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  • 1
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    Forest soil carbon oxidation state and oxidative ratio increase in response to elevated CO2 (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-13
    Beschreibung: The oxidative ratio (OR) of the biosphere is the stoichiometric ratio (O 2 /CO 2 ) of gas exchange by photosynthesis and respiration—a key parameter in budgeting calculations of the land and ocean carbon sinks. Carbon cycle-climate feedbacks could alter the OR of the biosphere by affecting the quantity and quality of organic matter in plant biomass and soil carbon pools. This study considers the effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO 2 ]) on the OR of a hardwood forest after 9 growing seasons of free-air CO 2 -enrichment (FACE). We measured changes in the carbon oxidation state (C ox ) of biomass and soil carbon pools as a proxy for the ecosystem OR. The OR of net primary production, 1.039, was not affected by elevated [CO 2 ]. However, the C ox of the soil carbon pool was 40% higher at elevated [CO 2 ], and the estimated OR values for soil respiration increased from 1.006 at ambient [CO 2 ] to 1.054 at elevated [CO 2 ]. A biochemical inventory of the soil organic matter ascribed the increases in C ox and OR to faster turnover of reduced substrates, lignin and lipids, at elevated [CO 2 ]. This implicates the heterotrophic soil community response to elevated [CO 2 ] as a driver of disequilibrium in the ecosystem OR. The oxidation of soil carbon pool constitutes an unexpected terrestrial O 2 sink. Carbon budgets constructed under the assumption of OR equilibrium would equate such a terrestrial O 2 sink to CO 2 uptake by the ocean. The potential for climate-driven disequilibrium in the cycling of O 2 and CO 2 in the terrestrial biosphere warrants further investigation.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Effect of climate and land cover changes on watershed runoff: A multivariate assessment for stormwater management (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-16
    Beschreibung: Impact of climate change and land use on watershed runoff involves multiattribute ecohydrologic interactions. This information is critical to development of comprehensive stormwater management policies. Watersheds in the continental United States have diverse temperatures and precipitation regimes and varying hydrogeomorphic features that influence runoff. This study investigates watershed-scale runoff using statistical modeling for stormwater policy optimization. Multivariate statistical modeling show that vegetative activity, annual evaporation, precipitation, temperature and soil moisture significantly influenced watershed runoff. Soil moisture has a strong influence on runoff with each percent increase causing five percent increase in runoff. Nonlinear modeling with quadratic and interaction effects shows a significant interaction between soil moisture and other climatic variables in influencing annual runoff patterns. Changes in climate affect ecohydrologic characters by altering available soil moisture, evaporation, precipitation patterns and runoff. Optimization of green infrastructure design can be a successful management tool for runoff with an understanding that changes to multiple attributes in ecohydrologic variables affects runoff. Multi-attribute based green infrastructure and incentive policies can result in comprehensive stormwater policies that incorporate climatic and ecohydrologic conditions of watershed systems.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3 levels and activity contribute to Huntington's disease (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-07
    Beschreibung: Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder characterized by brain atrophy particularly in striatum leading to personality changes, chorea and dementia. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase in the crossroad of many signaling pathways that is highly pleiotropic as it phosphorylates more than hundred substrates including structural, metabolic, and signaling proteins. Increased GSK-3 activity is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and GSK-3 inhibitors have been postulated as therapeutic agents for neurodegeneration. Regarding HD, GSK-3 inhibitors have shown beneficial effects in cell and invertebrate animal models but no evident efficacy in mouse models. Intriguingly, those studies were performed without interrogating GSK-3 level and activity in HD brain. Here we aim to explore the level and also the enzymatic activity of GSK-3 in the striatum and other less affected brain regions of HD patients and of the R6/1 mouse model to then elucidate the possible contribution of its alteration to HD pathogenesis by genetic manipulation in mice. We report a dramatic decrease in GSK-3 levels and activity in striatum and cortex of HD patients with similar results in the mouse model. Correction of the GSK-3 deficit in HD mice, by combining with transgenic mice with conditional GSK-3 expression, resulted in amelioration of their brain atrophy and behavioral motor and learning deficits. Thus, our results demonstrate that decreased brain GSK-3 contributes to HD neurological phenotype and open new therapeutic opportunities based on increasing GSK-3 activity or attenuating the harmful consequences of its decrease.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2083
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Loss of MyD88 alters neuroinflammatory response and attenuates early Purkinje cell loss in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 mouse model (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-07
