ALBERT

Description: Water quality has degraded dramatically in the Krishna River (India) due to point and non-point sources. Present investigation aims to assess temporal variations of physical and chemical parameters of the river. Environmental data from rural and urban areas for the period 2007–2012 were compared. A statistical analysis was carried out with six environmental variables considering a multivariate system, analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Statistical analysis divided the river into two zones with different degrees of contamination. The most polluted zone is due to pollution inputs of municipal and industrial origin; this region showed a remarkable deterioration in water quality, mainly due to wastewater discharges. Content Type Journal Article Pages 73-80 Authors Prakash Kengnal, Department of Statistics, Karnatak Arts College, Dharwad, India M.N. Megeri, Department of Statistics, Karnatak Arts College, Dharwad, India B.S. Giriyappanavar, Department of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, India Rahul R. Patil, Department of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: Content Type Journal Article Pages 107-110 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: The hydrogeochemical study of surface and sub-surface water resources of Deogarh district of Jharkhand state was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry and water quality in relation to domestic and irrigation uses. Analytical results show mildly acidic to alkaline nature of water and dominance of Ca^{2+} and Na^+ in cationic and HCO_3^- and Cl^- in anionic abundance. In general, alkaline earth elements (Ca^{2+}+Mg^{2+}) exceed alkalies (Na^++K^+) and weak acids dominate (HCO_3^-) over strong acids (SO_4^{2-}+Cl^-) in majority of water samples. Ca-Mg-HCO_3 is the dominant hydrochemical facies both in surface and groundwater of the area. Weathering of rock forming minerals and ion exchange processes mainly controlled solute chemistry with secondary contribution from anthropogenic sources. Assessments of water quality for drinking purposes pointed that majority of water samples are suitable for drinking. Concentration of TDS, TH, F^-, Cl^- and NO_3^- are exceeding desirable levels prescribed for drinking water at some sites. However, these parameters are well within the maximum permissible limit except for some cases. SAR, RSC, %Na, MH and PI values suggest that both surface and groundwater are good for irrigation uses except at some sites, where salinity, MH and PI values are higher than the prescribed levels. Content Type Journal Article Pages 43-58 Authors Abhay Kumar Singh, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Barwa Road, Dhanbad – 826 015, India G.C. Mondal, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Barwa Road, Dhanbad – 826 015, India Mukesh Kumar Mahato, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Barwa Road, Dhanbad – 826 015, India T.B. Singh, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Barwa Road, Dhanbad – 826 015, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: This investigation quantified spatial variability of heavy metals and followed methods of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to estimate the hazard indices as well as cancer risks associated with consuming fish caught in the waters of the Langat river basin area, Malaysia. The calculation of metal pollution index (MPI) was carried out to classify the study area according to the level of contamination and the order of stations from highest to lowest MPI values was Langat river 〉 Cempaka lake 〉 Engineering pond 〉 Pond B 〉 Pond A 〉 Jugra 〉 Bandar. The level of exposure due to the consumption of each chemical in Tilapia fish tissue was estimated in an average daily dose equation. The calculated HI ranging from 0.24 to 1.88 indicated 71% stations were in the risk level. Potential carcinogenic risks associated with the ingestion of heavy metals in Tilapia fish were evaluated probabilistically by performing 10,000 trials for Monte Carlo simulation. Cancer risk calculations exceeding the U.S. EPA's acceptable risk level of 1 in 1,000,000 (or 10^{-6}) included Ni (7.3 ×10^{-4}) and Cd (2.1 ×10^{-6}). However, the average carcinogenic risk (2.4 × 10^{-4}) exceeded the accepted risk level to a great extent. The recommended daily ingestion rate of Tilapia for Malaysian people inhabiting Langat river basin area was calculated considering 95th percentile TR value of 10^{-6} as an acceptable risk where it is revealed that consumption of Tilapia should be reduced about 67% from the current level to have an acceptable risk of cancer. Content Type Journal Article Pages 21-30 Authors Lubna Alam, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor DE, Malaysia Mazlin Bin Mokhtar, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor DE, Malaysia Md. Mahmudul Alam, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor DE, Malaysia Md. Azizul Bari, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor DE, Malaysia Nicholas Kathijotes, Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus Goh Choo Ta, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor DE, Malaysia Lee Khai Ern, Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor DE, Malaysia Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: Traffic police in metropolitan cities are exposed to higher level of air pollution and are suffering from respiratory symptoms. Conventional symptomatic treatment is effective to give temporary relief but the lung capacity of the subjects reduces progressively. Present study was aimed to evaluate effect of Hingu-Pippali yoga, a herbal formulation in respiratory disorders caused due to air pollution in traffic police. With a prior institutional ethical permission an open, randomised clinical study was carried out. Informed consent was taken from every subject enrolled in trial. An authenticated and standardised test drug was administered twice a day in dose of 250 mg for 28 days with honey and sugar to trial group. Lung function test with spirometer and Haemogram before starting the treatment and at the end of study was done to evaluate the results. The subjective parameters viz. cough, rhinitis and dyspnoea showed significant reduction (p 〈 0.001) in trial group. Pulmonary Function Tests-FVC, FEV1, MVV and FEF (p 〈 0.001)-showed significant results indicating the increase in lung capacity in trial group. There was significant reduction seen in eosinophil count and ESR. Hingu-pippali yoga is effective to reduce the respiratory disorders caused due to air pollution and enhances the lung capacity of subjects. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 99-106 Authors Shilpa Bhosale, Dept. of Agadtantra and Vidhivaidyak, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Ayurved, Pune-Satara Road, Pune – 411043, India Sarita Kapgate, Dept. of Agadtantra and Vidhivaidyak, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Ayurved, Pune-Satara Road, Pune – 411043, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: Parks and urban green spaces can play an effective role in developing and reinforcing citizens’ place attachment because of long time usage and wide spectrum of environmental users. Bagh Mohtasham of Rasht can be indicated as one of the prominent examples of urban parks in Gilan province. Bagh Mohtasham is the oldest park in Rasht and is counted as the main choices for Rasht citizens in order to spend their leisure time. In this regard current study intends to assess the impact of Bagh Mohtasham of Rasht on the people’s place attachment to determine the solutions for increasing the place

Description: This study aimed to identify and select areas suitable for ecotourism. In this research, to assess the potential of ecotourism of Masal district, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and GIS were used. For this purpose, appropriate evaluation criteria and sub-criteria were identified for determining recreational potential. Then, using AHP fuzzy, criteria and sub-criteria to determine the importance of assessing the potential recreational area prepared questionnaires and, were distributed among clinicians. Weighted criteria and sub-criteria in each questionnaire were calculated and by averaging the weights, final weight was calculated using the model. The required maps for evaluating of the recreational potential

Description: Air pollution due to the presence of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air is assumed to be the leading cause of many diseases in different metropolitan and industrial regions throughout the world. Based on WHO’s report on the classification of different cities of the world in terms of the amount of fine particles in the air, Ahvaz is one of the most polluted cities among a sample of more than 1100 cities around the world. Heavy metals attached to the inhalable particulate matters having a size of less than 10 microns can penetrate more deeply into the lungs, form

Description: To remove chlorine from zinc electrolysis solutions, the electrochemical method was carried out in this research. Copper electrodes with a purity of 99.99% were employed as the anode and cathode. In addition, the effect of applied potential, agitation rate, and reaction temperature on the efficiency of chlorine removal was investigated and dechlorination mechanism was explored. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the evolution of the chlorine species on the anode surface. Based on the obtained results, the efficiency of dechlorination from electrolysis solution with a Cl− concentration of 295 mg.L−1 in constant values of pH =

Description: The rapid growth of urbanization has put heavy pressure on the land and its surrounding resources, reduction of vegetation cover, open spaces and serious social and environmental problems. Therefore, a basic step for managing and planning urban growth, as well as evaluating its cumulative effects, is to study and simulate the physical growth of the city. The purpose of this study is to understand the factors that influence the physical growth in Tehran on the basis of sustainable urban development in terms of environmental dimension and the preservation of environmental conditions in the next two decades. For this, using Landsat

Description: It is difficult to demonstrate air pollution spatial distribution as it is related to weather conditions, location, topography, and the area. Air pollution is studied by remote sensing techniques less than other techniques due to lack of sensors capable of detecting emissions, and hence, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) method is used for investigation. Aerosol optical depth is a measure of the extinction of the solar beam by dust and haze. In this study, the linear regression analysis was used to develop a relationship between AOD measures by MODIS and daily air pollution (CO, O3 , NO2 , SO2 and

Description: Detection of hazardous and radioactive (HR) elements in dust is very important for environment and human health. About 70 percent of Iran’s climate is arid and semi-arid, and one of the environmental challenges that it faces includes approaching dust storms from the southern and the western countries that neighbour Iran. Therefore, to solve this problem, it seems necessary to make a portable device to detect the HR elements of dust to eliminate social anxiety. In the present study, an isotopic X-ray fluorescence (IXRF) device was optimized to identify HR elements in dust, which arrive as environmental pollutants from neighbouring countries

Description: Caspian basin is one of the main six basins of the country which is influenced by Caspian region in the north of Iran. Because of the growth of human activities and following the changes in land using over the past years, land-cover has changed greatly in this area. The purpose of the article is to study the impact of land-cover changes on the surface of runoff and the quality of water resources in years of 2001-2012, in the Caspian basin. MODIS of terra satellite images have been used to do this action. The results showed that impenetrable surfaces that

Description: Recognizing aspects involved in tourism are necessary in order to plan and manage successful tourism in a region. What that provides the possibility of comprehensive analysis of the region to the planners is taking into account all positive and negative points but sometimes keeping in mind negative and positive points cause the researchers enlarge the obstacles and barriers unintentionally and be pessimistic in providing the strategies. In the present study, attempts have been done to study the positive aspects of a tourism planning with the introduction and use of positive approach “SOAR” and to provide appropriate strategies for tourism development

Description: Land stripping due to mining activity affects the river quality located in Pomalaa. An objective in this study is to analyze a change in water quality of rivers around Pomalaa nickel mining during and post-mining activity. The water samples were taken periodically from the rivers and developed data time series. The instrument to analyze Total Suspended Solid (TSS) was gravimeter. Meanwhile, the iron (Fe) parameter was analyzed by using spectrophotometric and Cr, Cr6+ , Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co and Pb analyzed via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. The pH determination was based on SNI 06-6989.11-2004 for evaluating water quality

Description: Increasing the efficiency of the electric power industry is extremely important, leading to lower costs, higher profitability, possibility of proper output, efficient use of resources, reduction of pollutants and, ultimately, environmental protection. In this regard, identification of effective indicators for the sustainable operation of thermal power plants is essential, which has the largest share in the country’s electricity production and one of the most important air pollutant industries. Using the Sustainable Balanced Score Card (SBSC) technique is a powerful way to design indicators for assessing the organization’s sustainability performance (efficiency). The purpose of this research is to identify the effective

Description: Investigating geological structures plays a major role in economy of engineering projects such as petroleum and mining industries. Therefore, it is pivotal to study geological features. The study area is located in northwest of Qazvin Province and Tarom mountains. Tarom Mountains are located in Western Alborz as referred to in Iranian geological units which has a northwest-southeast trend and is located on the Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic Magmatic belt. This volcanic-plutonic belt has a northwest to southeast trend. The volcanic and intrusive units of the region that belong to Karaj Formation is composed of two members called Amand and KordKand that are

