ALBERT

Description: 〈p〉Well logs were utilized to investigate petrophysical properties of the Khurmala Formation’s surface outcrops in Shaqlawa Subdistrict and Tawke Oilfield, e.g., lithology, shale volume, porosity, and fracture. The thickness of the formation is about 15 m in the Shaqlawa section and 42 m in the Tawke Oilfield. Porosity logs were used to estimate porosity; where the porosity values reached a maximum of 52% from the sonic log, 48% from the density log, and 35% from the neutron porosity log. The reservoir quality of the Khurmala Formation, as determined through the analysis of thin sections, which were obtained from outcrop samples, is deemed to be of low quality. The determined shale volume within the examined interval exhibits a moderate level of clay constituents, with the highest gamma-ray measurement indicating a shale content of 29% at some locations within the reservoir. This integrated method using various conventional well logs suggests a great probability of petrophysical properties in the Khurmala Formation to be considered as the reservoir.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The seismic survey is based on the reflected wave’s inherent nature from the interface among layers, which depends on the layer's density and velocity. This is called acoustic impedance and is used to resolve the confusion associated with the stratigraphic structure of the Mishrif formations in the Garraf oil field. The seismic section of the Garraf oil field in Thi-Qar Province, south of Iraq, was analyzed and interpreted. Considering the most important petroleum accumulation reservoir in the Garraf oil field, to update the structural images of the Mishrif Formation. A seismic study of the actual amplitude reflections, temporal maps, and three-dimensional depositional models demonstrated that the Mishrif Formation generate hydrocarbon from an individual structural trap in the presence of oil. Numerous abrupt discontinuities were observed in the seismic reflectors of the reservoir units of the Mishrif Formation, suggesting either a reef or a fault. The correct probability can be shown by establishing a historical match between the reservoir model and the actual behavior of the reservoir or by running a 3D vertical seismic profile log (VSP), which is more precise than the seismic survey previously used to explore faults.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Empirical and statistical methodologies have been established to acquire accurate permeability identification and reservoir characterization, based on the rock type and reservoir performance. The identification of rock facies is usually done by either using core analysis to visually interpret lithofacies or indirectly based on well-log data. The use of well-log data for traditional facies prediction is characterized by uncertainties and can be time-consuming, particularly when working with large datasets. Thus, Machine Learning can be used to predict patterns more efficiently when applied to large data. Taking into account the electrofacies distribution, this work was conducted to predict permeability for the four wells, FH1, FH2, FH3, and FH19 from the Yamama reservoir in the Faihaa Oil Field, southern Iraq.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Rock identification and classification have contributed to the enhancement of drilling oil wells and production reservoir performance. Therefore, understanding the properties of reservoir rocks is a major concern in the petroleum industry. In this context, Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength are major mechanical rock properties essential for defining the engineering classification and modulus ratio of rocks. However, these parameters are used in order to examine the impact of the petrophysical properties on mechanical strength in the Facha member (reservoir) of the Gir Formation in the western central of Sirte Basin, oilfields of central Libya. Dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone, and anhydrite are the main lithofacies rock components of this reservoir, as well as of a third member of the Gir Formation (Lower Eocene). Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength were computed from sonic and bulk density well logs data from six wells in four different oil fields. This oil-rich reservoir has an average thickness of 104 m, an average total porosity of 16%, and argillaceous material content (clay) of 4%. According to the engineering classification chart of Deere and Miller, the Facha reservoir rocks have a very low class (E 〈 27.5 Mpa) to high strength class (B ≈ 110-220 Mpa) and have a medium-to-high modulus ratio (M ≈ 200–500 and H ≈ 500). Generally, the diagenesis process, for instance dolomitization, affected both the strength and the modulus ratio.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The Gulneri Formation (Early-Middle Turonian) Deep-water depositional model was constructed using detailed microfacies analysis from the northern Iraqi wells of Kirkuk (K-116) and Bai Hassan (BH-81) as well as the Dokan outcropped area. In the outcropped section, the formation consists of 2 m of thin friable marly limestone with high organic matter and thin-bedded black shale in addition to boulder and gravel-like limestone masses in the lower part. In the K-116 and BH-81 wells, the formation is 4.3 m and 9 m thick, respectively. It is composed mainly of black bituminous, pyritic calcareous shale, and shaley limestone with scattered glauconites. Petrographic studies of seventeen thin sections of the Gulneri rocks reveal that the pelagic/deep marine faunas are the dominant skeletal grain in the micritic groundmass. Three main microfacies were recognized in the studied rocks of the Gulneri Formation, namely lime mudstone, lime wackestone, and lime packstone. However, the latter is absent in the Dokan section. According to their environmental interpretation, these microfacies were grouped into two facies associations (basinal deep water and deep shelf). Based on the results of petrographic and microfacies analyses, it is concluded that the Gulneri Formation was deposited in a basinal deep marine environment with quiet and reducing conditions in the Dokan section and a basinal deep marine environment in the K-116 and BH-81 wells which changed at intervals to a shallower deep shelf setting toward the upper part with semi reducing conditions. The euxinic deep basin that formed at the beginning of the Kurdistan foreland basin's formation was quite anoxic and deeper from the northeast to the relatively shallower basin with semi-reduced conditions towards the southwest. This is how the depositional model of the Gulneri Formation in northern Iraq changed.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Al-Mansuriya gas field is regarded as one of Iraq's most important gas fields because of its good economic gas reserves. The major gas reserves of the Mansuriya field are situated in the Jeribe Formation. The present study aims to determine the petrophysical properties of the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field by using the interpretation of different well logs for the open wells MN-1, MN-2, MN-3, and MN-4. The Jeribe Formation was divided into several reservoir units depending on the final results of CPI computer processing interpretation using the Interactive Petrophysics program (Techlog). According to the results of the CPI, the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field was divided into seven units, which are J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, and J7. Matrix definition (MID) and density-neutron cross plots indicate that the lithology of the Jeribe Formation consists of a large proportion of dolomite and limestone and a little anhydrite, also in the direction of the gas evident in the Jeribe Formation. The Gamma-ray log showed that the volume of the shale is very small in the Jeribe Formation, and the formation may be clean of shale content. The reason for this small reading is the presence of some radioactive materials in the rocks of formation. Through the readings of the RHOB and NPHI logs and the results of cutoff boundaries, we can conclude that units J1 and J6 represent non-reservoir units and can be considered a cap rock for the reservoir units, and the units J2, J3, J4, and J5 are the main reservoir units for Jeribe Formation according to CPI results and the results of high porosity in these units, as they are characterized by the porosity of up to 24% and water saturation of 40 to 60%, which makes them reservoirs of high quality. The Mn-4 well showed different results from the rest of the wells, and none of its units can be considered a reservoir due to the large water saturation volume.