    Beschreibung: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease, caused by an expansion of CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine (PolyQ) tract in the Ca v 2.1 voltage-gated calcium channel. Its key pathological features include selective degeneration of the cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), a common target for PolyQ-induced toxicity in various SCAs. Mutant Ca v 2.1 confers toxicity primarily through a toxic gain-of-function mechanism; however, its molecular basis remains elusive. Here, we studied the cerebellar gene expression patterns of young Sca6 -MPI 118Q/118Q knockin (KI) mice, which expressed mutant Ca v 2.1 from an endogenous locus and recapitulated many phenotypic features of human SCA6. Transcriptional signatures in the MPI 118Q/118Q mice were distinct from those in the Sca1 154Q/2Q mice, a faithful SCA1 KI mouse model. Temporal expression profiles of the candidate genes revealed that the up-regulation of genes associated with microglial activation was initiated before PC degeneration and was augmented as the disease progressed. Histological analysis of the MPI 118Q/118Q cerebellum showed the predominance of M1-like pro-inflammatory microglia and it was concomitant with elevated expression levels of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 7. Genetic ablation of MyD88, a major adaptor protein conveying TLR signaling, altered expression patterns of M1/M2 microglial phenotypic markers in the MPI 118Q/118Q cerebellum. More importantly, it ameliorated PC loss and partially rescued motor impairments in the early disease phase. These results suggest that early neuroinflammatory response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SCA6 and its modulation could pave the way for slowing the disease progression during the early stage of the disease.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2083
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Simulated spring thaw of permafrost from mineral cryosol reveals increase in CO2 emissions and an atmospheric CH4 sink (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-14
    Beschreibung: Previous studies investigating organic-rich tundra have reported that increasing biodegradation of Arctic tundra soil organic carbon (SOC) under warming climate regimes will cause increasing CO 2 and CH 4 emissions. Organic-poor, mineral cryosols, which comprise 87% of Arctic tundra, are not as well characterized. This study examined biogeochemical processes of one-meter-long intact mineral cryosol cores (1-6% SOC) collected in the Canadian high Arctic. Vertical profiles of gaseous and aqueous chemistry and microbial composition were related to surface CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes during a simulated spring/summer thaw under light versus dark and in situ versus water saturated treatments. CO 2 fluxes attained 0.8±0.4 mmol CO 2 m -2 hr -1 for in situ treatments, of which 85±11% was produced by aerobic SOC oxidation, consistent with field observations and metagenomic analyses indicating aerobic heterotrophs were the dominant phylotypes. The Q 10 values of CO 2 emissions ranged from 2-4 over the course of thawing. CH 4 degassing occurred during initial thaw, however all cores were CH 4 sinks at atmospheric concentration CH 4 . Atmospheric CH 4 uptake rates ranged from -126±77 to -207±7 nmol CH 4 m -2 hr -1 with CH 4 consumed between 0-35 cm depth. Metagenomic and gas chemistry analyses revealed that high-affinity Type II methanotrophic sequence abundance and activity were highest between 0- 35 cm depth. Microbial sulfate reduction dominated the anaerobic processes, outcompeting methanogenesis for H 2 and acetate. Fluxes, microbial community composition, and biogeochemical rates indicate that mineral cryosols of Axel Heiberg Island act as net CO 2 sources and atmospheric CH 4 sinks during summertime thaw under both in situ and water saturated states.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Organic matter burial and quality are uncoupled in boreal lake sediments over the Holocene (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-13
    Beschreibung: Boreal lake sediments are important sites of organic carbon (OC) storage, which have accumulated substantial amounts of OC over the Holocene epoch; the temporal evolution and the strength of this Holocene carbon (C) sink is, however, not well constrained. In this study we investigated the temporal record of carbon mass accumulation rates (CMARs), and assessed qualitative changes of terrestrially derived OC in the sediment profiles of seven Swedish boreal lakes, in order to evaluate the variability of boreal lake sediments as a C sink over time. CMARs were resolved on a short-term (centennial) and long-term (i.e. over millennia of the Holocene) time scale, using radioactive lead ( 210 Pb) and carbon ( 14 C) isotope dating. Sources and degradation state of terrestrially derived OC were identified and characterized by molecular analyses of lignin phenols. We found that CMARs varied substantially on both short-term and long-term scales, and that the variability was mostly attributed to sedimentation rates and uncoupled from the OC content in the sediment profiles. The lignin phenol analyses revealed that woody material from gymnosperms was a dominant and constant OC source to the sediments over the Holocene. Furthermore, lignin-based degradation indices, such as acid-to-aldehyde ratios, indicated that post-depositional degradation in the sediments was very limited on longer time scales, implying that terrestrial OC is stabilized in the sediments on a permanent basis.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Joint assimilation of eddy-covariance flux measurements and FAPAR products over temperate forests within a process-oriented biosphere model (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-15
    Beschreibung: We investigate the benefits of assimilating in situ and satellite data of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) relative to eddy-covariance flux measurements for the optimization of parameters of the ORCHIDEE biosphere model. We focus on model parameters related to carbon fixation, respiration and phenology. The study relies on two sites – Fontainebleau (deciduous broadleaf forest) and Puechabon (Mediterranean broadleaf evergreen forest) – where measurements of net carbon exchange (NEE) and latent heat (LE) fluxes are available at the same time as FAPAR products derived from ground measurements or derived from spaceborne observations at high (SPOT) and medium (MERIS) spatial resolutions. We compare the different FAPAR products, analyze their consistency with the in situ fluxes, and then evaluate the potential benefits of jointly assimilating flux and FAPAR data. The assimilation of FAPAR data leads to a degradation of the model-data agreement with respect to NEE at the two sites. It is caused by the change in leaf area required to fit the magnitude of the various FAPAR products. Assimilating daily NEE and LE fluxes however has a marginal impact on the simulated FAPAR. The results suggest that the main advantage of including FAPAR data is the ability to constrain the timing of leaf onset and senescence for deciduous ecosystems, which is best achieved by normalizing FAPAR time series. The joint assimilation of flux and FAPAR data lead to a similar model-data improvement across all variables than when each data-stream is used independently, corresponding however to different and likely improved parameter values.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Molecular level characterization of diatom associated biopolymers that bind 234Th, 233Pa, 210Pb, and 7Be in seawater: a case study with Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-15
