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  • 1
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    Defining Flood Zone Transitions in Low-Gradient Coastal Regions (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: Worldwide, coastal and deltaic communities are susceptible to flooding from the individual and combined effects of rainfall excess and astronomic tide and storm surge inundation. Such flood events are a present (and future) cause of concern as observed from recent storms such as the 2016 Louisiana flood and Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. To assess flood risk across coastal landscapes it is advantageous to first delineate flood transition zones, which we define as areas susceptible to hydrologic and coastal flooding and their collective interaction. We utilize numerical simulations combining rainfall excess and storm surge for the 2016 Louisiana flood to describe a flood transition zone for southeastern Louisiana. We show that the interaction of rainfall excess with coastal surge is non-linear and less than the superposition of their individual mechanisms. Our analysis provides a foundation to define flooding zones across coastal landscapes throughout the world to support flood risk assessments.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Coseismic slip deficit of the 2017 Mw 6.5 Ormoc Earthquake that occurred along a creeping segment and geothermal field of the Philippine Fault (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: : Coseismic surface deformation imaged through Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements was used to estimate the fault geometry and slip distribution of the 2017 Mw 6.5 Ormoc Earthquake along a creeping segment of the Philippine Fault on Leyte Island. Our best fitting faulting model suggests that the coseismic rupture occurred on a fault plane with high dip angle of 78.5° and strike angle of 325.8°, and the estimated maximum fault slip of 2.3 m is located at 6.5 km east-northeast of the town of Kananga. The recognized insignificant slip in the Tongonan geothermal field zone implies that the plastic behavior caused by high geothermal gradient underneath the Tongonan geothermal field could prevent the coseismic failure in heated rock mass in this zone. The predicted Coulomb failure stress (CFS) change shows that a significant positive CFS change occurred along the SE segment of central Philippine fault with insignificant coseismic slip and infrequent aftershocks, which suggests an increasing risk for future seismic hazard.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Resolving Size Distribution of Black Carbon Internally Mixed with Snow: Impact on Snow Optical Properties and Albedo (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: We develop a stochastic aerosol-snow albedo model that explicitly resolves size distribution of aerosols internally mixed with various snow grains. We use the model to quantify black carbon (BC) size effects on snow albedo and optical properties for BC-snow internal mixing. Results show that BC-induced snow single-scattering coalbedo enhancement and albedo reduction decrease by a factor of 2–3 with increasing BC effective radii from 0.05 to 0.25 μm, while polydisperse BC results in up to 40% smaller visible single-scattering coalbedo enhancement and albedo reduction compared to monodisperse BC with equivalent effective radii. We further develop parameterizations for BC size effects for application to climate models. Compared with a realistic polydisperse assumption and observed shifts to larger BC sizes in snow, respectively, assuming monodisperse BC and typical atmospheric BC effective radii could lead to overestimates of ~24% and ~40% in BC-snow albedo forcing averaged over different BC and snow conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Commentary on: “Effects of friction and plastic deformation in shock-comminuted damaged rocks on impact heating” By K. Kurosawa and H. Genda. (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: : An important new paper by Kurosawa and Genda [2017] reports a previously overlooked source of heating in low velocity meteorite impacts. Plastic deformation of the pressure-strengthened rocks behind the shock front dissipates energy, which appears as heat in addition to that generated across the shock wave itself. This heat source has surprisingly escaped explicit attention for decades: First, because it is minimized in the geometry typically chosen for laboratory experiments; and second because it is most important in rocks, and less so for the metals usually used in experiments. Nevertheless, modern numerical computer codes that include strength do compute this heating correctly. This raises the philosophical question of whether we can claim to understand some process just because our computer codes compute the results correctly.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    Snowmelt-driven tradeoffs between early and late season productivity negatively impact forest carbon uptake during drought (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: Future projections of declining snowpack and increasing potential evaporation are predicted to advance the timing of snowmelt in mountain ecosystems globally with unknown implications for snowmelt-driven forest productivity. Accordingly, this study combined satellite- and tower-based observations to investigate the forest productivity response to snowpack and potential evaporation variability between 1989 and 2012 throughout the Southern Rocky Mountain ecoregion, USA. Our results show that early and late season productivity were significantly and inversely related, and that future shifts toward earlier and/or reduced snowmelt could decrease snowmelt water use efficiency and thus restrict productivity despite a longer growing season. This was explained by increasing snow aridity, which incorporated evaporative demand and snow