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Small islands have unique characteristics that make them highly vulnerable to environmental damage and disasters. A good understanding of geomorphological characteristics will greatly assist in understanding the potential damage to natural resources that may occur, as well as help in planning better environmental management and assist in more effective disaster mitigation in the future. This study aims to analyze geomorphological characteristics and identify their influence on potential environmental damage and existing geomorphological hazards. The analysis shows that the geomorphological characteristics of Pramuka Cay cause〈br〉it to have potential environmental damage and geomorphological hazards consisting of high vulnerability to sea level rise, water resource scarcity, seawater intrusion, groundwater pollution, coastal erosion and tsunami.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This study aims to calculate the water balance of the Kubaisa Basin in the Western Iraqi Desert using the SWAT model. The study is based on simulating water discharges and the factors affecting them over several years (1990-2023). The geographical, climatic, and hydrological data were collected to run the model. The research results indicate that water distribution in the Kubaisa Basin was estimated during the studied period, including the quantities of surface water, groundwater, and discharges. Climatic results for the Kubaisa Basin indicated an increase in the trend line for total rainfall, temperature, humidity as a relative, and solar radiation, while the trend line retreated for wind speed for the same period. The results of the hydrological components of the basin, which were shown by the SWAT model, namely rainfall (RN-P), surface runoff (SR-Q), flow as lateral (LT-Q), flow as groundwater (GW-F), evapotranspiration as actual (ET), evapotranspiration as potential (PET), water-yield (WLD), and water that permeates past (percolates) the root zone (PEC) which are considered the main elements of the water balance, had values of 79.72mm, 3.10mm, 0.02182mm, 0.0028mm, 76.47mm, 1742.16mm, 3.12mm, and 0.00mm, respectively. This research makes important contributions to the understanding and management of water resources in the Kubaisa Basin and the Western Iraqi Desert regions and can be a basis for future research in the field of improving water sustainability in these regions.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉   A regional seismic section was constructed from fourteen local seismic lines from different surveys crossing the central part of Iraq from west to east. The seismic lines’ surveys were performed during the period 1974–1990. The length of the regional seismic section is 662.5 km. The considered seismic lines are unified to the sea level datum. The quality of seismic lines is relatively poor in the western part of the regional seismic section, but it is of good quality in the central and eastern parts. Seven reflectors were identified along the regional seismic section, corresponding to ages from the Ordovician to the Miocene. The formations are Khabour (Mid-Ordovician), Akkas (Upper Silurian), Kurra Chine (Upper Triassic), Najmah (Upper Jurassic), Mauddud (Mid-Cretaceous), Shiranish (Upper Cretaceous) and Fatha (Lower Fars) (Mid-Miocene). The Two-way times for these seismic reflectors from the west to the east are 1691 – 4000 ms, 750-4000 ms, 0-4000 ms, 208-4000 ms, 206 -3310 ms, 205 -2700 ms, and 216-2500 ms for the seven formations; starting from the oldest formation (Khabour Formation to the youngest one (Fath Formation ), respectively. The top depth values of the considered formations were defined from west to east for each formation (0-4.189) km, (0.456-4.880) km, (0.708-5.936) km, (0.802-8.5) km, (0-8.977) km, (0.5-9) km, and (1.8-9) km from the oldest to the youngest formation, respectively. The horizon generally dips towards the east. Two sedimentary basins were identified, the first in the western part of Iraq within the Paleozoic formation, while the eastern basin was within the Cenozoic and Mesozoic formations. These two basins are separated by an uplift at the central part of the regional seismic section. This uplift region was confirmed by gravity and magnetic high anomaly. Many faults were detected along the regional seismic profile. Most of these faults extend from the deeper to the shallower formations. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Although the High Folded Zone in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq forms part of the Zagros-Taurus Folds and Thrust belt considered one of the potential hydrocarbon provinces, the oil fields within the zone are still lacking in geophysical exploration and scientific research. So, the rationale behind this study is the prospecting and evaluation of one of the Tertiary carbonate reservoirs at the “WN” oil field in the Duhok area by integrating the 3D seismic and well-log data. The methodology covered seismic interpretation, well logs and their relevant petrophysical analysis, attribute computation, and 3D static property modeling. The constructed reservoir maps revealed a double-plunging rollover anticlinal structure trending in the East-West direction parallel to the Taurus Mountain series. A total of nineteen minor reversal faults trending E-W to ENE-WSW dissecting the northern limb of the anticline were manually interpreted. The isopach map shows various thicknesses ranging from 160 to 330 m, averaging 245 m. The property models show the limited values of their parameters as the effective porosity is limited (0.97-23%), the secondary porosity (0.43-11.7%), permeability (0.00-238.8 mD), the water saturation (12.44-99.8%), and the clay volume (0.00-9.8%). The results of this research indicate that the horizon is a promising reservoir characteristic. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The Dammam Formation, a 250-meter-thick geological formation in the Bahr Al-Najaf Depression that is part of the Salman Platform, comprises re-crystallized limestone mixed with nummulite near the base. It was deposited in a shallow marine environment and extends from Al-Qaim to Samawa along the Euphrates River. The formation is part of the secondary Salman Zone of the main outstanding Stable Shelf. The engineering evaluation of the Dammam Formation in Bahr Al-Najaf depression was determined by ten samples which were chosen to represent the study area. The study includes both field and laboratory components. On the field side, data on the study region and samples were obtained. Physical, engineering, chemical, and mineralogy tests were carried out in laboratories. The total density ranges from 1.848 to 2.664 gm/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉, the porosity value ranges from 5–20 %, while the water absorption of limestone rocks values 1-7.7 %. Engineering tests were performed, including uniaxial compressive strength, which ranges between 59 and 177 Mpa. The rocks of the Dammam Formation are suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement according to global standards, as supported by chemical analysis.