Description: Study on maximal aerobic capacity is important to make physiological adaptation between worker and work. This study aims to investigate maximal aerobic capacity and physical work capacity of male farmers in Sistan region and determining affective factors of that on workers. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 400 male farmers of Sistan region were randomly selected and participated in this research. A questionnaire comprising two parts is used as data collection tool. The first part deals with demographic features and is completed by interview and in the second part of questionnaire parameters including age, height, weight, waist-hip ratio, BMI and number

Description: Small islands around the world encounter special challenges due to vulnerability to acute climates, human-induced activities and pollution. The challenges even become more intricate where the island is located in environmentally sensitive regions. In order to address the problems in coastal areas, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) whose concept was born in 1992 during the Earth Summit of Rio de Janeiro, has been recommended by United Nations. This paper focuses on challenges ahead of ICZM in environmentally sensitive islands through Interaction-Stakeholder and Option Matrices. Kish Island is a beautiful small island located in Persian Gulf. With regard to environmental sensitivities

Description: Qazvin plain in Iran is one of the most fertile regions for crop production, but it has been suffering from severe crises in water resources, inefficient water allocation, and improper cropping pattern due to low tariffs in recent years. One influential policy in the context of sustainable water resource management is suitable pricing. Given the legal potentials and technical conditions for the adoption of various pricing policies, the present paper addresses the effect of area, volumetric or two-part tariff pricing policies with the scenarios of pricing by water supply cost, economic value, or residual value of water on economic variables

Description: The purpose of this research is to provide ecological and chemical characterization of lakes located in the Muraviovka Park, where more than 300 species of birds nest, rest and winter. High concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water of lakes that comes with as high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ) indicates that reservoirs experience eutrophication. Concentration of biogenic organic substances is caused to fluctuate by seasonal changes in water temperature. The fires make the hydro-chemical indicators of wetlands change. Lead concentration in the water is high because it enters the water, moving from the surface layers of soil when natural

Description: Among the chemical pollutants, lead is one of great importance ecologically and hygienically, because it threatens the health of the communities by penetrating into the food cycle. Phytoremediation is required along with modifying chelates to improve the efficiency of metal remediation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vermicompost and EDTA on the absorption of various Pb concentrations from the soil and determine their accumulation level in the roots and shoots of Ocimum basilicum in the form of pot experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. We applied vermicompost 3 mg/kg soil, EDTA

Description: It is well known that mangrove forests are enriched with a source of livelihood for coastal communities in developing countries which enhance coastal waters, yield commercial forest products, protect coastlines, and support coastal fisheries. Local communities in the coastal areas of Chittagong highly depends on fisheries and coastal resources for their livings. This study was conducted in three coastal villages, Bagachattar, Ichakhali and Kattoli, at Sitakunda-Mirsarai coast of Chittagong using Participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) tools. Participatory rapid appraisal was utilized to elucidate the mangrove related livelihood activities in the coastal communities. A total of 23,838 ha has plantation and exist

Description: Treatment of hazardous phenolic substances that are discharged to environment has a significant interest since decades. Biological treatment using freely suspended sludge is the most economical treatment method, but, is considered inactive for treatment of phenolic substances due to the complexity in their chemical structure. The degradation of phenol was experimentally investigated using separate and coupled biological and photo-catalytic processes. The degradation was carried out at different concentrations of phenol from 10 to 100 ppm. The results showed no degradation of phenol using biological treatment, and as expected, the bacterial colony growth was reduced by 50 percent due to lack

Description: Cirata is one of the three reservoirs of Citarum where its function has developed from hydroelectric power generator to aquaculture and tourism in recent times. A number of floating net cage keeps increasing and they have reached 53,031 cages, which have actually exceeded the maximum amount under local government regulation. This condition has triggered eutrophication in the form of ammonium deposited in aquatic sediments. A study with a 30-day treatment of oxidation catalysis of inorganic and organic matter by bacteria called Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology had been conducted to reduce contamination of ammonium in the water. Various treatments were

Description: Land use/land cover change dealing with the alteration of the land surface and its biotic cover is an important aspect of human-induced global environmental change. The purpose of this study is to monitor long-term changes in LU/LC in Odisha with special emphasis to the forest cover change. LU/LC maps prepared through visual interpretation, indicated a decreasing pattern in percentage forest cover area (40.0%-1996, 39.0%-2006, 37.7%-2016). Conversely, significant increase in built-up area (0.3% in 1996, 0.5% in 2006 and 0.6% in 2016) have been observed. Forest cover maps derived through NDVI thresholding revealed a fluctuating trend of change in dense forest

Description: Discharge of untreated or insufficient treated wastewater may result in water borne Cystoisospora belli outbreaks. Influent and effluent wastewater samples from two different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were collected monthly for the detection of Cystoisospora belli using centrifugal concentration and purification by zinc sulphate floatation, followed by molecular detection using real-time PCR. Results showed that the prevalence rates of Cystoisospora belli in influents and effluents of WWTPs were 14.5% and 6.2%, respectively. The removal rates of Cystoisospora belli oocysts in WWTP (A) utilizing activated sludge and WWTP (B) using trickling filter were 66.7% and 50%, respectively.

Description: In rivers, reaeration is an important process that occurs at the air-water interface to restore dissolved oxygen (DO) equilibrium and this process is characterised by its reaeration coefficient. Existing empirical equations to predict reaeration coefficient is merely based on natural reaeration (Ku ), which refers to the oxygen transfer across the natural free surfaces while reaeration coefficient concerned with artificial reaeration caused by turbulence due to intense boat traffic (Kb ) has not been explored previously. This study investigated the influence of boating activities on DO and its associated reaeration coefficient, Kb , along the Brunei River.

Description: The purpose of this work is to determine the effect of brown bear population growth on the population of wild ungulates by the example of Amur Region and the Republic of Buryatia. Studies were conducted in spring, summer, autumn and winter by routing bear trails and natural habitat areas and collecting animal activity observations. The sizes of individual species’ habitats were determined as well as predator’s influence on wild ungulates, living on the same territories, was studied. During research studies, conducted over a period of 10 years, a direct relation between bear population growth and wild ungulates’ population decrease on

Description: Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are designed to excavate underground spaces and widely used in tunneling, civil and mining projects. TBM performance prediction substantially deals with the evaluation of machine’s penetration rate and the number of consumed disc cutters. There are various methods and equations to predict the TBMs performance in the literature. In this paper, we predicted the penetration rate and number of consumed disc cutters in Beheshtabad water conveyance tunneling project, one of the major water conveyance tunneling projects in Iran, using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods. Results showed that both approaches are very

Description: Three air pollution models, namely the ‘California Line Source’ (CALINE4) model, the ‘Unique Dispersion Model’ (UDM) and the ‘Simplified Type Dispersion Model’ (STM) have been analyzed for assessing the air pollutant concentration at one of the most congested traffic road in the city of New Delhi. The latter two models have been developed using the most influential input parameters of CALINE4 namely traffic flow and wind-speed observed by both sensitivity analysis and regression analysis studies. The model performance have been estimated and compared statistically with the traffic emitted airborne carbon monoxide (CO), the prevalent meteorology and the temporal distribution of

Description: The discussion about the kitchen is tiny one but most effective. The function of a domestic kitchen is quite restless because it operates almost 365 days in a year. In India total number of domestic kitchens is quite higher than total Indian households. These kitchens are small food preparing industry where energy used in terms of kitchen fuel and matter in terms of food and industrial sewage occurs in the form of pollutants. Indian women on an average spend two hours per day and minimum 75 minutes per day in kitchen. This paper covers the most focal aspect of realistic picture of domestic kitchen air pollution in Indian middle class families. The exposure of air pollution is vast one. The preventive measure to combat air pollution in the kitchen is the first foot stepping of it. Here the effort has been made to make aware about the exposure of kitchen air pollution in India. This is just like the concept of charity begins at home. This paper depicts the clear picture of preventive measures to combat air pollution in a developing country (India) which has to be started from domestic kitchens. Content Type Journal Article Pages 93-98 Authors Malavika Sinha, Department of Geography, Chatra Ramai Pandit Mahavidyalaya, Bankura West Bengal – 722141, India. E-mail: malavikasinha@yahoo.co.in Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: The present study was undertaken to screen the bacterial isolates causing hemolysis present in medical gauze, used to wrap wounds. The medical gauze was obtained from medical store Anand, Gujarat, India. Isolation was done according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines along with 16S rDNA characterization and further PCR was performed to check the presence of hemolysin gene. In all, 10 different bacterial colonies were isolated out of which seven were found to be resistant against one or the other antibiotic. Molecular characterization of colony number 7 confirmed the presence of hemolysin gene and was found to be resistant to large number of antibiotics, identified as Enterobacter hormaechei. Enterobacter hormaechei is lesser known strain as not much has been reported in India. But this is thought to be one of the major bacteria responsible for nosocomial infection by means of various transmissions. Medical gauzes are widely used in surgeries and covering wounds. The possible presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria like this can give rise to devastating effect leading to various nosocomial outbreaks. Content Type Journal Article Pages 87-91 Authors Devjani Banerjee, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (Aribas), Adit Campus, New Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat, India – 388121 Affilated to Sardar Patel University Tejas Gohil, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (Aribas), Adit Campus, New Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat, India – 388121 Affilated to Sardar Patel University Sarika Dudhat, Ashok & Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Study & Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (Aribas), Adit Campus, New Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat, India – 388121 Affilated to Sardar Patel University Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: Phosphorus and nitrogen are two important nutrients to plants. Therefore, fertilizers usually used in agricultural lands hold a significant amount of phosphorus and nitrogen. Even though these two are essential for plants, they are treated as pollutants when they are contaminated to the fresh waters. Therefore, phosphorus in stormwater runoff is a concerned topic for combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Rathnayake and Tanyimboh's optimal control model was capable of handling five different water quality parameters (chemical oxygen demand, bio-chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total Kjeldhal nitrogen and nitrates and nitrites) in CSOs. However, the enhanced approach is capable of integrating phosphorus concentrations into the analysis of water quality from CSOs. The new optimal control model for drainage systems was run and compared against the previous work by the author. Promising findings are illustrated from the newly developed model in controlling drainage systems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 81-85 Authors Upaka Rathnayake, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Srilanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe, Sri Lanka. E-mail: upakasanjeewa@yahoo.com Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: Environmental magnetic techniques have been shown to be highly useful for investigating roadside pollution in Europe, North America and Asia. However, no studies have reported such magnetic monitoring in Japan. Here we report environmental magnetic results along the Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine route at the Bijyodaira area of Mt. Tateyama in Toyama, which is part of the Special Protection Zone of the Chubu Sangaku National Park. In-field susceptibility measurements from 17 sites (297 points) as well as in-laboratory susceptibility measurements from six sites (75 surface and auger core soil samples) show higher susceptibilities near the roadside and a positive correlation between the susceptibility and heavy metal contents. Also, the concentration of the magnetic minerals and associated heavy metals near the surface shows less vertical downward migration of these materials below 15 cm from surface. Rock magnetic analyses indicate that: (a) the major magnetic minerals are pseudosingle- and multi-domain magnetite and/or titanomagnetite; (b) the closer the road side, the more anthropogenic magnetite is present; and (c) most pollutants derived from the vehicles are deposited within a few metre distances from the road through the area. Overall, the results show that environmental magnetic techniques are suitable for studying pollution associated with vehicle traffic elsewhere in Japan. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 Authors Kazuo Kawasaki, Section of Earth and Environmental Systems, University of Toyama Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan. 930-8555 Keiji Horikawa, Section of Earth and Environmental Systems, University of Toyama Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan. 930-8555 Hideo Sakai, Section of Earth and Environmental Systems, University of Toyama Toyama-shi, Toyama, Japan. 930-8555 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: Surface and groundwater quality of selected states within the North-Central, Nigeria were investigated to ascertain the effect of flood on water quality over a period of six months. Statistical, standardized principal component and water quality index analyses were used to interpret the results. Increase in some groundwater parameters are 198.7% for hardness, 541% for colour, 169.8% for iron, 200% for chromium and 117.6% for calcium. The increase in some surface water quality parameters after the flood is as follows: colour (316.76%), turbidity (171%), total suspended solids (156.65%), conductivity (180.5%), chromium (300%) and sulphate (121.2%). Overall groundwater quality decreased from a fair status (69.1%) before the flood to a marginal status (55.3%) after the flood. In the same vein surface water quality decreased from a fair status (72.53%) before the flood to a marginal status (55.1%). There was a 27% reduction in surface water quality and 20.4% reduction in groundwater quality. Content Type Journal Article Pages 59-71 Authors Joseph Terlumun Utsev, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria Chidozie Charles Nnaji, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Mama Cordelia Nnennaya, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: The toxic metal absorption in radish crop and soil treated with sewage sludge in research plot in Allahabad Agricultural Institute -Deemed University, Allahabad have been studied to evaluate the absorption of toxic metal. Sewage sludge used in this study has high contents of both organic matter and nutrients (N, P and K) and none of the heavy metals were found over the maximum established limits. This soil is suitable for growing crops as none of the metals were absorbed above permissible limit. When the sludge was added to the soil, some of the physico-chemical parameters are modified which affects the absorption of toxic metals. When the sewage sludge was used with fertilizers it has given good response in respect of nutrient content and production. There was no phytotoxicity level on the plant growth treated with municipal sewage sludge, due to cumulative accumulation and also high bioavailability of metals; plant metal content exceeds safety food metal limits. It can be seen that heavy metals could be passed to higher levels in the course of time by successive applications of municipal sewage sludge of agronomic rates and thus it could be inevitable to suffer the irreversible problems of cumulative loading of trace elements and in any type of soil in long term effect. However, the agricultural use of this sludge should be well controlled, bearing in mind environmental criteria, because of the persistence of metals in the soil. Content Type Journal Article Pages 13-19 Authors B.K. Mishra, Department of Environmental Sci. & Engg., Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826004, India Manisha, Department of Environmental Sci. & Engg., Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826004, India Rashi Gupta, Department of Environmental Sci., SHIATS, Allahabad – 211007, India Alok Sinha, Department of Environmental Sci. & Engg., Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826004, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used to predict future climate change scenario over the Gujarat region. For this purpose, three locations of the region namely Ahmedabad, Deesa and Vadodara for which long period daily weather data (1969–2013) are available were chosen. The results indicated that LARS-WG model adequately predicted monthly rainfall means and standard deviations and they were in agreement with the observed series as reflected in the t and f-tests at 5% probability. The agreement was even better for maximum and minimum air temperatures at all the three locations of the Gujarat region. LARS-WG-predicted climate change scenario indicated an increasing trend in annual and seasonal rainfall at Ahmedabad and it would increase by 6.7% i.e. 54.3 mm (in 2020) to 18.2% i.e. 147.4 mm (in 2060) against the base period normal rainfall of 807.5 mm. Seasonal rainfall (monsoon) a lso has shown an increasing trend and it would increase by 5% (38.0 mm) in 2020 to 14.5% (110.8 mm) in 2060 against the average seasonal rainfall of 766.4 mm for the base period. At Deesa and Vadodara no trend has been observed in the annual and seasonal rainfall scenario. Standard weekly rainfall during the monsoon season has been found to increase at the start as well as in the middle of the season during 2014 to 2063 compared to the base period (1969–2013) at Deesa and Vadodara; however, no such changes have been observed for Ahmedabad. For all the three locations no trend has been observed in the annual average minimum and maximum temperature as well as in the summer maximum and winter minimum temperature. Content Type Journal Article Pages 31-41 Authors Jayanta Sarkar, India Meteorological Department, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 382475, India J.R. Chicholikar, India Meteorological Department, Ahmedabad, Gujarat – 382475, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 2 / 2015

