaling steps. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of fish oil (FO) to reverse or improve the impaired hepatic glucose metabolism once installed in rats fed 8 months a SRD. In the liver of rats fed SRD in which FO replaced corn-oil during the last 2 months, as dietary fat, several key enzyme activities and metabolites involved in glucose metabolisms (phosphorylation, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and oxidative and non oxidative glucose pathway) were measured. The protein mass levels of IRS-1 and αp85 PI-3K at basal conditions were also analyzed. FO improved the altered activities of some enzymes involved in the glycolytic and oxidative pathways observed in the liver of SRD fed rats but was unable to restore the impaired capacity of glucose phosphorylation. Moreover, FO reversed the increase in PEPCK and G-6-Pase and reduced the G-6-Pase/GK ratio. Glycogen concentration and GSa activity returned to levels similar to those observed in the liver of the control-fed rats. Besides, FO did not modify the altered protein mass levels of IRS-1 and αp85 PI-3K. Finally, dietary FO was effective in reversing or improving the impaired activities of several key enzymes of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism contributing, at least in part, to the normalization of plasma glucose levels in the SRD-fed rats. However, these positive effects of FO were not observed under basal conditions in the early steps of insulin signaling transduction. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 141-150 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3623-4 Authors Gustavo J. Hein, Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria Paraje El Pozo. CC 242 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina Adriana Chicco, Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria Paraje El Pozo. CC 242 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina Yolanda B. Lombardo, Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria Paraje El Pozo. CC 242 (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    The aim of this study was to evaluate tissue distribution of vitamin E isoforms such as α- and γ-tocotrienol and γ-tocopherol and interference with their tissue accumulation by α-tocopherol. Rats were fed a diet containing a tocotrienol mixture or γ-tocopherol with or without α-tocopherol, or were administered by gavage an emulsion containing tocotrienol mixture or γ-tocopherol with or without α-tocopherol. There were high levels of α-tocotrienol in the adipose tissue and adrenal gland, γ-tocotrienol in the adipose tissue, and γ-tocopherol in the adrenal gland of rats fed tocotrienol mixture or γ-tocopherol for 7 weeks. Dietary α-tocopherol decreased the α-tocotrienol and γ-tocopherol but not γ-tocotrienol concentrations in tissues. In the oral administration study, both tocopherol and tocotrienol quickly accumulated in the adrenal gland; however, their accumulation in adipose tissue was slow. In contrast to the dietary intake, α-tocopherol, which has the highest affinity for α-tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP), inhibited uptake of γ-tocotrienol to tissues including adipose tissue after oral administration, suggesting that the affinities of tocopherol and tocotrienol for αTTP in the liver were the critical determinants of their uptake to peripheral tissues. Vitamin E deficiency for 4 weeks depleted tocopherol and tocotrienol stores in the liver but not in adipose tissue. These results indicate that dietary vitamin E slowly accumulates in adipose tissue but the levels are kept without degradation. The property of adipose tissue as vitamin E store causes adipose tissue-specific accumulation of dietary tocotrienol. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 129-139 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3620-7 Authors Tomono Uchida, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, 57 Takenoyama, Iwasaki, Nisshin, 470-0196 Japan Chisato Abe, Department of Life and Environmental Science, Tsu City College, Tsu, 514-0112 Japan Saki Nomura, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, 57 Takenoyama, Iwasaki, Nisshin, 470-0196 Japan Tomio Ichikawa, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, 57 Takenoyama, Iwasaki, Nisshin, 470-0196 Japan Saiko Ikeda, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, 57 Takenoyama, Iwasaki, Nisshin, 470-0196 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    Abnormalities in lipid metabolism have been frequently observed in cancer and are associated with a poor prognosis. However, a detailed, longitudinal characterization of fatty acid status is lacking. This study aimed to assess plasma phospholipid fatty acids before chemotherapy, immediately after and 1 month following chemotherapy in a group of 50 patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer and explore factors which may contribute to aberrations in fatty acids. Their mean ± SD characteristics: age 64 ± 8.5 years, 75% advanced stage disease, body mass index 27.0 ± 5.4 kg/m 2 , 6 month weight loss −4.6 ± 6.1%. Compared to patients with early stage disease, patients with advanced disease had abnormal fatty acid profiles including significantly lower ( P  〈 0.05) amounts of total phospholipid fatty acids, saturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic). Longitudinal analysis revealed that patients with advanced disease who completed chemotherapy had stable fatty acid levels and continued to maintain levels 1 month following completion of chemotherapy. Comparatively, patients who did not complete chemotherapy due to toxicity or disease progression had progressive loss of total phospholipid fatty acids, stearic, linoleic and n-6 fatty acids and a trend towards lower docosahexaenoic, arachidonic, palmitic, n-3 and saturated fatty acids. These results suggest that loss of fatty acids is prevalent, progressive and potentially influenced by advanced disease and chemotherapy treatment. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 363-369 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3641-2 Authors Rachel A. Murphy, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada Taylor F. Bureyko, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada Marina Mourtzakis, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada Quincy S. Chu, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada M. Thomas Clandinin, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada Tony Reiman, Department of Oncology, Dalhousie University, Saint John Regional Hospital, 400 University Avenue, PO Box 2100, Saint John, NB E2L 4L2, Canada Vera C. Mazurak, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) has antioxidant and cardioprotective properties and is abnormally low in type 2 diabetic serum. This study aimed to determine the effect of type 2 diabetes and meals rich in saturated fat and oleic acid on PON1 activity in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). PON1 arylesterase activity was measured in chylomicrons and VLDL that were isolated in serum from 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 age- and gender-matched, overweight controls 3 h after meals rich in cream or olive oil in a randomized, cross-over study. Chylomicron–PON1 activity (45%, P  = 0.02), ratio chylomicron–PON1/chylomicron–triacylglycerides (TAG) (42%, P  = 0.03) and chylomicron–protein content (46%, P  〈 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with controls after the olive oil meal with comparable findings after the meal rich in cream. After ingestion of olive oil, chylomicron–PON1 activity was significantly higher in controls ( P  = 0.01) and marginally higher ( P  = 0.06) in diabetic patients and chylomicron–TAG were significantly ( P  〈 0. 05) higher in both groups of subjects, compared with values after ingestion of cream. VLDL–PON1 increased (two-fold) significantly ( P  〈 0.003) during both meals. Chylomicron-PON1 activity was correlated significantly with chylomicron–protein ( P  〈 0.001, n  = 40) and with postprandial serum PON1 activity ( P  ≤ 0.001, n  = 40). Our data suggest that type 2 diabetes is associated with abnormally low chylomicron–PON1 activity after fatty meals and this may be linked to lower chylomicron–protein content and serum PON1 activity. Switching from saturated fat to olive oil in the meal increases PON1 activity in the chylomicron fraction largely due to increased numbers of chylomicron particles. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 259-267 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3640-3 Authors Patrick J. Manning, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9012 New Zealand Sylvia A. de Jong, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9012 New Zealand Anne R. Ryalls, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9012 New Zealand Wayne H. F. Sutherland, Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, 9012 New Zealand Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) but the mechanisms are not fully clarified. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) activity, governing TAG synthesis, is affected by n-3 fatty acids. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) display expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to estimate whether intake of lean and fatty fish would influence n-3 fatty acids composition in plasma phospholipids (PL), serum TAG, 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio in plasma PL, as well as PBMC gene expression of SCD1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Healthy males and females ( n  = 30), aged 20–40, consumed either 150 g of cod, salmon, or potato (control) daily for 15 days. During intervention docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) increased in the cod group ( P  〈 0.05), while TAG concentration decreased ( P  〈 0.05). In the salmon group both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and DHA increased ( P  〈 0.05) whereas TAG concentration and the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio decreased ( P  〈 0.05). Reduction of the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio was associated with a corresponding lowering of TAG ( P  〈 0.05) and an increase in EPA and DHA ( P  〈 0.05). The mRNA levels of SCD1 and FAS in PBMC were not significantly altered after intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 151-160 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3637-y Authors Vibeke H. Telle-Hansen, Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway Laila N. Larsen, EpiGen Institute, Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital, Postbox 26, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway Arne T. Høstmark, Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, Postbox 1130, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Marianne Molin, Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway Lisbeth Dahl, National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research (NIFES), Postbox 2029, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway Kari Almendingen, Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway Stine M. Ulven, Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Postbox 4, St. Olavsplass, 0130 Oslo, Norway Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    Dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) catalyzes the last step of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis, which consists of the introduction of a trans Δ4-double bond in the carbon chain of the dihydroceramide. It was previously observed that myristic acid binds DES1 through N-myristoylation. This N-terminal modification significantly increased the activity of the recombinant DES1 in COS-7 cells and targeted part of the enzyme initially present in the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to an increase in ceramide levels. Since these results were obtained in a recombinant COS-7 cell model with high expression of rat DES1, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if the native DES1 enzyme was really upregulated by its N-myristoylation in cultured rat hepatocytes. We first showed that DES1 was the main dihydroceramide desaturase isoform expressed in rat hepatocytes. In this model, the wild-type myristoylable recombinant form of rat DES1 was found in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria whereas the mutated non-myristoylable recombinant form (N-terminal glycine replaced by an alanine) was almost exclusively localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, which evidenced the importance of the myristoylation. Then, we showed that compared to other fatty acids, myristic acid was the only one to increase native DES1 activity, in both total cell lysates and mitochondrial fractions. The myristic acid-associated increase in DES1 activity was not linked to elevated mRNA or protein expression but more likely to its N-terminal myristoylation. Finally, the myristic acid-associated increase in DES1 activity slightly enhanced the number of apoptotic cells. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 117-128 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3638-x Authors Hélène Ezanno, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA USC 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France Jérôme le Bloc’h, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA USC 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France Erwan Beauchamp, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA USC 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann, EA 4427 SeRAIC/IRSET, Université Rennes 1, IFR 140, Rennes, France Philippe Legrand, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA USC 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France Vincent Rioux, Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA USC 2012, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, 35042 Rennes cedex, France Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    The impact of a moderate Zn deficiency on growth and plasma and liver lipids was investigated in two 4-week experiments with male weanling rats fed fat-enriched diets. Semisynthetic, approximately isocaloric diets containing 3% soybean oil were supplemented with either 7 or 100 mg Zn/kg diet and with 22% beef tallow (BT) or sunflower oil (SF). In Experiment 1, which compared the dietary fat level and the fat source in a factorial design of treatments, all diets were fed ad libitum to 6 × 8 animals, whereas intake of the high-Zn BT and SF diets was restricted in Experiment 2 (5 × 6 rats) to the level of intake of the respective low-Zn diets. The low-Zn SF diet consistently depressed food intake and final live weights of the animals to a greater extent than the other low-Zn diets, while intake and growth were comparable among the animals fed the high-Zn diets. The marginal Zn deficit per se did not alter plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations nor hepatic concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipids. The fatty acid pattern of liver phospholipids did not indicate that chain elongation and desaturation of fatty acids was impaired by a lack of zinc. It was concluded that dietary energy and fat intake, and fat source have a greater effect on plasma and liver lipids than a moderate Zn deficiency. Marginally Zn-deficient diets enriched with sunflower oil as a major energy source cause a greater growth retardation than diets rich in carbohydrates or beef tallow. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 291-302 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3629-y Authors Edgar Weigand, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University, 35396 Giessen, Germany Christine Boesch-Saadatmandi, School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    A new method for the separation and identification of lipid classes by normal-phase HPLC on a cyanopropyl column is described. The use of a simple binary gradient, with toluene as a component, provided a rapid separation of non-polar as well as phospholipid classes. The inherent small differences in performances between possible non-polar eluent components of the gradient, such as hexane, heptane, and iso-octane, had a pronounced impact on retention times for individual phospholipid classes. Separation of molecular species within a lipid class could also be observed. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 93-99 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3627-0 Authors Petter Olsson, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Jan Holmbäck, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Bengt Herslöf, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 1

Description:    Basic aspects in the handling of fatty acid-data have remained largely underexposed. Of these, we aimed to address three statistical methodological issues, by quantitatively exemplifying their imminent confounding impact on analytical outcomes: (1) presenting results as relative percentages or absolute concentrations, (2) handling of missing/non-detectable values, and (3) using structural indices for data-reduction. Therefore, we reanalyzed an example dataset containing erythrocyte fatty acid-concentrations of 137 recurrently depressed patients and 73 controls. First, correlations between data presented as percentages and concentrations varied for different fatty acids, depending on their correlation with the total fatty acid-concentration. Second, multiple imputation of non-detects resulted in differences in significance compared to zero-substitution or omission of non-detects. Third, patients’ chain length-, unsaturation-, and peroxidation-indices were significantly lower compared to controls, which corresponded with patterns interpreted from individual fatty acid tests. In conclusion, results from our example dataset show that statistical methodological choices can have a significant influence on outcomes of fatty acid analysis, which emphasizes the relevance of: (1) hypothesis-based fatty acid-presentation (percentages or concentrations), (2) multiple imputation, preventing bias introduced by non-detects; and (3) the possibility of using (structural) indices, to delineate fatty acid-patterns thereby preventing multiple testing. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3665-2 Authors Roel J. T. Mocking, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Johanna Assies, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Anja Lok, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Henricus G. Ruhé, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Maarten W. J. Koeter, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Ieke Visser, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Claudi L. H. Bockting, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, Groningen, 9712 TS The Netherlands Aart H. Schene, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Large population studies show that polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for human health, but determining relationships between the health benefits and the fatty acid content has been hampered by the unavailability of labor-effective high-throughput technologies. An automated high throughput fatty acid analysis was developed from a previous procedure based on direct transesterification including the automation of chemical procedures, data acquisition and automatic data processing. The method was validated and applied to umbilical cord serum samples in an epidemiological study. The method was linear in the range of 1–600 μg/mL serum with r 2  ≥0.99. The within-run CV was 〈5.4% for 23 fatty acids and a range of recoveries over three concentrations were 76–119% in a low-lipid matrix with the exception of 14:0. The fatty acid concentration as measured by the robotic method for human plasma was in good agreement with the Lepage & Roy method. The fatty acid profile in umbilical cord serum from American subjects ( n  = 287) showed an average of 38.0, 24.9, 32.0 and 4.6% of total fatty acids for saturates, monounsaturates, n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates, respectively. This is the first report of a complete, validated, cost-effective, automated, high throughput fatty acid measurement method along with application to a population-based study. Automated fatty acid analysis coupled with automated data processing greatly facilitates the high throughput, 72 samples transesterified in 6 h, required for large population-based studies. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3661-6 Authors Yu Hong Lin, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA Norman Salem, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA Ellen M. Wells, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA Weiyin Zhou, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA James D. Loewke, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA James A. Brown, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA William E. M. Lands, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA Lynn R. Goldman, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC, USA Joseph R. Hibbeln, Section of Nutritional Neuroscience, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3N-07, MSC 9410, Bethesda, MD 20892-9410, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Natural killer (NK) T cells are well known to play important roles in both tumor rejection and the defense against infectious. Therefore, the antitumor potential of NKT cell-activating antigens have been the focus for the development of NKT cell-based immunotherapies. Up to now, several studies have revealed that the administrations of glycolipids (e.g. α-galactosylceramide) can successfully treat certain metastatic tumors. However, liver injuries appeared upon the application of these antigens. We previously examined the potential of using β-glucosylceramide (β-GlcCer) to inhibit tumor metastasis to the liver. The aim of this study was to determine the antimetastatic effects of β-GlcCer and its impact on the activation of NKT cells. Intraperitoneal administration of β-GlcCer enhanced the production of interferon-γ from hepatic lymphocytes containing NKT cells, and increased the cytotoxicity of hepatic lymphocytes against tumor cells. Moreover, β-GlcCer administration suppressed the hepatic metastasis of tumors in wild type (WT) mice, but not in CD1d − / − or Jα18 − / − mice. The drawback associated with the other glycolipids in liver injury was not noted in WT mice treated with the continuous daily administration of β-GlcCer for 2 weeks. The present study demonstrated that β-GlcCer treatment activates invariant NKT cells, thus resulting in the inhibition of tumor metastasis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3666-1 Authors Masashi Inafuku, Department of Health Sciences, Trans-disciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan Changchun Li, Department of Health Sciences, Trans-disciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan Yasuhiro Kanda, Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan Toshihiko Kawamura, Department of Immunology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan Kazuyoshi Takeda, Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan Hirosuke Oku, Department of Mangroves and Bio-resources, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan Hisami Watanabe, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    This study explores the pharmacokinetics of 22- S -hydroxycholesterol (22SHC) in vivo in rats. We also carried out a metabolic study to explore whether the beneficial effects observed of 22SHC on glucose and lipid metabolism in vitro could be seen in vivo in rats. In the pharmacokinetic study, rats were given 50 mg/kg of [ 3 H]22- S -hydroxycholesterol before absorption, distribution and excretion were monitored. In the metabolic study, the effect of 22SHC (30 mg/kg/day for 3 weeks) in rats on body weight gain [chow and high-fat diet (HFD)], serum lipids triacylglycerol (TAG) content and gene expression in liver and skeletal muscle were examined. Results showed that 22SHC was well absorbed after oral administration and distributed to most organs and mainly excreted in feces. Rats receiving 22SHC gained less body weight than their controls regardless whether the animals received chow diet or HFD. Moreover, we observed that animals receiving HFD had elevated levels of serum TAG while this was not observed for animals on HFD supplemented with 22SHC. The amount of TAG in liver was reduced after 22SHC treatment in animals receiving either chow diet or HFD. Gene expression analysis revealed that two genes (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 and uncoupling protein 3) involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy dissipation were increased in liver. Ucp3 expression (both protein and mRNA level) was increased in skeletal muscle, but insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and TAG content were unchanged. In conclusion, 22SHC seems to be an interesting model substance in the search of treatments for disorders involving aberrations in lipid metabolism. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3663-4 Authors Eili Tranheim Kase, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Nataša Nikolić, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Nina Pettersen Hessvik, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Åse-Karine Fjeldheim, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Jørgen Jensen, Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway G. Hege Thoresen, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Arild C. Rustan, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) is one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, and is expected to show anti-allergic activity. We examined the effects of supplementation with DGLA-enriched oil (450 mg as free DGLA) for 4 weeks in healthy adults in a randomized controlled study. The DGLA composition in the total fatty acids of serum phospholipids increased from 2.0 to 3.4 %, and returned to the initial level after a 4-week washout. No side effects or changes in blood biochemical parameters were observed. These results indicate that serum DGLA content can be safely increased by supplementation with 450 mg DGLA under these conditions. Content Type Journal Article Category Communication Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3664-3 Authors Takao Tanaka, Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka 618-8503, Japan Saki Kakutani, Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka 618-8503, Japan Chika Horikawa, Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka 618-8503, Japan Hiroshi Kawashima, Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka 618-8503, Japan Yoshinobu Kiso, Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka 618-8503, Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    GC, GC–MS, and HPLC–LLSD analyses were used to identify and quantify cuticular and internal lipids in males and females of the blow-fly ( Lucilia sericata ). Sixteen free fatty acids, seven alcohols and cholesterol were identified and quantitatively determined in the cuticular lipids of L. sericata . Cuticular fatty acids ranged from C 6 to C 20 and included unsaturated entities such as 16:1n-9, 18:1n-9, 20:4n-3 and 20:5n-3. Cuticular alcohols (only saturated and even-numbered) ranged from C 12 to C 20 in males and C 10 to C 22 in females. Only one sterol was found in the cuticular lipids of both males and females. 23 free fatty acids, five alcohols and cholesterol were identified in the internal lipids. Internal fatty acids were present in large amounts—7.4 mg/g (female) and 10.1 mg/g (male). Only traces of internal alcohols (from C 14 to C 26 in males, from C 14 to C 22 in females) were found in L. sericata . Large amounts of internal cholesterol were identified in L. sericata males and females (0.49 and 0.97 mg/g of the insect body, respectively). Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3662-5 Authors Marek Gołębiowski, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland Mieczysława I. Boguś, Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland Monika Paszkiewicz, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland Wioletta Wieloch, Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland Emilia Włóka, Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland Piotr Stepnowski, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Tocotrienol (T3) is an important phytonutrient found in rice bran and palm oil. T3 has gained much interest for lipid lowering effects, especially for cholesterol (Cho) by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Also, usefulness of T3 in improving triglyceride (TG) profiles has been suggested, but its efficacy and mechanism have been unclear. We investigated how T3 decreases TG concentration in cultured cells and animals. In a cell culture study, human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were incubated in a control or a fat (1 mM oleic acid)-loaded medium containing γ-T3 for 24 h. We found that 10–15 μM γ-T3 inhibited cellular TG accumulation significantly, especially in the fat-loaded medium. This manifestation was supported by mRNA and protein expressions of fatty acid synthase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, and cytochrome P450 3A4. In concordance with these results, rice bran T3 supplementation to F344 rats (5 or 10 mg T3/day/rat) receiving a high fat diet for 3 weeks significantly reduced TG and the oxidative stress marker (phospholipid hydroperoxides, PLOOH) in the liver and blood plasma. T3 supplementation did not show changes in the Cho level. These results provided new information and the mechanism of the TG-lowering effect of T3. The lipid lowering effects of dietary T3 might be mediated by the reduction of TG synthesis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3659-0 Authors Gregor Carpentero Burdeos, Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan Kiyotaka Nakagawa, Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan Fumiko Kimura, Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan Teruo Miyazawa, Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The aim of the study was to determine the effects of different dietary fatty acids during the first half of pregnancy on the fatty acid composition of maternal adipose tissue and of maternal and fetal plasma at mid- and late-pregnancy. Pregnant rats received soybean-, olive-, fish-, linseed- or palm-oil diets from conception to day 12 of gestation. Virgin rats receiving the same treatments were studied in parallel. At day 12, some rats were sacrificed and others were returned to the standard diet and studied at day 20. At day 12, the concentrations of most fatty acids in plasma reflected the dietary composition and individual fatty acids in lumbar adipose tissue of pregnant rats correlated with those in the diet. At day 20, the plasma concentration of each fatty acid was higher in pregnant than in both virgin rats and day-12 pregnant rats. The composition in 20-day pregnant (but not in virgin) rats resembled the diet consumed during the first 12 days. Fatty acid concentration in fetal plasma was also influenced by the maternal diet during the first 12 days of pregnancy, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) concentrations correlated with those in the mothers. In conclusion, during the first half of pregnancy maternal adipose tissue stores dietary-derived fatty acids, which are released into blood during late pregnancy enabling LC-PUFA to become available to the fetus. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3660-7 Authors Flavia Spreafico Fernandes, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Maria das Graças Tavares do Carmo, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Emilio Herrera, Departamento de Biologia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The proximate and fatty acid compositions of the commercially important fish species ( Engraulis encrasicolus , Alosa alosa , Belone belone , Scorpaena porcus , Pomatomus saltatrix , Mullus barbatus ) from the Sinop region of the Black Sea were examined. The fat contents ranged from 1.26% (for scorpion fish) to 18.12% (for shad). The protein contents were min 14.54% (for red mullet) and maximum 20.26% (for belone). The fatty acid compositions of the fish ranged from 27.83 to 35.91% for saturated fatty acids, 19.50–33.80% for monounsaturated fatty acids and 15.25–40.02% for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid (16:0) (17.75–22.20%) was the dominant fatty acid for all the fish species. As a second saturated fatty acid, myristic acid (14:0) was observed in four of the fish species and its content ranged from 4.72 to 7.31%. Whereas, for the other two fish species, the second saturated fatty acid was stearic acid (18:0) ranging between 4.54 and 10.64%. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, those occurring in the highest proportions were oleic acid (18:1n-9c) (11.67–22.45%) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) (4.50–9.40%). Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (5.41–28.52%), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) (4.68–11.06) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (1.38–3.49%) were dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. All the species, in particular the belone, the anchovy and the shad had high levels of the n-3 series. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3658-1 Authors Demet Kocatepe, Department of Food and Beverage Management, Sinop University, School of Tourism and Hotel Management, 57000 Sinop, Turkey Hülya Turan, Department of Fishing and Processing Technology, Sinop University, Fisheries Faculty, 57000 Sinop, Turkey Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Camelina sativa is an oilseed plant rich in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and extruding the seeds results in high protein meal (~40%) containing high levels of n-3 fatty acids. In this study, we examined the effects of feeding extruded defatted camelina meal to commercial laying hens, measuring egg production, quality, and fatty acid composition. Lohmann White Leghorn hens (29 weeks old) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups ( n  = 25 per group) and data was collected over a 12 week production period. All the treatment groups were fed a corn soy based experimental diet containing 0% (control), 5, or 10% extruded camelina meal. We found no significant differences in percent hen-day egg production and feed consumed per dozen eggs. Egg shell strength was significantly higher in both camelina groups compared to the controls. Egg total n-3 fatty acid content increased 1.9- and 2.7-fold in 5 and 10% camelina groups respectively relative to the control. A similar increase in DHA content also occurred. Further camelina meal did not alter glucosinolate levels and no detectable glucosinolates or metabolic product isothiocyanates were found in the eggs from either the 5 or 10% camelina groups. These results indicate that camelina meal is a viable dietary source of n-3 fatty acids for poultry and its dietary inclusion results in eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3656-3 Authors Radhika Kakani, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, Room 101 Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA Justin Fowler, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, Room 101 Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA Akram-Ul Haq, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, Room 101 Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA Eric J. Murphy, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA Thad A. Rosenberger, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA Mark Berhow, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Peoria, IL, USA Christopher. A. Bailey, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, Room 101 Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843-2472, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretins produced in the intestine that play a central role in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Circulating concentrations of GLP-1 and GIP are low and can be difficult to assay in rodents. These studies utilized the novel intestinal lymph fistula model we have established to investigate the mechanism of lipid-stimulated incretin secretion. Peak concentrations of GLP-1 and GIP following an enteral lipid stimulus (Liposyn) were significantly higher in intestinal lymph than portal venous plasma. To determine whether lipid-stimulated incretin secretion was related to chylomicron formation Pluronic L-81 (L-81), a surfactant inhibiting chylomicron synthesis, was given concurrently with Liposyn. The presence of L-81 almost completely abolished the increase in lymph triglyceride seen with Liposyn alone ( P  〈 0.001). Inhibition of chylomicron formation with L-81 reduced GLP-1 secretion into lymph compared to Liposyn stimulation alone ( P  = 0.034). The effect of L-81 relative to Liposyn alone had an even greater effect on GIP secretion, which was completely abolished ( P  = 0.004). These findings of a dramatic effect of L-81 on lymph levels of GLP-1 and GIP support a strong link between intestinal lipid absorption and incretin secretion. The relative difference in the effect of L-81 on the two incretins provides further support that nutrient-stimulation of GIP and GLP-1 is via distinct mechanisms. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3650-1 Authors Wendell J. Lu, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Qing Yang, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Li Yang, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Dana Lee, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA David D’Alessio, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Patrick Tso, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    We investigated the role of aminoguanidine and benfotiamine on the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in macrophages induced by advanced glycated albumin (AGE-albumin) and its relationship with cell cholesterol homeostasis, emphasizing the expression of the ATP binding cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA-1). AGE-albumin was made by incubating fatty acid-free albumin with 10 mM glycolaldehyde. ROS production and ABCA-1 protein level were determined by flow cytometry in J774 macrophages treated along time with control (C) or AGE-albumin alone or in the presence of aminoguanidine or benfotiamine. Mitochondrial function was evaluated by oxygraphy. Compared to C-albumin, AGE-albumin increased ROS production in macrophages, which was ascribed to the activities of NADPH oxidase and of the mitochondrial system. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was reduced in cells incubated with AGE-albumin. ROS generation along time was associated with the reduction in macrophage ABCA-1 protein level. Aminoguanidine prevented ROS elevation and restored the ABCA-1 content in macrophages; on the other hand, benfotiamine that promoted a lesser reduction in ROS generation was not able to restore ABCA-1 levels. Inhibition of oxidative stress induced by AGE-albumin prevents disturbances in reverse cholesterol transport by curbing the reduction of ABCA-1 elicited by advanced glycation in macrophages and therefore may contribute to the prevention of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3647-9 Authors Raphael de Souza Pinto, Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 455—Room 3305, São Paulo, 01246-000 Brazil Gabriela Castilho, Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 455—Room 3305, São Paulo, 01246-000 Brazil Bruno Alves Paim, Pathology Dept. of Medical Sciences Faculty, UNICAMP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Adriana Machado-Lima, Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 455—Room 3305, São Paulo, 01246-000 Brazil Natalia M. Inada, Pathology Dept. of Medical Sciences Faculty, UNICAMP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Edna Regina Nakandakare, Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 455—Room 3305, São Paulo, 01246-000 Brazil Aníbal Eugênio Vercesi, Pathology Dept. of Medical Sciences Faculty, UNICAMP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Marisa Passarelli, Lipids Laboratory (LIM 10), Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo 455—Room 3305, São Paulo, 01246-000 Brazil Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    γ-Tocotrienol (γ-T3), a member of the vitamin E family, has been reported to possess an anticancer activity. γ-T3 is a lipophilic compound with low oral bioavailability. Previous studies showed that γ-T3 has low intestinal permeability. Thus, we have hypothesized that enhancing γ-T3 intestinal permeability will increase its oral bioavailability. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were tested as a model formulation to enhance γ-T3 permeability and bioavailability. γ-T3 intestinal permeability was compared using in situ rat intestinal perfusion, followed by in vivo relative oral bioavailability studies. In addition, in vitro cellular uptake of γ-T3 from SLN was compared to mixed micelles (MM) in a time and concentration-dependent studies. To elucidate the uptake mechanism(s) of γ-T3 from SLN and MM the contribution of NPC1L1 carrier-mediated uptake, endocytosis and passive permeability were investigated. In situ studies demonstrated SLN has tenfold higher permeability than MM. Subsequent in vivo studies showed γ-T3 relative oral bioavailability from SLN is threefold higher. Consistent with in situ results, in vitro concentration dependent studies revealed γ-T3 uptake from SLN was twofold higher than MM. In vitro mechanistic characterization showed that while endocytosis contributes to γ-T3 uptake from both formulations, the reduced contribution of NPC1L1 to the transport of γ-T3, and passive diffusion enhancement of γ-T3 are primary explanations for its enhanced uptake from SLN. In conclusion, SLN successfully enhanced γ-T3 oral bioavailability subsequent to enhanced passive permeability. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3655-4 Authors Bilal S. Abuasal, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Courtney Lucas, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Breanne Peyton, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Alaadin Alayoubi, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Sami Nazzal, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Paul W. Sylvester, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Amal Kaddoumi, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Sphingolipids are an important class of compounds that regulate signal transduction and other vital cellular processes. Herein, we report sensitive normal and reversed phase LC–MS/MS methods for quantitation of multiple sphingolipid classes. In the normal-phase ESI/MS/MS method, a high content of organic solvents was utilized, which, although it included hexane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile containing 2% methanol, 1–2% acetic acid, and 5 mM ammonium acetate, resulted in a very efficient electrospray ionization of the ceramides (Cers) and hexosylceramides (MHCers). Three normal-phase LC–MS/MS methods using segmented phases were developed to specifically target Cers, MHCers, or sphingomyelins (SMs). This segmentation scheme increases the number of data points acquired for a given analyte and enhances the sensitivity and specificity of the measurements. Nine separate reversed phase chromatography methods were developed for the three classes of compounds. These assays were used for comparing the levels of Cers, SMs, and MHCers from mouse embryonic fibroblast (pMEF) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. These findings were then compared with the reported data from RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells, BHK21 hamster cells, and human plasma and serum samples. The analysis of cell lines, using both normal and reversed phase chromatography, revealed discrimination based on the type of chromatography chosen, while sphingolipid assays of samples containing different amounts of protein showed different results, even after normalizing for protein content. Also, LC/MS/MS profiles were provided for the classes and individual compounds so that they could be used as “molecular profiles” for class or individual sample analysis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 209-226 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3633-2 Authors M. Athar Masood, Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA Raghavendra P. Rao, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA Jairaj K. Acharya, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA Josip Blonder, Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA Timothy D. Veenstra, Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    A cDNA encoding protein with homology to plant secretory phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 ), denoted as Nt1 PLA 2 , was isolated from tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). The cDNA encodes a mature protein of 118 amino acid residues with a putative signal peptide of 29 residues. The mature form of Nt1 PLA 2 has 12 cysteines, Ca 2+ binding loop and catalytic site domain that are commonly conserved in plant sPLA 2 s. The recombinant Nt1 PLA 2 was expressed as a fusion protein with thioredoxin in E. coli BL21 cells and was purified by an ion exchange chromatography after digestion of the fusion proteins by Factor Xa protease to obtain the mature form. Interestingly, Nt1 PLA 2 could hydrolyze the ester bond at the sn -1 position of glycerophospholipids as well as at the sn -2 position, when the activities were determined using mixed-micellar phospholipids with sodium cholate. Both activities for the sn -1 and -2 positions of glycerophospholipids required Ca 2+ essentially, and maximal activities were found in an alkaline region when phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol or phosphatidylethanolamine was used as a substrate. The level of Nt1 PLA 2 mRNA was detected at a higher level in tobacco flowers than stem, leaves and roots, and was induced by salicylic acid. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 303-312 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3632-3 Authors Yukichi Fujikawa, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan Ritsuko Fujikawa, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan Noriaki Iijima, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan Muneharu Esaka, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    The fatty acid composition of the temperate calcareous marine sponge Leuconia johnstoni Carter 1871 (Calcaronea, Calcarea) was characterized for the first time in specimens collected off the Brittany coast of France over four years from October 2005 to September 2008. Forty-one fatty acids (FA) with chain lengths ranging from C 14 to C 22 were identified as fatty methyl esters (FAME) and N -acyl pyrrolidide (NAP) derivatives by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Twenty-two saturated fatty acids (SFA) were identified accounting for 52.1–59.0% of the total FA and dimethylacetals (DMA). In addition, among the SFA, we noticed the presence of numerous methyl-branched iso and anteiso FA, suggesting a large number of associated bacteria within L. johnstoni . Thirteen monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA, 28.0–36.0% of total FA + DMA) were also identified as well as six polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 4.0–8.2%). A noticeable DMA was detected at a high level, particularly in September 2008 (11.8%), indicating the presence of plasmalogens in this sponge species. This calcareous sponge lacked the non-methylene-interrupted FA (NMI FA) with a Δ5,9 system typical of siliceous Demosponges and Hexactinellids. The occurrence of the unusual 8,13-octadecadienoic acid was reported for the first time as a minor PUFA in a calcareous sponge. The major FA, representing 20–25% of this sponge FA, was identified as the new 2-methyl-13-icosenoic acid from mass spectra of its methyl ester and its corresponding N -acyl pyrrolidide derivatives as well as a dimethyl disulfide adduct. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 345-353 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3631-4 Authors Elodie Quévrain, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, C.P. 54, 75005 Paris, France Gilles Barnathan, Groupe Mer Molécules Santé EA 2160, Equipe Lipides marins à activité biologique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, BP 53508, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France Tarik Meziane, Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR 7208 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, C.P. 26, 75005 Paris, France Isabelle Domart-Coulon, Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR 7208 MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, C.P. 26, 75005 Paris, France Vony Rabesaotra, Groupe Mer Molécules Santé EA 2160, Equipe Lipides marins à activité biologique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, BP 53508, 44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, C.P. 54, 75005 Paris, France Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Phospholipids where both fatty acids are polyunsaturated are very rare. Most organisms prefer to couple their polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with either a saturated (SAT) or a monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid. This study examined if these natural couplings are there to protect PUFA from themselves. Specifically, does the coupling of PUFA to SAT or MUFA reduce the potential for increased rates of peroxidation by shrouding these highly peroxidisable fatty acids with less peroxidisable fatty acids? The influence of head group was examined by using the two most common phospholipids found in vertebrate membranes i.e. phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species. Fatty acid pairings included 16:0/18:2 versus 18:2/18:2 and 16:0/22:6 versus 22:6/22:6. All phospholipids were incorporated into liposomes that were matched for their total PUFA content i.e. 25% PUFA/PUFA or 50% SAT/PUFA with phosphatidylcholine 16:0/16:0 used as the background phospholipid. An iron initiator (Fe 2+ /H 2 O 2 ) was used to induce peroxidation and lipid hydroperoxide production was used to measure peroxidation. The results show that coupling of PUFA together on the same molecule does not increase peroxidation rates and therefore does not support the proposed hypothesis. The lower than expected levels of peroxidation measured for some phospholipid species (e.g. PtdEtn 22:6/22:6) is possibly due to the partitioning of these molecular species into the inner leaflet of the bilayer. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3654-5 Authors Sarah E. Norris, Metabolic Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Todd W. Mitchell, Metabolic Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Paul L. Else, Metabolic Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Cats have limited Δ6 desaturase activity. However, γ-linolenate (GLA) feeding may by-pass the Δ6 desaturase step allowing arachidonate (ARA) accumulation via Δ5-desaturation. Alternatively, high dietary linoleate (LNA) may induce limited Δ6 desaturase also resulting in ARA accumulation. Fatty acid profiles were determined after feeding high LNA, high GLA, or adequate LNA diets. Adult female cats ( n  = 29) were assigned to one of three groups and fed for 8 weeks. Plasma samples were collected at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8 for plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), lipoprotein (LP), and plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid determinations. Time, but no diet, effects were observed for TAG, TC, and LP fractions at weeks 2 and 4 with significant increases likely due to increased dietary fat. However, all values were within feline normal limits. The GLA diet resulted in increased dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and ARA as early as week 2, supporting a ∆5 desaturase. Further evidence of Δ5 desaturase was found at high dietary LNA with the appearance of a novel fatty acid, 20:3 ∆7, 11, 14, apparently formed via ∆5 desaturation and chain elongation of LNA. However, Δ6 desaturase induction at high dietary LNA concentration was not observed. Cats are able to maintain plasma and red blood cell ARA when fed a practical diet containing GLA using what appears to be an active Δ5 desaturase enzyme. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 413-423 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3651-0 Authors Luciano Trevizan, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil Alexandre de Mello Kessler, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil J. Thomas Brenna, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14854, USA Peter Lawrence, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14854, USA Mark K. Waldron, Nestlé Purina Pet Care, St Louis, MO, USA John E. Bauer, Comparative Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    We investigated the influence of an egg-enriched diet on plasma, hepatic and fecal lipid levels and on gene expression levels of transporters, receptors and enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Sprague–Dawley rats fed an egg-enriched diet had lower plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, hepatic triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations, and greater plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, fecal neutral sterol and bile acid concentrations than those fed a plain cholesterol diet. Chicken egg yolk had no effect on sterol 12α-hydroxylase and sterol 27α-hydroxylase; but upregulated mRNA levels of hepatic LDL-receptor, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, and downregulated hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-(HMG)-CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) after 90 days. Modification of the lipoprotein profile by an egg-enriched diet was mediated by reducing de novo cholesterol synthesis and enhancing the excretion of fecal cholesterol, via upregulation of CYP7A1 and the LDL receptor, and downregulation of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 269-277 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3646-x Authors Fang Yang, National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, People’s Republic of China Meihu Ma, National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, People’s Republic of China Jia Xu, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, People’s Republic of China Xiufang Yu, National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, People’s Republic of China Ning Qiu, National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei, People’s Republic of China Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    The current low consumption of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) led scientists to wonder about the possible enrichment of human food, including meats such as beef, with n-3 LCPUFA. However, their biosynthesis from dietary n-3 PUFA seems limited in mammalian tissues implying that a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this down regulation is needed. This study aimed at identifying and comparing the limiting steps of n-3 LCPUFA synthesis in liver, intermuscular adipose tissue (IM-AT) and semitendinosus muscle (ST) from six Limousin bulls. Tissue FA composition was analysed by GLC and mRNA abundance of enzymes and transcription factors involved in n-3 LCPUFA synthesis was assessed by RT-qPCR. In liver, mRNA encoding proteins involved in n-3 LCPUFA synthesis were present in agreement with the significant high content of n-3 LCPUFA (8.4 mol% of total FA, 257 mg/100 g of fresh tissue) in this organ. In IM-AT, these mRNA were all present, but at a tenfold lower intensity than in liver in agreement with the low contents of n-3 LCPUFA in this tissue. In ST muscle, these mRNA were all present except elongase 5 mRNA which was only present as trace, the corresponding protein being undetectable, probably inducing a break of n-3 LCPUFA synthesis from 18:4n-3. In conclusion, Limousin bull ST muscle seemed unable to synthesize n-3 LCPUFA. However, the presence of 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:5n-3 (DPAn-3) in muscle raised the question of the origin of these n-3 LCPUFA. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 391-401 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3644-z Authors Maya Cherfaoui, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Denys Durand, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Muriel Bonnet, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Isabelle Cassar-Malek, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Dominique Bauchart, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Agnès Thomas, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Dominique Gruffat, INRA, UR 1213 Herbivore, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Furan fatty acids (furan-FA) can be formed by auto-oxidation of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and may therefore be ingested when CLA-containing foodstuff is consumed. Due to the presence of a furan ring structure, furan-FA may have toxic properties, however, these substances are toxicologically not well characterized so far. Here we show that 9,11-furan-FA, the oxidation product of the major CLA isomer cis -9, trans -11-CLA (c9,t11-CLA), is not toxic to human intestinal Caco-2 cells up to a level of 100 μM. Oil-Red-O staining indicated that 9,11-furan-FA as well as c9,t11-CLA and linoleic acid are taken up by the cells and stored in the form of triglycerides in lipid droplets. Chemical analysis of total cellular lipids revealed that 9,11-furan-FA is partially elongated probably by the enzymatic activity of cellular fatty acid elongases whereas c9,t11-CLA is partially converted to other isomers such as c9,c11-CLA or t9,t11-CLA. In the case of 9,11-furan-FA, there is no indication for any modification or activation of the furan ring system. From these results, we conclude that 9,11-furan-FA has no properties of toxicological relevance at least for Caco-2 cells which serve as a model for enterocytes of the human small intestine. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 435-442 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3653-6 Authors Thorsten Buhrke, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Roswitha Merkel, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Imme Lengler, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Alfonso Lampen, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    A low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet for 15 days increased the lipid content in the carcass and adipose tissues of rats. The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanisms of this lipid increase in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (RWAT) of these animals. The LPHC diet induced an approximately two- and tenfold increase in serum corticosterone and TNF-α, respectively. The rate of de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis in vivo was reduced (50%) in LPHC rats, and the lipoprotein lipase activity increased (100%). In addition, glycerokinase activity increased (60%), and the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase content decreased (27%). Basal [U- 14 C]-glucose incorporation into glycerol-triacylglycerol did not differ between the groups; however, in the presence of insulin, [U- 14 C]-glucose incorporation increased by 124% in adipocytes from only control rats. The reductions in IRS1 and AKT content as well as AKT phosphorylation in the RWAT from LPHC rats and the absence of an insulin response suggest that these adipocytes have reduced insulin sensitivity. The increase in NE turnover by 45% and the lack of a lipolytic response to NE in adipocytes from LPHC rats imply catecholamine resistance. The data reveal that the increase in fat storage in the RWAT of LPHC rats results from an increase in FA uptake from circulating lipoproteins and glycerol phosphorylation, which is accompanied by an impaired lipolysis that is activated by NE. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 279-289 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3648-8 Authors Maísa P. dos Santos, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil Suélem A. de França, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil José Tiago F. dos Santos, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil Samyra L. Buzelle, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil Gisele L. Bertolini, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil Maria Antonieta R. Garófalo, Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Isis C. do Kettelhut, Department of Biochemistry, Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Danúbia Frasson, Department of Biochemistry, Immunology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil Valéria E. Chaves, Department of Basic Sciences in Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil Nair H. Kawashita, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of a MeOH extract of the Korean wild mushroom Boletus pseudocalopus resulted in the identification of three new fatty acid esters, named calopusins A–C ( 1–3 ), along with two known fatty acid methyl esters ( 4–5 ). These new compounds are structurally unique fatty acid esters with a 2,3-butanediol moiety. Their structures were elucidated through 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data and GC–MS analysis as well as a modified Mosher’s method. The new compounds 1–3 showed significant inhibitory activity against the proliferation of the tested cancer cell lines with IC 50 values in the range 2.77–12.51 μM. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3657-2 Authors Ki Hyun Kim, Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon, 440-746 Korea Sang Un Choi, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-600 Korea Kang Ro Lee, Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon, 440-746 Korea Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The effect of diets containing either 18-carbon n-3 fatty acids (FA) or 20/22-carbon n-3 FA on canine plasma and neutrophil membrane fatty acid composition, superoxide and leukotriene B 4 and B 5 production when fed at the same n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio was investigated. Four groups of ten dogs each were fed a low fat basal diet supplemented with safflower oil (SFO), beef tallow (BTO), linseed oil (LSO), or Menhaden fish oil (MHO) for 28 days. Dietary fat provided 40.8% of energy and the n-6:n-3 of the diets were ~100:1, 9.7:1, 0.38:1, and 0.34:1 for the SFO, BTO, LSO and MHO groups, respectively. The MHO and LSO groups had increased incorporation of EPA and DPA in both the plasma and neutrophil membranes compared to the BTO and SFO groups. DHA was observed in the MHO but not in the LSO group. Neutrophils from the MHO diet fed dogs had less LTB 4 and greater LTB 5 than the other three groups. The LSO group also showed a reduction in LTB 4 and greater LTB 5 production compared to the SFO and BTO groups. Both LSO and MHO groups had lower superoxide production compared to the SFO and BTO groups. Diets containing 18 or 20/22 carbon n-3 FA fed at the same n-6:n-3 resulted in differential incorporation of long chain n-3 FA into neutrophil membranes. Thus, fatty acid type and chain length individually affect neutrophil membrane structure and function and these effects exist independent of dietary total n-6:total n-3 FA ratios. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 425-434 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3652-7 Authors Mark K. Waldron, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA Steven S. Hannah, Nestlé Purina PetCare, St. Louis, MO 63164, USA John E. Bauer, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Commercial fish oils and foods containing fish may contain trans and/or isomerized fatty acids (FA) produced during processing or as part of prepared foods. The current American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) official method for marine oils (method Ce 1i-07) is based on separation by use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) columns, for example Supelcowax-10 or equivalent, which do not resolve most unsaturated FA geometric isomers. Highly polar 100-m cyanopropyl siloxane (CPS) columns, for example SP-2560 and CP Sil 88 are recommended for separation of geometric FA isomers. Complementary separations were achieved by use of two different elution temperature programs with the same CPS column. This study is the first direct comparison of the separations achieved by use of 30-m Supelcowax-10 and 100-m SP-2560 columns for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) prepared from the same fish oil and fish muscle sample. To simplify the identification of the FA in these fish samples, FA were fractionated on the basis of the number and type of double bonds by silver-ion solid-phase extraction (Ag + -SPE) before GC analysis. The results showed that a combination of the three GC separations was necessary to resolve and identify most of the unsaturated FA, FA isomers, and other components of fish products, for example phytanic and phytenic acids. Equivalent chain length (ECL) values of most FAME in fish were calculated from the separations achieved by use of both GC columns; the values obtained were shown to be consistent with previously reported values for the Supelcowax-10 column. ECL values were also calculated for the FA separated on the SP-2560 column. The calculated ECL values were equally valid under isothermal and temperature-programmed elution GC conditions, and were valuable for confirmation of the identity of several unsaturated FAME in the fish samples. When analyzing commercially prepared fish foods, deodorized marine oils, or foods fortified with marine oils it is strongly recommended that quantitative data acquired by use of PEG columns is complemented with data obtained from separations using highly polar CPS columns. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 329-344 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3645-y Authors Viviana Santercole, Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, S.P. 55 Porto Conte Capo-Caccia Km 8.4, Località Tramariglio-Alghero (SS), 07040 Santa Maria La Palma, Italy Pierluigi Delmonte, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA John K. G. Kramer, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Center, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    Recent evidence suggests that HER2 (ErbB2; Her-2/neu) and the related PI3K/Akt signaling pathway substantially affect the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, fatty acid synthase (FASN), which mediates de-novo fatty acid synthesis, is crucially important in the carcinogenesis process of a variety of cancers, including colorectal cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the malignant phenotype regulation of colorectal cancer cells via the “HER2–PI3K/Akt–FASN axis”. Caco-2 cells with high expression of HER2 and FASN and high transfection efficiency were selected for functional characterization. The cells were transfected with either HER2-specific RNAi plasmid or negative control RNAi plasmid, followed by Q-RT-PCR and western blot assays to examine expression of HER2, PI3K, Akt, and FASN. MTT and colony-formation assays were used to assess proliferation. Migration was investigated by use of the transwell assay, and apoptosis and cell cycle were assayed by use of flow cytometry. Expression of HER2, PI3K, Akt, and FASN were downregulated when HER2 was silenced. Proliferation decreased after downregulation of HER2, which was consistent with increased apoptosis. Migration of HER2-silenced cells was also impaired. Loss of HER2 inhibits the activity of the “HER2–PI3K/Akt–FASN axis” of Caco-2 cells, and reduced activity of this axis alters the malignant behavior of Caco-2 cells. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 403-411 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3649-7 Authors Nan Li, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Dingjia Qiao 87, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China Xiaodong Bu, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Dingjia Qiao 87, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China Peng Wu, Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Pingping Wu, Department of Internal Medicine, The Tumor Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China Peilin Huang, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Dingjia Qiao 87, Nanjing, 210009 People’s Republic of China Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Multifunctional acyltransferases are able to catalyze the esterification of various acyl-acceptors with activated fatty acids. Here we describe the identification of four proteins from Tetrahymena thermophila that share certain properties with mammalian acyltransferases regarding their predicted transmembrane structure, their molecular mass and the typical acyltransferase motif. Expression of the Tetrahymena sequences results in production of triacylglycerols and wax esters in recombinant yeast when appropriate substrates are provided. The in vitro characterization shows, that these enzymes are capable of esterifying different acyl-acceptors including fatty alcohols, diols, diacylglycerols and isoprenols with acyl-CoA thioesters. Based on these catalytic activities and the sequence similarities of the Tetrahymena proteins with acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) family members, we conclude that we identified a new group of DGAT2-related multifunctional acyltransferases from protozoan organisms. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 371-381 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3642-1 Authors Eva-Maria Biester, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany Janine Hellenbrand, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany Margrit Frentzen, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Endocannabinoids have been implicated in cancer development and cause heterogenous effects in tumor cells, by inducing apoptosis, reducing migration, causing anti-angiogenic activity and alterations in the cell cycle resulting in growth arrest. Recently, several novel amides of fatty acids that are structurally related to endocannabinoids have been isolated from mammalian sources, although the functions of these fatty amides are not well studied. One group of these novel fatty acid amides are the N -acyl taurines (fatty acids conjugated to the amino acid taurine). This study examined if N -acyl taurines, specifically N -arachidonoyl taurine and N -oleoyl taurine could function in a similar way to endocannabinoids and result in cell cycle alterations or growth arrest in the human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC-3. PC-3 cells were treated with various concentrations of N -arachidonoyl taurine and N -oleoyl taurine and cell proliferation and viability was measured using resazurin and colony formation assays. Effects of N -acyl taurines on the cell cycle was measured using FACS analysis. Treatment with N -arachidonoyl taurine and N -oleoyl taurine resulted in a significant reduction in proliferation of PC-3 cells, even at concentrations as low as 1 μM. Treatment with N -oleoyl taurine resulted in an increased number of cells in the subG1 population, suggesting apoptosis, and a lower number of cells in S-phase of the cell cycle. In summary, our results show that novel biologically active lipids, the N -acyl taurines, result in reduced proliferation in PC-3 cells. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 355-361 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3639-9 Authors Vicky Chatzakos, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Katharina Slätis, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Tatjana Djureinovic, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden Thomas Helleday, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Mary C. Hunt, School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Cancer chemotherapy is associated with neutropenia and impaired neutrophil function. This study aimed to investigate whether supplementation with low dose fish oil (FO), providing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy after surgical tumor (mainly gastrointestinal) removal is able to improve the function of blood neutrophils. Patients ( n  = 38) receiving chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil and leucovorin) were randomized into two groups; one group (control) did not receive a supplement, while the other group (FO) received 2 g FO/day for 8 weeks; the FO provided 0.3 g eicosapentaenoic acid plus 0.4 g docosahexaenoic acid per day. Patients in the control group lost an average of 2.5 kg of weight over the 8 weeks of the study. The number of blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMNC), mainly neutrophils, and their functions (phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide production) decreased in the control group (average decreases of approximately 30, 45 and 17%, respectively). FO prevented these decreases and actually increased body weight (average of 1.7 kg weight gain; p  〈 0.002 vs. control group), PMNC number (average 29% increase), phagocytosis (average 14% increase) and superoxide production (average 28% increase). FO may be useful in preventing chemotherapy-induced decline in neutrophil number and function. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 383-389 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0 Authors Sandro J. R. Bonatto, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Heloisa H. P. Oliveira, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Everson A. Nunes, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Daniele Pequito, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Fabiola Iagher, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Isabela Coelho, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Katya Naliwaiko, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Marcelo Kryczyk, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Gleisson A. P. Brito, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil João Repka, Angelina Caron Hospital, Campina Grande do Sul, PR 83430-000, Brazil Luciano V. Sabóia, Angelina Caron Hospital, Campina Grande do Sul, PR 83430-000, Brazil George Fukujima, Angelina Caron Hospital, Campina Grande do Sul, PR 83430-000, Brazil Philip C. Calder, Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK Luiz C. Fernandes, Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences Building, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81540-990, Brazil Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 4

Description:    Conjugated fatty acids are regularly found in nature and have a history of biogenic activity in animals and humans. A number of these conjugated fatty acids are microbially produced and have been associated with potent anti-carcinogenic, anti-adipogenic, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-diabetogenic activities. Therefore, the identification of novel conjugated fatty acids is highly desirable. In this study, strains of bifidobacteria and propionibacteria previously shown by us and others to display linoleic acid isomerase activity were assessed for their ability to conjugate a range of other unsaturated fatty acids during fermentation. Only four, linoleic, α-linolenic, γ-linolenic and stearidonic acids, were converted to their respective conjugated isomers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), conjugated α-linolenic acid (CLNA), conjugated γ-linolenic acid (CGLA) and conjugated stearidonic acid (CSA), each of which contained a conjugated double bond at the 9,11 position. Of the strains assayed, Bifidobacterium breve DPC6330 proved the most effective conjugated fatty acid producer, bio-converting 70% of the linoleic acid to CLA, 90% of the α-linolenic acid to CLNA, 17% of the γ-linolenic acid to CGLA, and 28% of the stearidonic acid to CSA at a substrate concentration of 0.3 mg mL −1 . In conclusion, strains of bifidobacteria and propionibacteria can bio-convert linoleic, α-linolenic, γ-linolenic and stearidonic acids to their conjugated isomers via the activity of the enzyme linoleic acid isomerase. These conjugated fatty acids may offer the combined health promoting properties of conjugated fatty acids such as CLA and CLNA, along with those of the unsaturated fatty acids from which they are formed. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 313-327 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3636-z Authors Alan A. Hennessy, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland Eoin Barrett, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland R. Paul Ross, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland Gerald F. Fitzgerald, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, BSI, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Rosaleen Devery, National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland Catherine Stanton, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    The liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been shown to regulate the expression of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene through direct interaction with the FAS promoter. However, its regulation of gene expression is not completely understood. Histone modifications and chromatin remodeling are closely linked to transcriptional activation of genes. In the present study, we examined the effect of LXRα activation or silencing on histone modifications (i.e., acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation) across the FAS gene, with the aim to investigate whether LXRα could regulate its target gene expression at the epigenetic level. The addition of LXR agonist T0901317 or ectopic expression of LXRα stimulated the FAS transcription, which was coupled with increased levels of histones H3 and H4 acetylation and H3 phosphorylation and methylation at the LXR response element (LXRE). LXR ligation or overexpression induced distinct histone modification patterns at the distal region 2,272 bp upstream from the transcription start site (TSS) and TSS of the FAS gene. Moreover, RNA interference-mediated downregulation of LXRα impaired the histone acetylation and methylation but not phosphorylation on the FAS gene. In conclusion, we provide evidence that LXRα ligation-mediated transcriptional activation of the FAS gene is associated with LXRα-dependent histone acetylation and methylation rather than phosphorylation on this target gene. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 249-257 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3635-0 Authors Huihong Yu, Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Jinfeng Wu, Department of Digestive Diseases, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China Mei Yang, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China Jinjun Guo, Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Lili Zheng, Department of Digestive Diseases, Chongqing General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police, Chongqing, China Mingli Peng, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Qin Zhang, Department of Digestive Diseases, The First People’s Hospital of Liangshan, Liangshan, China Yingxia Xiang, Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Jie Cao, Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Wei Shen, Department of Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    The growth of the necrotic core region within advanced atherosclerotic plaque is thought to be driven by oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced death of macrophage cells. OxLDL and atherosclerotic plaque are rich in oxysterols, especially 7-ketocholesterol (7KC). As 7KC triggers cell death at physiological concentrations when added directly to the cell culture media, 7KC and other oxysterols have been suggested to be the main cytotoxic agent of oxLDL. We investigated this hypothesis by examining the toxicity of 7KC to monocyte-like U937 cells when incorporated into high-uptake non-toxic acetylated LDL (acLDL). Incorporation of 7KC into acLDL greatly reduced the oxysterol toxicity when compared with an equivalent amount of 7KC added directly to U937 cells. Enrichment of oxLDL with 7KC did not significantly enhance lipoprotein toxicity. OxLDL was highly cytotoxic yet generated only low levels of intracellular 7KC. In comparison, 7KC-acLDL generated high intracellular 7KC concentrations with little loss in cell viability. The data show that when incorporated into lipoprotein, 7KC cytotoxicity is greatly reduced, even though intracellular levels exceed those measured when cells are incubated with oxLDL, which suggests 7KC is not the significant toxic agent within oxLDL. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 239-247 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3634-1 Authors Lucy D. Rutherford, Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand Steven P. Gieseg, Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 3

Description:    The lipid and fatty acid compositions of the total lipids of three cultured populations (migratory between fresh and salt water, Lake Biwa landlocked, and Setogawa River forms) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis , were investigated to clarify the difference in lipid characteristics and temperature adaptability among the three groups. Triacylglycerols were the dominant depot lipids of the three populations, while phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, were found to be the major components of the polar lipids, and their lipid classes are similar to each other. The major fatty acids in the triacylglycerols of all specimens were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid), 20:5n-3 (EPA, icosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n-3 (DHA, docosahexaenoic acid), similar to the tissue phospholipids of the three populations, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, EPA, and DHA. All classes had high levels of 18:2n-6, which originates from their dietary lipids. Compared with the lower DHA levels of the triacylglycerols, the higher levels in the phospholipids suggest their selective accumulation or a biosynthetic pathway to DHA as in freshwater fish. Two populations (the migratory and Setogawa River forms) adapted to lower temperatures with comparatively high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for their membrane fluidities. With significantly higher levels of n-3 PUFA and total PUFA, the mean DHA content in the lipids of the Setogawa River form (the population that adapted to lower temperatures) was significantly higher than that of the migratory form. From these results, we concluded that the Setogawa River population actively concentrates long-chain PUFA in its polar lipids and has high adaptability to low temperature. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 75-92 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3628-z Authors Changhu Xue, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi 236-8648, Japan Masaya Okabe, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi 236-8648, Japan Hiroaki Saito, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, 2-12-4 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi 236-8648, Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 1

Description:    Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the crucial enzyme for intravascular catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key anabolic enzyme that catalyzes the terminal steps in the novo biosynthesis of 18:2n-6. The involvement of both LPL and FAS in tumor biology has been widely demonstrated in different studies and to verify whether there are regional differences in the expression of these enzymes in visceral adipose tissue from patients with colorectal cancer might be representative of events which sustain tumor growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate LPL and FAS activity and expression of their genes in adipose tissue adjacent to neoplasia and distant from it from patients operated for colorectal cancer. LPL enzymatic activity was evaluated by a fluorescent method and FAS activity by a radiometer assay. Reverse-transcription and real-time PCR were used to detect mRNA levels of two enzymes. Our findings show a significant reduction in both LPL and FAS gene expression and activity levels in adipose tissue adjacent to tumor lesion compared to those detected in paired tissue distant from neoplasia. These results underline the influence of tumor microenvironment on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, demonstrating a tumor-induced impairment in the formation and lipid storing capacity of adipose tissue in patients with colorectal cancer. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 59-63 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3630-5 Authors Maria Notarnicola, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases “S. de Bellis”, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy Angelica Miccolis, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases “S. de Bellis”, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy Valeria Tutino, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases “S. de Bellis”, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy Dionigi Lorusso, Division of Surgery, National Institute for Digestive Diseases “S. de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy Maria Gabriella Caruso, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases “S. de Bellis”, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 1

Description:    Niemann-Pick C2 protein (NPC2) is a lysosomal soluble protein that is highly expressed in the liver; it binds to cholesterol and is involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking, allowing the exit of lysosomal cholesterol obtained via the lipoprotein endocytic pathway. Thus, this protein may play an important role in controlling hepatic cholesterol transport and metabolism. The aim of this work was to study the relevance of NPC2 protein expression in hepatic cholesterol metabolism, biliary lipid secretion and gallstone formation by comparing NPC2 hypomorph [NPC2 (h/h)] and wild-type mice fed control, 2% cholesterol, and lithogenic diets. NPC2 (h/h) mice exhibited resistance to a diet-induced increase in plasma cholesterol levels. When consuming the chow diet, we observed increased biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretions in NPC2 (h/h) mice. When fed the 2% cholesterol diet, NPC2 (h/h) mice exhibited low and high gallbladder bile cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations, respectively. NPC2 (h/h) mice fed with the lithogenic diet showed reduced biliary cholesterol secretion, gallbladder bile cholesterol saturation, and cholesterol crystal and gallstone formation. This work indicates that hepatic NPC2 expression is an important factor in the regulation of diet-derived cholesterol metabolism and disposal as well as in diet-induced cholesterol gallstone formation in mice. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 13-25 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3625-2 Authors Elisa Balboa, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Gabriela Morales, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Paula Aylwin, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Gonzalo Carrasco, Fundación Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile Ludwig Amigo, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Juan Castro, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Attilio Rigotti, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Silvana Zanlungo, Departmento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 1

Description:    The effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in combination with fat from vegetable versus animal origin on the fatty acid deposition, including that of individual 18:1 and 18:2 (conjugated and non-conjugated) isomers, in the liver and muscle of obese rats was investigated. For this purpose, 32 male Zucker rats were randomly assigned to one of four diets containing palm oil or ovine fat, supplemented or not with 1% of 1:1 cis ( c )9, trans ( t )11 and t 10, c 12 CLA isomers mixture. Total fatty acid content decreased in the liver and muscle of CLA-fed rats. In the liver, CLA increased saturated fatty acids (SFA) in 11.9% and decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in 6.5%. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) relative proportions were increased in 30.6% by CLA when supplemented to the ovine fat diet. In the muscle, CLA did not affect SFA but decreased MUFA and PUFA percentages. The estimation of Δ9-indices 16 and 18 suggested that CLA inhibited the stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity in the liver (a decrease of 13–38%), in particular when supplemented to the ovine fat diet. Concerning CLA supplementation, the t 10, c 12 isomer percentage was 60–80% higher in the muscle than in the liver. It is of relevance that rats fed ovine fat, containing bio-formed CLA, had more c 9, t 11 CLA isomer deposited in both tissues than rats fed palm oil plus synthetic CLA. These results highlight the importance to further clarify the biological effects of consuming foods naturally enriched in CLA, alternatively to CLA dietary supplementation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 47-58 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3626-1 Authors Susana V. Martins, Secção de Bioquímica, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal Paula A. Lopes, Secção de Bioquímica, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal Susana P. Alves, Unidade de Produção Animal, L-INIA, INRB I.P., 2005-048 Vale de Santarém, Portugal Cristina M. Alfaia, Secção de Bioquímica, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal Matilde F. Castro, Faculdade de Farmácia, iMed.UL, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal Rui J. B. Bessa, Secção de Bioquímica, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal José A. M. Prates, Secção de Bioquímica, CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 1