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The provenance and tectonic setting of clastic sediments present in the Miocene Red Bed Series located in northeastern Iraq were analyzed. The analysis is based on the composition of detrital chrome spinel and represents the first examination of this topic. The detrital chrome spinel exhibits Cr # (Cr/(Cr + Al)) values ranging from 0.54 to 0.77 and Mg # (Mg/(Mg + Fe〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉)) values ranging from 0.37 to 0.69. This indicates a potential incorporation of ultramafic sources, possibly including peridotites (namely Harzburgite and Lherzolite precursors), within the supra-subduction zone. The analysis of modified Cr-spinels extracted from the Red Beds indicates that the source rocks underwent a process of metamorphism and that the Cr-spinel particles were surrounded by a magnetite rim. The Cr-spinel compositions of the examined samples are situated tectonically in the fore-arc setting of peridotite protoliths, except for a small number of samples that exhibit boninite affinity. The observed resemblance in the Cr-spinel number content between the examined specimens and the Zagros Ophiolite peridotites suggests that the Red Beds may have originated from the Cretaceous Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The deposition of Paleocene Walash-Naopurdan rocks indicates that the lower allochthon served as a source during this process. The tectonic context of the Red Bed Series suggests that the allochthonous terranes in the Mawat region were transported and obducted onto the northeastern Arabian passive margin in the early Miocene period. The deposition of the Red Bed Series occurred concurrently with the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Miocene.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Indirect geophysical methods are increasingly associated with direct underground methods in〈br〉investigating the subsurface to address environmental and geotechnical problems and reduce〈br〉the cost of underground studies. These methods make it possible to explore large areas with〈br〉acceptable precision, time, and cost. The present study combines the electrical resistivity〈br〉method with the California Bearing Ratio for exploring an area located west of the〈br〉Nouakchott port in Mauritania. The study aims firstly to verify that the thickness of the〈br〉backfill layer must be less than 2 m throughout the entire study area and secondly to map〈br〉areas with low California Bearing Ratio values (〈80%) indicating substandard backfill〈br〉compaction using 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography imaging survey and regression. The〈br〉measured Electrical Resistivity values exhibit a good nonlinear regression with California〈br〉Bearing Ratio, following Archie's equation. A map of California Bearing Ratio variation was〈br〉derived from the Electrical Resistivity values, indicating the distribution and variation of soil〈br〉strength in the study area. The results revealed that the backfill layer did not meet the〈br〉standards, with approximately 35% of the total area having a California Bearing Ratio value〈br〉below 80%. The areas with poor compaction requiring treatment were primarily located in〈br〉the southern sector, followed by the middle and eastern sectors.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This study focuses on the Yamama Formation, a significant carbonate reservoir in southern Iraq that is one of the most important productive reservoirs in the region. The Formation is characterized by porous limestone interspersed with thin layers of argillaceous and tight limestone. The Yamama reservoir in the Faihaa oil field is divided mainly into four units; YA, YB, YC, and YD. YA and YB units are considered to be the most important oil-bearing subunits due to their good petrophysical properties. The main objective of the study is to determine the optimum production rates of four naturally flowing wells in the Faihaa oil field using the Inflow Performance Relationship and Vertical Lifting Performance curves. The study investigates four critical parameters; tubing size, water cut, reservoir pressure, and wellhead pressure, and their impact on well performance. The study finds that wellhead pressure is the primary determinant of well performance, and deviations from the original tubing size have adverse effects on well performance. An increase in water cut beyond the recommended threshold, coupled with a reduction in reservoir pressure, results in decreasing well performance. The study underscores the importance of careful monitoring and analysis of these parameters to sustain and enhance well performance in the Faihaa oil field, providing valuable insights for well operators and petroleum engineers. The study's findings can be used to optimize well performance and increase oil production rates, with significant implications for the petroleum industry.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Among the most important formations to be deposited during the Tertiary period was the Jeribe Formation. It has been investigated in two wells (Mn-1 and Mn-2) in the eastern Iraqi Dyala Government's Mansuria Oil Field. To identify fauna, 65 thin sections are examined under a microscope. Benthonic Foraminifera and limestone, occasionally dolomitized, make up its composition. There are twenty species of coralline and foraminiferan algae known to science. There were two unique biozones in the range. These biozones are the Ammonia beccria Linne Range Zone (Middle Miocene) and the Borelis melo curdica (Reichel) Range Zone (Early Miocene). The age of the formation was estimated to be Early Middle-Miocene based on these biozones of Foraminifera and other fossils such as gastropods, pelecypods, coral, fossils, Brayozoa, shell fragments, Echinoderm, echinoid plate, and echinoid spine.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Friction angle (φ) and Cohesion (C) are the most important factors to depict rock's shear strength. The friction angle (φ) expresses a unit of rock's capacity to endure shear stress. For the optimization of drilling operations, monitoring of the reservoir, and production of hydrocarbons, the prediction of friction angle is essential. From laboratory measurements or wireline logging data, this parameter can be empirically predicted. The main goal of this study is to develop a new correlation for predicting friction angle for carbonate formations from well logs using the typically accessible well log data (i.e. neutron porosity, gamma ray, bulk density, and sonic logs) and core data. A total of 5197 well log data points were collected from carbonate formation with depth interval of (1920 m to 2711 m) from Rumaila oil field. For all 5197 data points neutron porosity, and gamma ray logs were recorded as a function of depth, and the corresponding shale volume and total porosity were estimated. In addition to these well log data, 20 data core points with 9 different values of friction angle were collected.〈br〉The developed correlation's estimated friction angle has been contrasted with measured ones. The results show that the new correlation is able to predict the friction angle of carbonate rocks with high accuracy (i.e. R coefficient of the new correlation was 90% and average absolute error of 1.6%).Thus, we conclude that the new correltion can be used to estimate the friction angle for carbonate formation. The new correlation helps in providing continues profile for friction angle with depth and leads to reduce the cost of estimating the rock〈br〉strength.