Description: In developing countries like India, common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) are often suggested as cost-effective options for centralized treatment of effluents emerging from separate waste-streams. The treatment/operation cost of CETPs is met by individual waste generators in proportion to the strength of the waste generated by them. This necessitates the regular determination of parameters such as BOD, which often is cost intensive, requires specialized lab personnel, and is time consuming (3-5 days minimum). Approximation of BOD, therefore, presents a relevant strategy which can save upon cost, effort and time. This paper presents a framework that employs Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique to approximate influent and effluent BOD for common effluent treatment process. The framework is applied to the case of a CETP at Bhopal city, India. In the present work, a three-layered feed forward ANN that compares two different learning algorithms has been applied, and suitable architecture of the neural network models has been ascertained after several steps of training and testing of the models. The results indicate accuracy above 90%, thereby ANN proves to be a promising tool in the field of modelling. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 81-89 Authors Monika Vyas, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India Bharat Modhera, Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India Anil Sharma, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: The Green Revolution has transformed India to a food grain surplus country from a deficit one. No other activity has such immense impact on the socio-economic development of the people as the Green Revolution. Intensification of agriculture over the years has led to overall degradation of the fragile agro-ecosystem. High cost of production and diminishing economic returns from agricultural practices are affecting the socio-economic condition of farmers. Loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, soil toxicity, diminishing water resources, pollution of underground water, salinity of underground water, increased incidence of human and livestock diseases and global warming are some of the negative impacts of over adoption of agricultural technologies by the farmers to make the Green Revolution successful. Indiscriminate and disproportionate use of chemicals pollutes the soil, air and water and feed and fodders offered to animals. This may be one of the important etiologies of increased productive and reproductive health problems of livestock. Various scientific studies and surveys conducted on fertilizer and pesticide residues during last 45 years indicate the presence of residues of fertilizers and pesticides like nitrates, organochlorines, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids and carbamates at higher level than permissible limit in milk, dairy products, water, fodder, livestock feeds and other food products. As urea, a nitrogen-rich fertilizer is used much more than the recommended 4-to-1 ratio to potassium; it is contributing to the global warming. The extent of systematic damages caused in the process of Green Revolution to the soil, groundwater, and ecosystem needs to be quantified. It could lead to irreversible consequence to the life of the people who are benefited once if the timely, adequate and sustainable measures are not taken up to mitigate the harm done by the Green Revolution. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 75-80 Authors Saidur Rahman, Department of Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India. E-mail: saidur14@rediffmail.com Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: A total of 177 species were recorded from all the three sites of the landfill/study area of Doon valley; cultivated species outnumbered the natural species in landfill sites and periphery. Dicots contributed 76.28% of the total vegetation. Herbs were dominating growth form. TWINSPAN classified the herbaceous vegetation of landfill site into five groups in rainy season, four groups in winter season and four groups in summer season. The high moisture content in the landfill site with high organic matter and other similar habitat parameters have clustered the vegetation of landfill sites and periphery. The results of a study indicating the great influence of soil parameters on the diversity and composition of vegetation are presented. Content Type Journal Article Pages 61-68 Authors Seema Manwal, Ecology Research Laboratory, Botany Deptt., D.A.V. (P.G.) College Dehradun - 248001, Uttarakhand, India S.P. Joshi, Ecology Research Laboratory, Botany Deptt., D.A.V. (P.G.) College Dehradun - 248001, Uttarakhand, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: A two-dimensional steady-state solute transport model is developed to simulate movement of non-point sources of pollution in anisotropic porous media. The migration of chemicals dissolved in groundwater is governed by advective-dispersive processes which are also affected by the velocity of the flowing groundwater. Therefore, groundwater flow equation is solved for hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity to approximate the average linear velocity of the fluid. The advection-dispersion is used to approximate the spatial and temporal distribution of non-reactive dissolved chemical in a flowing groundwater. A computer code is developed in MATLAB to solve the groundwater flow and solute transports equations by finite difference methods. The developed program is verified with soil-tank experimental data. The solute transport model is used to simulate non-point source of nitrate pollution in an agriculture-intensive region. Finally, the model outputs are analyzed to understand the factors that influence the pollution transport in the study area. Content Type Journal Article Pages 45-52 Authors Morteza Mohsenipour, Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia Hamid Asgari, Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia Shamsuddin Shahid, Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia Sahar Hadipuor, Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia Peiman Roushenas, Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: Antibacterial-resistant pathogens are serious threat worldwide. The presence of drug-resistant bacteria in environmental samples has important implications for people living in the area who are reliant on public water and sanitation facilities. Detection of faecal indicator bacteria in water provides a very sensitive method of quality assessment. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria circulating in sewer lines of Aligarh region at an interval of every four to five years. This study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, JN Medical College and Hospital over a period of fourteen years. Trends of antimicrobial susceptibility were assessed over this period. Isolates resistant to any of the 3rd generation cephalosporins were also evaluated for the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamases, Amp-C and metallo-β-lactamases. Escherichia coli was the commonest coliform isolated throughout the 14-year study period. Polymicrobial growth was more common in 2005 and 2013. Increase in the antimicrobial resistance was noted among the bacterial strains isolated in the last eight years of study. Isolation of ESBL and Amp-C producing bacterial isolates in sewage waters was the most alarming finding. Circulation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the environment is an alarming indicator of the rampant use of antibiotics. It is suggested that periodic surveys should be done to study the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of environmental water samples. Content Type Journal Article Pages 69-74 Authors Arshi Malik, Dept. of Biochemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA Fatima Khan, Dept. of Microbiology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh Meher Rizvi, Dept. of Microbiology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh Indu Shukla, Dept. of Microbiology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh Sarah Afaq, Dept. of Biochemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA Asfia Sultan, Dept. of Biochemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: The removal of ethyl benzene in a laboratory scale biofilter was investigated using a mixed microbial culture immobilized on a tree bark and proflex media based biofilter. The effect of operating variables namely inlet VOC concentration and flow rate were studied in the range of 1.0-4.0 g/m^3 and 0.25-1.0 m^3/h. The maximum removal efficiency of ethyl benzene attained was 98% with an initial concentration of 1.0 g/m^3 and Empty Bed Residence Time of 282 s. Increasing the inlet ethyl benzene concentration and the air flow rate reduced the removal performance of the biofilter. A maximum elimination capacity of 130.5 g/m^3/h was achieved under optimal conditions. Temperature variation of approximately 4.4°C was observed during the entire biofiltration period confirming the exothermic nature of bio-reaction. Maximum carbon dioxide production of 310.1 g/m^3/h was recorded when the maximum elimination capacity was achieved. Content Type Journal Article Pages 29-35 Authors Rajamohan Natarajan, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, Oman Jamila Al-Sinani, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, Oman Saravanan Viswanathan, Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: The upstream of Ciliwung watershed has a very important role for the economic development in the downstream area (Jakarta as the capital of the country). One of the main functions is as water catchment areas and water reserves, as well as water management. The rapid population growth has encouraged the growth of settlements in the upstream of Ciliwung watershed, which causes the decrement of vegetation space, resulting in increment of surface water flows in the rain as potential causes of flooding in Jakarta. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of settlements in the upstream of Ciliwung watershed area by using GIS (Geographical Information System) with over-lay system through Arc View GIS 3.3 software with geo-processing facilities. The analysis showed that the development of existing settlements tend to be out of control, because it is not only in the corresponding region but also has entered a permanent settlement that is not suitable for residence. The area of suitable land for settlements in the upstream of Ciliwung watershed is only 19.89% but the existing settlements have reached 22.65% and even about 10-13% is in the area prone to a very dangerous landslide. Content Type Journal Article Pages 11-19 Authors Kholil, Faculty of Environment, Sahid University, Jakarta, Indonesia Indarti Komala Dewi, Faculty of Environment, Pakuan University, Bogor, Indonesia Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: Lignin phenol and stable isotope have been used as a biomarker to trace the sources of sedimentary organic matter (SOM), reconstruction of paleovegetation and climate changes without considering the possible occurrence of fossil pollen grain in sedimentary matrix. Lignin phenol analysis of modern pollen showed that both gymnosperm and angiosperm pollen yielded very high concentration of cinnamyl (C) phenols as compared to that of vanillyl (V) and syringyl (S) phenols (C/V=3.05–23.67) with variation in isotopic compositions (δ^{13}=−20.2 to −28.3‰ and δ^{15}N =−9.2 to 1.7‰). Therefore the isotopic and lignin phenol signatures in SOM might be distorted to some extent by fossil pollen. This was especially true in the sediments of low altitude and latitude continental lakes and coastal areas where significant amount of fossil pollen might be deposited. Therefore, before using lignin phenol as a biomarker, one should consider a possible distortion derived from lignin of fossil pollen in sedimentary matrix. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 Authors Shafi M. Tareq, School of Bioscience, the University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia and Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh Keiichi Ohta, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho Hikone, Shiga Pref. 522-8533, Japan Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: Content Type Journal Article Pages 91-96 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: Plants take heavy metals from soil through different reactions. In the present study, heavy metals concentration in leaves and soil of few common plants like Bougainvillea glabra, Delonix regia and Azadirachta indica in mining and non-mining area has been determined. Effect of air pollution and metal content in soil on metal uptake by plant leaves has been done. Metals are present at higher concentration level in soil and leaves of mining area as compared to non-mining area. Metals are present well within the normal range in leaves of the three plants of non-mining area. Cr concentration in leaves of plants in mining area has been found above the normal range. Cu and Pb concentration in leaves of Gulmohar and Neem has also been found above the normal range in mining area. But the high concentration of metals did not show any symptoms of phytotoxicity in plants of mining area. Content Type Journal Article Pages 53-59 Authors Bably Prasad, CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, Jharkhand Dhiraj Kumar, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand Priyanka Sinha, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur Rashmi Kumari, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur Sadhna Singh, Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women's University, Jaipur Shilpi Swati, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are ubiquitous in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and geogenic processes. The fate of these metals in the environment is largely governed by their speciation, which is influenced by sediment properties. Therefore present study focusses on the distribution of Pb, Zn and Cu in different chemical forms in core sediments. Four sediment cores were collected from upstream to downstream of the Brahmaputra river. Metal speciation study revealed that most of the heavy metals were associated with the residual fraction. Among non-residual fraction Zn and Pb were mainly associated with reducible fraction while Cu was associated with oxidisable fraction. The bioavailable fractions for Pb are found to be comparatively higher. Correlation analysis was carried out among different geochemical fractions of heavy metals and sediment properties. It was found that most of the non-residual fraction of heavy metals is significantly correlated with grain size, pH and organic matter. Significant correlation was found between metals (Pb, Cu and Zn) in oxidisable fraction and organic matter. The risk assessment code suggests low to medium risk for all heavy metals. Content Type Journal Article Pages 21-28 Authors Pallavi Das, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam – 784028, Assam Kali Prasad Sarma, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam – 784028, Assam Manish Kumar, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam – 784028, Assam Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine Cr^{+3} and Cr^{+6} uptake capacity of Scirpus mucronatus. The selected macrophytes were transferred to the laboratory containing nutrient solution enriched separately with 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16 mg/L of K_2Cr_2O_7 and Cr(NO_3)_3 and were separately harvested after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. The bioaccumulation study showed a linear relationship between chromium uptake with the exposure time (2-10 days). The calculated linear regression coefficients (R^2) between uptake and exposure time were found to be in the range of 0.577-0.800 and 0.972-0.994 for Cr^{+6} and Cr^{+3} respectively. In both the experiments, the concentration of chromium was found to be higher in the roots than the shoots of S. mucronatus. The maximum accumulation, bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) value were calculated at 2343.6 μg/g dry weight, 489 and 0.33 for Cr^{+3} and 1044 μg/g dry weight, 1034 and 0.68 for Cr^{+6}, respectively. S. mucronatus has the ability to accumulate Cr^{+6} from the surrounding water with a BCF value 〉10^2 but poorly translocate Cr^{+3} and Cr^{+6} (TF 〈 1) to the aerial parts. Content Type Journal Article Pages 37-43 Authors Donboklang Marbaniang, Department of Environmental Studies North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong – 793022 S.S. Chaturvedi, Department of Environmental Studies North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong – 793022 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 12 Journal Issue Volume 12, Number 1 / 2015

