ALBERT

Description:    A new approach, together with a new family of soft magnetic composites (SMCs), has been developed and optimized for power alternating-current applications. The different technological and economic restrictions needed to maximize a composite’s performance-to-cost ratio are presented. The experimental procedures to produce sintered lamellar SMCs are reported, together with magnetic results and the effects of different processing parameters on their performance. The present results are compared with corresponding data available for soft magnetic materials available on the market (laminations and composites). Data on the mechanical strength of these new SMC structures are also given. The new process results in magnetic and mechanical properties of different alloy systems that are better than those of any of the SMCs available. The present materials’ energetic losses can be under 2 W/kg at 60 Hz, at 1 T, whilst their permeability exceeds 2000, while maintaining maximum induction above 1.7 T. These properties are very close to the best results for standard laminations on the market. The present process has the potential to be very inexpensive, owing to its simplicity. Even though not fully isotropic, recent three-dimensional machine designs and process advantages conferred by powder metallurgy techniques can be applied to this new family of lamellar particle composites. Through theoretical calculations and modeling exercises, it is briefly shown that this new kind of material can result in an improvement to the transportation sector where weight and efficiency of newly emerging electrical and hybrid power-trains are of prime importance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0262-z Authors Patrick Lemieux, IMFINE Corp., Ste-Julie, QC J3E 1W2, Canada Roderick Guthrie, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill Metals Processing Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada Mihaiela Isac, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill Metals Processing Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0278-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Laying the Foundation for the Clean Energy Age Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0279-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0276-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Characterizing a Great Scientist Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0274-8 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Society Perspective: Getting the Word Out About the Importance of MSE Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0277-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: UPCOMING EDITORIAL TOPICS Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0281-9 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0282-8 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: 2011 Engineering Salaries: AAES Industry Survey Shows Where the Money Is Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0280-x Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The 5th International Light Metal Technology Conference: An International Tradition Continues Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0273-9 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Classified Content Type Journal Article Category Department Pages 76-79 DOI 10.1007/BF03223252 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Meetings calendar Content Type Journal Article Category Department Pages 73-75 DOI 10.1007/BF03223250 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Consultants directory Content Type Journal Article Category Department Pages 76-76 DOI 10.1007/BF03223251 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description:    Solid-state diffusion bonding in conjunction with superplastic forming is a potential candidate for producing complex structural components from gamma-based titanium aluminides for aerospace applications. Solidstate diffusion bonding of TiAl was carried out with different bonding parameters within the superplastic temperature range. Defect-free sound bonds were achieved within the temperature range of 925–1,100 °C and the pressure range of 20–40 MPa. Microtensile tests were carried out to evaluate room-temperature tensile properties of the bonds for comparison of the bonding parameters. Content Type Journal Article Category Mechanical Properties Pages 66-68 DOI 10.1007/BF03223248 Authors G. Çam, GKSS Research Cente, Germany K. -H. Bohm, GKSS Research Cente, Germany J. Müllauer, GKSS Research Cente, Germany M. Koçak, GKSS Research Cente, Germany Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Annual Meeting Exhibition Preshow Report Content Type Journal Article Category Also in this Issue Pages A1-A32 DOI 10.1007/BF03223254 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: TMS news Content Type Journal Article Category Also in this Issue Pages 69-71 DOI 10.1007/BF03223249 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Member Views of Materials News: 2011 Edition Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0255-y Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: David Bahr, Public & Governmental Affairs Committee Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0253-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: In Situ Observation of Solidification Phenomena Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0215-y Authors A. B. Phillion, School of Engineering, Okanagan Campus, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Perspective on Neutron Diffraction as a Tool for Characterizing Minerals, Metals, and Materials Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0227-7 Authors John S. Carpenter, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Sven C. Vogel, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Recent studies have shown the possibility of exploiting the eddy current (EC) method for nondestructive characterization of near-surface residual stresses in surface-treated