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉In brownfield sites, two proposed shallow horizontal targets were numerically modelled to mimic variable underground conditions; these targets were sequenced vertically in a different manner. Synthetic 2D electrical resistivity datasets were generated using the RES2DMOD and then inverted by using RES2DINVx64. These targets have different lengths, one with a higher and the second with a lower resistivity value relative to the background resistivity. The effectiveness of dipole-dipole, Wenner, and Wenner-Schlumberger configurations was tested by conducting a qualitative comparison. The inverted resistivity images suggest that the target sequence has a significant effect on the configuration detectability. The high resistivity target was conveniently recognized when it overlies a low resistivity target. Dipole-dipole configuration showed optimum results in recognizing complicated underground conditions.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Permeability derived from magnetic resonance advanced logging tools was used to unlock the Pliocene sandstone reservoir heterogeneity. Permeability prediction from well logs is a significant target due to the unavailability of core data. The hydraulic flow unit approach is used to classify the reservoir rocks according to their porosity-permeability relationship. The predicted permeability is calculated using Sapphire-Dh magnetic resonance porosity and permeability relationship for each flow unit. Flow Zone Indicator and the quality flow〈br〉unit have a direct proportion relationship. For the model's verification, the predicted permeability is plotted against the measured resonance permeability in Sapphire-Dh as a reference studied well, showing highly matching results. Accordingly, the applied approach is implemented in the other three wells, which have neither core samples nor advanced logs measurements.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Constructing roads in geologically unstable regions such as northern Morocco poses a major challenge. The Tizi Ouadrene sector, located in the Rif External Nappe of the Rif Belt, exemplifies a significant complexity in this issue, with a risk of landslides threatening the road embankments in this area. This study aims to characterize the frequent Cretaceous shales in the study area and analyze the landslides that have occurred on the road embankments cut into these shales. It examines the role of lithology, geometry, tectonics, human activity, and water in these landslides. The geological structure of slopes and their geometric configuration are crucial factors in determining the occurrence, distribution, and other characteristics of these landslides. Defects are controlled by the relative position of sedimentary and tectonic discontinuities, as well as the relative abundance of indurated shales compared to crushed ones. Crushed shales are susceptible to rotational slides, while the indurated ones are prone to planar and wedge sliding. The latter are mainly associated with bedding planes, particularly those oriented N65-80 with slopes facing south and SSE, as well as NW-SE and NE-SW-trending fractures. Hydrological, tectonic, and anthropogenic factors also contribute to the instability.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This study deals with the petrography and heavy mineral analysis of the Injana sandstone at Al-Habbaniyah City. Thirteen samples are collected from the Injana Formation. A petrographic study is achieved on ten samples while all samples are analyzed for heavy minerals. The petrographic analysis showed that the common components of the Injana sandstone are rock fragments, especially sedimentary fragments. Quartz grains (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) and feldspars (k-feldspar and plagioclase), bounded by matrix and carbonate cement. The suggested provenance for the Injana Formation is mainly sedimentary and igneous sources and the less dominant metamorphic source. These sandstones are considered to be mineralogically submature-immature and classified as litharenites. Heavy minerals analysis showed two sets of minerals including opaque and transparent minerals, the opaque minerals are significant components of the heavy mineral assemblages, then chlorite, epidotes, amphiboles, garnet, pyroxenes (ortho and clino), zircon, tourmaline, biotite, muscovite, rutile, and others. This assemblage implies that the dense minerals are typically found in basic igneous and metamorphic rocks, with less frequent occurrences in acidic igneous and reworked sediments. According to QLF and QmFLt classifications, the tectonic provenance of the Injana sandstone is described as recycled orogen. The MF-MT-GM classification showed that the sandstone of Injana is derived primarily from active continental margins. The result of maturity MI and ZTR revealed low values of maturity, the MI value ranges between 0.6 to 1.5 with an average of 0.9 and ZTR Maturity ranges between 0.7% and 9% with an average of 3.9%, these low values of maturity indicate sub-mature to immature sandstone.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This study included conducting a geometric analysis of the reservoir of the proposed Al-Baghdadi Dam in the downstream area of the Haditha City northwestern part of Anbar Governorate. The digital elevation model with an accuracy of 10 × 10 m per pixel area used to extract the geometric elements by the ArcGIS, Global Mapper, and Surfer software, which are included: negative volume (storage volume), positive volume (size of islands), negative surface area (uneven area of the bottom of the reservoir), and area Positive surface (uneven area of islands), negative flat area (water surface area), positive flat area (area of the projection of islands), average depth of reservoir, and average thickness of islands at each hypothetical level from 77.5 to 106 ms and with a contour interval of 0.5 m above sea level. The relationship between the geometric elements and the water level was used to clarify the extent of variation of the values of these elements with the water level fluctuation, and to delineate the area that will be subjected to immersion in the event of the construction of the dam and to determine the optimal and safest operating level. In contrast, it produces less submerged areas and less contact with the rock exposures of the formation in the study area.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The study area is located in the southern desert of Iraq, near the Al-Salman Depression, about 130 km southwest of Al-Samawa City. The Collection of data of this study depends mainly upon field surveys, sample collection of rocks, soil, plants, and animals besides interviews with locals as well as photographing of interesting aspects. The geodiversity of the study area comprises geological features, geomorphological features, soil types, and water resources. The exposed rocks of study area are composed mainly of carbonate rocks, in addition to marl, sandstone, and claystone, which belong to the Middle member of the Dammam Formation (L. Eocene). The main landforms found near the Al-Salman area are flat terrain, depressions (faidhats), wadis, caves, and sinkholes. Three types of soils were recognized; silty clay, clayey silt, and sandy soils. The main water resources are the ephemeral streams (wadis), and water wells in sinkhole, besides the mechanical and hand-dug wells. Geodiversity features formed many habitats in the study area such as Wadi Al-Owja, depressions (faidhats), flat terrain, and sinkhole. The present study reveals that biodiversity includes a wide diversity of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Some species were restricted to certain habitat types in the study area, while other species proved to be more generalist.