water supply, and was modified by summer precipitation to determine total annual productivity. The combination of low snow accumulation and record high potential evaporation in 2012 resulted in the 34-year minimum ecosystem productivity that could be indicative of future conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Analysis of intense Z-mode emission observed during the Cassini proximal orbits (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: The role of Z-mode emission in the diffusive scattering and resonant acceleration of electrons is believed to be important at Saturn. A survey of the "5 kHz" component of this emission at Saturn earlier reported strong intensity in the lower density regions where the ratio of plasma frequency to cyclotron frequency, f p /f c 〈 1. At Saturn this occurs along the inner edge of the Enceladus torus near the equator and at higher latitudes. Using the Cassini radio and plasma wave science (RPWS) instrument observations during the Cassini proximal orbits we have now identified these emissions extending down to and within the ionosphere. Wave polarization measurements and unique frequency cutoffs are used to positively identify the wave mode. Analogous to the role of whistler mode chorus at Earth, Saturn Z-mode emissions may interact with electrons contributing to the filling or depleting of Saturn's inner radiation belts.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
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    Surface creep rate and moment accumulation rate along the Aceh segment of the Sumatran fault from L-band ALOS-1/PALSAR-1 observations (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: We analyzed the InSAR data from the ALOS-1/PALSAR-1 satellite to image the interseismic deformation along the Sumatran fault. The InSAR time-series analysis reveals up to ~20 mm/yr of aseismic creep on the Aceh segment along the Northern Sumatran fault. This is a large fraction of the total slip rate across this fault. The spatial extent of the aseismic creep extends for ~100 km. The along-strike variation of the aseismic creep has an inverse “U” shape. An analysis of the moment accumulation rate shows that the central part of the creeping section accumulates moment at approximately 50% of the rate of the surrounding locked segments. An initial analysis of temporal variations suggests that the creep rate may be decelerating with time, suggesting that the creep rate is adjusting to a stress perturbation from nearby seismic activity. Our study has implications to the earthquake hazard along the northern Sumatran fault.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
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    North Korea's 2017 test and its non-tectonic aftershock (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: Seismology illuminates physical processes occurring during underground explosions, not all yet fully understood. The thus-far strongest North Korean test of 3rd September 2017 was followed by a moderate seismic event (m L 4.1) after 8.5 minutes. Here we provide evidence that this aftershock was a non-tectonic event which radiated seismic waves as a buried horizontal closing crack. This vigorous crack closure, occurring shortly after the blast, is studied in the North-Korea test site for the first time. The event can be qualitatively explained as rapid destruction of an explosion-generated cracked rock chimney due to cavity collapse, although other compaction processes cannot be ruled out.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 9
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    Discovery of a Powerful, Transient, Explosive Thermal Event at Marduk Fluctus, Io, in Galileo NIMS data (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: Analysis of Galileo Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) observations of Marduk Fluctus, a volcano on the jovian moon Io, reveals a style of volcanic activity not previously seen there – a powerful thermal event lasting only a few minutes in 1997. The thermal emission rapidly fades, suggesting extremely rapid cooling of small clasts. The duration and evolution of the explosive eruption is akin to what might be expected from a strombolian or vulcanian explosion. The presence of such events provides an additional volcanic process that can be imaged by future missions with the intent of determining lava composition from eruption temperature, an important constraint on the internal composition of Io. These data promise to be of particular use in understanding the mechanics of explosive volcanic processes on Io.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Volcanic Structures within Niger and Dao Valles, Mars, and Implications for Outflow Channel Evolution and Hellas Basin Rim Development (2018)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-17
    Description: Outflow channel formation on the eastern Hellas rim region is traditionally thought to have been triggered by activity phases of the nearby volcanoes Hadriacus and Tyrrhenus Montes: As a result of volcanic heating subsurface volatiles were mobilized. It is however under debate, whether eastern Hellas volcanism was in fact more extensive, and if there were volcanic centers separate from the identified central volcanoes. This work describes previously unrecognized structures in the Niger–Dao Valles outflow channel complex. We interpret them as volcanic edifices: cones, a shield, and a caldera. The structures provide evidence of an additional volcanic center within the valles, and indicate volcanic activity both prior to and following the formation of the outflow events. They expand the extent, type and duration of volcanic activity in the Circum-Hellas Volcanic Province, and provide new information on interaction between volcanism and fluvial activity.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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