nickel-base superalloy components. The method involves measuring swept frequency EC signals to obtain near-surface electrical conductivity depth profiles, which can be converted into residual stress profiles using the empirical piezoresistivity relationship. However, the relationship between EC responses and residual stress profiles appears to depend on the microstructure. This paper reports on a systematic study of microstructural effects on the EC responses and near-surface conductivity deviation profiles induced by shot peening, using a series of heat-treated Inconel 718 samples with different secondary phase contents and thus a variety of hardness levels. Calibrated EC signals from 100 kHz to 50 MHz were measured from aged and unaged samples, before and after shot peening at various Almen intensities. Strong dependence of the EC responses on the sample hardness and microstructure has been observed. A procedure is introduced to convert the EC signals into shot-peening-induced conductivity deviation profiles where the microstructure dependency is suppressed. The resulting estimates of the conductivity changes are larger than expected, indicating that characterization of shot-peening-induced residual stresses by EC requires further understanding of the material responses beyond the empirical piezoresistivity relationship. Other mechanisms that could contribute to the observed conductivity changes are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0234-3 Authors R. Chandrasekar, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA A. M. Frishman, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA B. F. Larson, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA C. C. H. Lo, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA N. Nakagawa, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The high-temperature components within conventional supercritical coal-fired power plants are manufactured from ferritic/martensitic steels. To reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, the efficiency of pulverized coal steam power plants must be increased to as high a temperature and pressure as feasible. The proposed steam temperature in the DOE/NETL Advanced Ultra Supercritical power plant is high enough (760°C) that ferritic/martensitic steels will not work for the majority of high-temperature components in the turbine or for pipes and tubes in the boiler due to temperature limitations of this class of materials. Thus, Ni-based superalloys are being considered for many of these components. Off-the-shelf forged nickel alloys have shown good promise at these temperatures, but further improvements can be made through experimentation within the nominal chemistry range as well as through thermomechanical processing and subsequent heat treatment. However, cast nickel-based superalloys, which possess high strength, creep resistance, and weldability, are typically not available, particularly those with good ductility and toughness that are weldable in thick sections. To address those issues related to thick casting for turbine casings, for example, cast analogs of selected wrought nickel-based superalloys such as alloy 263, Haynes 282, and Nimonic 105 have been produced. Alloy design criteria, melt processing experiences, and heat treatment are discussed with respect to the as-processed and heat-treated microstructures and selected mechanical properties. The discussion concludes with the prospects for full-scale development of a thick section casting for a steam turbine valve chest or rotor casing. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0241-4 Authors Paul D. Jablonski, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA Jeffery A. Hawk, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA Christopher J. Cowen, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA Philip J. Maziasz, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys containing 12 wt.% to 30 wt.% Si are discussed. The eutectic and primary silicon particles are nodulized by a designed modification practice followed by a solution heat treatment of 6 h to 8 h at 510°C to 520°C. Metallographic analysis was used to measure structural characteristics of the Si-rich structures. Spheroidization of silicon phase leads to an increase in tensile strength and ductility of alloys at room temperature and 300°C compared with commercial Al-Si alloy. Increasing Si concentration causes the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at room temperature to fall due to the appearance of coarse silicon particles, but the ultimate tensile strength at 300°C remains unchanged. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0251-2 Authors Ruyao Wang, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 1882 West Yan An Rd, Shanghai, 200051 People’s Republic of China Weihua Lu, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 1882 West Yan An Rd, Shanghai, 200051 People’s Republic of China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) was developed for use in aircraft gas turbine engines, but its unique combination of room-temperature strength and aqueous corrosion resistance made it a candidate for oilfield fasteners, valves, drill tools, and completion equipment. As well environments became more severe, stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement failures in production equipment drove the evolution of the composition and microstructure that distinguish today’s oilfield-grade 718 from aerospace grades. This paper reviews the development of the grade and its applications and describes some of its unique characteristics, testing, and manufacturing methods as well as newer alloys designed for high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0238-z Authors John J. deBarbadillo, Special Metals Corporation, 3200 Riverside Drive, Huntington, WV 25705, USA Sarwan K. Mannan, Special Metals Corporation, 3200 Riverside Drive, Huntington, WV 25705, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The fabrication of