ALBERT

Description:    Bulk Cu/Nb multilayered composites with high interfacial content have been synthesized via the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) method. Experimental characterization shows that these multilayers with submicronmeter and nanometer individual layer thicknesses contain a predominant, steady-state interface with the Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship joining the mutual {112} planes of Cu and Nb. In this article, we overview microscopy and simulation results on the structure of this interface at an atomic level and its influence on interface properties, such as interface shear resistance and its ability to absorb point defects and nucleate dislocations nucleation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0429-7 Authors J. Wang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA K. Kang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA R. F. Zhang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA S. J. Zheng, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA I. J. Beyerlein, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA N. A. Mara, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Improved dimensional stability of composites is desired in applications where they are exposed to varying temperature conditions. The current study aims at analyzing the effect of vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the thermal expansion behavior of epoxy matrix composites and hollow particle-filled composites (syntactic foams). CNFs have a lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than epoxy resin, which results in composites with increased dimensional stability as the CNF content is increased. The experimental measurements show that with 10 wt.% CNF, the composite has about 11.6% lower CTE than the matrix resin. In CNF-reinforced syntactic foams, the CTE of the composite decreases with increasing wall thickness and volume fraction of hollow particle inclusions. With respect to neat epoxy resin, a maximum decrease of 38.4% is also observed in the CNF/syntactic foams with microballoon inclusions that range from 15 vol.% to 50 vol.% in all composite mixtures. The experimental results for CNF/syntactic foam are in agreement with a modified version of Kerner’s model. A combination of hollow microparticles and nanofibers has resulted in the ability to tailor the thermal expansion of the composite over a wide range. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0402-5 Authors Ronald L. Poveda, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA Sriniket Achar, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA Nikhil Gupta, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0445-7 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Structure–Property–Functionality Relationships in Bimetal Composites Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0428-8 Authors Jian Wang, MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Yao Shen, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The growth of crystalline nanorods has become a common practice in the absence of a solid framework, in either theoretical or conceptual form. This article presents such a framework and puts it in historical perspective of a broader field of crystal growth. This framework derives from three scientific advancements in crystal growth, with focus on multiple-layer surface steps: (I) the diffusion barrier of adatoms down multiple-layer surface steps, (II) the formation and stability of multiple-layer surface steps, and (III) the dimension of surface facets that are bounded by competing monolayer and multiple-layer surface steps. While this framework has only a partial foundation of theoretical formulation, it is more complete conceptually. As an example of impact, this framework predicts that growth of Al nanorods is not feasible using physical vapor deposition at ambient conditions; this prediction has not been proven wrong by any available experiments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0432-z Authors Hanchen Huang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: I-Corps and the Business of Great Science Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0446-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Undergraduate Education in Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0450-x Authors Nitin Chopra, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Center for Materials for Information Technology (MINT), The University of Alabama, Box 870202, 301 Seventh Avenue, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA Ramana G. Reddy, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Center for Materials for Information Technology (MINT), The University of Alabama, Box 870202, 301 Seventh Avenue, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Nanostructuring of various materials is a key for obtaining extraordinary properties that are very attractive for different structural and functional applications. During the last two decades, the production of bulk nanostructured materials (BNMs) by severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques has attracted special interest since it offers new opportunities for the fabrication of commercial nanostructured metals and alloys for various specific applications. Very significant progress has been made in this area in recent years, which is evident by the first production of advanced pilot articles from nanostructured metals with new functionality. These aspects of innovations of BNMs processed by SPD are discussed in this overview. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0427-9 Authors Ruslan Z. Valiev, Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, 450000 Russia Ilchat Sabirov, IMDEA Materials Institute, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain Alexander P. Zhilyaev, Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering & the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK Terence G. Langdon, Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering & the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Mechanical Behavior and Fabrication of One-dimensional Nanomaterials Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0434-x Authors Jian Wang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Nan Li, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: A Letter from the TMS President: What Does TMS Membership Say about You? Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0411-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0408-z Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Resource Center: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0407-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0379-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0377-2 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Resource Center: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0373-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0374-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Tissue damage, or the perception thereof, is managed through pain experience. The neurobiological process of pain triggers most effective defense mechanisms for our safety. Structural health monitoring (SHM) is also a very similar function, albeit in engineering systems. SHM technology can leverage many aspects of pain mechanisms to progress in several critical areas. Discrimination between features from the undamaged and damaged structures can follow the threshold gate mechanism of the pain perception. Furthermore, the sensing mechanisms can be adaptive to changes by adjusting the threshold as does the pain perception. A distributed sensor network, often advanced by SHM, can be made fault-tolerant and robust by following the perception way of self-organization and redundancy. Data handling in real life is a huge challenge for large-scale SHM. As sensory data of pain is first cleaned, the threshold is then processed through experiential information gathering and use. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0386-1 Authors Subhadarshi Nayak, ScienceTomorrow, LLC, PO Box 7562, Woodbridge, VA 22192, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Atomic packing in metallic glasses is not completely random but displays various degrees of structural ordering. While it is believed that local structures profoundly affect the properties of glasses, a fundamental understanding of the structure–property relationship has been lacking. In this article, we provide a microscopic picture to uncover the intricate interplay between structural defects and dynamic properties of metallic glasses, from the perspective of computational modeling. Computational methodologies for such realistic modeling are introduced. Exploiting the concept of quasi-equivalent cluster packing, we quantify the structural ordering of a prototype metallic glass during its formation process, with a new focus on geometric measures of subatomic “voids.” Atomic sites connected with the voids are found to be crucial in terms of understanding the dynamic, including vibrational and atomic transport, properties. Normal mode analysis is performed to reveal the structural origin of the anomalous boson peak (BP) in the vibration spectrum of the glass, and its correlation with atomic packing cavities. Through transition-state search on the energy landscape of the system, such structural disorder is found to be a facilitating factor for atomic diffusion, with diffusion energy barriers and diffusion pathways significantly varying with the degree of structural relaxation/ordering. The implications of structural defects for the mechanical properties of metallic glasses are also discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-26 