    Beschreibung: In order to investigate the importance of biogenic silica associated biopolymers on the scavenging of radionuclides, the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was incubated together with the radionuclides 234 Th, 233 Pa, 210 Pb, and 7 Be during their growth phase. Normalized affinity coefficients were determined for the radionuclides bound with different organic compound classes (i.e., proteins, total carbohydrates, uronic acids) in extracellular (non-attached and attached exopolymeric substances, EPS), intracellular (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA and sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS extractable), and frustule embedded biopolymeric fractions (BF). Results indicated that radionuclides were mostly concentrated in frustule BF. Among three measured organic components, URA showed the strongest affinities to all tested radionuclides. Confirmed by spectrophotometry and 2-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence-nuclear magnetic resonance (2D HSQC-NMR) analyses, the frustule BF were mainly composed of carboxyl-rich, aliphatic-phosphoproteins, which were likely responsible for the strong binding of many of the radionuclides. Results from this study provide evidence for selective absorption of radionuclides with different kinds of diatom-associated biopolymers acting in concert rather than as a single compound. This clearly indicates the importance of these diatom related biopolymers, especially frustule biopolymers, in the scavenging and fractionation of radionuclides used as particle tracers in the ocean.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Sensitivity of flowering phenology to changing temperature in China (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-07-30
    Beschreibung: Plant phenology is one of the preferred indicators of climate change, and its variation potentially impacts community dynamics and ecosystem functions. To better understand the responses of plants’ flowering phenology to rising temperatures, we investigated the temperature sensitivity (expressed as the date of changes in phenology per change in temperature in degree Celsius, days °C −1 ) of flowering phenology for more than 220 plant species at 59 sites in China during the period 1963–1988. Our results indicated that most flowerings in China were significantly sensitive to the temperature in the two months (60 days) prior to the flowering dates. Plants in warmer regions showed larger sensitivities to increased temperatures. Species flowering in the late spring and early summer were generally less sensitive to changing temperature than species flowering at other times of the year. For plants flowering in the spring, species that flower earlier showed higher temperature sensitivity; however, for plants flowering in the summer and autumn, species that flower earlier showed lower temperature sensitivity. The responses of the first and last flowering times to changing temperature were mostly consistent, so flowering durations were rarely (6.1%) sensitive to changing temperature. We hypothesize that plants in cold regions may have adapted to the more variable temperatures and thus showed lower temperature sensitivities than plants in warm regions. Overall, the responses of flowering phenology to temperature varied significantly among temperature zones and plant species, so it should be considered carefully when estimating the impacts of climate warming on the terrestrial biosphere.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Wiley im Namen von American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Loss of AP-5 results in accumulation of aberrant endolysosomes: defining a new type of lysosomal storage disease (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-07
    Beschreibung: Adaptor proteins (AP 1–5) are heterotetrameric complexes that facilitate specialized cargo sorting in vesicular-mediated trafficking. Mutations in AP5Z1 , encoding a subunit of the AP-5 complex, have been reported to cause hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), although their impact at the cellular level has not been assessed. Here we characterize three independent fibroblast lines derived from skin biopsies of patients harbouring nonsense mutations in AP5Z1 and presenting with spastic paraplegia accompanied by neuropathy, parkinsonism and/or cognitive impairment. In all three patient-derived lines, we show that there is complete loss of AP-5 protein and a reduction in the associated AP-5 µ5 protein. Using ultrastructural analysis, we show that these patient-derived lines consistently exhibit abundant multilamellar structures that are positive for markers of endolysosomes and are filled with aberrant storage material organized as exaggerated multilamellar whorls, striated belts and ‘fingerprint bodies’. This phenotype can be replicated in a HeLa cell culture model by siRNA knockdown of AP-5 . The cellular phenotype bears striking resemblance to features described in a number of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Collectively, these findings reveal an emerging picture of the role of AP-5 in endosomal and lysosomal homeostasis, illuminates a potential pathomechanism that is relevant to the role of AP-5 in neurons and expands the understanding of recessive HSPs. Moreover, the resulting accumulation of storage material in endolysosomes leads us to propose that AP-5 deficiency represents a new type of LSDs.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Digitale ISSN: 1460-2083
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
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