Description: A Lagrangian particle tracer method embedded within a 3-D finite difference hydrodynamic model is used to study the transport and exchange processes in a semi-enclosed water of Madura Strait, East Java, Indonesia. The 3-D hydrodynamic model forcing functions consist of tidal elevation at north and east open boundary, river discharge of Brantas River estuaries, and monsoonal wind. The validated model successfully estimated the variability of residence time. The calculation results show that water residence times in Madura Strait and especially in its tributaries are mainly governed by the strength of river discharges, whereas the direction of advection is influenced mainly by monsoon wind directions and less by the tide-induced residual current. Content Type Journal Article Pages 117-128 Authors Mochamad Saleh Nugrahadi, The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia Kurt Duwe, HYDROMOD GbR, Hafenstr. 32b, D-22880 Wedel, Germany Friedhelm Schroeder, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Dirk Goldmann, HYDROMOD GbR, Hafenstr. 32b, D-22880 Wedel, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Organic matter (OM) processing in estuaries is crucial in the marine environment as significant quantities of OM are buried or modified in these land-ocean-interaction zones. Southeast Asia is globally important in this regard because of high sediment inputs to the ocean and intense human modifications in the coastal zone, as exemplarily can be observed in the catchment of Java's second largest river, the Brantas. In order to investigate sedimentary OM processing, surface sediments and short sediment cores were sampled in its estuary in the rainy and dry seasons of 2008. δ^{13}C_{org}, δ^{15}N and C/N ratios as well as amino acids and hexosamines were used to determine the sources, transformation and fate of estuarine sedimentary organic matter. Ranges in δ^{13}C_{org} of −24.9 to −20.1‰, in δ^{15}N of 3.5 to 5.4‰ and a C/N ratio of 7.9 to 16.5 in the sediments indicate a mixture of freshly produced marine algae and degraded terrestrial soil organic matter. The relative contributions of the autochthonous and allochthonous OM in the estuarine sediments differed according to the amount and dispersal of the land-derived material. As the discharge of the two main river arms, the Porong and the Wonokromo River, showed strong differences with upto five-fold higher values in the Porong River in the rainy season, the highest proportion of terrestrial OM was found off the Porong river mouth that received the highest riverine runoff. Also the lowest sedimentary reactivity was detected in this region as displayed by amino acids (AA) and hexosamines (HA). AA+HA ranged between 0.76 and 5.25 mg g^{-1}, amino acid bound carbon between 5.9 and 22.6% and the AA/HA ratio between 4.2 and 13.0. Furthermore, a reduced intensity of OM degradation was observed in front of the Porong River outlet, which has been attributed to the high quantity of deposited material and the low reactivity of the surface sediments. In a global context, the reactivity of sedimentary OM from the Brantas estuary was in the range of degraded sediments from offshore regions or stations at greater water depth. It indicates that severe OM degradation based on a strong tidally induced resuspension of sediments in the turbid and well mixed waters of the shallow Brantas estuary is responsible for burial of refractory carbon. Content Type Journal Article Pages 95-115 Authors Claudia Propp, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany Ingo Jänen, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany Tim Jennerjahn, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: The probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is defined as the highest precipitation (measured by a rain gauge) for a given period that is meteorologically reliably recorded in the rainfall station. Estimation of the PMP is very important, especially for the safety design of dams and reservoirs, because precipitation data are available for a much longer period of time than those for river floods. Analysis of the daily rainfall, which was used to estimate the PMP values of the upstream Brantas River showed high consistency, so that the collected rainfall data were reliable. These facts were shown by a straight line produced by each rainfall station based on the double mass curve test. The PMP estimation for upstream Brantas River varied between 419 and 556 mm/day. The estimated PMP values were highest at the Birowo station and lowest at the Tangkil station. They were then not correlated to the maximum daily rainfall observed at a rainfall station. This means that there are other factors as described by the Hershfield equation that resulted in higher estimated PMP values. Therefore, the safety design of dam and reservoir construction in this area has to consider the estimated maximum PMP reaching 556 mm/day. Content Type Journal Article Pages 17-24 Authors Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), BPPT Building 2, floor 18, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340 Seno Adi, The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), BPPT Building 2, floor 18, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: The Brantas River catchment on the Indonesian island of Java is among the most densely-populated regions in the world. Damming of the river and intensive agriculture in the catchment are supposed to affect the biogeochemistry and ecology of the river, its reservoirs and coastal waters. We collected water, suspended matter and phytoplankton samples from the Sutami and the Selorejo lakes, two major reservoirs in the catchment, in May 2001 and June 2002. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved inorganic nutrients and suspended matter was analyzed for carbon and nitrogen contents and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition. Phytoplankton cells were counted, identified and grouped into four major classes. Both reservoirs displayed clear signs of eutrophication as shown by high nutrient concentrations and high phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton abundance was generally higher in the Sutami than in the Selorejo reservoir and in the Sutami reservoir it was much higher in June 2002 than in May 2001. Phytoplankton responded to the amount and composition of nutrients in such a way that diatoms dominated when silicate concentrations and N/P ratios were high in the Sutami reservoir in May 2001. The mass occurrence of the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in the Selorejo reservoir was probably responsible for a high uptake of dissolved nutrients resulting in an N/P ratio 〈8. This favoured the growth of cyanobacteria which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Excessive phytoplankton growth in the Sutami reservoir in June 2002 led to a drastic silicate reduction (165 μM in May 2001, 95 μM in June 2002). This and an N/P ratio 〈4 consequently resulted in a much lower abundance of diatoms and a much higher abundance of cyanobacteria than in May 2001. The biogenic extraction of silicate by diatoms in reservoirs has often been observed in high latitude regions where it, in combination with high anthropogenic additions of nitrogen and phosphorus and a lack of silicate replenishment downstream of reservoirs, leads to eutrophication of coastal waters and a shift from biomineralizing to nonbiomineralizing phytoplankton. Because of the high weathering rates in the tropical Brantas River catchment, silicate concentrations in the downstream portion of the river were as high as in the headwaters and coastal phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms despite nutrient extraction in reservoirs. It indicates that human activities in river catchments in the humid tropics affect coastal ecosystems in a different way than in high latitude regions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 41-53 Authors Tim C. Jennerjahn, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Sascha Klöpper, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: The Brantas River is the second largest river on the island of Java which has undergone major changes in the past decades because of the demands of an evergrowing population. Water management measures were mainly designed (i) to provide flood protection, (ii) to provide raw water for irrigation, households and industry, and (iii) to generate hydropower. The objective of this paper is to delineate the history of development and attendant environmental changes since 1970 as well as to address the effects of a mud volcano eruption in 2006. Data from three gauging stations representing the upstream, midstream and downstream portions of the Brantas River were chosen to display patterns in discharge (1970-2003) and in nutrients (1991-1997). Overall discharge decreased over time at all stations with the strongest decrease in the downstream portion. The amplitude of seasonal changes in discharge was highest in the downstream portion. Dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations increased slightly downstream as a result of land use. An eruption of a mud volcano in 2006 added to the initially high sediment load of the river. A portion of the mud was directed into the river leading to extremely high suspended matter and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. As a large part of the high suspended sediment load, already settled in the river, dredging was initiated in order to avoid blocking of the river. The dredging material was used for land reclamation. The high nutrient and sediment loads of the Brantas River are to a large extent the result of intensive human activities in the catchment like hydrological alterations and land-use change. Extreme natural events like the mud volcano exacerbate the consequences of human alterations on the water quality and biogeochemistry of the river. Content Type Journal Article Pages 5-15 Authors Seno Adi, The Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology (BPPT), BPPT Building 2, Floor 18, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia Ingo Jänen, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Tim C. Jennerjahn, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: The Brantas River is a tropical mid-sized river with mountainous headwaters, covering a catchment area of around 11,050 km^2 at the east coast of Java, Indonesia. Its watershed is located in one of the most densely populated regions worldwide, facing alterations by agriculture, urbanization and aquaculture ponds. Additionally, one of the two major distributaries of the Brantas River in the lowlands, the Porong River is affected by inputs from the "LUSI" mud volcano since April 2006. We investigated spatio-temporal variations in inorganic nutrient biogeochemistry of the Brantas River, its major distributaries in the lower reaches and its coastal-estuarine regions and related them to land use and hydrology. Highest nutrient loadings occurred during the wet periods (November to April) making up 80% and 87% of the annual dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN: NO_3^-, NO_2^-, NH_4^ +) and phosphorus (PO_4^{3-}) loads, respectively, with the Porong River accounting for 90% and 82% of the annual DIN and PO_4^{3-} input. During wet periods the estuaries were flushed with DIN and PO_4^{3-} rich freshwater, leading to high concentrations in coastal waters. Much lower nutrient concentrations were observed in coastal waters during dry periods because of low river discharge and nutrient load. During dry periods an increased exchange time and increased biological activity were responsible for estuaries acting as a sink for NO_3^- and a source for NH_4^ + and PO_4^{3-}. In contrast, during wet periods most of the introduced NO_3^- was directly discharged into coastal waters without further processing and NH_4^ + and PO_4^{3-} fluxes were slightly lower. Variations in the DIN composition were mainly related to differences in land use with NO_3^- dominating the agriculture-dominated upper Brantas River and increasing NH_4^ + and NO_2^- content in the lower reaches affected by urban wastewater and aquaculture. The mud volcano affected parts of the Porong River showed drastic changes in the DIN composition and depletion of dissolved oxygen during low flow periods. In contrast, during wet periods most of the mud volcano input was diluted by the large freshwater and inorganic nutrient supply from the upstream regions. Our results suggest that the densely urbanized Brantas River with multiple anthropogenic nutrient sources (agriculture, urban sewage release, aquacultures) leads to an increased export of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus into coastal waters. The enhanced nutrient export supports nutrient enrichment in coastal waters, can possibly affect the phytoplankton production and composition, leading to eutrophication within nearshore regions of the Madura Strait. Content Type Journal Article Pages 73-93 Authors Ingo Jänen, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Seno Adi, Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jl. M.H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia Tim C. Jennerjahn, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Using an automated water quality station in the lower Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia, highly time-resolved time series (1 min^1) of main parameters that govern water quality have been measured (oxygen, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, nutrients, total inorganic and organic carbon) from 2003 to 2008. All parameters showed distinct seasonal variations related to dry and wet seasons. Due to the large input of organic material from sewage and industry into the river the most important parameter is the dissolved oxygen that displays a distinct seasonal behaviour with relatively large values during wet season and very low values in dry season. In addition, during dry season high variations between day and night were observed with zero oxygen concentrations at night. From highly time-resolved oxygen time series the main metabolic rates (primary production, respiration) together with atmospheric exchange rates could be calculated in a semi-quantitative way. From this, it could be estimated that the anthropogenic carbon input into the river has to be reduced from about 70 t/d BOD equivalents to at least 33 t/d in order to prevent anaerobic conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 55-72 Authors Friedhelm Schroeder, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Hans-Diethard Knauth, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Content Type Journal Article Category Guest Editorial Pages 1-4 Authors Tim C. Jennerjahn, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany Seno Adi, The Agency for the Assessment and Application Technology (BPPT), BPPT Building 2 Floor 18, Jl. M.H. Thamrin no.8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia Friedhelm Schroeder, Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: The design, development and operation of an automated water quality station at the banks of the Brantas River, Java, Indonesia is described. The objective of the work was to prove that such a station can be operated in tropical areas with trained local personnel. By designing and building a modular system within a transportable container, a generalised system that can be applied to other tropical or subtropical regions was developed. The main problem in tropical waters — biofouling of sensors – was solved by automated cleaning procedures that include pressure cleaning with acidified water and chlorination. Low maintenance requirements could be achieved by a completely automated operation and remote maintenance via phone and internet. The different components of the system – water inlet, hydraulic circuit, data management – are described in detail. The performance and the costs of the automated water quality station are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 25-39 Authors Friedhelm Schroeder, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Michael Boer, 4H Jena Engineering GmbH, Mühlenstraße 126, 07745 Jena, Germany Didik Agus Wijanarko, Badan Lingkungan Hidup Prov Jatim, Indonesia Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Content Type Journal Article Pages 161-168 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Physicochemical analysis of fresh potable water and treated wastewater collected from the sewage plant were carried out. The analysis of different parameters namely pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, hardness of water, Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, total alkalinity, chloride, sulphates, NO_2^-, fluoride, dissolved oxygen, phosphates, sodium and potassium ions were carried out as per the standard methods. The preliminary study aimed at utility of treated wastewater and how far it is extendable upto the proper usage for different purposes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 155-159 Authors Mushini Venkata Subba Rao, Department of Chemistry, G.M.R. Institute of Technology, Rajam 532 127, Andhra Pradesh, India V. Dhilleswara Rao, Department of Chemistry, G.M.R. Institute of Technology, Rajam 532 127, Andhra Pradesh, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Haematological profiles have been frequently used to assess the health status of fish subject to metallic stress. The present study examined potential alterations that may arise in the haematological profile of the Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) due to exposure to cadmium (Cd). Adult female fish collected from an aquarium were housed in glass tanks and exposed to three concentrations (0.2, 2 and 10 mg l^{-1}) of CdCl_2 for five days. At the end of the trial, fish were sacrificed to obtain blood to record five primary (erythrocyte count - RBC, lymphocyte count - WBC, haemoglobin concentration - Hb, packed cell volume - PCV and clotting time) and three secondary (mean cell haemoglobin - MCH, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration - MCHC and mean cell volume - MCV) haematological parameters. Results revealed that the observed patterns were erratic and significant changes were observed only at the low (0.2 mg l^{-1}) and high (10 mg l^{-1}) levels of exposure. Significant increases were noted in RBC and WBC counts, Hb, PCV, MCH, MCHC and MCV, while the clotting time was significantly reduced (2.2 minutes in the control and 0.8 at the highest concentration). These results are of particular concern since the lowest test concentration (0.2 mg l^{-1}), which was capable of inducing changes in some of the blood parameters, falls within the ranges recorded in some of the water bodies of Sri Lanka. Content Type Journal Article Pages 149-153 Authors R.A.A.R. Ranatunge, Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka M.R. Wijesinghe, Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka W.D. Ratnasooriya, Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka R. Wijesekera, Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: River Ganges is one of the most important rivers of India. This important and sacred river is becoming contaminated day by day. In the present study, 500 water samples were collected from river Ganges and screened for presence of Salmonella by PCR. Out of 500 samples, 44 were found to be positive for Salmonella and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the most common serovar isolated from 24 samples. These isolates were screened for presence of stn, inv A and pef A genes which are mainly responsible for virulence of Salmonella. In 21 isolates stn gene was present, while inv A and pef A genes were present in 22 and 18 isolates respectively. In 15 isolates, all three virulent genes were present. The present study indicates that these isolates may be virulent and being a serious cause of health problems both in animals and humans. Content Type Journal Article Pages 141-147 Authors M.K. Saxena, Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India - 263145 Rubi Singh, Department of Microbiology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, India - 263145 Achana Yadav, Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India - 263145 Shashi Kiran, Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India - 263145 Anjani Saxena, Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India - 263145 B.D. Lakhchura, Animal Biotechnology Centre, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India - 263145 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: This study was conducted to investigate the impact of water quality of the Bangshi River, a part of the Bangshi-Turag system in the north-central (NC) region of Bangladesh, on irrigated soil, and growth and yield performances of rice (BRRIdhan-29) by selecting a polluted site (PS) and a pollution free control site (CS) along the river. Water and soil samples from both sites were collected on different growing stages of rice and analyzed on spots and in laboratories following standard methods and instruments. Growth and yield parameters of rice from both sites were collected through measurements and surveys in the rice fields and farmers' households. The results of the study revealed that the values of pH, EC, DO, Cl, NH_4-N, SAR, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr in river water exceeded the safe limits for irrigation at the PS, whereas these parameters were within the safe limits at the CS. The contents of most nutrients (except B) as well as metals in soil were found to be higher at the PS than those of the CS. However, the most growth and yield parameters of rice (except the weights of unfilled/damaged grains and rice husks) were significantly lower at the PS than those of the CS, which might be due to the irrigation with water polluted mostly by untreated industrial effluents. Content Type Journal Article Pages 129-139 Authors Masudur Rahman, Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna - 9208, Bangladesh M. Shahjahan Mondal, Institute of Water and Flood Management, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka - 1000, Bangladesh Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 10 Journal Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / 2013