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0360-y Authors H. W. Sheng, School of Physics, Astronomy and Computational Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA E. Ma, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 22018, USA M. J. Kramer, Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, IA 50011, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Structural Health Monitoring: State of the Art and Perspectives Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0370-9 Authors Yingtao Liu, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Subhadarshi Nayak, ScienceTomorrow, LLC, PO Box 7562, Woodbridge, VA 22192, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: What’s a New Executive Director to Do? Help the Members Run Our Member-Run Society Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0380-7 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Closing Material Loops Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0378-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Art Schroeder, Offshore Technology Conference Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0376-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Recent advancements in sensors and information technologies have resulted in new methods for structural health monitoring (SHM) of the performance and deterioration of structures. The enabling element is the piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS). This paper presents an introduction to PWAS transducers and their applications in Lamb wave-based SHM. We begin by reviewing the fundamentals of piezoelectric intelligent materials. Then, the mechanism of using PWAS transducers as Lamb wave transmitters and receivers is presented. PWAS interact with the host structure through the shear-lag model. Lamb wave mode tuning can be achieved by judicious combination of PWAS dimensions, frequency value, and Lamb mode characteristics. Finally, use of PWAS Lamb wave SHM for damage detection on plate-like aluminum structures is addressed. Examples of using PWAS phased array scanning, quantitative crack detection with array imaging, and quantitative corrosion detection are given. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0362-9 Authors Lingyu Yu, University of South Carolina, 300 South Main Street, RM #A111, Columbia, SC 29208, USA Victor Giurgiutiu, University of South Carolina, 300 South Main Street, RM #A222, Columbia, SC 29208, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This article reviews the recent work on the high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in our group and others. HEAs usually contain five or more elements, and thus, the phase diagram of HEAs is often not available to be used to design the alloys. We have proposed that the parameters of δ and Ω can be used to predict the phase formation of HEAs, namely Ω ≥ 1.1 and δ  ≤ 6.6%, which are required to form solid-solution phases. To test this criterion, alloys of TiZrNbMoV x and CoCrFeNiAlNb x were prepared. Their microstructures mainly consist of simple body-centered cubic solid solutions at low Nb contents. TiZrNbMoV x alloys possess excellent mechanical properties. Bridgman solidification was also used to control the microstructure of the CoCrFeNiAl alloy, and its plasticity was improved to be about 30%. To our surprise, the CoCrFeNiAl HEAs exhibit no apparent ductile-to-brittle transition even when the temperatures are lowered from 298 K to 77 K. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0366-5 Authors Y. Zhang, High-Entropy Theory Center, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China X. Yang, High-Entropy Theory Center, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China P. K. Liaw, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes with highly ordered nanopores serve as ideal templates for the formation of various nanostructured materials. The procedure of the template preparation is based on a two-step self-organized anodization of aluminum. In the current study, AAO templates were fabricated in 0.3 M oxalic acid under the anodizing potential range of 30–60 V at an electrolyte temperature of ~5°C. The AAO templates were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis. The as obtained layers are amorphous; the mean pore size is between 40 nm and 75 nm and increases with the increase of the anodization potential. Well-defined pores across the whole aluminum template, a pore density of ~10 10  pores/cm 2 , and a tendency to form a porous structure with hexagonal symmetry were observed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0406-1 Authors Ioan Vida-Simiti, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Dorel Nemes, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Nicolaie Jumate, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Gyorgy Thalmaier, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Niculina Sechel, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Interfaces and interface/defect interactions increasingly dominate the mechanical response of materials as the dimensions of the grains decrease to the nanoscale. Recently, we reported unusually profuse deformation twinning in Ag-Cu layered eutectic composites with bilayer thicknesses in the submicron regime (~200 nm–400 nm) at room temperature and low strain rates. Using atomistic simulations and dislocation theory, we propose that the Ag-Cu interface facilitated deformation twinning in Cu by permitting the transmission of twinning partials from Ag to Cu. In this way, twins in Ag can provide an ample supply of twinning partials to Cu to support and sustain twin growth in Cu during deformation. Interface-driven twinning as revealed by this study suggests the exciting possibility of altering the roles of dislocation slip and twinning through the design of heterophase interface structure and properties. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0430-1 Authors N. A. Mara, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA I. J. Beyerlein, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA J. S. Carpenter, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA J. Wang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Patterned media (PM) for magnetic information storage have received increased attention in recent years as the primary candidate for 1 Terabit/in 2 or higher recording density for computer hard disk drives. A PM consists of a periodic array of well-defined magnetic islands, each of which can store one bit of data. In the simplest scheme, the structures could be magnetic pillars and dots with a single easy axis of magnetization. The direction of detected magnetization by the read/write head is interpreted as a binary signal 1 or 0. Some of the main technical issues in the PM include the difficulty in fabricating small nanoisland arrays in a periodic fashion over large areas, reliability/reproducibility of magnetic bit characteristics, as well as wear and head flyability issues associated with the media surface roughness, and processing cost. This article deals with a recent investigation of various fabrication approaches, nanostructural features, and magnetic properties for the bit PM. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0440-z Authors Chulmin Choi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA Kunbae Noh, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA Cihan Kuru, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA Li-Han Chen, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA Tae-Yeon Seong, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Sungho Jin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0411, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structural materials, the limited activation of different slip mechanisms results in alternative deformation mechanisms, such as twinning, which become relevant to plasticity. As external/internal dimension refinement affects operative mechanisms and is commonly used to tune the mechanical properties of materials, understanding the effect of size on deformation twinning in HCP materials is a critical issue for improving their strength and ductility. Recent in situ and ex situ small-scale testing experiments have generated insights into size effects on twinning by deforming single-crystal systems with different sizes. In this article, we review some of the recent results in this field, including studies of the size-related deformation twinning behavior in Ti, Mg, and their alloys. The effect of size on deformation twinning in these systems is remarkable, resulting in a significant change in the mechanical properties of the materials. Deformation twinning can be restricted by the size effect in certain size regimes and materials but also can be promoted by the presence of surfaces at extremely small scales. The correlation of these two effects in two different HCP materials is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0437-7 Authors Qian Yu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Raja K. Mishra, General Motors Research and Development Center, Warren, MI, USA Andrew M. Minor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Interfaces, such as grain boundaries, phase boundaries, and surfaces, are important in materials of any microstructural size scale, whether the microstructure is coarse-grained, ultrafine-grained, or nano-grained. In nanostructured materials, however, they dominate material response and as we have seen many times over, can lead to extraordinary and unusual properties that far exceed those of their coarse-grained counterparts. In this article, we focus on bimetal interfaces. To best elucidate interface structure–property–functionality relationships, we focus our studies on simple layered composites composed of an alternating stack of two metals with bimetal interfaces spaced less than 100 nm. We fabricate these nanocomposites by either a bottom–up method (physical vapor deposition) or a top–down method (accumulative roll bonding) to produce two distinct interface types. Atomic-scale differences in interface structure are shown to result in profound effects on bulk-scale properties. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0431-0 Authors I. J. Beyerlein, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA N. A. Mara, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA J. Wang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA J. S. Carpenter, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA S. J. Zheng, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA W. Z. Han, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA R. F. Zhang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA K. Kang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA T. Nizolek, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA T. M. Pollock, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In the past decade, core/shell nanowires (NWs) have attracted much attention due to the broad variety of potential applications of these structures in future nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. Because of the lattice mismatch between the core and shell materials, crystal dislocations often form to relax the mismatch strains. In this article, we propose a relaxation mechanism for the misfit strains generated in the core/shell NWs, in which lattice dislocations nucleate from the outer surfaces and then propagate to the core/shell interface. An analytical model is developed to predict the critical shell thickness corresponding to defect-free core/shell NWs with respect to the growth direction. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0435-9 Authors Haijian Chu, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Caizhi Zhou, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Jian Wang, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Irene J. Beyerlein, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Topics in Lead-Free Solders: Interfacial and Sn Whisker Growth Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0443-9 Authors Srinivas Chada, Power-one Renewable Energy, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The initial step of the soldering process may consist of dissolution of metal substrate and the subsequent counterdiffusion between substrate atoms and solder elements. The counterdiffusion gives rise to the formation of the various interphases (phases at the interfacial region). A close investigation of the interphases formed at the very early stage of soldering will provide the root understanding to the soldering process. No in situ observation at the liquid/solid interaction was possible thus far. A number of studies attempted to adopt rapid quench of the soldered specimen at the very early stage of interaction, around 10 s or less after solder melts, so as to freeze the occurrences. The current article provides a review of the achievements of these studies, although not many, and the interphases formed during the very early stage of the soldering process for various solder systems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0441-y Authors Kwang-Lung Lin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan, R.O.C Yu-Wei Lin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan, R.O.C Chang-Ho Yu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan, R.O.C Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Sn whisker and hillock formation is a reliability risk that has become increasingly important as the electronics industry has moved toward Pb-free manufacturing. To prevent them, we would like to understand what makes specific sites susceptible to deform into whiskers. We have used in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) to monitor simultaneously the evolution of surface morphology and grain orientation in Sn surfaces in order to correlate whisker/hillock initiation with the underlying microstructure. Because rough films are difficult to measure with EBSD, we developed a unique procedure to make Sn-Cu samples with ultra-flat surfaces so that a large fraction of Sn grains can be indexed over repeated scans. We find that whiskers/hillocks grow from existing grains (not re-nucleated grains) with orientations close to (001). They often rotate from the as-deposited structure so that the orientation after growth does not indicate the orientation from which the whisker initiated. We measured the interface structure after removal of the Sn layer by chemical etching and found that there is no excessive accumulation of intermetallic compound around the whisker/hillock roots. Cross-sectional measurements revealed that a large fraction of the whiskers/hillocks have oblique boundaries underneath the surface, supporting the idea that these allow whiskers/hillocks to grow with lower stress. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0442-x Authors Fei Pei, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA Nitin Jadhav, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA Eric Chason, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In this article, our most recent progress on applying a unique quantitative transmission electron microscope deformation technique on micronanoscaled metal pillars will be reviewed. We found that single-crystal pillars fabricated through focused ion beam always contain high density of defects. However, if the sample size is small enough, then both face-centered-cubic metals and body-centered-cubic metal pillars can experience “mechanical annealing,” i.e., a phenomena referring to the reduction of dislocation density in the deforming volume, when dislocation generation is outweighed by dislocation annihilation through the free surface. We also found that when the sample size was reduced below 1  μ m or so, stress saturation and deformation mechanism transition occurred in a hexagonal-close-packed Ti alloy. Unlike crystalline materials, metallic glasses do not allow the presence and movement of dislocations or deformation twinning. However, we demonstrated the metallic glasses also follow the well-established tenet for crystalline materials: i.e., smaller is stronger and can reach its theoretical elastic limit under appropriate testing conditions. In addition, for the tested size regime, we found that high-energy electron beam has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties of materials with metallic bond. However, for materials with covalent bond and ionic bond, significant electron beam effects have been confirmed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0436-8 Authors Zhiwei Shan, Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Advanced soft magnetic materials are needed to match high-power density and switching frequencies made possible by advances in wide band-gap semiconductors. Magnetics capable of operating at higher operating frequencies have the potential to greatly reduce the size of megawatt level power electronics. In this article, we examine the role of soft magnetic materials in high-frequency power applications and we discuss current material’s limitations and highlight emerging trends in soft magnetic material design for high-frequency and power applications using the materials paradigm of synthesis → structure → property → performance relationships. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0350-0 Authors Alex M. Leary, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Paul R. Ohodnicki, Division of Chemistry and Surface Science, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), 626 Cochrans Mill Road, Pittsburgh, PA 15236, USA Michael E. McHenry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Computational Thermodynamic and Kinetic Modeling of High-Entropy Alloys and Amorphous Alloys Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0363-8 Authors Michael C. Gao, National Energy Technology Laboratory and URS Corporation, Albany, OR, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    For many years, the atomic structure of metallic glasses eluded a simple physical description. Inspired by the efficient filling of space with atoms of different sizes, a model has been developed by constructing efficiently packed atomic clusters and then efficiently filling space with these clusters. This model gives a simple physical picture of the origin of short-range and medium-range order in metallic glasses, and also gives quantitative agreement with measurements that span length scales from nearest-neighbor atoms to global properties. A brief outline of the development and application of the efficient cluster packing model is given. Recent modifications to this model and remaining questions that form the basis of continued work are described. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0359-4 Authors Daniel B. Miracle, Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The physical origins of the magnetic properties of nonoriented electrical steels; its relations to microstructural features like grain size, nonmetallic inclusions, dislocation density distribution, crystallographic texture, and residual stresses; and its processing by cold rolling and annealing are overviewed, using quantitative relations whenever available. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0356-7 Authors Fernando Jose Gomes Landgraf, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), 05508-901 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The highly optimized performance of nature’s creations and biological assemblies has inspired the development of their bio-inspired artificial counterparts that can potentially outperform conventional systems. In particular, the skin of humans, animals, and insects exhibits unique functionalities and properties and has subsequently led to active research in developing skin-inspired sensors. This paper presents a summary of selected work related to skin-inspired tactile, distributed strain, and artificial hair cell flow sensors, with a particular focus on technologies enabled by recent advancements in the nanotechnology domain. The purpose is not to present a comprehensive review on this broad subject matter but rather to use selected work to outline the diversity of current research activities. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0358-5 Authors Kenneth J. Loh, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5294, USA Faezeh Azhari, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5294, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The Office of Naval Research (ONR) has developed a program to advance the science and technology of ship structures, called the ONR Ship Structural Reliability Program. The program has the strategic long-term vision of the development of technologies suitable for cradle-to-grave lifecycle performance analysis and monitoring of ship structural systems, particularly aluminum structures. Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an important part of that program, and efforts are being made to improve SHM technology to make it useful for lifetime management of ship structures as well as to provide operational guidance to ships’ force in order to minimize the possibility of incurring structural damage at sea. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0361-x Authors Robert A. Sielski, Naval Architect–Structures, 40391 Camino Montecito, Indio, CA 92203, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The observation of a giant magnetocaloric effect in Gd 5 Ge 1.9 Si 2 Fe 0.1 has stimulated the magnetocaloric research in the last two decades. However, the high price of Gd and its proclivity to corrosion of these compounds have prevented their commercial use. To reduce raw materials cost, transition metal-based alloys are investigated to replace rare earth-based materials. Environmental considerations, substitution for scarce and strategic elements, and cost considerations all speak to potential contributions of these new materials to sustainability. Fe-based soft amorphous alloys are believed to be promising magnetic refrigerants. Efforts in improving the refrigeration capacity (RC) of refrigerants mainly rely on broadening the magnetic entropy change. One promising technique is to couple two phases of magnetic materials with desirable properties. Second is the investigation of nanoparticle synthesis routes, with ball milling being the most widely used one. The motivation for the nanoparticles synthesis is rooted in their inherent tendency to have distributed exchange coupling, which will broaden the magnetic entropy curve. As proven with the cost analysis, the focus is believed to shift from improving the RC of refrigerants toward finding the most economically advantageous magnetic refrigerant with the highest performance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0349-6 Authors Huseyin Ucar, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA John J. Ipus, Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, ICMSE-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain V. Franco, Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, ICMSE-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain M. E. McHenry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA D. E. Laughlin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Al-Si composite coatings reinforced with 0 vol.%, 0.5 vol.%, and 2 vol.% nanodiamond were synthesized by plasma spraying. The effect of the addition of nanodiamond on the microstructure, hardness, and tribological performance of the composite coatings is investigated. The addition of 2 vol.% nanodiamond results in 45% improvement in the wear resistance of Al-Si coating. Al-Si coating with 0.5 vol.% nanodiamond exhibited lower coefficient of friction (0.45) with a 12% improvement in the wear resistance. Plasma-sprayed AlSi coatings with nanodiamond have excellent potential as wear-resistant coatings in automotive applications. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0339-8 Authors Mingdong Bao, Institute of Materials Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315016 China Cheng Zhang, Plasma Forming Laboratory, Mechanical and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA Debrupa Lahiri, Plasma Forming Laboratory, Mechanical and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA Arvind Agarwal, Plasma Forming Laboratory, Mechanical and Materials Engineering Laboratory, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Magnesium (Mg) grains show anisotropic corrosion behavior, which implies that the single-phase, hot-rolled Mg alloy AZ31 sheet, if highly textured, will have different corrosion performance depending on its crystallographic orientation of the grains. Its rolling surface, dominated by (0001) basal crystallographic planes, is more corrosion resistant than its cross-section surface, which is mainly composed of { 10 1   0} and { 11 2   0} prismatic crystallographic planes. Furthermore, grain refinement by hot rolling is beneficial to the overall corrosion resistance of AZ31 because of the dissolution of AlMn(Fe) intermetallic precipitates in the alloy. Surface compressive deformation machining can lead to refined grains and an expected preferred grain orientation, thus improving the corrosion resistance of AZ31 alloy. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0341-1 Authors Guang-Ling Song, Chemical Sciences and Materials Systems Laboratory, GM Global R&D, Mail Code: 480-106-224, 30500 Mound Road, Warren, MI 48090, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Magnesium alloy corrosion is often nonlinear. The corrosion rate accelerates to steady state after an initial period of low corrosion. Plug-in specimens permit simultaneous measurement of the corrosion rate using hydrogen evolution, P H , and Tafel extrapolation of cathodic polarization curves, P i . Moreover, weight loss allows independent verification. P H is consistently greater than P i . The data, for short exposure periods up to 10 days, are consistent with the unipositive Mg + ion being a short-lived intermediate. Tafel extrapolation needs to be used with caution for estimation of Mg corrosion, as the measured corrosion rate can have a significant contribution from crevice corrosion. Furthermore, measurements made at short immersion times may not reflect the steady-state corrosion rate, and the corrosion reaction at the Mg surface may be decoupled from the electrochemical measurement. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0335-z Authors Zhiming Shi, Division of Materials, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Arvind Prasad, Division of Materials, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Andrej Atrens, Division of Materials, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This paper summarizes our research on laser cladding of high-vanadium CPM ® tool steels (3V, 9V, and 15V) onto the surfaces of low-cost hardened H13 hot-work tool steel to substantially enhance resistance against abrasive wear. The results provide great potential for fabricating high-performance automotive tooling (including molds and dies) at affordable cost. The microstructure and hardness development of the laser-clad tool steels so obtained are presented as well. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0332-2 Authors J. Chen, Centre for Automotive Materials and Manufacturing, Automotive Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 800 Collip Circle, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada L. Xue, Centre for Automotive Materials and Manufacturing, Automotive Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, 800 Collip Circle, London, ON N6G 4X8, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In the current study, the microhardness, layer depth, corrosion properties, and kinetics of chromium boride coatings on DIN 1.2714 hot-worked tool steel have been investigated. Thermodiffusion chromium boride coatings have been carried out for the first time by a duplex salt bath immersion coating by chromizing at 1050°C followed by boronizing at 950°C, 1000°C, and 1050°C (chromo-boronizing). The coating layer obtained was hard (2482 HV), compact, and homogeneous. The kinetics of the chromium boride coating followed a parabolic relation ( d 2  =  Kt ) and the activation energy of the formation of the chromo-boronized layer was calculated as 132 kJ/mol. The corrosion resistance of the coating was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5% NaCl solution. The results showed the degradation of the corrosion properties of the coated samples. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0337-x Authors M. Aghaie-Khafri, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 1999143344 Tehran, Iran M. Mohamadpour Nazar Abady, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 1999143344 Tehran, Iran Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys provide numerous benefits as lightweight materials; however, industrial deployment of Mg in most instances requires anticorrosion coatings. Engineering the Mg surface is an area that has been undergoing intense research recently. Surface engineering commences with the “pretreatment” step, which can be used to modify the surface composition and morphology, resulting in surface enrichment or depletion of alloying elements. Following this, electrochemical plating (including electro- and electroless plating) and conversion coatings have emerged as common means of coating Mg. In this study, we present the key aspects relating to the science and technology associated with pretreatment, electrochemical plating, and conversion coatings. This is followed by experimental examples of engineered surfaces of industrial relevance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0331-3 Authors X. B. Chen, CAST Co-operative Research Centre and the Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia H. Y. Yang, CAST Co-operative Research Centre and the Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia T. B. Abbott, CAST Co-operative Research Centre and the Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia M. A. Easton, CAST Co-operative Research Centre and the Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia N. Birbilis, CAST Co-operative Research Centre and the Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of iridium and rhodium coatings using hydridotetrakis(trifluorophosphine) complexes as the precursor is presented. These inorganic, volatile, carbon- and oxygen-free compounds undergo a decomposition reaction to form highly pure iridium and rhodium metallic films on molybdenum substrates in the CVD reactor at growth temperatures as low as 450°C. The dependences of the deposition process and characteristics of the iridium and rhodium coatings have been investigated. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0336-y Authors B. Bryskin, Boris Bryskin Consulting, 56 Ocean Streat, Palm Coast, FL 32137, USA A. Kostylev, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research and Production Company, Khlopin Radium Institute, 28, 2nd Murinskii pr., St. Petersburg, Russia 197061 J. Pokrovsky, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Research and Production Company, Khlopin Radium Institute, 28, 2nd Murinskii pr., St. Petersburg, Russia 197061 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are well known for their high specific strength and low density. However, widespread applications of Mg alloys in structural components are impeded by their insufficient wear and corrosion resistance. Various surface engineering approaches, including electrochemical processes (plating, conversion coatings, hydriding, and anodizing), gas-phase deposition (thermal spray, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, diamond-like coatings, diffusion coatings, and ion implantation), and organic polymer coatings (painting and powder coating), have been used to improve the surface properties of Mg and its alloys. Recently, laser surface engineering approaches are attracting significant attention because of the wide range of possibilities in achieving the desired microstructural and compositional modifications through a range of laser–material interactions (surface melting, shock peening, and ablation). This article presents a review of various laser surface engineering approaches such as laser surface melting, laser surface alloying, laser surface cladding, laser composite surfacing, and laser shock peening used for surface modification of Mg alloys. The laser–material interactions, microstructural/compositional changes, and properties development (mostly corrosion and wear resistance) accompanied with each of these approaches are reviewed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0340-2 Authors Ashish Singh, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA Sandip P. Harimkar, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Advances in Surface Engineering: Alloyed and Composite Coatings Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0342-0 Authors Srinivasa R. Bakshi, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India Sandip P. Harimkar, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA Arvind Agarwal, Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-24 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0353-x Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The corrosion behavior of magnesium single crystals with various crystallographic orientations was examined in this study. To identify the effects of surface orientation on the corrosion behavior in a systematic manner, single-crystal specimens with ten different rotation angles of the plane normal from the [0001] direction to the [ 10 1   0] direction at intervals of 10° were prepared and subjected to potentiodynamic polarization and potentiostatic tests as well as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization results showed that the pitting potential ( E pit ) first decreased from −1.57  V SCE to −1.64  V SCE with an increase in the rotation angle from 0° to 40°, and then increased to −1.60  V SCE with a further increase in the rotation angle to 90°. The results obtained from potentiostatic tests are also in agreement with the trend in potentiodynamic polarization tests as a function of rotation angle. A similar trend was also observed for the depressed semicircle and the total resistances in the EIS measurements due to the facile formation of MgO and Mg(OH) 2 passive films on the magnesium surface. In addition, the amount of chloride in the passive film was found first to increase with an increase in rotation angle from 0° to 40°, then decrease with a further increase in rotation angle, indicating that the tendency to form a more protective passive film increased for rotation angle near 0° [the (0001) plane] or 90° [the ( 10 1   0) plane]. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0334-0 Authors Kwang Seon Shin, Magnesium Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744 Republic of Korea Ming Zhe Bian, Magnesium Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744 Republic of Korea Nguyen Dang Nam, Magnesium Technology Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744 Republic of Korea Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0354-9 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The current study focuses on synthesizing a novel functional coating for corrosion resistance applications, via laser surface alloying. The iron-based (Fe 48 Cr 15 Mo 14 Y 2 C 15 B) amorphous precursor powder is used for laser surface alloying on AISI 4130 steel substrate, with a continuous wave ytterbium Nd-YAG fiber laser. The corrosion resistance of the coatings is evaluated for different processing conditions. The microstructural evolution and the response of the microstructure to the corrosive environment is studied using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Microstructural studies indicate the presence of face-centered cubic Fe-based dendrites intermixed within an amorphous matrix along with fine crystalline precipitates. The corrosion resistance of the coatings decrease with an increase in laser energy density, which is attributed to the precipitation and growth of chromium carbide. The enhanced corrosion resistance of the coatings processed with low energy density is attributed to the self-healing mechanism of this amorphous system. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0338-9 Authors Shravana Katakam, Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Synthesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA S. Santhanakrishnan, Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Synthesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA Narendra B. Dahotre, Laboratory of Laser Materials Processing and Synthesis, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0352-y Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Corrosion and Surface Engineering of Magnesium: An Overview Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0333-1 Authors Chamini L. Mendis, National Institute for Materials Science, Magnetic Materials Center, Tsukuba, 305-0047 Japan Michele V. Manuel, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Resource Center: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0343-z Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This article presents a study of the deformation mechanisms and failure behavior of punch bonding technology for dissimilar sheet metals. Using theoretical and numerical methods, the simulation of the punch bonding process is presented and the results show that to realize effective punch bonding, the sheets with higher elastic modulus and yield strength should be located at the punch side. It is also shown that when the boss height of the female die ( X 1 ) is too small, it is liable to induce excessive stress concentration under the punch blade, whereas when X 1 is too large, the embedded depth of the sheets and the bonding reliability decrease significantly. Punch bonding experiments were performed and the results showed that for the configuration tested an X 1 value of 10 mm was optimal for connection strength. The failure behavior of the punch bonding joint was joint cracking with smaller female die boss height and joint pull-off with larger female die boss height. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0307-3 Authors Feng Li, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 317, No.4 Lin Yuan Street, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China Jian Hui Li, College of Mechanical and Dynamic Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401331 People’s Republic of China Chao Li, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 317, No.4 Lin Yuan Street, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China L. L. Wang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Titanium offers performance as well as mass saving benefits in automotive components subjected to reciprocating and suspension loads and in components subjected to extreme temperatures and gradients. However, the extensive use of titanium is hampered by the high cost of the raw material and the special handling that is needed. This article outlines the technological and economic challenges faced and highlights some example materials and process developments that attempt to address these hurdles. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0310-8 Authors Anil K. Sachdev, GM Global R&D, Warren, MI, USA Kaustubh Kulkarni, GM Global R&D, Bengaluru, India Zhigang Zak Fang, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Rui Yang, Institute of Metal Research, Shenyang, China Vladimir Girshov, St. Petersburg Polytechnic, St. Petersburg, Russia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In collaboration with Ametek and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Oak Ridge National Laboratory has evaluated three different methods for converting titanium hydride–dehydride (HDH) powder into a thin-gauge titanium sheet from a roll-compacted preform. Methodologies include sintering, followed by cold rolling and annealing; direct hot rolling of the roll-compacted sheet; and hot rolling of multiple layers of roll-compacted sheet that are encapsulated in a steel can. Fabrication of fully consolidated sheet has been demonstrated using all three methods, and each processing route has the ability to produce a sheet that meets ASTM B265 specifications. However, not every method currently provides a sheet that can be highly formed without tearing. The degree of sintering between powder particles, postprocessing density, and the particle-to-particle boundary layer where compositional variations may exist have a significant effect on the ability to form the sheet into useful components. Uniaxial tensile test results, compositional analysis, bend testing, and biaxial testing of the titanium sheet produced from hydride–dehydride powder will be discussed. Multiple methods of fabrication and the resulting properties can then be assessed to determine the most effective and economical means of making components for industrial applications. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0309-1 Authors W. H. Peter, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA T. Muth, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA W. Chen, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Y. Yamamoto, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Brian Jolly, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA N. A. Stone, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA G. M. D. Cantin, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA J. Barnes, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA M. Paliwal, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA R. Smith, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA J. Capone, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA A. Liby, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA J. Williams, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA C. Blue, Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Ferro-titanium is prepared by direct electrolytic reduction of titania-rich slag obtained from plasma smelting of ilmenite in molten CaCl 2 . The product after electro-reduction is characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. The electrolysis is carried out at a cell voltage of 3.0 V, taking graphite as the electrolysis cell as well as the anode, and a titania-rich slag piece wrapped by a nichrome wire is used as the cathode. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0308-2 Authors Jayashree Mohanty, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bidyanagar, Janla, Bhubaneswar, 752054 India Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a very interesting method for modifying the microstructure in producing ultrafine-grained materials and nanomaterials. It consists mainly of pressing test samples through a die containing two channels that are equal in cross section and intersect at a certain angle. As a result of pressing, the sample theoretically deforms by simple shear and retains the same cross-sectional area to allow repeat pressing for several cycles. A 6063-T1 aluminum alloy was investigated in this study. The specimens were processed for up to nine passes (one, three, six, and nine ECAP passes, respectively) using a die channel angle of 90°. After ECAP, the samples were cut from each specimen and prepared for metallographic analysis and mechanical testing. The microstructures of the ECAP treated and as-received material were investigated using both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. All samples (ECAP processed and as-received) were mechanically investigated in compression tests. Ultimate compressive strength, yield strength, and compression modulus were obtained. Also, all ECAP processed specimens were investigated for microhardness and compared with the as-received material. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0311-7 Authors Nicolae Serban, Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Building J, Splaiul Independentei Street, no. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Vasile-Danut Cojocaru, Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Building J, Splaiul Independentei Street, no. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Mihai Butu, Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Building J, Splaiul Independentei Street, no. 313, Sector 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Twist extrusion (TE) has been proposed as a way to produce homogeneous ultrafine-grained microstructure in aluminum alloys, with consequent improvement in properties. Performing different thermomechanical processes, including natural and artificial aging and sequential passes of TE, produced noticeably homogeneous profiles. As a consequence of the strain distribution pattern from TE (which was heterogeneous throughout the transverse section) and the existence of precipitates of different sizes across the section, a homogenous grain distribution resulted. It was shown that the balance of two different strengthening mechanisms of grain size and second-phase particles, at the center and corner, caused a mechanically homogenous section. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0305-5 Authors Shahab Ranjbar Bahadori, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran Seyed Ali Asghar Akbari Mousavi, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Titanium for Non-Aerospace Applications Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0313-5 Authors Michael W. Peretti, Advanced Products & Demonstrator Programs Department, GE Aviation, 400 Bellevue Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The effects of coupling equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and heating at semisolid temperature on the microstructure of an Al-Fe-Si alloy were investigated. The microstructure of the equal-channel, angular-pressed samples after semisolid heating was found to be globular, fine, and uniform. Both the globularity and the grain size of the semisolid samples increased by increasing the holding temperature and holding time. The kinetics of grain coarsening was studied and the apparent activation energy was calculated on the basis of Lifshitz, Slyozov, and Wagner theory. Coupling ECAP and semisolid heating resulted in an enhanced microstructure and mechanical properties in the Al-Fe-Si alloy. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0306-4 Authors M. Aghaie-Khafri, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 19395-1999, Tehran, Iran D. Azimi-Yancheshme, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P.O. Box 19395-1999, Tehran, Iran Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Titanium alloys are extensively used in a variety of applications because of their good mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. Recently, β -type Ti alloys containing Ta and Nb have received much attention because they feature not only high specific strength but also biocorrosion resistance, no allergic problems, and biocompatibility. A Ti-25Ta-25Nb β -type titanium alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing by accumulative roll bonding and investigated with the aim to observe the texture developed during SPD processing. Texture data expressed by pole figures, inverse pole figures, and orientation distribution functions for the (110), (200), and (211) β -Ti peaks were obtained by XRD investigations. The results showed that it is possible to obtain high-intensity share texture modes ({001}〈110〉) and well-developed α and γ-fibers; the most important fiber is the α-fiber ({001} 1 - 1   0 to {114} 1 - 1   0 to {112} 1 - 1   0 ). High-intensity texture along certain crystallographic directions represents a way to obtain materials with high anisotropic properties. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0312-6 Authors Vasile-Danut Cojocaru, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Doina Raducanu, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Thierry Gloriant, UMR CNRS 6226 Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France Ion Cinca, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The performance of pyrometallurgical slag cleaning furnaces at many primary copper smelters is dependent in part on the quality of the converter slag, commonly produced in the batch-wise Peirce Smith converter (PSC). In order to understand the impact of converter slag chemistry and at the same time help optimize the converter operation, thermodynamic modeling of molten slag (including any contained slag solid fractions) was carried out on slag produced at the Chagres smelter in Chile. Phase characterization studies on actual plant slag samples were also carried out. The results are provided in the present paper. This work is also considered as a case study example to illustrate the type of work that can be performed to fairly quickly diagnose the quality of converter slag and assess the overall condition of the converter operation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0329-x Authors N. Cardona, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, Ontario, Canada P. J. Mackey P. Coursol R. Parada R. Parra Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Insights into Innovation: A Conversation with John Cahn Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0328-y Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0327-z Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0330-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0325-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Diana Farkas, Computational Materials Science and Engineering Committee Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0323-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Extraction & Processing Division: Activities and Updates Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0326-0 Authors Adrian Deneys Mark Schlesinger Tom Battle Boyd Davis Mike Free Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: MATERIALS RESOURCE CENTER: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0322-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Silicon nitride has been the favored material for manufacturing high-efficiency engine components for transportation due to its high temperature stability, good wear resistance, excellent corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance, and low density. The use of silicon nitride in engine components greatly depends on the ability to fabricate near net-shape components economically. The absence of a material database for design and simulation has further restricted the engineering community in developing parts from silicon nitride. In this paper, the design and manufacturability of silicon nitride engine rotors for unmanned aerial vehicles by the injection molding process are discussed. The feedstock material property data obtained from experiments were used to simulate the flow of the material during injection molding. The areas susceptible to the formation of defects during the injection molding process of the engine component were identified from the simulations. A test sample was successfully injection molded using the feedstock and sintered to 99% density without formation of significant observable defects. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0264-x Authors Juergen Lenz, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Ravi K. Enneti, Global Tungsten and Powders Corporation, Towanda, PA, USA Valmikanathan Onbattuvelli, Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ, USA Kunal Kate, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Renee Martin, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Sundar Atre, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    ScienceTomorrow is developing a high-speed, low-cost process for synthesizing high-porosity electrodes for electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Four types of coal (lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, and anthracite) were used as precursor materials for spark discharge activation with multiscale porous structure. The final porosity and pore distribution depended, among other factors, on precursor type. The high gas content in low-grade carbon resulted in mechanical disintegration, whereas high capacitance was attained in higher-grade coal. The properties, including capacitance, mechanical robustness, and internal conductivity, were excellent when the cost is taken into consideration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0263-y Authors Subhadarshi Nayak, ScienceTomorrow, LLC, PO Box 7562, Woodbridge, VA 22195, USA Jyoti Agrawal, ScienceTomorrow, LLC, PO Box 7562, Woodbridge, VA 22195, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A central research field of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Kaiserslautern (WKK), Germany, is the realization of innovative hybrid joints by ultrasonic metal welding. This article gives an overview of suitable ultrasonic welding systems as well as of essential machine and material parameters, which influence the quality of the welds. Besides the ultrasonic welding of dissimilar metals such as Al to Cu or Al to steels, the welds between newly developed materials like aluminum foam sandwiches or flat flexible cables also can be realized. Moreover, the joining of glass and ceramic to sheet metals is a point of interest at the WKK. By using the ultrasonic metal welding process, it is possible to realize metal/glass welds with tensile shear strengths of 50 MPa. For metal/ceramic joints, the shear strengths values up to 150 MPa were measured. Finally, selected results about the occurring bonding mechanisms will be discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0269-5 Authors Guntram Wagner, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Frank Balle, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Dietmar Eifler, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The Role of Powder Materials in Energy Efficiency in the Transportation Industry Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0271-y Authors Fernand D. S. Marquis, Wayne Meyer Institute of Systems Engineering, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In the automobile industry, ultrasonic metal welding is an established method. At the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK) at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, systematic investigations of the weldability of Al-wires and flat flexible copper cables were carried out. In the case of Al-wires, joints with cross-sectional area of up to 80 mm 2 and tensile shear load of about 3500 N were finally realized. Furthermore, methods to reduce unintentional adherence between the sonotrode coupling face and the Al-wires were developed. To realize FFC joints, ultrasonic spot welding systems and ultrasonic torsion welding systems were used. A central purpose of these investigations is the development of a system to enable welding through the insulation of the FFC without weakening the base material. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0266-8 Authors Stefan Heinz, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Guntram Wagner, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Dietmar Eifler, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (WKK), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. Box 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The ability to join dissimilar materials in the automotive industry will result in more efficient multimaterial structures. However, welding of aluminium (Al) to magnesium (Mg) alloys is problematic because of the rapid formation of brittle intermetallic phases at the weld interface. Ultrasonic welding (USW) is a solid-state joining technology that may offer a potential solution, but USW of Al to Mg is currently not well understood. Here, we have investigated the effect of process variables and energy input on joint formation between Al-6111 and Mg-AZ31 alloys, and we report on the optimum welding conditions, heat generation, and the formation of a significant intermetallic reaction layer. Furthermore, the factors influencing the interface reaction rate and the advantages of precoating the Mg with Al are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0268-6 Authors A. Panteli, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK Y.-C. Chen, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK D. Strong, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK Xiaoyun Zhang, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, PO Box 81, Sub Box 5, 100095 Beijing, People’s Republic of China P. B. Prangnell, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: MATERIALS RESOURCE CENTER: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0283-7 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Ultrasonic Welding Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0261-0 Authors Frank Balle, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Dissimilar joining of aluminum to steel sheet in multimaterial automotive structures is an important potential application of ultrasonic spot welding (USW). Here, the weldability of different zinc-coated steels with aluminum is discussed, using a 2.5-kW USW welder. Results show that soft hot-dipped zinc (DX56-Z)-coated steel results in better weld performance than hard (galv-annealed) zinc coatings (DX53-ZF). For Al to hard galv-annealed-coated steel welds, lap shear strengths reached a maximum of ~80% of the strength of an Al-Al joint after a 1.0 s welding time. In comparison, welds between Al6111-T4 and hot dipped soft zinc-coated steel took longer to achieve the same maximum strength, but nearly matched the Al-Al joint properties. The reasons for these different behaviors are discussed in terms of the interfacial reactions between the weld members. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0265-9 Authors F. Haddadi, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK D. Strong, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK P. B. Prangnell, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL UK Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Recent Developments in Electronic, Functional, and Biological Thin Films Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0303-7 Authors Roger Narayan, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Campus Box 7575, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    ZnO thin films have been deposited in mixed Ar/N 2 gas ambient at substrate temperature of 500°C by radiofrequency sputtering of ZnO targets. We find that an optimum N 2 -to-Ar ratio in the deposition ambient promotes the formation of well-aligned nanorods. ZnO thin films grown in ambient with 25% N 2 gas flow rate promoted nanorods aligned along c -axis and exhibit significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) response, compared with ZnO thin films grown in an ambient with different N 2 -to-Ar gas flow ratios. Our results suggest that chamber ambient is critical for the formation of aligned nanostructures, which offer potential advantages for improving the efficiency of PEC water splitting for H 2 production. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0299-z Authors Sudhakar Shet, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Le Chen, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Houwen Tang, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Ravindra Nuggehalli, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA Heli Wang, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Yanfa Yan, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA John Turner, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Mowafak Al-Jassim, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Nature as Inspiration in Materials Science and Engineering Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0304-6 Authors John A. Nychka, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107-116St NW, 7th Floor ECERF, Edmonton, AB T6G 2V4, Canada Po-Yu Chen, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Akin to other mineralized tissues, human cortical bone can resist deformation and fracture due to the nature of its hierarchical structure, which spans the molecular to macroscopic length scales. Deformation at the smallest scales, mainly through the composite action of the mineral and collagen, contributes to bone’s strength or intrinsic fracture resistance, while crack-tip shielding mechanisms active on the microstructural scale contribute to the extrinsic fracture resistance once cracking begins. The efficiency with which these structural features can resist fracture at both small and large length scales becomes severely degraded with such factors as aging, irradiation, and disease. Indeed, aging and irradiation can cause changes to the cross-link profile at fibrillar length scales as well as changes at the three orders of magnitude larger scale of the osteonal structures, both of which combine to inhibit the bone’s overall resistance to initiation and growth of cracks. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0298-0 Authors E. A. Zimmermann, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA H. D. Barth, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA R. O. Ritchie, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Research in the field of biological and biomimetic materials constitutes a case study of how traditional research boundaries are becoming increasingly obsolete. Positioned at the intersection of life and physical sciences, it is becoming more and more evident that future development in this area will require extensive interaction between materials and life scientists. To highlight this cross-talking, we provide a brief overview of the field, intended to illustrate how these disciplines can be integrated. We start with a short historical perspective, emphasizing the role of biologists in initiating early studies in the field. In the second part of the paper, a summary of important biochemical concepts and techniques relevant to biological materials is presented, with the goal of guiding nonspecialists towards the relevant techniques and knowledge required to investigate potential model systems. In the third part, we describe two case studies that emphasize the critical role of biosynthesis in understanding structure–function–property relationships in biological materials. We conclude with some remarks related to our own perception of how integration of materials and life sciences will lead to future developments in the field. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0296-2 Authors Ali Miserez, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, Singapore Paul A. Guerette, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, Singapore Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is used as an articulating surface in total hip and knee joint replacement. In order to enhance long-term durability/wear resistance properties, UHMWPE-based polymer–ceramic hybrid composites are being developed. Surface properties such as wettability and protein adsorption alter with reinforcement or with change in surface chemistry. From this perspective, the wettability and protein adsorption behavior of compression-molded UHMWPE–hydroxyapatite (HA)–aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 )–carbon nanotube (CNT) composites were analyzed in conjunction with surface roughness. The combined effect of Al 2 O 3 and CNT shows enhancement of the contact angle by ~37° compared with the surface of the UHMWPE matrix reinforced with HA. In reference to unreinforced UHMWPE, protein adsorption density also increased by ~230% for 2 wt.%HA–5 wt.%Al 2 O 3 –2 wt.%CNT addition to UHMWPE. An important conclusion is that the polar and dispersion components of the surface free energy play a significant role in wetting and protein adsorption than do the total free energy or chemistry of the surface. The results of this study have major implications for the biocompatibility of these newly developed biocomposites. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0295-3 Authors Ankur Gupta, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016 India Garima Tripathi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016 India Bikramjit Basu, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012 India Kantesh Balani, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016 India Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Pearls are composite materials of calcium carbonate polymorphs (calcite and aragonite) and organic macromolecules (polysaccharides and proteins) which contain genes and transcription factors that direct the formation of calcite and aragonite polygonal tiles, including their shape, size, and geometrical accommodation. These biologically derived instructions are transmitted from donor mussel shell mantle tissue by inserting seed grafts into freshwater production mussels. In this paper the internal and external freshwater pearl structure for the cultured triangle mussel Hyriopsis cumingii is examined by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. Pearl interior crystal structure evolves as mainly concentric calcite tile layers from the seed sac, with mixtures of aragonite polygonal (hexagonal-like) tiles. Within about 0.8–1 mm from the ideal (curved) pearl surface, the aragonite tiles form as continuous, overlapping layers 300–400 nm thick, with interlamellar organic material. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0297-1 Authors L. E. Murr, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA D. A. Ramirez, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Multifunctionality and improving the properties of materials make it necessary to use hybrid systems such as combinations of metals with polymers. Their applications can be found in all areas where light weight and improved and adapted mechanical properties as well as high functionality are needed. Moreover, tailored types of hybrids can be interesting for biomedical applications, as under specific conditions they show, e.g., good strength combined with high elasticity. Herein, we present preliminary tests on the biomimetic behavior of AISI SS316L/polypropylene copolymer/AISI SS316L sandwich. Biomimetic coatings were produced by inducing a calcium phosphate layer in a way similar to the process of natural bone formation. Knowledge of the formability of three-layered sandwich sheets and their biomimetic behavior is presented. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0294-4 Authors Heinz Palkowski, Institute of Metallurgy (IMET), Metal Forming and Processing, Clausthal University of Technology (TUC), Robert-Koch-Str. 42, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Vesna Stanic, Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 725D, Upton, NY 11973, USA Adele Carradò, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504 UDS-CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: TMS President Garry W. Warren Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0287-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Design Implementation of Baseball Bats: Reinforced Bats—A Case Study Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0288-2 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0289-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Resource Center: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0284-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: News & Update Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0293-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The Journal Talks with 2011 TMS President Garry W. Warren Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0286-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Alexis Lewis, Conference Organizer Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0285-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0291-7 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Technical emphasis calendar Content Type Journal Article Category Also in This Issue Pages 64-64 DOI 10.1007/BF03220632 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 43 Journal Issue Volume 43, Number 7