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  • Oxford University Press  (398)
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  • Articles  (398)
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  • Oxford University Press  (398)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Frontiers Media
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  • 2015-2019  (398)
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  • 1
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    Comparative proteomic analysis unravels a role for EsrB in the regulation of reactive oxygen species stress responses in Edwardsiella piscicida (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: As a leading pathogen, Edwardsiella piscicida can cause hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and gastro-intestinal infections in humans. The two-component regulatory system EsrA-EsrB plays essential roles in pathogenesis through the type III and type VI secretion systems, and hemolysin production in E. piscicida . It is unclear whether other virulence- or stress response-associated genes are regulated by EsrA-EsrB. In this study, the proteomes of wild-type E. piscicida EIB202 and esrB mutant strains were compared to reveal EsrB regulon components after growth in Luria–Bertani broth (LB). Overall, the expression levels of nine genes exhibited significant changes, and five of them required the presence of EsrB, while others exhibited higher levels in the esrB mutant. The diverse functions of these proteins were identified, including amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress defense and energy production. Interestingly, superoxidase dismutase and thiol peroxidase were the most significantly down-regulated by EsrB. Furthermore, other reported reactive oxygen species (ROS) resistance-related genes were also down-regulated by EsrB as revealed by quantitative real-time. Compared with the wild-type and the complement strain esrB + , esrB displayed a significantly enhanced ROS resistance. These results demonstrated that EsrB plays important roles in the ROS resistance pathway in E. piscicida grown in LB conditions.
    Keywords: Pathogens & Pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Importance of fumarate and nitrate reduction regulatory protein for intestinal proliferation of Vibrio vulnificus (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: The sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus is characterized by an average incubation period of 26 h and a high mortality rate exceeding 50%. The fast growth and dissemination of V. vulnificus in vivo lead to poor clinical outcomes in patients. Therefore, elucidation of the proliferation mechanisms of this organism in vivo may lead to the development of an effective therapeutic strategy. In this study, we focused on the low oxygen concentration in the intestinal milieu because of its drastic difference from that in air. Fumarate and nitrate reduction regulatory protein (FNR) is known to be a global transcriptional regulator for adaptation to anaerobic conditions in various bacteria. We generated a strain of V. vulnificus in which the fnr gene was replaced with an erythromycin resistance gene ( fnr :: erm mutant). When the fnr :: erm mutant was tested in a growth competition assay against the wild-type (WT) in vivo , the competitive index of fnr :: erm mutant to WT in the intestinal loop and liver was 0.378 ± 0.192 (mean ± SD) and 0.243 ± 0.123, respectively. These data suggested that FNR is important for the proliferation of V. vulnificus in the intestine to achieve a critical mass to be able to invade the systemic circulation.
    Keywords: Pathogens & Pathogenicity
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
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    The excreted microbiota of bats: evidence of niche specialisation based on multiple body habitats (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: Animal-associated microbiotas form complex communities, which play crucial functions for their host, including susceptibility to infections. Despite increasing attention to bats as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, their microbiota is poorly documented, especially for samples potentially implicated in pathogen transmission such as urine and saliva. Here, using low-biomass individual samples, we examined the composition and structure of bacterial communities excreted by insectivorous bats, focusing on three body habitats (saliva, urine and faeces). We show that niche specialisation occurs as bacterial community composition was distinct across body habitats with the majority of phylotypes being body habitat specific. Our results suggest that urine harbours more diverse bacterial communities than saliva and faeces and reveal potentially zoonotic bacteria such as Leptospira , Rickettsia , Bartonella and Coxiella in all body habitats. Our study emphasised that, in addition to the traditional use of gut-associated samples such as faeces, both urine and saliva are also of interest because of their diverse microbiota and the potential transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Our results represent a critical baseline for future studies investigating the interactions between microbiota and infection dynamics in bats.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
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    Vitamin C targets (p)ppGpp synthesis leading to stalling of long-term survival and biofilm formation in Mycobacterium smegmatis (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Description: Earlier, vitamin C was demonstrated to sterilize Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture via Fenton's reaction at high concentration. It alters the regulatory pathways associated with stress response and dormancy. Since (p)ppGpp is considered to be the master regulator of stress response and is responsible for bacterial survival under stress, we tested the effect of vitamin C on the formation of (p)ppGpp. In vivo estimation of (p)ppGpp showed a decrease in (p)ppGpp levels in vitamin C-treated M. smegmatis cells in comparison to the untreated cells. Furthermore, in vitro (p)ppGpp synthesis using Rel MSM enzyme was conducted in order to confirm the specificity of the inhibition in the presence of variable concentrations of vitamin C. We observed that vitamin C at high concentration can inhibit the synthesis of (p)ppGpp. We illustrated binding of vitamin C to Rel MSM by isothermal titration calorimetry. Enzyme kinetics was followed where K 0.5 was found to be increased with the concomitant reduction of V max value suggesting mixed inhibition. Both long-term survival and biofilm formation were inhibited by vitamin C. The experiments suggest that vitamin C has the potential to be developed as the inhibitor of (p)ppGpp synthesis and stress response, at least in the concentration range used here.