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉One key step when interpreting seismic reflection data is sequence stratigraphy, which has improved with well logs and seismic data. By analyzing the different layers of sediment and rock, we can better understand the geologic history of an area and make more accurate predictions for hydrocarbon exploration. The current research focuses on interpreting seismic lines from the 2D seismic surveys conducted in the Al-Fao area and data from wells in the Siba gas field to construct a stratigraphic model within the Yamama Formation, to identify hydrocarbon traps and determine the most promising zones for hydrocarbon exploration. Yamama Formation is divided into two main units representing transgressive and regressive facies deposited in highstand system tract. Six seismic facies were identified (wavy, mound shape, oblique parallel, sigmoid, chaotic, and parallel), which reflected the deposition of Yamama Formation in a ramp setting with a gentle slope. Instantaneous phase attribute was utilized, which focused on the lateral changes of seismic facies and provided detailed information about the architecture of Yamama Formation depositional basin. The results of the seismic attributes analysis included identifying carbonate buildups and progradation stacking patterns with the presence of direct hydrocarbon indicator. Three main seismic stratigraphic indexes representing potential stratigraphic traps have been identified. These three stratigraphic features reflect the facies of shoal carbonate sediments in the last depositional cycle of Yamama Formation (Highstand). The stratigraphic model showed the best image of the depositional environment of Yamama Formation that corresponds with the seismic data interpretation and identifies the promising hydrocarbon traps.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉In this study, the stable isotop 〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and 〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H has been used to investigate the interaction of surface water (SW), and groundwater (GW) in Al-Taji district/ Northern Baghdad for two seasons (March and August 2022). 16 Samples were collected from water resources in the Al-Taji district (Tigris channel, Tigris River, and groundwater), in each season water samples from 8 Tigris channel, 5 drilled wells, and 3 Tigris River were taken for the analysis of the isotopes 〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and 〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H. The average analysis results of 〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and 〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H in the Tigris channel, Tigris River, and groundwater were found to be -3.435‰ and -18.6094‰, -2.07167‰ and -17.81‰, -4.125‰ and -34.707‰ respectively. The results, generally, show a comparable range of isotope content on the Tigris Channel and groundwater (W1 about 1 km from the Tigris Channel). This indicates a mixing/interconnection between groundwater and the Tigris River, and it could be concluded that the wells (W1 and Ch1 and Ch2) near the Tigris channel have been recharged or mixed from them. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The study is situated in the Kokoe Region of Central Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi,〈br〉specifically in the southern part of Kabaena Island. Its primary objective is to assess the〈br〉potential of nickel laterite in the designated area. The research methodology involved〈br〉microscopic analysis of bedrock using a polarizing microscope, examining the drilling data,〈br〉including logging descriptions, and the utilising of XRF geochemical analysis (Ni, Fe,〈br〉Al2O3, Co, Mg, and SiO2) from 32 drilling sites. Both elementary grade and laterite profiles〈br〉were visualized using Strater 5 software to simplify the representation of laterite profiles.〈br〉Petrographic analysis divided the bedrock into two lithological units: serpentinized〈br〉lherzolite and serpentinite. The laterite profiles in the study area were classified into four〈br〉types: type A, type B, type C, and type D. Type A profiles consist of bedrock, saprolite, and〈br〉limonite layers, covered by clay and colluvium. Type B profiles lack limonite and instead〈br〉exhibit saprolitic rock and rocky saprolite layers on top of the bedrock. Type C profiles〈br〉comprise bedrock, saprolitic rock, rocky saprolite, limonite, and topsoil layers. Type D〈br〉profiles contain three zones, namely bedrock, colluvium, and clay, but lack limonite and〈br〉saprolite layers. Among the four profile types, type A and type C profiles show promising〈br〉potential due to higher average grades of Ni and thicker saprolite zones compared to the〈br〉type B and the type D profiles.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The current research aims to evaluate the hydrogeological characteristics of the water-bearing layers in the study area. Because of the absence of observation wells near the pumping wells, the single pumping test experiment was achieved at seven wells GW1, GW2, GW8, GW9, GW11, GW13, and GW16 distributed in the study area. The pumping test records were analyzed by using Aquifer Test 2016.1 software, which is based on four methods namely, Theis, Hantush, Cooper-Jacob, and Theis recovery. The average values of transmissivity for the upper aquifer in the study area ranged between 13.4 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day and 279 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day, while the hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.162 m/day and 4.14 m/day, and the storativity is 0.166 and 0.826. For the lower aquifer the transmissivity is ranged between 11.4 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day and 177 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day, the hydraulic conductivity is 0.214 m/ day and 1.17 m/ day, and the storativity is 0.0791 and 0.99.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉One of the oil field's main reservoirs is the Mishrif Formation, which is found in the Nasiriyah oilfield in the southern part of Iraq (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian). It was one of the three oil wells selected for this study. To extract various petrophysical parameters for open wells indicated by gamma ray, density, neutron, self-potential, acoustic, and resistance, a variety of well logs were analyzed. The qualitative interpretation of the logs allowed for the identification of different types of rocks, the boundaries and thicknesses of the strata, the depths of the formation, and the zones that contained water and hydrocarbons. The quantitative interpretation, which assesses the reservoir's attributes by computing its porosity, the quantity and distribution of the shales, the levels of water and oil saturation, and other elements, that are necessary to evaluate the reservoir’s units in the research wells. The features of the study wells and the used logs were reported, to make clear how these features were distributed among the sample wells. The collected petrophysical characteristics were handled and shown as charts. There are two types of units within the Mishrif Formation: reservoir-containing CR-I, MA, CR-II, and MB. In most wells, reservoir units are made up of hard, low-porous rocks that are positioned between highly porous reservoir units. For a few wells, the MA unit had low residual and mobile hydrocarbon percentages, whereas the MB unit had large percentages, while the hard rocks had significant percentages of water saturation.