Description: In the present study, mixed microbial culture isolated from the sludge of effluent treatment plant of a refinery was tested for its phenol biodegradation potential under static batch condition. The result showed that, after acclimatization, the culture could biodegrade upto 750 mg L^{-1} of phenol. 100% phenol degradation was achieved for the various concentrations studied. Kinetic study showed that specific growth rate of microorganisms and specific substrate degradation rate increased up to 300 mg L^{-1} of initial phenol concentration and then started decreasing. The biodegradation kinetics was fitted to different substrate inhibition models by using optimization software tool (solver) in Microsoft office 2007. Among all models, Aiba model (μmax = 0.3187 h^{-1}, K_I = 400, R^2 = 0.915) and Edward Model (μmax = 0.0011 h^{-1}, K_I = 210 mg L^{-1}, R^2 = 0.942) were fitted the best. Growth kinetics was also fitted well to the classical Haldane model. The values of inhibition constant, K_I from Yano model indicated that this culture may well degrade phenol beyond 750 mg L^{-1}. Content Type Journal Article Pages 19-24 Authors Hemant Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati, Assam – 781039, India Kaustubha Mohanty, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati, Assam – 781039, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: A study has been taken to evaluate the impact of industrial waste generated from different industries existing in Jagatpur Industrial Estate on river Mahanadi. Samples were collected from final discharge point to river Mahanadi of different industries as well as upstream and downstream of river Mahanadi to Jagatpur Industrial Estate. Samples were collected in three seasons. The results obtained at U/S and D/S points on river Mahanadi in different seasons (winter, summer and rainy) has been compared graphically. From the seasonal variation it was observed that almost all parameters are in increasing trend. In the rainy season, yearly average value at the D/S point is quite high as compared to yearly value at U/S point. The high values in rainy season is due to washing of waste dumping near Mahanadi bed. Quality Ratings for different parameters has been calculated from that water quality index was found out and compared. From the results it is concluded that, due to industrial waste discharge, water quality of river Mahanadi is deteriorated at the D/S point on river Mahanadi and the results are not meeting the prescribed standard for drinking water under Class A. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 79-81 Authors Swati Panda, Department of Zoology, Salipur College, Salipur, Orissa, India A.K. Patra, Department of Zoology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India S.K. Mohanty, State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: Environmental gradients in physico-chemical properties and distance to human settlements at two wetlands (around Hyena and Nalogomon dams) in the Nairobi National Park were studied. Ordination showed that over 84% of the variation in both wetland waters and soils was accounted for by twelve parameters (physico-chemical properties and distance to settlements). In wetland waters, Cu and Mn contributed most to variation that was related to distance to nearest urban settlements. This means that the concentration of the two elements increased as distance to settlements decreased. Elements Cu and Mn are pollution indicators and their increased concentration during the wet season in wetlands close to urban areas could be due to run-off or storm waters from the settled areas finding its way into the wetland. Critically, P and Cu varied along the distance gradient, being highest closest to urban settlements. The ordination plots on the wetland soil/sediment show a clear gradient, that is, a distance to urban settlements gradient that separates the two wetlands. Content Type Journal Article Pages 11-18 Authors W.K.S. Ruto, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya J.I. Kinyamario, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya N.K. Ngétich, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya E. Akunda, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya J.K. Mworia, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: Effluent from an urban pond receiving domestic sewage for many decades was investigated. The chemical analysis of sewage of the pond revealed very high concentrations of BOD, COD, total N, NH_4^ +-N at alkaline pH with very low concentration of DO and caused stunted growth of Eichhornia crasspes. Hence, biomass productions by E. crassipes in different rate of diluted cultures, sewage with tap water were studied. The plant recorded significantly (p 〈 0.01) increased biomass production, N uptake efficiency as well as N removal efficiency in two times dilution than undiluted sewage culture. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among different rate of dilutions for net biomass production (F = 58.13), N uptake efficiency (F = 89.80) and N removal efficiency (F = 18.61) by E. crassipes at the end of two months culture study. Content Type Journal Article Pages 45-50 Authors A.K. Giri, Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128 (U.P.), India P. Sachan, Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128 (U.P.), India S. Kushwaha, Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128 (U.P.), India M.P. Singh, Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128 (U.P.), India S. Verma, Institute of Environment & Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128 (U.P.), India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: Noise assessment is carried out in various residential, commercial and industrial places in and around Belpahar and Brajarajnagar of Ib River coalfield. The average noise intensities at various residential places range from 57.10 to 63.25 dB during day time (6 am-10 pm) and from 46.77 to 56.22 dB during night (10 pm-6 am). It clearly demonstrates that the noise levels are in close proximity or beyond the permissible limit. Though the average noise intensities at various commercial and industrial places are within the permissible limit, the Lmax noise values are more than the permissible limit. Analysis of variance is also computed for different residential, commercial and industrial places to infer the level of significance. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 73-78 Authors Haraprasad Mohapatra, Kaptipada College, Kaptipada, Mayurbhanj – 757040, Orissa Shreerup Goswami, Department of Geology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack – 753003, Orissa, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: This paper deals with an important phenomenon taking place these days – melting of polar ice caps and glaciers on various mountains around the globe. This phenomenon has already affected the population in India and Pakistan due to the drying up of rivers. This is an indication for those living in South East Asia, and Far East that without the rivers to irrigate fields, there would be major food crisis. In addition, it would result in mass migration of people due to the shortage of water. This paper, at first, provides evidences of drying up processes of rivers Indus in Pakistan and Ganga in India – to show that the adverse effect of the global warming is already there in India and Pakistan, and this fact was completely missed out at the Copenhagen Conference in December 2009. Next, the paper shows that, without the glaciers on the Himalayas, vast areas in India and Pakistan would turn into deserts because in these areas the climate would change drastically due to lack of vegetation and influx of solar energy. Content Type Journal Article Pages 67-72 Authors Anand M. Sharan, Faculty of Engineering, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada A1B 3X5 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: Content Type Journal Article Pages 97-106 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: A number of chemical and pharmaceutical industries have been established since past three decades. Effluents from these industries are being directly discharged into surrounding land, irrigation fields and surface water bodies thereby contaminating the groundwater table. Application of different multivariate statistical approaches is used to interpret the relationship between the specific process that control the quality of water in surface and ground water in Bollaram industrial town near Hyderabad (India). Thirteen parameters have been monitored on thirty eight sampling points from a survey conducted in surface and ground water. This data was analysed using statistical analysis (CA). Sr, Ba, Co, Ni and Cr were associated and controlled by mixed origin with similar contribution from anthropogenic and geogenic sources whereas Fe, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, B and Co were derived from anthropogenic activities. Statistical analysis showed good results rendering the three different groups for surface water and two groups for ground water of similarity between the sampling sites reflecting the different water quality parameters of the study area. This correlation identified with the processes of salinity, alkalinity and pollution which are considered as lithologically and non-lithologically controlled factors. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 91-96 Authors Ishrath, P.G. College of Science, Saifabad, Osmania University, Hyderabad – 500004, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: This study is a documented research work that determines the emission quantities of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 in Thailand. The information included in this study is comprised of secondary data that have been collected from relevant government agency sources and the results of a field survey. The field survey provides information about the production process, the production output, and the emission factors for each specific production process, extracted from the Revised 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, Volume 3. The effect of the use of HFC-134a in the manufacturing and servicing of household refrigerators and automobile air-conditionings was calculated during 2001–2006 and the results indicated that the direct emission of HFCs based on CO_2 and carbon equivalent was 59,280,394 and 16,300,616 MT carbon, respectively. Similarly, the effect of the use of SF6 in the manufacture was calculated during 2001-2006 and the results indicated that the direct emission of SF6 based on CO2 and carbon equivalent was 29,473 and 8038 MT carbon, respectively. The direct emission was calculated from the amount of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 that had leaked or had purged directly into the atmosphere. It was found that the direct emissions from manufacturing and servicing refrigerator had increased and the different emissions depend on the amount of GHG that was converted which was compared to the amount of equivalent CO_2. Content Type Journal Article Pages 51-57 Authors Varittha Sriruang, 1Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department (PCD) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Nathsuda Pumijumnong, 1Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department (PCD) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Winai Nutmagul, 1Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department (PCD) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Vanisa Surapipith, 1Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department (PCD) Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: Theoretically, water supply, sanitation and poverty are intertwined. This intertwined link is governed by various socio-economic, political and cultural factors. In Pakistan, this interlink is very strong. This paper is designed to assess the extent of this link and to evaluate various options of interventions and their effectiveness. Data analysis suggests that the sector suffers from poor attributes of access, quality, coverage and expenditure constraints. Sector's review indicates that approaches, strategies and priorities suffer from a number of problems. Results imply that water and sanitation approaches are less likely to work well or very effective. At least the approaches are not sustainable in the long run till the situation of the poor people will not be changed. Improvement could only be possible where the services are targeted efficiently with better access with low cost technologies coupled with improved pro-poor financial mechanisms. This can be achieved by extending the services to the income poor and water and sanitation poor and by extending the services in rural areas such as schools where the lack of facilities are visible. Content Type Journal Article Pages 25-36 Authors Ahmed Nawaz Hakro, Faculty, College of Economics, Management and Information Systems University of Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman PO Box 33, Pc 616, Birkat Al Mouz, Sultanate of Oman Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: The antibiotic resistance shown by bacterial isolates from aquatic sources was studied. Resistance towards ampicillin was higher compared to the other antibiotics viz. amikacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline. Compared to the isolates from unpolluted water sources the isolates from industrially polluted water showed higher incidence of resistance towards antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was compared. Incidence of multiple drug resistance to three or more drugs was more in isolates from polluted water. The results suggest that industrially polluted water bodies can act as reservoirs of multidrug resistant bacteria from where they can spread to the environment. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 79-81 Authors Divya Mohan, Dept. of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala – 686 560, India Suja Philip, Dept. of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala – 686 560, India Jyothis Mathew, Dept. of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam, Kerala – 686 560, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: In this study of plasma pyrolysis of cotton, main focus was drawn on the energy recovery possibilities by generating Syn gas (H_2 + CO) by thermal pyrolysis and gasification (cracking) of cotton through plasma as heat source. Through GC analysis, we concluded that plasma pyrolysis of cotton in temperature range of 500 to 700°C yields H2 as main component around 15–25% volume basis and other compounds like CO, CO_2, CH_4, C_2H_6, C_2H_4, C2H2 and soot (carbon). Dioxin and furan formation do not take place as we worked in higher temperature ranges and then provided sudden fast quenching to avoid De-Nevo synthesis. The theoretical and experimental energy recovery comparisons have also been done and shown. Content Type Journal Article Pages 59-66 Authors Pragnesh N. Dave, Department of Chemistry, K.S.K.V. Kachchh University, Bhuj – 370 001, Gujarat, India Asim Joshi, 1Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad – 380 019 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: The removal of Co(II) ions by two Cameroon clays – kaolinite and smectite as adsorbents – was investigated in a batch system. The effect of Co(II) ions initial concentration, Co, pH and contact time, t, has been studied in terms of kinetic models. The experimental data fitted well the pseudo-second order kinetic model allowing the rate constant to be evaluated. This study shows that these clays could be used as important efficient adsorbent materials for the uptake of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution at low initial concentrations. This study is important for the treatment of Co(II) ions effluent where continuous removal can be achieved on a large scale. Content Type Journal Article Pages 37-43 Authors Horace Manga Ngomo, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon Charles Fon Abi, Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé 1 P.O. Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon Gaëlle Tatiana Ngnie Tuemgnie, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon Patrice Kenfack Tsobnang, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon Joseph Ketcha Mbadcam, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: Bioassays employing the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri (LUMIStox system), the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) as well as the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test were used to evaluate sediment toxicity of surface sediments from five East Sumatra rivers. In March and November of 2008 samples were collected from Rokan, Siak, Kampar, Indragiri and Musi rivers from overall 52 stations. The sediments were extracted with a sediment/water ratio of 1:1 (w/v). The most toxic sediments were found at the stations 529 (Kampar), 543 (Musi) as well as 517 (Siak) during the November 2008 campaign. Of the bioassays employed in this study, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test was the most responsive to the extracts (EC_{50}: 0.4 ± 0.1 to 1.02 ± 0.3 g/L), whereas the invertebrate lethality assay using Artemia salina was less sensitive (EC_{50}: 6.1 ± 0.6 to 9.3 ±; 0.4 g/L). While it was not possible to correlate the observed ecotoxicological effects with a specific and/or class of contaminants it is notable that the Siak sediment extracts were consistently ranked the most toxic with all test species and all test phases. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 Authors Bettina Scholz, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Daniel Ziehe, 1Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries Institute of Agricultural Climate Research, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany Lucinéia A. Pivetta, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Nils Pielok, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Gerd Liebezeit, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Schleusenstr. 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 3 / 2012

