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  • Artikel  (10.835)
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: We demonstrate the real-time observation of phonon-polariton propagation in ferroelectric LiNbO 3 using a single-shot spectroscopic setup that employs an echelon mirror. The echelon mirror provides a spatially encoded time delay for the probe pulse; therefore, the ultrafast transient behavior of materials can be detected on a single-shot basis. Using optical Kerr gate apparatus, forward and backward propagating E -mode phonon-polaritons were simultaneously induced via an impulsive stimulated Raman scattering process, and subsequently, their dynamics were readily mapped in time-frequency space using heterodyne detection. The two phonon-polaritons appeared on opposite sides of the central probe wavelength and were symmetrically imaged against the ordinary and extraordinary probe lights. By taking into account coupling of the lowest E -mode phonon-polariton to a low-frequency relaxational mode, not only the phonon-polariton dispersion but also the wavevector dependence of the damping rate was unveiled and quantitatively evaluated.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118
    Thema: Physik
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: This is the report on trap states in enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterostructures high electron mobility transistors by fluorine plasma treatment with different GaN channel layer thicknesses. Compared with the thick GaN channel layer sample, the thin one has smaller 2DEG concentration, lower electron mobility, lower saturation current, and lower peak transconductance, but it has a higher threshold voltage of 1.2 V. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurements are used to obtain the accurate capture cross section of trap states. By frequency dependent capacitance and conductance measurements, the trap state density of (1.98–2.56) × 10 12  cm −2 eV −1 is located at E T in a range of (0.37–0.44) eV in the thin sample, while the trap state density of (2.3–2.92) × 10 12  cm −2 eV −1 is located at E T in a range of (0.33–0.38) eV in the thick one. It indicates that the trap states in the thin sample are deeper than those in the thick one.
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    Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118
    Thema: Physik
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  • 3
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    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: We propose a concurrent multiscale molecular dynamics for molecular systems in order to apply macroscale mechanical boundary conditions such as traction and average displacement for solid state materials, which is difficult to do in traditional molecular dynamics where boundary conditions are applied in terms of forces and displacements on selected particles. The multiscale model is systematically constructed in terms of multiscale structures of kinematics, force field, and dynamical equations. The idea is to extend the Anderson-Parrinello-Rahman molecular dynamics to the cases that have arbitrary finite domain and boundary, thus the model is capable of solving inhomogeneous, non-equilibrium problems. The macroscale stress loading on a representative volume element with periodic boundary condition is generalized to all kinds of macroscale mechanical boundary conditions. Unlike most multiscale techniques, our theory is aimed at understanding fundamental physics rather than achieving computing efficiency. Examples of problems with prescribed average displacements and surface tractions are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed multiscale molecular dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7690
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
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  • 4
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    Unbekannt
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: We study the effect of chain rigidity on the behavior of semiflexible polymers in the vicinity of flat walls in a slit, and of surfactants at the liquid-liquid interface between immiscible liquids. Using molecular dynamics simulations, it is demonstrated that the impact of bending angle forces is particularly strong within the depletion layer at the phase boundary whereas at distance R e away from the interface, where R e is the mean distance between the ends of a semiflexible chain, the contribution of these non-local triplet interactions to pressure tensor virtually disappears. The present study also demonstrates that growing stiffness of the macromolecules leads to an increase in surface tension and total pressure.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7690
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: Quantum-chemical computations of nuclear quadrupole-coupling parameters for 24 open-shell states of small molecules based on non-relativistic and spin-free exact two-component (SFX2C) relativistic equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) as well as spin-orbital-based restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock coupled-cluster (ROHF-CC) methods are reported. Relativistic effects, the performance of the EOM-CC and ROHF-CC methods for treating electron correlation, as well as basis-set convergence have been carefully analyzed. Consideration of relativistic effects is necessary for accurate calculations on systems containing third-row (K-Kr) and heavier elements, as expected, and the SFX2C approach is shown to be a useful cost-effective option here. Further, it is demonstrated that the EOM-CC methods constitute flexible and accurate alternatives to the ROHF-CC methods in the calculations of nuclear quadrupole-coupling parameters for open-shell states.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7690