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Soil erosion and sediment transport by runoff are among the largest environmental problems threatening agricultural lands in the world. Their often irreversible degradation is a major source of socio-economic imbalance in vulnerable areas. The management and control of soil loss in these areas are essentially based on erosion rate modeling generally using two methods: Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation. The Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation method results often present outliers' values compared to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation method. This paper aims to predict and control the MUSLE method values in watersheds based on a database of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation method values in more than 70 watersheds around the world. For this purpose, Geo-statistical analysis (Simple Linear Regression method) was used to allow the development of a model with a coefficient of determination R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉= 0.96 (validity of 96%) and thus the estimation of the tolerable uncertainties of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation method by the equation: Y (V_ Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation LE) = 0.76 X (V_RUSLE) + 1.7.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This research focuses on the study of the physical and chemical properties of red clay found〈br〉in the Injana and Fatha Formations. The aim is to establish correlations among various〈br〉physical and chemical elements using geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing,〈br〉and a regression analysis model. Laboratory analysis, including X-ray diffraction, was〈br〉conducted to determine the properties of the clay, as well as nonclay minerals. Statistical〈br〉Package for the Social Sciences software was utilized for regression analysis to determine〈br〉property correlations. Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images were employed to establish〈br〉relationships between digital numbers and soil properties. The study revealed that the dry〈br〉density of the Fatha Formation was lower than that of the Injana Formation. Silt content was〈br〉highest among all samples, ranging from 28% to 93%. The Fatha Formation exhibited a high〈br〉gypsum rate due to the presence of gypsum layers. Strong positive correlations were observed〈br〉between gypsum and sulfate, as well as between electrical conductivity and total soluble salt.〈br〉Multiple linear regression analysis was appropriate for clay properties, with regression〈br〉coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.72. Nonlinear regression yielded better results than linear〈br〉regression, with high regression coefficients. Landsat images proved valuable for obtaining〈br〉data in remote or expansive areas. The association between clay characteristics and Landsat〈br〉8 provided superior results compared to Landsat 7.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This is the first time that radiological assessment achieved in the Baghdad International Airport (BIA) in Iraq. Twenty-three sites were sampled from upper 5 cm of the surface soil within the BIA to be analyzed for the radioactivity of natural radionuclides Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 and the artificial radionuclide, Cs-137 using gamma spectroscopy based on Hyper pure Germanium detector (HPGe). Ten samples out of the 23 samples were analyzed for U-238, U-235 using the Neutron Activation Analysis method. To determine the percentage of DU [DU (%)] which is calculated from the 〈sup〉235〈/sup〉U/〈sup〉238〈/sup〉U isotope ratio. The study showed that there is a possibility of slight contamination with depleted uranium in two sites out of the 23 sites that were examined. The average activities of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 in the study area are within the limits of world averages, while there are evidences that new feeding of Cs-137 in the region, reaches about 19 Bq/kg, from the new global fallout after Chernobyl accident. The measured and calculated absorbed doses in the study area were within international limits and no need for farther monitoring. Annual effective dose equivalent due to resuspension of Ra-226 is estimated to be 1.0E-10Sv, and this value is negligible compared with 1 mSv permissible value for public recommended by ICRP.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Drought is a major natural extreme event that can cause significant damage to water 〈br〉resources. This study investigated the implications of drought for Watersheds in Euphrates 〈br〉River basin in Iraq which includes Hilla, Karbala, Najaf, Diwaniyah, and Najaf.. It was 〈br〉found that had an adverse impact on the study region. Among the most often used drought 〈br〉assessment indices globally are the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and its version, the 〈br〉Standard Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The study evaluated several 〈br〉probability distribution functions to model rainfall and water balance in Iraq. The 〈br〉Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test and the Anderson–Darling (A–D) test were used to test 〈br〉the goodness-of-fit for rainfall and water balance. The log-normal distribution was found to 〈br〉be the best fit for rainfall at approximately 40% of the stations considered, while the 〈br〉generalized logistic distribution (genlog) was the best fit for water balance at approximately 〈br〉80% of the stations considered. The study also found that the extreme droughts in Samwah 〈br〉in 2012 and Diwiniyah in 1999 had the highest severity values of -2.8957 in SPI-12 and 〈br〉SPEI-12, respectively. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The use of Remote Sensing data in monitoring water bodies and reservoirs is a new and advanced approach that helps to study large areas covered by water in a short time and at a reasonable amount compared to traditional methods. Accordingly, the Remote Sensing technique integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been used in several studies to monitor changes in water surface body area locally and regionally. In this study, several studies in Iraq were reviewed, using Remote Sensing techniques with the help of GIS to detect changes in the areas covered by the water bodies using satellite images captured in different periods. Natural and artificial lakes represent a large proportion of the water bodies in Iraq, including eight (8) lakes distributed in different regions of Iraq. An evaluation of the hydrological system of the studied water bodies showed that the changes in the area and size of natural and artificial lakes are affected by political, economic, and climatic conditions as the areas increase and decrease over years. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Biostratigraphy of the Sinjar Formation is investigated in two sections (Dokan and Sinjar)〈br〉from northeastern and northwestern Iraq, respectively. Two hundred samples from all the〈br〉limestones and marl that form the main lithological components of the studied sections were〈br〉collected. The studied limestones and marl are rich in microfossils. Through thin sections, we〈br〉were able to identify thirty species of benthic foraminifera and fifteen species of other〈br〉microfossils (coral, algae, mollusca, bryozoa, and echinoids) at Dokan section, and fifty-one〈br〉species of benthic foraminifera and thirty species of other microfossils at Sinjar section. 3〈br〉biozones were distinguished from both sections 1-Biozone A: Kathina sp.- Lockhartia hunti〈br〉Assemblage zone (SBZ 5) (Dokan section); (Kathina pemavuti - Lockhartia hunti Assemblage〈br〉zone (Sinjar section), 2- Biozone B: Idalina sinjarica Total Range zone (SBZ 6-7) and 3-〈br〉Biozone C: Alveolina globosa- Alveolina pasitisilata Concurrent Range Zone (SBZ8-10).〈br〉These zones indicate the Late Paleocene –Early Eocene age of the Sinjar formation. The〈br〉biostratigraphic correlations in the studied sections are based on benthic foraminiferal〈br〉zonations. Showed the correlation comparison between the biostratigraphic zones of the〈br〉commonly used benthic zonal scheme around the Late Paleocene -Early Eocene in and outside〈br〉of Iraq. paleoecological studies suggest that the carbonate sedimentation of the Sinjar〈br〉Formation thrived in 18-25oC, with mesophotic to oligophobic light, under an oligotrophic to〈br〉mesotrophic middle ramp environment with normal marine to slightly saline and at water〈br〉depths from 40 - 80 m. Stable isotopic carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) data revealed generally〈br〉hot conditions with high productivity during the deposition of the Sinjar Formation〈br〉accompanied by an abrupt change in paleoenvironmental conditions across the Paleocene-〈br〉Eocene contact.