Description: The industrial expansion during the twenty-year period of 1983 to 2003 had shown its impact on rainwaters of Visakhapatnam. The ionic contents of SO_4, NH_4, NO_3, Ca, Na and Cl along with pH and electrical conductivity are analysed for the rainwaters of Visakhapatnam industrial corridor during the period. The analysis shows that the atmospheric dust is more in summer rains than in the post-monsoon period, when the same had been washed down. However, unabated increase of air pollution over the two decades is indicated by the steady rise of conductivity of rainwater. The ratio between Ca^+ + NH_4^+ and NO_3^- + SO_4^- shows values consistently less than one, indicating the rise of acidic nature, in spite of the neutralization due to alkaline agents like Ca and NH_4. Gradual decline of pH of rainwater forecasts an impending acidic rain in near-future. Content Type Journal Article Pages 101-108 Authors Somu Naidu Yellapu, Department of Geophysics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Kavitha Chandu, 1Department of Electronics, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: This article focusses on the microbial retting of jute bast fibres under aerobic condition using sequencing batch reactor. Retting operation was carried out for varying time period namely 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 days respectively. The optimum retting period was judged based on the characteristics of the retted fibre with respect to fibre fineness, tenacity, modulus, strain at break and linear density. The morphological characteristic were visualized based on the scanning electron microscope image. As the retting period increased the fineness of the fibre improved; however based on the tenacity (0.468 N/tex) and modulus (50.23 N/tex) a 25-day retting period was found to be optimum in this present study. The predominant microbial species present in the jute retting liquor were found to be species of Bacillus, Clostridium, Aspergillus and Mucor. As the current method of retting operation was carried out under aerobic condition, the emission of green house gas doesn't arise. Moreover the wash water arising due to rinsing of retted fibre was recycled, thereby achieving a zero discharge concept. Content Type Journal Article Pages 109-117 Authors Krishnan Vijayaraghavan, Biotechnology Research Division, Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Institute of Technology and Management, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India Dhas Nirmal Stephen, Biotechnology Research Division, Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Institute of Technology and Management, Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: A simple analytical method was developed and optimised for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in activated sludge consisting of supernatant and solid, which collected from the aerobic reactor (aerated zone) of the biological treatment step in a wastewater treatment plant. The procedure accomplishes in feasible time of extraction and reasonable solvent volume without the need of any special technique to perform the extraction step. The method involves extraction of entire sample by sonication and mechanical shaking using n-hexane, preconcentration by solvent evaporation, and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and fluorescence detectors. The developed method was optimised to give precise results in both low and high spiked samples: relative standard deviation lower than 10%, limits of detection lied between 0.2 and 5 μg kg^{-1}, and recoveries were between 66% and 109%. This method allows the monitoring of the bioremediation efficiency of PAHs by the activated sludge, since it permits the extraction of both PAHs; those that adsorbed to the solid phase, and the other that presented in supernatant phase. The activated sludge could be valuable in the bioremediation of lighter PAH compounds mainly those which consist of two and three fused aromatic rings. Content Type Journal Article Pages 11-23 Authors Yamen AlSalka, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria Kai Lehnberg, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany Djamila Al-Halbouni, Institute for Biology 1, Unit of Soil Ecology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany François Karabet, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria Mohammad Shahir Hashem, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria Rasha Al Misrabi, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: In a tropical country like India, instability in agricultural production stems from vagaries of rainfall. A complete and quantitative understanding of spatial and temporal variation of this resource is, therefore, required to increase and stabilize food production. The use of average seasonal or monthly rainfall does not seem to be appropriate for planning purposes as it does not cover the risk factor. A detailed probability analysis can bring out the amount of rainfall expected at different probability levels which in turn can give the number of years of adequate, deficient and excess rainfall. Keeping in mind the above aspects, the present paper studies probabilistic rainfall scenario over the Vidarbha region which, despite having tremendous agricultural potential, could not develop to its full potential. The study reveals that dynamic influence (mainly lows and depressions moving over the area) is the main cause of rainfall over Vidarbha. Accumulated Assured Rainfall (AAR) analysis, by fitting incomplete Gamma Distribution Model at different probability levels, indicates that it is maximum in the eastern part of Bhandara and northern part of Gadchiroli districts while it is minimum over western Vidarbha covering northern parts of Buldhana, Akola and adjoining Amravati districts. Weekly assured rainfall analysis reveals that in seventy per cent of the years, the eastern most districts of the region get at least 25 mm of rainfall per week continuously for 13 weeks during mid – June to first half of September. Based on AAR analysis at 70% probability level the entire study region has been divided into five homogeneous rainfall zones (namely A, B, C, D and E). The region to the west of 79°E (A, B, and C zones) receives lower rainfall compared to that to the east of 79°E (D and E zones). This could be attributed to the fact that Vidarbha mainly gets rainfall from lows/depressions formed over Bay of Bengal and move in a westerly/ northwesterly direction and sheds much of its rainwater over the eastern D and E zones, while A, B and C zones get rainfall when these systems pass their heyday. In each of these zones the amount of peak rainfall and when the peak is received has also been found out. This type of rainfall information at different probability levels could serve as basic input of planning for agriculture, land use, drainage requirements and water resources development. Coupled with soil information these will help deciding crop types that could be raised to increase and stabilize production. Content Type Journal Article Pages 25-39 Authors Jayanta Sarkar, India Meteorological Department, Pune – 411005, India. E-mail: jayantasarkar2003@yahoo.co.in Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: Environmental degradation due to leaching of elements from fly ash is of great concern. Leaching result of Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn from the high sulphur fly ash collected from captive power plant of Nagaon Paper Mill, Assam is reported. The pH of the leachate is weakly alkaline in nature, ranging from 7.39 to 7.90. Fly ash contains very high concentration of elements in comparison with Gondwana counterpart. However, mobilization of elements from the Nagaon fly ash is very less, and is possibly due to the presence of high unburnt carbon. Content Type Journal Article Pages 57-60 Authors Sk. Md. Equeenuddin, Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela – 769008, Orissa, India Santosh Kumar, Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela – 769008, Orissa, India Shantanu Kumar Dutta, Central Pollution Control Board, Shillong – 793 014, Meghalaya, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: With the rise of the environmental protection movement, greater emphasis has been given to the water quality safeguarding in terms of minimizing water pollution and thereby reducing the environmental impact to nature. The contamination and availability of clean water plays an important role in meeting the demand of domestic, industry and agriculture. The fresh river water is depleting at a much faster rate. The study aims at the assessment of water quality of the river Sabarmati within Ahmedabad city. Total six sampling stations have been selected for river water sample collection. Various parameters like pH, TDS, DO, BOD and TC were being analyzed as per the prescribed method of GPCB. Discussion also emphasises on the toxicological impacts of various pollutants to the human health as well as environment and minimizes potential environmental impacts of them. From this study, we concluded that the water quality of river Sabarmati is getting contaminated with impurities and it requires certain water treatments so that it can be directly used for drinking purpose although it is found suitable for agricultural purpose. Content Type Journal Article Pages 85-90 Authors V.K. Srivastava, Department of Sciences, School of Technology Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar – 382007, India Chintan Pathak, Department of Sciences, School of Technology Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar – 382007, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: The capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, is a mega city with around 12 million people in 2006. Its urban growth rate is one of the fastest in the world. The city is surrounded by four rivers with well distributed streams and drainage channels as well as inlands and open water bodies. The chemical and biological environments of these water bodies profoundly influence the inhabitants' life in numerous ways. Agriculture, economy, health, as well as expansion of the city are influenced by the environment of these water bodies. The untreated domestic sewage and uncontrolled industrial discharges are turning the water quality from bad to worse. Groundwater storage is on the verge of great threat because of increasing pollution of the surface water. Ecological balance of these water streams is facing serious threat due to pollution with severely limiting fish growth. Unplanned urbanization and industrialization in the city are contributing largely to all the problems regarding water environment. Seasonal open water bodies are still considered suitable for development of fishery and aesthetic applications. Development activities are required to ensure various environments of water bodies safe and sustained, and regulations are needed to be imposed to protect these environments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 Authors A.M.M. Maruf Hossain, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Buk-gu Gwangju 500-712, Gwangju, Republic of Korea Shafiqur Rahman, Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Dhaka, Dhaka – 1000, Bangladesh Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: About 80 percent of the water supplied to consumers in Indian cities gets converted into sewage. The metros, major cities and towns together generate about 20,000 million litres of wastewater (sewage) per day. About 50 to 70 percent of the pollution load of rivers and streams is from domestic sewage. Sources of fresh water are getting exhausted and development of new water resources is cost intensive and time consuming. Since water stored in dams and lakes is the main source of water for urban population, it is to be conserved, collected after its use and treated before it is discharged into the nearby water bodies. Sustainable development is necessity of the present world for every industry. Wastewater treatment industry is not an exceptional for this; in fact it is primary need for conservation of natural water sources. To prevent the degradation and to maintain the quality of water in the rivers, the sewage generated from cities is to be treated before its disposal into the nearby river. The treated sewage can be used for secondary purposes like gardening, agriculture, industrial reuse and recreational fields. The paper discusses the integrated approach in decentralised planning, designing and execution of new sewage treatment plants of Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation for sewage treatment and disposal. Content Type Journal Article Pages 91-99 Authors S.N. Tirthakar, College of Military Engineering, Pune – 411031 (India) C.H. Vinaykumar, College of Military Engineering, Pune – 411031 (India) Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: The physico-chemical characteristics of rice mill wastewater was measured and the effect of rice mill wastewater on respiration and enzyme activities (amylase, invertase, protease and dehydrogenase) of rice cropped soil was investigated under field and pot conditions at 15 days interval for 90 days. For the pot experiment five different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of rice mill wastewater was used. The results of the field experiment revealed significant difference in the soil respiration and enzyme activities rates of control and experimental plots from 30 days onwards. After 90 days the soil respiration and enzyme activities were inhibited by about 25-34% in experimental plots, whereas the results of the pot experiment revealed a maximum increase of about 36% in soil respiration and 24-45% in enzyme activities (amylase, invertase, protease and dehydrogenase) in 50% wastewater irrigated soil and a maximum decrease of about 40% in soil respiration and 24-40% in enzyme activities in 100% wastewater irrigated soil. The adverse effects of rice mill wastewater (100%) on soil respiration and enzyme activities were attributed to alkaline pH (8.0) of wastewater with higher contents of phenols (35 mg^{-1}l), silica (58 mg^{-1}l) and sodium (235 mg^{-1}l). Significant increase in soil respiration and enzyme activities at lower concentrations (i.e. 50%) may be due to the fact that, the above parameters being in the diluted form could favour the microflora to boost their activities. On the basis of above findings, we suggest that the rice mill wastewater should be diluted up to 50% before use for agricultural purpose. However, further works on the effect of rice mill wastewater on different crops and soil animals are needed to corroborate the present findings. Content Type Journal Article Pages 61-71 Authors A. Padhan, Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemistry, ITER SOA University, Jagamora, Bhubaneswer – 751030, Orissa, India S.K. Sahu, P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences (Auto.), Sambalpur University Jyoti Vihar - 768019, Orissa, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: An integrated approach of geographical information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) and water quality index (WQI) studies has been effectively used for identifying the spatial distribution for quality of groundwater zones in Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC), a coastal city of Andhra Pradesh state. Physico-chemical analysis was carried out for various selected parameters such as pH, alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), calcium hardness (CaH), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorides (Cl), sulphates (SO_4), fluorides (F) and indirectly estimated parameters like total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium hardness (MgH), carbonates plus bicarbonates (CO_3+HCO_3) by adopting standard methods and compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The analytical results revealed that most of the groundwater was found to be in polluted category. The GIS analysis of spatial distribution map of the overall water quality index revealed that only nine percent of groundwater during pre-monsoon and around sixteen percent in post-monsoon is suitable for drinking purpose. Content Type Journal Article Pages 41-55 Authors P. Swarna Latha, Department of Geography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India K. Nageswara Rao, Geography Discipline, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi-110 068 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: Content Type Journal Article Pages 125-130 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: Saltwater intrusion is a major coastal management problem which leads to the destruction of fishery, breeding grounds and habitat. Several dykes and water regulatory systems have been implemented to prevent salt water intrusion and to regulate water level in the catchment area in the Koggala lagoon. The groyne built at the lagoon mouth helped to keep the outlet open throughout the year for better mixing and water exchange, but it has been a matter of concern for local resource users due to salinity increase in the lagoon. Therefore, the study was focused in salt water intrusion into lagoon and upstream areas and its impact on water quality and drinking water wells of surrounding areas. Monthly mean salinity of the lagoon varied strongly from 20 psu to 34.5 psu in relation to the monsoon rains. During the drought, due to the water level difference between lagoon and the canal created a salt water intrusion into upstream areas through the sluice gates, even the gates were closed. During the period of high salinity (February and March) of the lagoon, surface and bottom salinity levels of the upsteam area were 16 and 22 psu respectively due to saltwater intrusion through the anicut at Warabokka. Moreover, the water exchange and mixing of the lagoon is governed by the gravitational circulation. However during the dry season, tide plays a major role for salt water intrusion and mixing creating well mixed condition. Thus, the lagoons can be classified as a partially mixed estuary. The faunal and the floral compositions of the lagoon had changed markedly due to salt water intrusion. Present analysis indicated that the salinity, dissolved oxygen content and chlorophyll-a content mostly affected the abundance and diversity of zooplankton in the Koggala lagoon. Construction of barrier across the rockfill groyne may minimize the salt water intrusion. Content Type Journal Article Pages 73-84 Authors H.B. Jayasiri, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) Crow Island, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka D.D.G.L. Dahanayaka, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA) Crow Island, Colombo 15, Sri Lanka Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: Water quality models are tools for simulating the movement of precipitation and pollutant from the surface through pipe and channel networks, storage, treatment units and finally to receiving waters (Brown and Barnwell, 1987). In the present study, an attempt is made to know the level of knowledge and perception on water quality models by potential users. In this context 113 potential users were selected to measure their ability to understand the fundamentals of water quality modeling. The association between knowledge and perception of the potential users with variables such as age, level of education and experience were determined by chi square test and it was found that results are highly associated with knowledge and perception. Content Type Journal Article Pages 119-124 Authors T.V. Mallesh, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Tumkur, India S.M. Prakash, KNSIT, Bangalore, India L. Prasanna Kumar, PESCE, Mandya, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 9 Journal Issue Volume 9, Number 2 / 2012