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: A quantum two-path interferometer allows for direct measurement of the transmission phase shift of an electron, providing useful information on coherent scattering problems. In mesoscopic systems, however, the two-path interference is easily smeared by contributions from other paths, and this makes it difficult to observe the true transmission phase shift. To eliminate this problem, multi-terminal Aharonov-Bohm (AB) interferometers have been used to derive the phase shift by assuming that the relative phase shift of the electrons between the two paths is simply obtained when a smooth shift of the AB oscillations is observed. Nevertheless, the phase shifts using such a criterion have sometimes been inconsistent with theory. On the other hand, we have used an AB ring contacted to tunnel-coupled wires and acquired the phase shift consistent with theory when the two output currents through the coupled wires oscillate with well-defined anti-phase. Here, we investigate thoroughly these two criteria used to ensure a reliable phase measurement, the anti-phase relation of the two output currents, and the smooth phase shift in the AB oscillation. We confirm that the well-defined anti-phase relation ensures a correct phase measurement with a quantum two-path interference. In contrast, we find that even in a situation where the anti-phase relation is less well-defined, the smooth phase shift in the AB oscillation can still occur but does not give the correct transmission phase due to contributions from multiple paths. This indicates that the phase relation of the two output currents in our interferometer gives a good criterion for the measurement of the true transmission phase, while the smooth phase shift in the AB oscillation itself does not.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118
    Thema: Physik
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-11
    Beschreibung: Coherence oscillations measured in two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectra of pigment-protein complexes may have electronic, vibrational, or mixed-character vibronic origins, which depend on the degree of electronic-vibrational mixing. Oscillations from intrapigment vibrations can obscure the inter-site coherence lifetime of interest in elucidating the mechanisms of energy transfer in photosynthetic light-harvesting. Huang-Rhys factors ( S ) for low-frequency vibrations in Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll are quite small ( S ≤ 0.05), so it is often assumed that these vibrations influence neither 2D spectra nor inter-site coherence dynamics. In this work, we explore the influence of S within this range on the oscillatory signatures in simulated 2D spectra of a pigment heterodimer. To visualize the inter-site coherence dynamics underlying the 2D spectra, we introduce a formalism which we call the “site-probe response.” By comparing the calculated 2D spectra with the site-probe response, we show that an on-resonance vibration with Huang-Rhys factor as small as S = 0.005 and the most strongly coupled off-resonance vibrations ( S = 0.05) give rise to long-lived, purely vibrational coherences at 77 K. We moreover calculate the correlation between optical pump interactions and subsequent entanglement between sites, as measured by the concurrence. At 77 K, greater long-lived inter-site coherence and entanglement appear with increasing S . This dependence all but vanishes at physiological temperature, as environmentally induced fluctuations destroy the vibronic mixing.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9606
    Digitale ISSN: 1089-7690
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-12
    Beschreibung: We present a method for noninvasively imaging the hand joints using a three-dimensional (3D) photoacoustic imaging (PAI) system. This 3D PAI system utilizes cylindrical scanning in data collection and virtual-detector concept in image reconstruction. The maximum lateral and axial resolutions of the PAI system are 70  μ m and 240  μ m. The cross-sectional photoacoustic images of a healthy joint clearly exhibited major internal structures including phalanx and tendons, which are not available from the current photoacoustic imaging methods. The in vivo PAI results obtained are comparable with the corresponding 3.0 T MRI images of the finger joint. This study suggests that the proposed method has the potential to be used in early detection of joint diseases such as osteoarthritis.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118
    Thema: Physik
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-12
    Beschreibung: We show how to levitate a liquid droplet above a plasma. Submitting a conductive droplet to a voltage larger than 50 V, we get a levitation regime that looks like the one obtained with the well-known thermal Leidenfrost effect, except that light is emitted from beneath the droplet. Spectroscopic analysis shows that this light is emitted by a cold and dense plasma and also that lines coming from the cathode plate material are present revealing a local cathodic sputtering effect. We examine the conditions for the levitation to occur and show that the levitation is essentially of thermal origin. Assuming a stationary heat transfer, we present a model that accounts well for the observed levitation conditions. In particular, stable levitation is shown to be possible for thin cathode plates only.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118
    Thema: Physik
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-12
    Beschreibung: We have performed atomistic simulations of the phonon-limited high field carrier transport in ⟨ 110 ⟩ Si nanowires with small diameter. The carrier drift velocities are obtained from a direct solution of the non-linear Boltzmann transport equation. The relationship between the drift velocity and the electric field considerably depends on the carrier, temperature, and diameter of the nanowires. In particular, the threshold between the linear and non-linear regimes exhibits important variations. The drift velocity reaches a maximum value and then drops. These trends can be related to the effects of quantum confinement on the band structure of the nanowires. We also discuss the impact of the different phonon modes and show that high-energy phonons can, unexpectedly, increase the drift velocity at a high electric field.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Digitale ISSN: 1077-3118
    Thema: Physik
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