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Wellbore instability is one of the most common issues encountered during drilling 〈br〉operations. This problem becomes enormous when drilling deep wells that are passing 〈br〉through many different formations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate wellbore failure 〈br〉criteria by constructing a one-dimensional mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) that will help 〈br〉to predict a safe mud-weight window for deep wells. An integrated log measurement has 〈br〉been used to compute MEM components for nine formations along the studied well. 〈br〉Repeated formation pressure and laboratory core testing are used to validate the calculated 〈br〉results. The prediction of mud weight along the nine studied formations shows that for 〈br〉Ahmadi, Nahr Umr, Shuaiba, and Zubair formations ranges between 12.5 to 15 ppg. The 〈br〉predicted safe mud weight value seems to be narrow with a well deviation higher than 350. 〈br〉Therefore, for Ahmadi, Nahr Umr, Shuaiba, and Zubair formations, the wellbore 〈br〉appears unstable compared to other formations. The results of stability analyses indicate that 〈br〉the breakout mud weight wasn’t affected by wellbore azimuth because of low-stress 〈br〉contrast. Furthermore, shear failure can be prevented by drilling the well with an inclination 〈br〉of less than 350. As well as, to prevent breakdown the well should be drilled with an 〈br〉inclination between 25o to 65o in the direction of minimum horizontal stress. These 〈br〉outcomes could be used to prevent wellbore instability and determine a safe mud-weight 〈br〉window when planning to drill nearby wells in the future. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This study aims to diagnose microfacies of the Jeribe Formation to determine depositional environments and derivation depositional model for this formation. The study consisted of two wells in the Hamrin anticline north of the Saladin Governorate within the foothill zone. In the study area, the lower contact of the Jeribe Formation is unconformable with the Dhiban Formation, whereas the upper contact is conformable with the Fatha Formation. Depending on the microfacies analysis, four significant microfacies were distinguished, including mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and grainstone, and then divided into eight submicrofacies types depending on grain types. The microfacies analysis of the Jeribe Formation revealed the recognition of five environments: open-marine (middle ramp to inner ramp), restricted, shoal, lagoon, and partial environments. The majority of microfacies are determined within the inner ramp setting. The Jeribe Formation was deposited in a shallow marine environment. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉This research aimed to determine the optimal locations for artificial groundwater recharge in the central Azraq Basin using geophysical methods and geographic information sciences. The study identified the eight most important criteria affecting the selection of artificial groundwater recharge sites in the area. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the study determined the weight of each criterion and established ratings based on available literature. GIS with Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were used to select the most suitable sites for groundwater recharge, revealing that 5.7% of the study area has low suitability for groundwater recharge, 39.5% showed moderate, 46% showed high, while the remaining 8.8% of the study area showed very high suitability of groundwater recharge. The study employed the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) geophysical survey method to verify the results. The ERT results showed that the groundwater level depth in the six examined sites was close to the subsurface level and ranged from 5m at ERT-2 (Basalt aquifer) to larger than 22m in ERT-4 (Rijam aquifer B4), indicating that these sites were suitable for groundwater recharge. ERT results also showed the presence of faulted layers and reveal the presence of favourable recharge zone. Overall, the study recommended that the area can be recognized as having a high potential for groundwater recharge, and projects should be developed accordingly. The research findings have important implications for managing and conserving water resources in arid regions. The study highlights the usefulness of geophysical methods and GIS in identifying and assessing suitable locations for artificial groundwater recharge. It also showed the importance of considering multiple criteria and using a structured decision-making approach in complex decision-making problems. 〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The application of remote sensing techniques in geological investigation are used to determine the prospected area of gypsum rocks in the Qara Darbandi Anticline, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) supervised classification in mapping gypsum rocks applying Landsat Imagery. Rapid-Eye and Landsat multispectral satellite images are used. Image enhancement techniques such as Minimum Noise Fraction (PCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were employed to perform image transformation methods. The spectral data was collected using an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) field spectrometer, and the spectra of gypsum rocks were utilized as the training area zone for the classification of SAM. SAM output map displays the best indication of the gypsum rocks distribution in the southwestern part of Qara Darbandi anticline. Results showed that the FCC (R:3; G:4; B:1); MNF (R:1; G:2; B:3 and R:4; G:3; B:2) and PCA (R:3, G:1, B:2) are the best compositions to determine the outcrop of the Gypsum rocks within the selected area. These findings show the capability of spectral bands of the Rapid-Eye sensors, and Landsat imagery, in addition to the capability of the image processing methods to detect and map the exposed Gypsum rocks. In conclusion, the findings of this study are supported by the fieldwork conducted, the analysis of geochemistry data, and the examination of available geological maps.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Shale was initially regarded mainly as a source rock, but it is now recognized as both a source and reservoir. This shift has led to increased investigation into its geological properties. Extracting oil and gas from low-permeability shale formations is made possible by horizontal drilling, maximizing wellbore-rock contact, and hydraulic fracturing, which enhances permeability. The identification of sweet spot involves considering factors like source rock richness, natural fractures, core analysis, well-log data, and gas data to strategically position wellbores for optimal productivity. This paper aims to locate the sweet spot at the Ahnet Shale Gas Field by applying a comprehensive methodology, proving its accuracy in identifying geological and engineering sweet spots. Geological factors included organic matter quantity, maturity, composition, clay type, and reservoir characteristics. Engineering assessment considered rock mechanics and brittleness index, forming a robust evaluation system. Three significant sweet spot zones were pinpointed based on well-logging and geological data. The geochemical analysis emphasized high-quality Silurian shale rich in type II marine organic matter. Fluid characterization through chromatographic analysis and mechanical properties assessment reinforced the methodology's efficacy, aiding optimal shale gas exploration site selection.