Description: Agricultural, industrial, and household waste contaminates the environment, disrupts the food chain, and spreads infectious diseases. Fly larvae digest animal waste, and in so doing significantly reduce their volume and convert the waste to materials that can be used as food additives and fertilizers for organic farming. Larvae of L. sericata and S. carnaria were efficient in reducing the mass of poultry and fish waste by 2.5–5.5 fold. The average yield of larvae reared on fish and poultry waste was approximately 304 g, while the bioconversion rate ranged between 16.6 and 39.6%. Water and undigested waste accounted for 60%–77% of the larvae and pupae body mass, while protein followed by fat and carbohydrate were the most important components. Representatives of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Micrococcus and sulfite-reducing Clostridia species were isolated from the waste products as well as from the larvae and pupae of both flies used. The weights of striped bass fed with standard fish food supplemented with larvae increased slightly, when compared to those fed on standard food alone. The species of fly, the number of eggs, the type of waste material used and its chemical composition affected the bioconversion rate, the yield of fly larvae, and the waste mass reduction. Fly larvae and their byproducts could be used beneficially as a supplement for animal food for the poultry and fish industry, as well as reducing the quantity of waste. Content Type Journal Article Pages 69-75 Authors Braverman Yehuda, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel Uri Marchaim, Migal-Galilee Technology Center, Rosh-Pina, Israel Larisa Glatman, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel Vladimir Drabkin, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel Alexey Chizov-Ginzburg, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel Alexander Gelman, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011