    Keywords: Physiology & Biochemistry
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
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    A role of nitrite reductase (NirBD) for NO homeostatic regulation in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (2017)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: Although nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in bacteria and higher organisms, excessive intracellular NO is highly reactive and dangerous. Therefore, living cells need strict regulation systems for cellular NO homeostasis. Recently, we discovered that Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) retains the nitrogen oxide cycle (NO 3 – -〉NO 2 – -〉NO-〉NO 3 – ) and nitrite removal system. The nitrogen oxide cycle regulates cellular NO levels, thereby controlling secondary metabolism initiation (red-pigmented antibiotic, RED production) and morphological differentiation. Nitrite induces gene expression in neighboring cells, suggesting another role for this cycle as a producer of transmittable intercellular communication molecules. Here, we demonstrated that ammonium-producing nitrite reductase (NirBD) is involved in regulating NO homeostasis in S. coelicolor A3(2). NirBD was constitutively produced in culture independently of GlnR, a known transcriptional factor. NirBD cleared the accumulated nitrite from the medium. Nir deletion mutants showed increased NO-dependent gene expression at later culture stages, whereas the wild-type M145 showed decreased expression, suggesting that high NO concentration was maintained in the mutant. Moreover, the nir deletion mutant produced more RED than that produced by the wild-type M145. These results suggest that NO 2 – removal by NirBD is important to regulate NO homeostasis and to complete NO signaling in S. coelicolor .
    Keywords: Physiology & Biochemistry
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    R-type bacteriocins in related strains of Xenorhabdus bovienii: Xenorhabdicin tail fiber modularity and contribution to competitiveness (2017)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: R-type bacteriocins are contractile phage tail-like structures that are bactericidal towards related bacterial species. The C-terminal region of the phage tail fiber protein determines target-binding specificity. The mutualistic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophila and X. bovienii produce R-type bacteriocins (xenorhabdicins) that are selectively active against different Xenorhabdus species. We analyzed the P2-type remnant prophage clusters in draft sequences of nine strains of X. bovienii . The C-terminal tail fiber region in each of the respective strains was unique and consisted of mosaics of modular units. The region between the main tail fiber gene ( xbpH1 ) and the sheath gene ( xbpS1 ) contained a variable number of modules encoding tail fiber fragments. DNA inversion and module exchange between strains was involved in generating tail fiber diversity. Xenorhabdicin-enriched fractions from three different X. bovienii strains isolated from the same nematode species displayed distinct activities against each other. In one set of strains, the strain that produced highly active xenorhabdicin was able to eliminate a sensitive strain. In contrast, xenorhabdicin activity was not a determining factor in the competitive fitness of a second set of strains. These findings suggest that related strains of X. bovienii use xenorhabdicin and additional antagonistic molecules to compete against each other.
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
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    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Career exploration strategies (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Keywords: Professional Development
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    Disease outbreaks as vehicles for exploring 'engaged citizen themes through a course on the history of infectious diseases (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: Infectious diseases are potential catalysts for exploring ‘engaged citizen’ or socioscientific themes given their interwoven economic, political, scientific and social dimensions. This article describes how an undergraduate course on the history of infectious diseases was modified to explore the impact of two ‘engaged citizen’ themes (poverty and technology), and to consider the ramifications of those themes on past, present and future infectious disease outbreaks. Four outbreaks were used as the foundation for the course: plague (1350s), puerperal fever (1840s), cholera (1850s) and syphilis (1930s). The first part of the article describes the general course structure and the role of university-wide ‘engaged citizen’ themes in its semester-specific construction. The second part of the article demonstrates how poverty and technology ‘threads’ were explored in each of the four historical contexts, and subsequently how they were considered in current and future contexts; appendices with lesson suggestions are provided. The third and final part of the article discusses how this specific model might be more broadly applied to other microbiology instructional contexts.
    Keywords: Professional Development
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
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    Comparative analysis of MazEF and HicAB toxin-antitoxin systems of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC7120 (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: Anabaena PCC7120 has two annotated toxin–antitoxin systems: MazEF and HicAB. Overexpression of either of the toxins severely inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli BL21(p lysS )(DE3). Of the two Anabaena toxins, MazF exhibited higher toxicity than HicA as evidenced by (i) 100-fold lower viability upon overexpression of MazF compared to HicA; (ii) complete loss of cell viability within 1 h of induction of MazF expression, as against 〉10 3 colony forming units mL –1 in case of HicA; (iii) inability to maintain the MazF overexpressing plasmid in E. coli cells; and (iv) neutralisation of the toxin was effective at the molar ratio of 1:1.9 for MazF:MazE and 13:1 for HicA:HicB, indicating higher antitoxin requirement for neutralisation of MazF. The growth inhibitory effect of MazF was found to be higher in lag phase cultures compared to mid-logarithmic phase cultures of E. coli , while the reverse was true for HicA. The results suggest possible distinct roles for MazEF and HicAB systems of Anabaena .
    Keywords: Environmental Microbiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
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    Genotypic heterogeneity of emetic toxin producing Bacillus cereus isolates from China (2017)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: Emetic toxin-producing Bacillus cereus (emetic B. cereus ) is the third member of B. cereus group whose toxins are encoded by megaplasmids, beside anthrax and insecticidal toxins of B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis , respectively. A total of 18 emetic isolates collected from food poisoning events, clinical and non-random food samples in Zhejiang province of China, were analyzed by plasmid screening, pulse field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and toxic gene identification to investigate their genotypic diversity. In this study, 13 plasmid profile types, 14 pulse types and 6 different STs from emetic isolates were detected, in which ST 1035,1038,1053,1054 and 1065 were first assigned and reported. The toxic gene ces existed on its own, or coexisted with other toxic genes bceT, cytk, entFM and nhe , but never with hbl in emetic isolates. The results demonstrated that the emetic B. cereus strains from China were heterologous at genotypic level.
    Keywords: Food Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0378-1097
    Electronic ISSN: 1574-6968
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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