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The history basin of the Mishrif formation in Southern Iraq was analyzed by building a model of sedimentary basin, which enabled us to know the geological events that occurred during and after the deposition it. Mishrif formation of age (Late Cenomanian - Early Turonian) is considered one of the most important geological formations containing oil in Southern Iraq, so nine wells were chosen from several oil fields to cover the study area: (Zb-114, R-270, WQ-17, Rt-5, Lu-2, Ns-5, Ri-1, No-2, and Hf-5), located between the Eastern lines (582400-749080) and the Northern lines (3534600-3357197). Mathematical models and equations were used to calculate the original thicknesses and sedimentation rates of the Mishrif formation and the formations above it through the Backstripping method. Estimated of the sedimentation rates and erosional thicknesses of the regional unconformities surfaces that located in the stratigraphic column in the study area. While Mishrif formation was characterized a moderate sedimentation rate that ranged between (2-6cm./1000y.), where increase in the Northeast of the study area in wells (Ri-1, No-2, and Hf-5), these rates an indicator to the center of sedimentary basin. The geological burial history curves show three levels of subsidence rates (Fast, moderate, and low), the burial history of the Mishrif formation and the other formations indicated that the sedimentation rates are in a direct relationship with the total subsidence of the basin. Three regional unconformities surfaces were found which the effectiveness of the tectonic movements, it’s had strong effective to the sedimentary basin of the Mishrif formation and other formations, where exposed it to during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. These movements had a major impact on shaping the sedimentary character through its influence on the process of advancement and retreat of the sea level, which formed successive depositional cycles, as the top of the Mishrif formation was exposure to uplifting and erosion processes, especially in the Northeast parts, where formed the first regional unconformity surface about (89-90 m.y.) ago.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) techniques were employed at specific sites in the State Company for Glass and Refractories in the city of Ar-Ramadi, Iraq to investigate subsurface weakness zones. ERI was applied at three selected stations using a Dipole-dipole array with a spacing of 1m, and GPR was conducted with 250 MHz antenna at the same stations. The investigation results revealed that subsurface weakness zones in the quaternary deposits were found at depths ranging approximately from 2.5 to 5 m. Additionally, a second weakness zone in the Injana Formation deposits was identified at a depth approximately 7 to 12 m. The ERI technique demonstrated its promise as a powerful subsurface imaging technology, providing more accurate structural information about the weakness zones compared to GPR, which exhibited less sensitivity and yielded more ambiguous results.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉Different tectonic characteristics are exhibited among Maluku Sea and Banggai-Sula Microcontinent which are located side by side to each other. However, the northern part of the Banggai-Sula Microcontinent, positioned along the Maluku Sea margin, has a complex geological structure to be observed. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the subsurface structure and sediment thickness due to extensional mechanisms in the area, using the gravity method. The investigation was executed through power spectrum analysis and three-dimensional (3D) modeling of complete Bouguer anomaly data. Eleven x-direction profiles were employed to determine the depth of the contact boundaries between the shallow and the deep discontinuities. The results showed that the deep and shallow discontinuities obtained from the 3D modeling and spectrum analysis have similar values, with depths ranging between 14.52 km and 15.14 km, as well as 1.23 km and 1.39 km, respectively. The shallow discontinuity area was dominated by sediment rocks with a 2.6 g/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 to 2.8 g/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 density. The area is interpreted as the Buya Formation superimposed by the Tanamu Formation. The deep discontinuity area with a depth of up to 16 km. We found areas of high density (density value is 〉3 g/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉) adjacent to low rock density (density value is 2 g/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 to 2.3 g/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉). The observed are interpreted as fault-bounded formations of terrestrial conglomerates and sandstones from the Bobong Formation. These formations are located within a half-graben and are found to rest unconformably on the basement towards the southern onshore region.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The Cretaceous period is renowned for the substantial oil reservoirs that were deposited during the Barremian epoch. The Zubair Formation is typified by sandstones, shales, and siltstones of layers. In the Luhais oil field, the Upper Shale Member has been identified as a source of oil, making it the subject of this research paper, which aims to evaluate the petrophysical properties of Cretaceous reservoirs in the Zubair Formation. The study utilized open-hole log data with thorough quality control of selected open-hole log data, including gamma-ray, caliper, neutron porosity, bulk density, sonic, and resistivity data. Four wells from the Luhais oil field (Lu-07, Lu-08, Lu-38, and Lu-39) were analyzed to evaluate the petrophysical properties. The analysis divided the formation into six main units and corrected formation tops for Upper Shale Member units USM (USM-1A, USM-1B, USM-1C, USM-1D, USM-1E, and USM-1F). To determine the permeability log, the study established a relationship between the quality-controlled Open Hole log and routine core analysis data, including Core Porosity CPOR and Core Permeability KAIR. Two statistical techniques were employed: classical and Multilinear regression. Equations were derived from both methods using core data from Lu-07 and Lu-08. The R-squared value was 0.76 in the classical method and 0.78 in the multilinear regression method. These equations were then used to estimate the permeability log for uncored wells (Lu-38 and Lu-39). The final analysis provided estimations for petrophysical average properties such as shale volume, porosity, fluid saturation, and permeability. The study also identified the net reservoir and net pay, which should facilitate the identification of reservoir and non-reservoir units of the field for future economic planning.〈/p〉

Description: 〈p〉The current study is concerned with studying the Ostracods of Bekhme Formation (Late Campanian - Early Maastrichtian) from the Badi section in the Dohuk area. From this study 16 ostracods species belonging to 12 genera were identified and classified according to standard systematics of ostracods. Four new species represented by 〈em〉Cytherella〈/em〉 〈em〉badiensis〈/em〉 sp. nov and 〈em〉Uroleberis〈/em〉 〈em〉bakhmaensis〈/em〉 sp. nov and 〈em〉Xestoleberis〈/em〉 〈em〉globularis〈/em〉 sp. nov and 〈em〉Loxoconcha〈/em〉 〈em〉quadratus〈/em〉 sp. nov were newly described, the study concluded that the species were identified in the Bakhma Formation are belong to the Late Campanian–early Maastrichtian age. These species are very similar in terms of geological age and external appearance to the same species that previously recorded in the Arabian Gulf region and North Africa.〈/p〉