Description: A pilot plant study has been performed on biological removal of nitrate using heterotrophic denitrification reactor. The system behaviour has been analysed with the usage of – (i) three carbon sources (cotton, wheat straw and wood shavings), (ii) two microbial strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIM 5059 and Pseudomonas stutzeri NCIM 5136) and (iii) at different temperatures. An optimal operating mode for 90% nitrate removal has been achieved by Pseudomonas fluorescens with inlet nitrate concentration of 200 ppm, flow rate 2.5 ml/min, carbon source cotton, temperature 30°C ± 0.5°C and for Pseudomonas stutzeri at same process conditions but with the temperature of 40°C ± 0.5°C. The feasibility of nitrate removal was also tested with carbon source as wood shavings and wheat straw. Content Type Journal Article Pages 21-25 Authors Archna, Department of Chemical Engineering, MS Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore – 560054 R.C. Sobti, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014 S.K. Sharma, Department of Chemical Engineering, Panjab University, Chandigarh – 160014 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011

Description: Content Type Journal Article Pages 101-104 Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011

Description: The paper reports and discusses the results of removal of hardness by Bentonite minerals. Hybridised IXfibres that contain dispersed hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) nano particles have also been reported for removal of hardness. Locally available bentonite minerals generally consist of montmorillonite. Besides useful adsorbent of ions in solution, bentonite is known for ion exchange. Bentonite is mixed well with water sample and time is allowed for ion exchange to take place. As a result calcium ion is exchanged. This ion exchange process here has been recognized for softening of water or benign removal of hardness. The particle size is of 0.3 m prepared in the laboratory. The main constituents of bentonite minerals are alumina, silica, iron oxide and oxides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The bentonites have been found to be a natural exchanger. The cation exchange capacity of bentonite minerals may be attributed to the lattice structure as the clay minerals contain anions and cations in the exchangeable state. The bentonite minerals of 0.3 m size has been studied with different doses up to a certain interval of time and with fixed dose to different interval of time. The experiments were done by simple titration with N/50 HCl using methyl orange as an indicator. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 93-96 Authors Ashok Kumar Jha, Dept. of Chemistry, Water Pollution Laboratory, G.B. College, Naugachia Arun Kumar Jha, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour Arun Kumar Mishra, G.B. College, Naugachia Vineeta Kumari, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur B. Mishra, Dept. of Chemistry, T.M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011

Description: A study was carried out in river Ram Ganga (India) to assess the extent of pollution by different industrial and domestic activities. Water samples were collected from river Ram Ganga at six sites and analysed for acidity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) during summer, winter and rainy season. The collected data subjected to statistical analysis and some good correlation between parameters is established. Regression equations also established between above parameters to predict the level of contamination of river Ram Ganga. The present study gives us a tool to find the value of physicochemical parameters and extent of pollution theoretically, which is not only time saving but also cost effective. Content Type Journal Article Category Short Note Pages 97-100 Authors Animesh Agarwal, Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Moradabad Institute of Technology Ram Ganga Vihar Phase 2, Moradabad – 244001, India Manish Saxena, Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Moradabad Institute of Technology Ram Ganga Vihar Phase 2, Moradabad – 244001, India Megha Agarwal, Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities Moradabad Institute of Technology Ram Ganga Vihar Phase 2, Moradabad – 244001, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011

Description: Microbial flora of water plays a major role in determining quality of potable water. In the present study a comparative analysis is carried out on the microbial population of drinking water samples from wells and municipal water collected from eight locations of Cherthala taluk, Kerala state, for the presence of coliforms, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella typhi in two different seasons, i.e., summer and monsoon. The pH of the water samples collected ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. The results showed that in summer, 87.5% of the total samples were positive for E.coli, 87.5% positive for Salmonella typhi and 25% positive for Vibrio cholerae among tap water samples, and in well water 62.5% of the total samples were positive for E.coli, 37.5% positive for Salmonella typhi and 12.5% positive for Vibrio cholerae. In contrast, during monsoon, among well water samples only 37.5% of the total samples were positive for E.coli, 12.5% positive for Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae were absent. Among tap water samples in monsoon only 12.5% of the total samples were positive for E.coli, 25% positive for Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae were absent. Content Type Journal Article Pages 61-68 Authors R. Pratap Chandran, Department of Biotechnology K.V.M. College of Engineering and Information Technology Kokkothamangalam P.O. Cherthala–688583, Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India K. Kiran, Department of Biotechnology K.V.M. College of Engineering and Information Technology Kokkothamangalam P.O. Cherthala–688583, Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India Dibu Divakaran, Department of Biotechnology K.V.M. College of Engineering and Information Technology Kokkothamangalam P.O. Cherthala–688583, Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India P.K. Prajisha, Department of Biotechnology K.V.M. College of Engineering and Information Technology Kokkothamangalam P.O. Cherthala–688583, Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011

Description: In this study the F^- ion concentration levels of 209 well water samples belonging to previous construction analysis (CA) and a total of 121 well water samples belonging to the current study (CS) in Al-Butana region of Central Sudan were investigated and located (mapped) using the geographical information system (GIS). The GIS-map indicates that the majority of F^- levels ranging between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/l dominates the northern part of the study area and the levels below 0.5 mg/l dominates the southern part of the study area whereas the levels above 1.5 mg/l are limited and are scattered, randomly, throughout the study area. The results obtained revealed considerable spatial variations in the occurrence of fluoride even within the same community area, F^- levels ranging between 0.0 and 6 mg/l were found in boreholes drilled in Rufaa' Town. The majority of the investigated boreholes viz., 39.71% and 42.98% were found having F^- levels below 0.5 mg/l whereas only 0.96% and 3.3% were found beyond the level of 2.5 mg/l, for the CA and CS, respectively. The wide range of F^- levels (from 0 to 7 mg/l in the CA and from 0 to 2.6 mg/l in the CS) revealed the variability in the spatial distribution of F^- in the study area. 94.26% and 88.43% of the groundwater samples were found below the maximum recommended level of 1.5 mg/l set for F¨C in drinking water by each of SSMO (2002) whereas only 5.75% and 11.58% were found in excess of this level, for the CA and CS, respectively. The decrease in the mean value of F^- in the investigated boreholes from 1.4 mg/l in the CA analysis to 0.6 mg/l in the CS analysis, indicates that F¨C levels in the investigated boreholes has the tendency to decrease during pumping. Mottled teeth are widely observed among residents in the study area in spite of fluoride compliancy to SSMO standards. Therefore, dental fluorosis, in the study area, is not unlikely to occur. Content Type Journal Article Pages 37-46 Authors Hago M. Abdel-Magid, Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan Abdelmonem M. Abdellah, Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan Nadia A. Yahia, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Sudan Journal Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution Online ISSN 1875-8568 Print ISSN 0972-9860 Journal Volume Volume 8 Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 4 / 2011