Description:    In vitro batch incubations were used to study the rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. An earlier study using increasing supplementation levels of stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), revealed that the rumen microbial population extensively biohydrogenates 18:4n-3 after 72 h of in vitro incubation, though several intermediates formed were not completely characterized. Therefore, in the present study, samples were reanalyzed in order to identify the 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3. Gas–liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to characterize these intermediates. The acetonitrile chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the fatty acid methyl esters derivatives enabled the discrimination of fatty acids as non-conjugated or conjugated biohydrogenation intermediates. In addition, the acetonitrile covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry yielded prominent ions indicative of the double bond position of the major 18:3 isomers, i.e. Δ5,11,15 18:3. Furthermore, the 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters enabled the structure of novel 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates to be elucidated. The intermediates accumulated in the fermentation media after 72 h of incubation of 18:4n-3 suggest that similar to the biohydrogenation pathways of linoleic (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids, the pathway of the 18:4n-3 also proceeds with the formation of conjugated fatty acids followed by hydrogenation, although no conjugated dienes were found. The formation of the novel biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3 seems to follow an uncommon isomerization pattern with distinct double bond migrations. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 171-183 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3621-6 Authors S. P. Alves, INRB, Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos, Unidade de Produção Animal, 2005-048 Fonte-Boa, Vale de Santarém, Portugal M. R. G. Maia, REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal R. J. B. Bessa, INRB, Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos, Unidade de Produção Animal, 2005-048 Fonte-Boa, Vale de Santarém, Portugal A. J. M. Fonseca, REQUIMTE, ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal A. R. J. Cabrita, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 2

Description:    Jasmonic acid (JA) is synthesized from linolenic acid (18:3n-3) by sequential action of 13-lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase (AOS), and allene oxide cyclase. The fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae can produce large amounts of JA and was recently reported to form the JA precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid. The objective of our study was to characterize the fatty acid dioxygenase activities of this fungus. Two strains of L. theobromae with low JA secretion (~0.2 mg/L medium) oxygenated 18:3n-3 to 5,8-dihydroxy-9 Z ,12 Z ,15 Z -octadecatrienoic acid as well as 9 R -hydroperoxy-10 E ,12 Z ,15 Z -octadecatrienoic acid, which was metabolized by an AOS activity into 9-hydroxy-10-oxo-12 Z ,15 Z -octadecadienoic acid. Analogous conversions were observed with linoleic acid (18:2n-6). Studies using [11 S - 2 H]18:2n-6 revealed that the putative 9 R -dioxygenase catalyzed stereospecific removal of the 11 R hydrogen followed by suprafacial attack of dioxygen at C-9. Mycelia from these strains of L. theobromae contained 18:2n-6 as the major polyunsaturated acid but lacked 18:3n-3. A third strain with a high secretion of JA (~200 mg/L) contained 18:3n-3 as a major fatty acid and produced 5,8-dihydroxy-9 Z ,12 Z ,15 Z -octadecatrienoic acid from added 18:3n-3. This strain also lacked the JA biosynthetic enzymes present in higher plants. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 65-73 DOI 10.1007/s11745-011-3622-5 Authors Fredrik Jernerén, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden Felipe Eng, Cuban Research Institute on Sugar Cane Byproducts, Via Blanca and Carretera Central 804, P.O. Box 4026, Havana, Cuba Mats Hamberg, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Ernst H. Oliw, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201 Journal Volume Volume 47 Journal Issue Volume 47, Number 1

Description:    Previous experiments in mice showed that dietary trans -fats could play a role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) yet little is known about the accumulation trans -fats in hepatic lipid pools in relationship to liver injury. NASH is also associated with obesity yet improves with only modest weight loss. To distinguish the role of obesity versus sustained consumption of a trans -fat containing diet in causing NASH, mice with obesity and NASH induced by consuming a high trans -fat diet for 16 weeks were subsequently fed standard chow or maintained on trans -fat chow for another 8 weeks. The accumulation, partitioning and loss of trans -fats in the major hepatic lipid pools during and after trans -fat consumption were determined. Obese mice switched to standard chow remained obese but steatohepatitis improved. trans -fats were differentially incorporated into the major hepatic lipid pools and the loss of trans -fats after crossover to control chow was greatest in the cholesteryl ester pool. In summary, dietary changes can improve the biochemical and histopathological changes of NASH despite persistent obesity in mice. Analysis of hepatic lipids confirmed that dietary trans -fats accumulate in the major lipid pools and are released differentially with diet normalization. The substantial loss of trans -fats from the cholesteryl ester pool in parallel with improvement in NASH suggests that this pool of trans -fats could play a role in the pathogenesis of NASH. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3709-7 Authors Brent A. Neuschwander-Tetri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA David A. Ford, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA Sahaja Acharya, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA George Gilkey, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA Metin Basaranoglu, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA Laura H. Tetri, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, USA Elizabeth M. Brunt, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The objective of this study was to examine the therapeutic effect of osthol, a coumarin compound isolated from the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, on cardiac hypertrophy in rats and investigate its potential mechanisms. The rats with cardiac hypertrophy induced by renovascular hypertension were given osthol orally by gavage for 4 weeks. The results showed that in the osthol 20 mg/kg group, the blood pressure, heart weight index and myocardial malondialdehyde content were lowered ( p  〈 0.001, p  = 0.002 and p  = 0.025, respectively), the myocardial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase contents were increased ( p  〈 0.001), and the elevated unesterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols in myocardial tissues were decreased ( p  = 0.017 and p  = 0.004, respectively). At the same time, the myocardial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1a mRNA expressions were increased and the myocardial diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) mRNA expression was decreased in the osthol 20 mg/kg group ( p  〈 0.001). Osthol treatment was associated with a decreased cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes ( p  〈 0.001). These findings suggest that osthol may exert a therapeutic effect on cardiac hypertrophy in rats, and its mechanisms may be related to the improvement of myocardial oxidative stress and lipid metabolism via regulation of PPARα-mediated target gene expressions including an increase in CPT-1a mRNA expression and a decrease in DGAT mRNA expression. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3710-1 Authors Feng Zhou, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China Wen Zhong, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China Jie Xue, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China Zhen-lun Gu, Suzhou Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China Mei-lin Xie, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present study enumerates the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and evaluation of anticancer potential of esters of two n-9 fatty acids viz., oleic acid (OLA) and ricinoleic acid (RCA) with 2,4- or 2,6-diisopropylphenol. The synthesis strategy involved esterification of the hydroxyl group of diisopropylphenol (propofol) to the terminal carboxyl group of n-9 fatty acid. The synthesized propofol-n-9 conjugates having greater lipophilic character were tested initially for cytotoxicity in-vitro. The conjugates showed specific growth inhibition of cancer cell lines whereas no effect was observed in normal cells. In general, pronounced growth inhibition was found against the human skin malignant melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-1). The anticancer potential was also determined by testing the effect of these conjugates on cell migration, cell adhesion and induction of apoptosis in SK-MEL-1 cancer cells. Propofol-OLA conjugates significantly induced apoptosis in contrast to propofol-RCA conjugates which showed only weak signals for cytochrome c . Conclusively, the synthesized novel ester conjugates showed considerable moderation of anti-tumor activity. This preliminary study places in-house synthesized conjugates into the new class of anticancer agents that possess selectivity toward cancer cells over normal cells. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3707-9 Authors Azmat A. Khan, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Ahmad Husain, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Mumtaz Jabeen, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Jamal Mustafa, University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Mohammad Owais, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002 India Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Serum small dense low-density lipoprotein (sd-LDL) concentrations were measured in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD) and compared to concentrations in healthy subjects. Five hundred and seventy patients with stable CAD were divided into CAD− and CAD+ based on angiography. Patients in whom stenosis was 〈50 % in diameter were classified as having a ‘normal’ angiogram (CAD−), otherwise the patients were allocated to the CAD+ group. The CAD+ group was further subcategorized into single-, double- and triple-vessel disease (VD). Serum sd-LDL concentrations were significantly lower in controls compared with CAD+ and CAD− patients ( P  〈 0.001). Moreover, CAD+ patients had higher concentrations of sd-LDL than CAD− patients ( P  〈 0.01). sd-LDL levels were not significantly associated with severity of CAD defined by the number of stenosed coronary arteries ( P  = 0.245). All participants were also categorized into subgroups with or without metabolic syndrome. Subjects with metabolic syndrome had higher levels of sd-LDL than subjects without metabolic syndrome ( P  〈 0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that in CAD patients, triacylglycerol, total-cholesterol, body mass index, and waist circumferences were the most important determinants of serum sd-LDL concentrations. We found that sd-LDL levels were significantly higher in patients presenting with symptoms of CAD. Moreover, patients with significant stenosis of their coronary arteries (〉50 % stenosis) had higher levels of sd-LDL compared to patients without significant lesions. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3706-x Authors Shima Yazdandoust, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science Research Campus of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Seyyed Mohammad Reza Parizadeh, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Mohsen Moohebati, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Parichehreh Yaghmaei, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science Research Campus of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Amir Ali Rahsepar, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Shima Tavallaie, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Soukhtanloo, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Roshanak Khojasteh, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Roghayeh Paydar, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Afsoon Fazlinezhad, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Homa Falsoleiman, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Mashalla Dehghani, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran Gordon A. Ferns, Faculty of Health, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Staffordshire, UK Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Because of efforts to decrease trans fatty acids (TFA) in the food supply, intake should be assessed in the population to establish a baseline TFA intake. The 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used to identify a benchmark for TFA intake. TFA was estimated by mean, median, and quintile of intake, TFA intake data were weighted using the NHANES 4-year sample weights. The main outcome measures included TFA intake in grams per day and percentage of energy in the top 25 food sources of TFA. Data are reported for 16,669 individuals ≥3 years of age. Median TFA intake was 2.3 % of calories (5 g/day) with 0.9–4.5 % of energy (1.5–13.1 g/day) over different quintiles of intake. Mean TFA intake was 2.5 % of energy (6.1 g/day). The range of TFA intake in the fifth quintile was very large, i.e., 3.5–12.5 % of energy or 8.8–92.4 g/day. Increasing quintiles of TFA intake were associated with increases in total fat (26.7–37.6 % of energy), saturated fat (7.6–10.5 % of energy), and calories (for those 〉20 years of age: 2,416–2,583 for men and 1,679–1,886 for women). Major food sources of dietary TFA were cakes, cookies, pies, and pastries. Based on current dietary guidance to consume as little industrial TFA as possible, much progress is needed to attain this goal, including food industry efforts to remove TFA from the food supply and educating the public about making healthy food choices. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3704-z Authors Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 319 Chandlee Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Michael Lefevre, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Utah State University, 9815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-9815, USA Ronald P. Mensink, Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Barbara Petersen, Exponent, Inc., 1150 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20036, USA Jennifer Fleming, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 319 Chandlee Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Brent D. Flickinger, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Randall Research Center, 1001 N. Brush College Rd., Decatur, IL 62521, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Little is known about exogenous inhibitors of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregation. The search for nontoxic and bioavailable inhibitors of LDL aggregation is of interest, especially considering that the suppression of the aggregation of LDL might represent a therapeutic approach. We hypothesized that amphiphilic copolymers of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, the so-called Pluronic block copolymers, can be used to influence the aggregation of LDL. In this work we used Pluronic ® P85, L61 and F68. A comparative study of the effects of Pluronic block copolymers with various hydrophilic–lipophilic properties on the aggregation process of LDL showed that Pluronic copolymers with strong hydrophobic properties (P85 and L61) at concentrations close to or greater than the respective critical concentration of micelle formation inhibited the aggregation process of LDL; however, the “hydrophilic” Pluronic F68 had no effect on the aggregation of LDL at any concentration. Thus, the study demonstrated for the first time that Pluronic ® block copolymers inhibit LDL self-association. The possibility of modulating the aggregation of LDL by various Pluronic copolymers can be regarded as a prerequisite in the creation of new types of anti-atherosclerotic drugs. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3699-5 Authors Alexandra A. Melnichenko, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia Denis V. Aksenov, Skolkovo Innovative Centre, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia Veronika A. Myasoedova, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia Oleg M. Panasenko, Skolkovo Innovative Centre, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia Alexander A. Yaroslavov, Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Igor A. Sobenin, Skolkovo Innovative Centre, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia Yuri V. Bobryshev, Skolkovo Innovative Centre, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow, Russia Alexander N. Orekhov, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    This study examined the effects of sesamin inclusion in vegetable oil-based diets fed to Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.). The diets used differed in n-6/n-3 fatty acid (FA) ratio (0.5 and 1) and sesamin content (high 5.8 g/kg, low 1.16 g/kg and no sesamin). The oils used in the feeds were a mixture of rapeseed, linseed and palm oil. Fish were fed for 4 months. Fatty acids and expression of hepatic genes involved in transcription, lipid uptake, desaturation, elongation and β-oxidation were measured. No major effects on the percentage of DHA in white muscle, liver triacylglycerol and phospholipid fraction were detected. Genes involved in β-oxidation, elongation and desaturation were affected by sesamin addition. Limited effects were seen on any of the transcription factors tested and no effect was seen on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). Expression of both SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 increased with sesamin addition. It was concluded that supplementation of fish feed with a high level of sesamin had a negative effect on the growth rate and live weight and did not alter the proportions of DHA in tissues even though gene expression was affected. Thus, more studies are needed to formulate a diet that would increase the percentage of DHA in fish without negative effects on fish growth. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3697-7 Authors A. Schiller Vestergren, Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden L. Wagner, Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden J. Pickova, Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden G. Rosenlund, Skretting ARC, P.O. Box 48, 4001 Stavanger, Norway A. Kamal-Eldin, Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden S. Trattner, Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7051, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The present study examined the effect of 4-[4-( Z )-hept-1-enyl-phenoxy] butyric acid (HUHS2002), a free fatty acid derivative, on α7 acetylcholine (ACh) receptor responses. HUHS2002 potentiated whole-cell membrane currents through α7 ACh receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes in a concentration (1–100 nM)-dependent manner, reaching about 140 % of the original amplitude at 100 nM 50 min after a 10-min treatment. The HUHS2002 effect was prevented by KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), while it was not affected by GF109203X, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), or H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA). In the in situ CaMKII assay using cultured rat hippocampal neurons, HUHS2002 activated CaMKII and the activation was abolished by KN-93. In the cell-free assay of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), HUHS2002 partially inhibited PP1 activity. Taken together, these results indicate that HUHS2002 potentiates α7 ACh receptor responses by indirectly activating CaMKII, possibly via inhibition of PP1. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3701-2 Authors Takeshi Kanno, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Tadashi Shimizu, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8530 Japan Akito Tanaka, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Advanced Medicinal Research Center, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-8530 Japan Takaaki Nishimoto, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Tomoyuki Nishizaki, Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, 663-8501 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The particular interest in supplementing human foods with n-3 fatty acids has arisen from the findings that this series of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have an impact on neuronal functions. Indeed vertebrates, including humans, preferentially use docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) over other long-chain n-3 PUFA for the genesis of their neuronal and retinal membranes. The grey mouse lemur is a nocturnal prosimian primate originating from Madagascar. The increased use of this omnivorous primate in nutritional studies (chronic caloric restriction, n-3 fatty acids supplementation), justifies the interest of determining their fatty acids body composition. In the present study, we report the fatty acid composition in lipid classes from the main target tissues (brain, retina, liver and adipose tissue) of six adult mouse lemurs raised under laboratory nutritional conditions. Among the main findings, n-6-docosapentaenoic acid (n-6-DPA; 22:5n-6) is very low in the brain cortex and retina, whereas there is a very high accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in the neural tissues compared to liver and plasma. In particular, DHA accounts for about one half of the total fatty acids in the retina ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. This high concentration clearly indicates that DHA is efficiently transferred from blood lipids to the outer segment of the mouse lemur retina. We conclude that the mouse lemur n-3 PUFA metabolism efficiently drives DHA to neural tissues, through the blood–brain barrier and the blood–retina barrier. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3686-x Authors Fabien Pifferi, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France Martine Perret, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France Philippe Guesnet, PG Consulting, 19 rue Montbauron, 78000 Versailles, France Fabienne Aujard, Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Brunoy, France Jean-Marc Alessandri, Département Alimentation Humaine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, bât. 230, Nurélice UR 909, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    We have previously shown that a high-protein, carbohydrate-free diet can decrease the production of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) from glucose and increase glyceroneogenesis in both brown (BAT) and epididymal (EAT) adipose tissue. Here, we utilized an in-vivo approach to examine the hypothesis that there is reciprocal regulation in the G3P synthesis from glucose (via glycolysis) and glyceroneogenesis in BAT, EAT and liver of fasted rats and cafeteria diet-fed rats. Glyceroneogenesis played a prominent role in the generation of G3P in the liver (~70 %) as well as in BAT and EAT (~80 %) in controls rats. The cafeteria diet induced an increase in the total glyceride-glycerol synthesis and G3P synthesis from glucose and a decrease in glyceroneogenesis in BAT; this diet did not affect either the total glyceride-glycerol synthesis or G3P generation from glyceroneogenesis or glycolysis in the liver or EAT. Fasting induced an increase in total glyceride-glycerol synthesis and glyceroneogenesis and a decrease in G3P synthesis from glucose in the liver but did not affect either the total glyceride-glycerol synthesis or G3P synthesis from glyceroneogenesis in BAT and EAT, despite a reduction in glycolysis in these tissues. These data demonstrate that reciprocal changes in the G3P generation from glucose and from glyceroneogenesis in the rat liver and BAT occur only when the synthesis of glycerides–glycerol is increased. Further, our data suggest that this increase may be essential for the systemic recycling of fatty acids by the liver from fasted rats and for the maintenance of the thermogenic capacity of BAT from cafeteria diet-fed rats. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3683-0 Authors Valéria E. Chaves, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenida Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Chanadour, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil Danúbia Frasson, Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Maria A. R. Garófalo, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Luiz C. C. Navegantes, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Renato H. Migliorini, Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Isis C. Kettelhut, Department of Biochemistry-Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Adipose tissue of obese individuals is characterized by increased fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. Extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that occurs during adipogenesis can be influenced by macrophages, but it remains unclear how macrophage-secreted factors alter preadipocyte ECM protein expression under non-adipogenic versus adipogenic conditions. Confluent human subcutaneous abdominal preadipocytes were cultured for 14 days, with or without adipogenic inducers, in either control medium, medium conditioned by THP-1 monocytes (THP-1-MonCM), or medium conditioned by THP-1 macrophages (THP-1-MacCM). Under non-adipogenic conditions in THP-1-MacCM, collagen I/III and fibronectin protein levels rose by 40 and 70 %, respectively ( p  〈 0.05, n  = 3; compared to control non-adipogenic medium). When preadipocytes were exposed to adipogenic inducers in THP-1-MacCM, collagen I/III levels increased by 50 %, but those of fibronectin fell by 48 %, both compared to non-adipogenic THP-1-MacCM conditions. The rise in collagen I/III levels contrasts with the 51 % decrease in collagen I/III that occurs with induction of differentiation in control medium, whereas, the decrease in fibronectin is more modest, but consistent in THP-1-MacCM (48 %) and control medium (92 %). A similar effect on fibronectin levels occurred using medium conditioned by LPS-treated human monocyte-derived macrophages (MD-MacCM). Our data indicate macrophage-derived factors regulate levels of collagen I/III and fibronectin in preadipocytes under non-adipogenic and adipogenic conditions. Further studies are needed to determine if these changes in these ECM proteins contribute to the anti-adipogenic action of MacCM. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3696-8 Authors AnneMarie Gagnon, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus C-4421, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Michelle N. Yarmo, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus C-4421, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Anne Landry, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus C-4421, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Alexander Sorisky, Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, General Campus C-4421, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to improve endurance by enhancing fat oxidation during exercise in rodents and humans. This study was designed to investigate the isomer-specific effects of CLA on endurance capacity and energy metabolism in mice during exercise. Male 129Sv/J mice were divided into three dietary groups and fed treatment diet for 6 weeks; control, 0.5 % cis -9, trans -11 ( c 9, t 11) CLA, or 0.5 % trans -10, cis -12 ( t 10, c 12) CLA. Dietary t 10, c 12 CLA induced a significant increase in maximum running time and distance until exhaustion with a dramatic reduction of total adipose depots compared to a control group, but there were no significant changes in endurance with the c 9, t 11 CLA treatment. Serum triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were significantly lower in the t 10, c 12 fed mice after exercise compared to control and the c 9, t 11 CLA fed-animals. Glycogen contents in livers of the t 10, c 12 fed-mice were higher than those in control mice, concomitant with reduction of serum l -lactate level. There were no differences in non-exercise physical activity among all treatment groups. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1β, uncoupling protein 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in skeletal muscle during exercise were significantly up-regulated by the t 10, c 12 CLA but not the c 9, t 11 CLA. These results suggest that the t 10, c 12 CLA is responsible for improving endurance exercise capacity by promoting fat oxidation with a reduction of the consumption of stored liver glycogen, potentially mediated via PPARδ dependent mechanisms. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3698-6 Authors Jun Ho Kim, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Jonggun Kim, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Yeonhwa Park, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, 102 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) patterns have been shown to predict risk for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. As part of a project analyzing RBC samples from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) we observed implausibly low levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) suggestive of degradation. This was hypothesized to be due to short term storage (〈1 month) at −20 °C during sample aliquoting. The purpose of this study was to measure the extent of degradation that occurs under these conditions, and then to use regression calibration equations with multiple imputations to correct the biases. Samples from the Women’s Health Initiative that had always been stored at −80 °C were obtained and subjected to similar conditions as the WHIMS samples. General linear mixed models were used to develop bias-corrected calibration equations for each fatty acid. Sample degradation occurred at −20 °C with the average HUFA loss of 3.5 to 5.9 % per week depending on aliquot size (250 and 80 µL, respectively). Using the ratio of HUFA to saturated fatty acids (HUFA/SAT) as a marker of degradation, this bias-correction method raised the HUFA/SAT from 0.70 to 0.81, which was similar to that (0.78) seen in another large study with optimal processing. In summary, RBC samples should always be stored at −80 °C. The FA compositions of the degraded RBC samples from WHIMS were rehabilitated by application of regression calibration equations and multiple imputations, and these imputed datasets should be used in all future WHIMS studies. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3693-y Authors James V. Pottala, OmegaQuant LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA Mark A. Espeland, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Jason Polreis, OmegaQuant LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA Jennifer Robinson, Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA William S. Harris, OmegaQuant LLC, Sioux Falls, SD, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Here we investigated the regulation of Pichia pastoris desaturase genes by low temperature and exogenous fatty acids in the late-exponential phase at the transcriptional level. Time-course studies of gene expression showed that mRNA levels of four desaturase genes were rapidly and transiently enhanced by low temperature and suppressed by exogenous oleic acid. Stearic acid showed no obvious repression of mRNA levels of Fad12 and Fad15 and a slight increase in Fad9A and Fad9B mRNA levels. Using a promoter–reporter gene construct, we demonstrated that the pFAD15 promoter activity was induced by low temperature in a time-dependent manner and reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner by unsaturated fatty acids. Also, there was no absolute correlation between mRNA abundance and production of corresponding fatty acids. Disruption of Spt23 resulted in a decrease in transcript levels of Fad9A and Fad9B , but had little effect on the other desaturase genes. Consistent with these observations, a decrease in the relative amount of oleic acid (OLA) and an increase in the relative content of linoleic acid and ALA with different degrees were clearly observed in the stationary phase cells of Δ Spt23 mutant. Further analysis showed that the effect of low-temperature activation and OLA inhibition on expression of Fad9A and Fad9B seemed to disappear after disruption of the Spt23 gene, which indicated that Spt23p is essential for the expression of two Δ9-desaturase genes internally and probably involved in the regulation of Δ9-desaturase genes transcription in response to external stimuli, and thereby plays a role in the synthesis of OLA. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3712-z Authors Ai-Qun Yu, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China Tong-Lei Shi, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China Biao Zhang, Tianjin Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China Lai-Jun Xing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China Ming-Chun Li, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People’s Republic of China Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Furan fatty acids (furan-FA) are oxidative products of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and may therefore be ingested when CLA-containing food or food-additives are consumed. Due to the presence of a furan ring structure the question arises whether furan-FA may have toxic properties on enterocytes and liver cells. Here we show that furan-FA neither have toxic effects in human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 nor in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 at concentrations that could be relevant for humans. At concentrations up to 100 μM, all tested furan-FA isomers showed no pronounced cytotoxicity and did not affect cellular proliferation or apoptosis up to concentrations of 500 μM. In addition, furan-FA was neither genotoxic in the micronucleus test using Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) nor in the Ames test independent of the presence or absence of rat liver homogenate for enzymatic activation of the furan ring structure. A proteomic approach revealed that 48 proteins were differentially expressed when Caco-2 cells were incubated with up to 1 mM of 10,13-epoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (10,12-furan-FA). Three of the 30 proteins that could be identified by MALDI-TOF analysis were upregulated and were associated with lipid droplet biogenesis. The remaining 27 proteins were downregulated and were considered to be associated with general cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription, protein biosynthesis and protein processing, lipid and energy metabolism. From the proteomic data we conclude that furan-FA is predominantly stored in lipid droplets thereby downregulating cellular metabolic activity and driving the cells into a state of rest. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3713-y Authors Imme Lengler, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Thorsten Buhrke, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Eileen Scharmach, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Alfonso Lampen, Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Plasma cholesterol concentrations increase with consumption of high saturated fatty acid (SFA) and decrease with high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets, leading to shifts in lipid levels consistent with reduction in heart disease risk. Direct measurements of cholesterol absorption, one of the key regulators of plasma cholesterol levels, have not been performed in humans after consumption of high PUFA diets. Thus, cholesterol absorption and fractional synthesis rates (FSRs) were measured in 16 healthy adults (8 males and 9 females) using a randomized cross-over study with a diet containing high (PUFA/SFA) P/S ratio (2:1) and a low P/S ratio (0.5:1). Cholesterol absorption and fractional cholesterol synthetic rates were measured using stable isotopes after 20 days of dietary intervention. Diet did not affect cholesterol absorption or synthesis. There was a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol concentrations ( P  〈 0.02), specifically LDL-cholesterol ( P  〈 0.02), without a change in HDL-cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations. Intraluminal cholesterol solubilization and plasma sterol (cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and plant sterols) levels were not affected by diet. Thus, consumption of diets with a high P/S ratio reduces plasma total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations independent of shifts in cholesterol absorption or synthesis. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3708-8 Authors Vanu R. Ramprasath, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2 Canada Peter J. H. Jones, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2 Canada Donna D. Buckley, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Laura A. Woollett, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA James E. Heubi, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Membrane structural organization is an intrinsic property of a cell membrane. Any changes in lipid composition, and/or any stimuli that affect molecular packing induce structural re-organization. It membrane dynamics provide a means by which changes in structure organization can be determined, upon a change in the membrane internal or external environment. Here, we report on the effect of thermo-stress on membranes containing cholesterol liquid crystal (LC) compounds cholesterol benzoate (BENZO) and oxidized cholesterols. We have (1) revealed that lipid vesicles containing this artificial cholesterol derivative (BENZO) is thermo-responsive, and that this thermo-sensitivity is significantly similar to naturally oxy-cholesterols (2) elucidated the mechanism behind the membrane perturbation. Using Langmuir monolayer experiments, we have demonstrated that membrane perturbation was due to an increase in the molecular surface area, (3) discussed the similarities between cholesterol benzoate in the cholesterol LC state and in lipid bilayer membranes. Last, (4) drawing from previously reported findings, our new data on membrane dynamics, and the discussion above, we propose that artificial cholesterol derivatives such as BENZO, open new possibilities for controlled and tailored design using model membrane systems. Examples could include the development of membrane technology and provide a trigger for progress in thermo-tropical liquid crystal engineering. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3695-9 Authors Tsuyoshi Yoda, School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan Mun’delanji C. Vestergaard, School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan Tsutomu Hamada, School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan Phuc Thi Minh Le, School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan Masahiro Takagi, School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Little is known about the association between plasma concentrations of fatty acid binding protein 3 and 4 and the risk of diabetes in population-based cohorts. In a prospective nested case–control design, we studied 149 cases of diabetes and 149 matched controls from the Physicians’ Health Study. Plasma fatty acid binding proteins were measured on frozen specimens collected between 1995 and 2001 by ELISA. Cases of diabetes were self-reported and validated in a subsample via review of medical records. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate multivariable relative risks. The mean age at baseline was 64.9 years and median plasma fatty acid binding protein 3 and 4 were 2.12 ng/ml (IQR 1.62–2.66) and 15.32 ng/ml (IQR 12.14–18.73), respectively. In separate models, each fatty acid binding protein was positively associated with the risk of diabetes in a conditional logistic regression adjusting for matching variables, smoking, and hypertension. However, upon adjustment for each other, only fatty acid binding protein 4 (but not 3) was positively associated with the risk of diabetes [relative risk (95 % CI) 1.0 (reference), 2.73 (1.08–6.89), 2.66 (1.11–6.42), and 6.89 (2.83–16.80) across consecutive quartiles of fatty acid binding protein 4, P for trend 〈0.0001]. The FABP4-diabetes association was modified by body mass index ( P interaction 0.03). Our data showed a positive association between plasma fatty acid binding protein 4 but not 3 and the risk of diabetes in US male physicians. The interaction with body mass index warrants further investigations. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3689-7 Authors Luc Djoussé, Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02120, USA J. Michael Gaziano, Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, 3rd Floor, Boston, MA 02120, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Oleic (OLA) and linoleic (LNA) acids are commonly consumed fatty acids and they can modulate the inflammatory response, in which macrophages play an important role. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these two fatty acids on the production of inflammatory mediators by macrophages. Rats received oral administration of water (control), OLA or LNA (0.22 g/kg body weight) daily for 10 days and peritoneal resident macrophages were then isolated. Subsequently, they were seeded in culture plates and the production of various inflammatory mediators was assessed. Oral administration with OLA decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and CINC-2αβ by resident macrophages and LNA decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6 and VEGF in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), although it accelerated IL-1β release and decreased IL-10 synthesis when cells were stimulated with LPS. Neither fatty acid affected the production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, TNF-α, PGE 2 , LTB 4 or 15( S )-HETE. Thus, OLA and LNA influence the production of several inflammatory mediators by macrophages. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3687-9 Authors Juliana Magdalon, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 1° andar, sala 105. Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Marco A. R. Vinolo, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 1° andar, sala 105. Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Hosana G. Rodrigues, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 1° andar, sala 105. Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Vivian A. Paschoal, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 1° andar, sala 105. Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Rosângela P. Torres, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Jorge Mancini-Filho, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Philip C. Calder, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Elaine Hatanaka, Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil Rui Curi, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 1° andar, sala 105. Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900 SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Autotaxin (ATX) is a glycoprotein that was first identified in the conditioned medium of human melanoma cells as an autocrine motility factor. It possesses lysophospholipase D activity, producing the bioactive lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine. Enhanced expression of ATX mRNA has been reported in various cancer cells and tissues, and it has been speculated that ATX overexpression in cancer cells may be associated with aberrant LPA production. LPA and ATX have been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis, and ovarian cancer is a representative example. In the present study, we measured the serum ATX antigen levels in patients with ovarian cancer and evaluated the usefulness of this parameter for clinical laboratory testing. The serum ATX antigen levels were not increased in ovarian cancer patients as compared with the levels in healthy subjects, and the serum ATX may not be useful as a biomarker for ovarian cancer. Content Type Journal Article Category Communication Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3691-0 Authors Kazuhiro Nakamura, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan Koji Igarashi, Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan Ryunosuke Ohkawa, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Hiromitsu Yokota, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Akiko Masuda, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan Shunsuke Nakagawa, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Tetsu Yano, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hitoshi Ikeda, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan Junken Aoki, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan Yutaka Yatomi, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Rumen metabolism (e.g., biohydrogenation) of dietary unsaturated fatty acids (FA) is one of the main reasons why ruminant fats tend to be highly saturated and contain many isomerized FA intermediates. The process by which long-chain (20- to 24-carbon FA) polyunsaturated FA (LC-PUFA) are metabolized by rumen bacteria is not as well understood as that of linoleic or linolenic acids. In order to better understand the fate of LC-PUFA in the rumen several concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were evaluated in in vitro batch incubations ranging from 100 to 1,500 μg per 6 mL of incubation volume using rumen fluid from sheep and incubated for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 h. From the results, it was shown that DHA was extensively metabolized at low (100 to 300 μg/6 mL incubation volume), but not at high level of inclusion (800 μg). At 300 μg of DHA most of the depleted DHA was recovered as LC-DHA metabolites within the first 6 h of incubation, and at the lowest levels (100 μg of incubation volume) further metabolism is apparent at 6 h. Using SP-2560 GC columns several LC-DHA metabolites were shown to elute after 24:0 and just past DHA, a region generally free of interfering FA. The present in vitro study would appear to be a useful method to evaluate the production of DHA metabolites in combination with its depletion. Content Type Journal Article Category Communication Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3688-8 Authors Noelia Aldai, Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 01006 Vitoria, Spain Gonzalo Hervás, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-ULE, Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain Álvaro Belenguer, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-ULE, Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain Pilar Frutos, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-ULE, Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain Angel R. Mantecón, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-ULE, Finca Marzanas, 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain John K. G. Kramer, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Delta (Δ) 5 desaturase is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of health-beneficial long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) via the “desaturation and elongation” pathways. A full length Δ5 desaturase gene from Euglena gracilis ( EgΔ5D ) was isolated by cloning the products of polymerase chain reaction with degenerate oligonucleotides as primers, followed by 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The whole coding region of EgΔ5D was 1,350 nucleotides in length and encoded a polypeptide of 449 amino acids. BlastP search showed that EgΔ5D has about 39 % identity with a Δ5 desaturase of Phaeodactylum tricornutum . In a genetically modified dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6) producing Yarrowia lipolytica strain, EgΔ5D had strong Δ5 desaturase activity with DGLA to ARA conversion of more than 24 %. Functional dissection of its HPGG and HDASH motifs demonstrated that both motifs were important, but not necessary in the exact form as encoded for the enzyme activity of EgΔ5D. A double mutant EgΔ5D - 34G158G with altered sequences within both HPGG and HDASH motifs was generated and exhibited Δ5 desaturase activity similar to the wild type EgΔ5D . Codon optimization of the N-terminal region of EgΔ5D - 34G158G and substitution of the arginine with serine at residue 347 improved substrate conversion to 27.6 %. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3690-1 Authors Dana Walters Pollak, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Michael W. Bostick, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Hyeryoung Yoon, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Jamie Wang, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Dieter H. Hollerbach, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Hongxian He, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Howard G. Damude, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Hongxiang Zhang, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Narendra S. Yadav, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Seung-Pyo Hong, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Pamela Sharpe, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Zhixiong Xue, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Quinn Zhu, Biochemical Sciences and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    IL-6 is a biologically active cytokine released during exercise by contracting skeletal muscles. It appears to be highly involved in the regulation of muscles energy substrate utilization. Whether an ablation of IL-6 (IL-6 KO) in mice subjected to a single bout of exercise affects lipid and/or glucose metabolism is currently unknown. In the present study we examined fatty acid (FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP-1, FATP-4) as well as glucose (GLUT-1, GLUT-4) transporters expression in IL-6 KO mice. In addition, intramuscular glycogen and lipid content was also evaluated. The expression of all fatty acid transporters (FAT/CD36: +25 %; FATP-1: +31 %; FABPpm: +12.7 %; FATP-4: +7.2 %) was increased in muscles from IL-6 KO mice compared to wild type (WT) mice. Accordingly intramuscular lipid content was also increased in these muscles (FFA: +38 %; DAG: +36 % and TAG: +160 %). Interestingly, IL-6 deficiency had only minor effect on glucose transporters expression (GLUT-1: −4 %, and GLUT-4: −5.1 %), with no apparent difference in muscular glycogen content. A single bout of exercise increased the glucose transporters (GLUT-1: +8 %; GLUT-4: +15 %) as well as FA transporters (FAT/CD36: +13 %; FABPpm: +4.5 %; FATP: +2.5 %, FATP-4: +10 %) expression but only in WT skeletal muscles. In muscles from IL-6 KO mice exercise induced changes only in glucose (GLUT-1: +20 %; GLUT-4: +35 %) but not in the content of FA transporters. Concomitantly, IL-6 KO mice displayed shorter time toward exhaustion with more pronounced reductions in intramuscular lipid and glycogen content. We may speculate, that IL-6 deficiency provokes more pronounced glucose utilization over lipid oxidation during a single bout of exhausting exercise. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3678-x Authors B. Łukaszuk, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland I. Bialuk, Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland J. Górski, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland M. Zajączkiewicz, Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland M. M. Winnicka, Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland A. Chabowski, Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    To investigate unusual odd-chain fatty acids (FA) from gonads of archaeogastropods, limpets Cellana grata and Cellana toreuma , a subfraction enriched in FA with two double bonds extracted from the gonads was obtained by using argentation thin-layer chromatography. The resulting fraction was analyzed by using capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of its methyl esters, 3-pyridylcarbinol esters and pyrrolidide derivatives. Six novel all- cis diene isomers were identified as 7,18-heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ7,18), 8,14-tricosadienoic (23:2Δ8,14), 9,15-tricosadienoic (23:2Δ9,15), 7,18-tricosadienoic (23:2Δ7,18), 9,18-tricosadienoic (23:2Δ9,18), and 9,20-tricosadienoic (23:2Δ9,20) acids. In the present study, the differences in the proportion of tricosadienoic acid isomers between the ovary lipids of C. grata and C. toreuma were recognized. Content Type Journal Article Category Communication Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3692-z Authors Hideki Kawashima, Bioscience Laboratory, Miyako College, Iwate Prefectural University, Miyako, 027-0039 Japan Masao Ohnishi, Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, 080-8555 Japan Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Mucositis affects about 40 % of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), mainly butyrate, are claimed to improve mucosal integrity, reduce intestinal permeability and act as anti-inflammatory agents for the colon mucosa. We evaluated the effects of oral administration of SCFA or butyrate in the 5FU-induced mucositis. Mice received water, SCFA or butyrate during all experiment (10 days) and a single dose of 5FU (200 mg/kg) 3 days before euthanasia. We evaluated inflammatory and histological score by morphometry, and by activity of enzymes specific to neutrophil, eosinophil and macrophage and TLR-4, TNF-alpha and IL6 expressions. Intestinal permeability and tight junction protein ZO-1 expression were evaluated. Mice from the 5FU (5-Fluorouracil) group presented weight loss, ulcerations and inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils, increased expression of IL6 and TNF-alpha and increased intestinal permeability. SCFA minimized intestinal damage, reduced ulcerations without affecting intestinal permeability. Butyrate alone was more efficient at improving those parameters than in SCFA solution and also reduced intestinal permeability. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ZO-1 tended to be higher in the SCFA supplemented but not in the butyrate supplemented group. We showed the beneficial effects of butyrate on intestinal mucositis and its promising function as an adjuvant in the treatment of diseases not only of the colon, but also of the small intestine. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3680-3 Authors Talita Mayra Ferreira, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Alda Jusceline Leonel, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Marco Antônio Melo, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Rosana R. G. Santos, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Denise Carmona Cara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Valbert N. Cardoso, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Maria I. T. D. Correia, Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Jacqueline I. Alvarez-Leite, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    When fatty acids in fish are analyzed, results in percentage form (profile analysis) are mostly reported. However, the much more useful results expressed as mg/100 g (absolute analysis) is the main information required. Absolute methods based on calibration curves are of good accuracy but with a high degree of complexity if applied to a great number of analytes. Procedures based on the sequence profile analysis–total FA determination–absolute analysis may be suitable for routine use, but suffer from a number of uncertainties that have never been really resolved. These uncertainties are mainly related to the profile analysis. In fact, most profile analyses reported in the literature disagree about the number and type of fatty acids monitored as well as about the total percentage to assign to their sum so leading to possible inaccuracies; in addition the instrumental response factor for all FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) is often considered as a constant, but this is not exactly true. In this work, a set of 24 fatty acids was selected and studied on 12 fish species in the Mediterranean area (variable in lipid content and month of sampling): in our results, and in these species, this set constitutes, on average, 90 ± 3 % of the total fatty acid content. Moreover the error derived from the assumption of a unique response factor was investigated. Two different detection techniques (GC-FID and GC–MS) together with two capillary columns (different in length and polarity) were used in order to acquire complementary data on the same sample. With the protocol here proposed absolute analyses on the 12 cited species are easily achievable by the total FA determination procedure. The accuracy of this approach is good in general, but in some cases (DHA for example) is lower than the accuracy of calibration-based methods. The differences were evaluated on a case by case basis. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3679-9 Authors Teresina Nevigato, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy Maurizio Masci, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy Elena Orban, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy Gabriella Di Lena, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy Irene Casini, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy Roberto Caproni, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    This study investigated the effect of two partially hydrolyzed guar gums (PHGG) on fatty acid and sterol excretion. PHGG were obtained by chemical hydrolysis of guar gum (GG) with H 2 O:EtOH (1:1) at 100 °C for 1 h (PHGG1) or 2 h (PHGG2). The viscosity of the PHGG in a 1 % (w/v) aqueous solution corresponded to that of a pseudoplastic fluid and was higher for PHGG1 than PHGG2. Guinea pigs ( n  = 8 per group) were fed high fat diets (17/100 g) that contained 12/100 g of cellulose, PHGG1, or PHGG2 for 4 weeks. Despite the differences in viscosity, the two PHGG exerted similar physiological effects. Compared to the control cellulose group, the body weight gain was lower in animals fed PHGG, although no effect on food consumption was observed. PHGG increased the excretion of fatty acids and neutral sterols, but not bile acids. Consumption of PHGG did not alter the fecal fatty acid profile, while intestinal bioconversion of sterols tended to increase in response to PHGG2. A reduction in the viscosity within the range tested did not correlate with losses in the hypocholesterolemic capacity of PHGG as both were effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. Thus, we conclude that the chemical hydrolysis of guar gum renders the gum suitable for inclusion in food products without significantly altering its beneficial health effects. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3682-1 Authors Jonathan Santas, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA-INSA, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Jordi Espadaler, AB-Biotics, S.A., Parc Tecnològic del Vallès, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain Jordi Cuñé, AB-Biotics, S.A., Parc Tecnològic del Vallès, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain Magda Rafecas, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA-INSA, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    (8 R )-Hydroperoxy-(9 Z ,12 Z )-octadecadienoic acid (8-HPODE) is formed by aspergilli as an intermediate in biosynthesis of oxylipins with effects on sporulation. 8-HPODE is transformed by separate diol synthases to (5 S ,8 R )-dihydroxy- and (8 R ,11 S )-dihydroxy-(9 Z ,12 Z )-octadecadienoic acids (5,8- and 8,11-DiHODE). The former is formed by the cytochrome P450 (P450) domain of 5,8-linoleate diol synthase (5,8-LDS or PpoA). Our aim was to characterize the 8,11-diol synthase of Aspergillus fumigatus , which is prominent in many strains. The 8,11-diol synthase was soluble and had a larger molecular size (〉100 kDa) than most P450. Miconazole, ketoconazole, and 1-benzylimidazole, classical inhibitors of P450, reduced the biosynthesis of 8,11-DiHODE from 8-HPODE (apparent IC 50 values ~0.8, ~5, and ~0.6 μM, respectively), but did not inhibit the biosynthesis of 5,8-DiHODE. Analysis of hydroperoxides of regioisomeric C 18 and C 20 fatty acids showed that the 8,11-diol synthase was specific for certain hydroperoxides with R configuration. The suprafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygen insertion at C-11 of 8-HPODE was associated with a small deuterium kinetic isotope effect ( H k cat / D k cat ~1.5), consistent with P450-catalyzed oxidation. The genome of A. fumigatus contains over 70 P450 sequences. The reaction mechanism, size, and solubility of 8,11-diol synthase pointed to PpoB, a homologue of 5,8-LDS, as a possible candidate of this activity. Gene deletion of ppoB of A. fumigatus strains AF:∆ku80 and J272 did not inhibit biosynthesis of 8,11-DiHODE and recombinant PpoB appeared to lack diol synthase activity. We conclude that 8,11-DiHODE is formed from 8-HPODE by a soluble and substrate-specific 8,11-diol synthase with catalytic characteristics of class III P450. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3673-2 Authors Fredrik Jernerén, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden Ernst H. Oliw, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The leptocephalus larva of eels distinguishes the elopomorph fishes from all other bony fishes. The leptocephalus is long lived and increases in size primarily through the synthesis and deposition of glycosaminoglycans. Energy stored during the larval stage, in the form of glycosaminoglycan and lipids, is required to fuel migration, metamorphosis and metabolism of the subsequent glass eel stage. Despite the importance of energy storage by leptocephali for survival and recruitment, their diet, condition and lipid content and composition is essentially unknown. To gain further insight into energy storage and condition of leptocephali, we determined the lipid class and fatty acid concentration of larvae collected on a cross-shelf transect off Broome, northwestern Australia. The total lipid concentration of two families and four sub-families of leptocephali ranged from 2.7 to 7.0 mg g wet weight −1 , at the low end of the few published values. Phospholipid and triacylglycerol made up ca. 63 % of the total lipid pool. The triacylglycerol:sterol ratio, an index of nutritional condition, ranged from 0.9 to 3.7, indicating that the leptocephali were in good condition. The predominant fatty acids were 16:0 (23 mol%), 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 16 mol%), 18:0 (8.2 mol%), 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, 6.7 mol%), 18:1n-9 (6.4 mol%) and 16:1n-7 (6.3 mol%). The DHA:EPA ratio ranged from 2.4 to 2.9, sufficient for normal growth and development of fish larvae generally. The leptocephali had proportions of bacterial markers 〉4.4 %, consistent with the possibility that they consume appendicularian houses or other marine snow that is bacteria rich. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3670-5 Authors D. Deibel, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada C. C. Parrish, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada P. Grønkjær, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark P. Munk, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark T. Gissel Nielsen, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    A large proportion of the Chinese population is now at risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma phospholipids (PL) fatty acids and the risk of NAFLD. One hundred NAFLD patients and 100 healthy subjects were recruited in Hangzhou, China. Plasma PL and selected biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed by using standard methods. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors of NAFLD. Plasma PL total saturated fatty acid (SFA), C20:3n-6, serum alanine aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were independent risk factors of NAFLD. The risk of NAFLD was significantly increased with higher quartiles of plasma PL total SFA ( P for trend = 0.028) and C20:3n-6 ( P for trend 〈0.001); plasma PL docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) was significantly lower in NAFLD patients than in controls ( P  = 0.032) and the OR of NAFLD in the highest quartile of C22:6n-3 was 0.41 (95 % CI = 0.17–0.97) compared with the lowest quartile. In conclusion, plasma PL total SFA and C20:3n-6 are positively correlated with the risk of NAFLD, while C22:6n-3 is negatively correlated with the risk of NAFLD. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3671-4 Authors Ju-Sheng Zheng, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China Amei Xu, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China Tao Huang, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China Xiaomei Yu, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China Duo Li, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 China Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Several methods are available to extract total lipid and methylate fatty acids from a range of samples including red blood cells (RBC). Fatty acid analysis of human RBC can be undertaken using a two-step extraction and methylation or a combined one-step extraction and methylation procedure. The lipid composition of sheep RBC differs significantly from that of humans and may affect their extraction. The purpose of the current study was to examine the efficiency of extraction of lipid and detection of fatty acids from sheep RBC using a one-step procedure. Fatty acids were analysed using a one-step extraction and methylation procedure using methanol:toluene and acetyl chloride in comparison with a two-step procedure involving extraction of lipid using chloroform:methanol and separate methylation. Concentrations of saturated fatty acids including C16:0 and C18:0 were significantly higher (42.6 and 33.9 % respectively) following extraction using the one-step procedure compared with the two-step procedure. However, concentrations of some polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were not significantly different between either procedure. The improved detection of fatty acids may be related to the ability of different solvents to extract different lipid fractions. The differential extraction of lipids and detection of fatty acids from sheep RBC may have important implications in studies examining the effect of dietary treatment on the possible health benefits of fatty acids. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3674-1 Authors Edward H. Clayton, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Rd, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia Catherine E. Gulliver, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, an alliance between NSW DPI and Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia John W. Piltz, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Rd, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia Robert D. Taylor, Australian Livestock Research, Charlestown Rd, Kotara South, NSW 2289, Australia Robert J. Blake, Hunter New England Area Health Service, John Hunter Hospital, Lookout Rd, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia Richard G. Meyer, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Rd, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Phospholipids and glycolipids from two recently described species belonging to the thermophilic genus Anoxybacillus were analyzed by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI–MS/MS). Analysis of total lipids from the facultatively anaerobic A. bogrovensis on a HILIC (Hydrophilic Interaction LIquid Chromatography) column succeeded in separating diacyl- and plasmalogen phospholipids. The LC/ESI–MS/MS analysis of the strict aerobe A. rupiensis revealed the presence of different unique polar lipids, predominantly alanyl-, lysyl-, and glucosyl-phosphatidylglycerols and cardiolipins. Each of the classes of polar lipids was then analyzed by means of the ESI–MS/MS and more than 140 molecular species of six lipid classes from A. bogrovensis and nearly 200 molecular species of nine classes of polar lipids from A. rupiensis were identified. Five classes of unidentified polar lipids were detected in both strains. Plasmalogens were thus determined for the first time in a facultatively anaerobic bacterium, i.e. A. bogrovensis . Content Type Journal Article Category Methods Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3675-0 Authors Tomáš Řezanka, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic Margarita Kambourova, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, acad. G. Bonchev str. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Anna Derekova, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, acad. G. Bonchev str. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Irena Kolouchová, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic Karel Sigler, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The levels of trans isomers of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in 77 omega-3 products on the European market have been studied. Fatty acids were analyzed as fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, using a cyanopropyl coated stationary phase. The amount of mono- trans EPA isomers relative to the corresponding all- cis isomer ranged from 0.19 to 4.5 %. The corresponding values for mono- trans DHA relative to the all- cis isomer ranged from 0.25 to 5.9 %. There was a strong correlation between the degree of isomerization of EPA and DHA, showing that DHA was 1.26 times more isomerized than EPA. Division of the samples into different product groups showed that samples with a low degree of isomerization were found in all groups, except one. This shows that a high degree of isomerization is avoidable, and also points to deodorization of the oils as the main source of trans isomers. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3672-3 Authors Caterina Sciotto, Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway Svein A. Mjøs, Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an essential fatty acid necessary for many biochemical, cellular and physiological functions in fish. However, high dietary levels of DHA increase free radical injury in sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) larvae muscle, even when vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-TOH) is increased. Therefore, the inclusion of other nutrients with complementary antioxidant functions, such as vitamin C (ascorbic acid, vitC), could further contribute to prevent these lesions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of vitC inclusion (3,600 mg/kg) in high DHA (5 % DW) and α-TOH (3,000 mg/kg) microdiets (diets 5/3,000 and 5/3,000 + vitC) in comparison to a control diet (1 % DHA DW and 1,500 mg/kg of α-TOH; diet 1/1,500) on sea bass larvae growth, survival, whole body biochemical composition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, muscle morphology, skeletal deformities and antioxidant enzymes, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and myosin expression (MyHC). Larvae fed diet 1/1,500 showed the best performance in terms of total length, incidence of muscular lesions and ossification degree. IGFs gene expression was elevated in 5/3,000 diet larvae, suggesting an increased muscle mitogenesis that was confirmed by the increase in the mRNA copies of MyHC. vitC effectively controlled oxidative damages in muscle, increased α-TOH larval contents and reduced TBARS content and the occurrence of skull deformities. The results of the present study showed the antioxidant synergism between vitamins E and C when high contents of DHA are included in sea bass larvae diets. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3730-x Authors Mónica B. Betancor, Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Mª. José Caballero, Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Genciana Terova, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy Samuela Corà, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy Reda Saleh, Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Tibiábin Benítez-Santana, Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain J. Gordon Bell, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK Carmen María Hernández-Cruz, Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Marisol Izquierdo, Aquaculture Research Group, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, 35413 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Despite its many health benefits, many consumers avoid fish oil supplements due to fishy tastes and odors. Common chemical measures of oxidation have little correlation with sensory properties, making it difficult to determine the sensory quality of fish oil without the use of an expensive sensory panel. Here we investigate an alternative method to assess oxidation using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fish oils containing different amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were oxidized, and headspace volatiles were monitored over time and compared to sensory evaluations by a taste panel. Peroxide value and anisidine value were also measured. Sensory panel scores and headspace volatile data were analyzed using principal component analysis and linear regression to identify key volatiles responsible for changes in sensory degradation of oils over time. A total of eight compounds were identified, primarily aldehydes and ketones. By monitoring these volatiles, it may be possible to create a simple method to assess oxidation in fish oils that correlates well with sensory properties of the oil without the use of a sensory panel. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3733-7 Authors Jenna C. Sullivan Ritter, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada Suzanne M. Budge, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The relevance of serum apolipoprotein E (apoE) levels to two hypertriglyceridemic dyslipidemias has not been clarified. We explored, in a cross-sectional (and short-term prospective) evaluation, the independent relationship of serum apoE to the atherogenic dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia with elevated apoB (HtgB) and to apoA-I dysfunctionality, previously shown in Turkish adults to be independent of apoE genotype. Serum apoE concentrations were measured by immunonephelometry in 1,127 middle-aged adults. In multivariable regression analysis, apoE concentrations showed log-linear associations with apoB and apoA-I levels, waist circumference, independent of C-reactive protein (CRP), homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index and other confounders. The likelihood of atherogenic dyslipidemia and of HtgB roughly tripled per 1-SD increment in apoE concentrations, additively to apoE genotype, HOMA, apoA-I, CRP concentrations and waist circumference; yet apoA-I, protective against atherogenic dyslipidemia, appeared to promote HtgB, a finding consistent with apoA-I dysfunctionality in this setting. Each 1-SD increment in the apoE level was moreover, associated in both genders with MetS (at OR 1.5), after adjustment for sex, age, apoB, apoA-I and CRP, or for apoE genotypes. Circulating apoE predicted in both genders age-adjusted prevalent and incident coronary heart disease (CHD), independent of apoE genotype and CRP (OR 1.32 [95 % CI 1.11; 1.58]). To conclude, in a general population prone to MetS, elevated apoE concentrations are strongly linked to HtgB and atherogenic dyslipidemia, irrespective of apoE genotype, are associated with MetS and CHD. Excess apoE reflects pro-inflammatory state and likely autoimmune activation. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3724-8 Authors Altan Onat, Turkish Society of Cardiology, Nisbetiye cad. 59/24, Istanbul, Etiler 34335, Turkey Günay Can, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey Ender Örnek, Etlik Ihtisas Education Hospital, Ankara, Etlik, Turkey Erkan Ayhan, Cardiology Department, Medical Faculty, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey Nihan Erginel-Ünaltuna, Department of Genetics, Institute for Experimental Medical, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey Sani N. Murat, Etlik Ihtisas Education Hospital, Ankara, Etlik, Turkey Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description: Omega-3 Index Determined by Gas Chromatography with Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11745-007-3060-6 Authors E. O. Abu, Southampton General Hospital Department of Chemical Pathology Tremona Road SO16 6YD Southampton UK I. Oluwatowoju, Southampton General Hospital Department of Chemical Pathology Tremona Road SO16 6YD Southampton UK P. C. Calder, University of Southampton Institute of Human Nutrition Southampton UK Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is thought to have anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties, but its effect on cancer cachexia is unknown. Two effects were here investigated: that of CLA on inflammatory mediator production in human lung cancer cells, and that of reduced mediators on the myogenic differentiation of murine muscle C2C12 cells. The latter cells were grown in medium conditioned by human lung cancer A427 cells, with or without CLA, to mimic only the effect of molecules released from the tumor “in vivo”, excluding the effect of host-produced cachectic factors. The results obtained show that CLA was found to reduce the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but had no effect on IL-6 production. The mechanisms underlying the effect of CLA on cytokine or PGE2 release in A427 cells are probably mediated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, which increased at 24 h CLA treatment. In turn, the reduced content of inflammatory mediators in medium conditioned by A427 cells, in the presence of CLA, allowed muscle cells to proliferate, again by inducing PPAR. The involvement of PPARα was demonstrated by treatment with the antagonist MK-886. The findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and myogenic action of CLA and point to its possible application as a novel dietary supplement and therapeutic agent in inflammatory disease states, such as cachexia. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3734-6 Authors Manuela Oraldi, Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Corso Raffello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy Marina Maggiora, Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Corso Raffello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy Elena Paiuzzi, Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Corso Raffello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy Rosa A. Canuto, Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Corso Raffello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy Giuliana Muzio, Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Corso Raffello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The effect of a 10-week supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids [via sunflower oil/DHA-rich algae (SUNA) or linseed oil/DHA-rich algae (LINA) enriched diets] versus saturated fatty acids (SAT) of lactating German Holstein dairy cows in mid-lactation on expression patterns of lipid metabolism-associated genes and gene products in hepatic, longissimus muscle and subcutaneous/perirenal/omental adipose tissue was assessed. Most pronounced transcriptomic responses to dietary PUFA were obtained in hepatic [down-regulated ACACA (FC = 0.83, SUNA; FC = 0.86, LINA), FADS1 (FC = 0.60, SUNA; FC = 0.72, LINA), FADS2 (FC = 0.64, SUNA; FC = 0.79, LINA), FASN (FC = 0.64, SUNA; FC = 0.72, LINA), SCD (FC = 0.37, SUNA; FC = 0.47, LINA) and SREBF1 (FC = 0.79, SUNA, LINA) expression] and omental adipose [up-regulated ACACA (FC = 1.58, SUNA; FC = 1.22, LINA), ADFP (FC = 1.33, SUNA; FC = 1.32, LINA), CEBPA (FC = 1.75, SUNA; FC = 1.40, LINA), FASN (FC = 1.57, SUNA; FC = 1.21, LINA), LPL (FC = 1.50, SUNA; FC = 1.20, LINA), PPARG (FC = 1.36, SUNA; FC = 1.12, LINA), SCD (FC = 1.41, SUNA; FC = 1.17, LINA) and SREBF1 (FC = 1.56, SUNA; FC = 1.18, LINA) expression] tissue. Interestingly, gene/gene product associations were comparatively low in hepatic and omental adipose tissue compared with longissimus muscle, perirenal adipose and subcutaneous adipose tissue, indicating matches only in regard to minor concentrations of SCD product 18:1 c 9, FADS1 product 20:4n-6 and FADS2 product 18:3n-6 in hepatic tissue, and higher concentrations of ACACA and FASN gene products 12:0 and 14:0 and SCD product 18:2 c 9, t 11 in omental adipose tissue. Whereas all analyzed tissues accumulated dietary PUFA and their ruminally generated biohydrogenation products, tissue-divergent preferences for certain fatty acids were identified. This descriptive study reports tissue-divergent effects of dietary PUFA and outlines the significance of a PUFA intervention with regard to dairy cows’ nutritional management. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3737-3 Authors Beate Hiller, Research Units Muscle Biology and Growth and Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany Joaquin Angulo, Group Grica, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Antioquia, AA 1226 Medellín, Colombia Martha Olivera, Group Grica, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Antioquia, AA 1226 Medellín, Colombia Gerd Nuernberg, Research Units Muscle Biology and Growth and Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany Karin Nuernberg, Research Units Muscle Biology and Growth and Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    The prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa is increasing rapidly, and treatment remains challenging. Although the use of l -carnitine in treatment has received much attention, studies reporting on physiological l -carnitine levels in hypertensives are limited. Our aim was to determine physiological levels of l -carnitine and acylcarnitines in African and Caucasian men, and to investigate associations between ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and carnitine levels. Participants included 101 African and 101 Caucasian teachers. Ambulatory BP measurements were conducted, and l -carnitine and acylcarnitine levels determined. African men showed significantly higher systolic BP ( p  〈 0.001), diastolic BP ( p  〈 0.001) and l -carnitine levels ( p  = 0.01). In both ethnic groups, partial regression analyses revealed a positive association between BP and l -carnitine, although in Caucasians it was with systolic ( r  = 0.20, p  = 0.045), and in Africans with diastolic BP ( r  = 0.23, p  = 0.023). After adjusting for confounders, an independent positive association between systolic ( R 2  = 0.37, β = 0.12, p  = 0.041) and diastolic BP ( R 2  = 0.39, β = 0.14, p  = 0.018) and l -carnitine and long-chain acylcarnitines ( R 2  = 0.38, β = 0.17, p  = 0.005 and R 2  = 0.39, β = 0.15, p  = 0.011) were found, independent of ethnicity. Physiological l -carnitine levels were not only higher in Africans than in Caucasians but also above the expected reference range. Despite promising results on l -carnitine (and its short-chain derivatives) in hypertension treatment regimens, our findings paradoxically show that elevated BP is significantly associated with higher physiological l -carnitine and long-chain acylcarnitine levels. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3732-8 Authors Catharina M. C. Mels, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Aletta E. Schutte, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Elardus Erasmus, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Hugo W. Huisman, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Rudolph Schutte, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Carla M. T. Fourie, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Ruan Kruger, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Johannes M. Van Rooyen, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Wayne Smith, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Nicolaas T. Malan, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Leoné Malan, Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Epidemiological data have shown an association of the intake of industrial produced trans fatty acids (TFA) and sudden cardiac death. The present study examines the impact of elaidic acid ( t 18:1n-9) and linoelaidic acid ( t 18:2n-6) on the human aortic endothelial cell functional response. Trans fatty acids predominately incorporated into the phospholipid component while only a minute fraction of the total fatty acids (FA) incorporated into triacylglycerol. Trans fatty acids incorporated into the plasma membranes at the expense of the saturated-FA, stearic, palmitic, and to a lesser extent, myristic acid. Both t 18:1n-9 and t 18:2n-6 induced a pro-inflammatory response by elevating surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Neither oleic nor linoleic evoked a pro-inflammatory phenotype under the maximal 50 µM treatments. Both TFA and stearic acid increased phosphorylation of the ICAM-1 transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ), while oleic and linoleic acids did not appear to alter the phosphorylation status. Elaidic acid minimally affected endothelial cell growth, whereas linoelaidic acid completely inhibited growth at 100 µM and imparted limited cytotoxicity up to 300 µM. Stearic acid induced cytotoxicity at concentrations above 75 µM, while oleic and linoleic acids evoked gradual dose-dependent growth inhibition with cytotoxicity occurring only at linoleic acid concentrations greater than 200 µM. In conclusion, t 18:1n-9 and t 18:2n-6 fatty acids effectively incorporated into the phospholipid component of endothelial cells and subsequently induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3681-2 Authors Kevin A. Harvey, Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Candace L. Walker, Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Zhidong Xu, Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Phillip Whitley, Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Rafat A. Siddiqui, Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201

Description:    Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) can metabolize arachidonic acid (ARA) into pro-inflammatory mediators such as the eoxins, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE), and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. We have in this study investigated the formation of various lipid hydroperoxide by either purified 15-LO-1 or in the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L1236, which contain abundant amount of 15-LO-1. Both purified 15-LO-1 and L1236 cells produced lipid hydroperoxides more efficiently when anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol ester was used as substrate than with ARA. Furthermore, L1236 cells converted AEA to a novel class of cysteinyl-containing metabolites. Based on RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry and comparison to synthetic products, these metabolites were identified as the ethanolamide of the eoxin (EX) C 4 and EXD 4 . By using the epoxide EXA 4 -ethanol amide, it was also found that platelets have the capacity to produce the ethanolamide of EXC 4 and EXD 4 . We suggest that the ethanolamides of the eoxins should be referred to as eoxamides, in analogy to the ethanolamides of prostaglandins which are named prostamides. The metabolism of AEA into eoxamides might engender molecules with novel biological effects. Alternatively, it might represent a new mechanism for the termination of AEA signalling. Content Type Journal Article Category Original Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11745-012-3684-z Authors Pontus K. A. Forsell, Orexo AB, Uppsala, Sweden Åsa Brunnström, Orexo AB, Uppsala, Sweden Malin Johannesson, Orexo AB, Uppsala, Sweden Hans-Erik Claesson, Orexo AB, Uppsala, Sweden Journal Lipids Online ISSN 1558-9307 Print ISSN 0024-4201