hierarchical aluminum metal matrix composites (MMCs) begins with the cryomilling of inert gas-atomized AA5083 Al powders with B 4 C particles, which yields agglomerates of nanocrystalline (NC) Al grains containing a uniform dispersion of solidly bonded, submicron B 4 C particles. The cryomilled agglomerates are size classified, blended with coarse-grain Al (CG-Al) powders, vacuum degassed at an elevated temperature, and consolidated to form the bulk composite. This hierarchical Al MMCs have low weight and high strength/stiffness attributable to the (A) Hall–Petch strengthening from NC-Al (5083) grains, (B) Zener pinning effects from B 4 C particulate reinforcement and dispersoids in both the NC-Al and CG-Al, (C) the interface characteristics between the three constituents, and (D) a high dislocation density. The hierarchical Al MMCs exhibit good thermal stability and microstructural characteristics that deflect or blunt crack propagation. A significant change in the microstructure of the composite was observed after friction stir processing (FSP) in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) due to the mechanical mixing, particularly in the advancing side of the stir zone (SZ). The NC-Al grains in the TMAZ grew during FSP. Evidence of CG-Al size reduction was also documented since CG-Al domain was absent by optical observation. Given the proper control of the microstructure, FSP has demonstrated its potential to increase both strength and ductility, and to create functionally tailored hierarchical MMCs through surface modification, graded structures, and other hybrid microstructural design. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0249-9 Authors Y. H. Sohn, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA T. Patterson, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA C. Hofmeister, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA C. Kammerer, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA W. Mohr, Edison Welding Institute, Columbus, OH 43221, USA M. van den Bergh, DWA Aluminum Composites, Chatsworth, CA 91311, USA M. Shaeffer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA J. Seaman, Edison Welding Institute, Columbus, OH 43221, USA K. Cho, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In situ tribometry, the study of real-time friction and wear processes occurring at “buried” sliding interfaces, was used to examine fundamental changes to structure and chemistry of solid lubricant and hard coatings. In situ techniques of optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to observe interfacial sliding dynamics and identify near-surface structural/chemical changes, respectively. Third-body physical and chemical processes, such as thickening, thinning, loss of transfer films, generation of wear debris, and sliding-induced chemical changes, were identified for sapphire sliding against Ti-Si-C, nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), and titanium- and tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. These processes observed by in situ methods were also used to explain why friction and wear behavior changed with coating composition, properties or test conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0229-5 Authors R. R. Chromik, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada H. W. Strauss, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada T. W. Scharf, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Over the last 20 years, time-resolved high-resolution x-ray imaging techniques have become established as methods of choice for in situ studies of solidification microstructure formation in metallic alloys. Using high-brilliance x-radiation delivered at modern synchrotrons, combined with the most recent advances in x-ray cameras and optics, it is now possible to capture real-time video sequences with projection image resolutions down to 100 nm at frame rates of 20 Hz. This article presents some illustrative examples of the current capabilities of in situ x-ray video microscopy in terms of radiographic and topographic imaging as a platform for studying microstructure pattern formation, growth dynamics, and other topics related to metallic alloy solidification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0213-0 Authors R. H. Mathiesen, Department of Physics, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway L. Arnberg, Department of Materials Technology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway H. Nguyen-Thi, Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IM2NP UMR 6242, Campus Scientifique de Saint-Jérôme, Case 142, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France B. Billia, Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IM2NP UMR 6242, Campus Scientifique de Saint-Jérôme, Case 142, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Transparent metal-analog materials offer a great opportunity for in situ investigation of the morphological dynamics that govern the formation of microstructure in metallic alloys. There are, however, several experimental factors that must be controlled or considered for proper and reproducible interpretation. We examine some of these issues here, summarizing our recent findings related to the case of rod-type eutectic solidification, for which we examine the importance of ampoule geometry and initial conditions. Employing directional solidification experiments with thin-slab specimens, we look specifically at finite-size effects on growth morphology and the influence of initial structure on the mechanisms of eutectic onset. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0214-z Authors R. E. Napolitano, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Melis Şerefoğlu, INSP, UPMC, CNRS UMR 7588, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The Super Materials of the Super Heroes Content Type Journal Article Category Materials in Action Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0256-x Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Diffuse scattering is a general phenomenon associated with various nanoscale disorders omnipresent in crystalline solids. While it contains rich information on structural disorders, interpretation and analysis of diffuse scattering pose a great challenge because it usually contains contributions from multiple types of disorders and their respective contributions are difficult to separate. In order to extract useful information from diffuse scattering, concerted efforts in high-quality diffuse scattering intensity measurement, quantitative data analysis, theoretical interpretation, and computer simulations are required. In this theoretical work, the diffuse scattering intensity distribution associated with static and dynamic atomic position fluctuations is formulated to effectively combine with our concurrent experimental and computational works. In particular, the theoretical formulation is used to interpret diffuse scattering originated from phonon softening in precursor state of a shape-memory alloy, and, as examples of static atomic position fluctuations, diffuse scattering phenomena of modulated phases and nanotwin microstructures are also discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0211-2 Authors Yongmei M. Jin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Yu U. Wang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This overview highlights very recent progress on the application of high-energy x-ray diffraction for in situ study of the phase transformation of shape-memory alloys. The advantages of the synchrotron-based high-energy x-ray diffraction method and the experimental setup for exploring the phase-transition behavior of single crystals or textured polycrystalline materials under multiple external fields are described. Experimental investigations on the influence of external stress, magnetic, and thermal fields on the phase-transformation behaviors of thermal and ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys, and nanowire-reinforced shape-memory composites are also summarized. Special attention is given to recent scientific issues related to the microscopic “memory” of martensite variants, transition kinetics, magnetic field-induced selection of variants, magnetic field-driven phase transition, and superelasticity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0221-0 Authors Y. D. Wang, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China Z. H. Nie, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China Y. Ren, X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA P. K. Liaw, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The position, velocity, and shape of the solid–liquid interface are key parameters for ensuring high crystal quality and good mechanical properties of solidifying metals, alloys, and semiconductors. The traditional techniques for measuring this interface online involve immersing sensors in the molten material, which directly interferes with the solidification process. Significant efforts have thus been made to design noninvasive measurement techniques to locate the growth interface. Their industrial implementation, however, has been challenging. In this paper, we review and discuss techniques that can overcome the encountered problems and hence enable monitoring of the solid–liquid boundary without disturbing the solidification process. These techniques are based on optics, x-ray radiography, ultrasound, and induced eddy currents. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0233-9 Authors K. Grujic, Teknova AS, Gimlemoen 19, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway T. Hegna, Teknova AS, Gimlemoen 19, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway K. M. Laundal, Teknova AS, Gimlemoen 19, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The metal injection molding process, used in the automotive, medical, and consumer markets for several decades, was investigated for application to superalloys for small, complex-shaped, aerospace components. With sufficient control on processing, inclusion risks, and chemistry, the process can successfully be applied to superalloy 718 components. Assessments included tensile and fatigue property evaluation, characterization of microstructure, and development of an AMS specification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0246-z Authors Eric A. Ott, GE Aviation, Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA Michael W. Peretti, GE Aviation, Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A solid may undergo a phase transition due to internal interaction competition or external stimuli. It is increasingly recognized that the lattice degrees of freedom often play a crucial role, especially in the vicinity of competing phases, where many intriguing properties exist. A crystal structure transition is usually accompanied by a drastic change in the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties. In situ study of the microscopic structural information of materials during phase transformation is of ultimate importance not only in understanding fundamental mechanisms but also in developing and processing advanced materials for broad technological applications. The availability of synchrotron-generated high-flux and high-energy x-rays has significantly advanced the field of materials research because of the deep penetration and low absorption of high-energy x-rays. Synchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction facilities provide great research opportunities, especially for probing structural phase transformations of bulk materials in real time and in realistic conditions. In this overview we present technical details and capabilities of a synchrotron high-energy x-ray facility and its applications to in situ structural investigations of phase transitions in advanced materials in research areas ranging from condensed-matter and materials science and engineering to energy science. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0218-8 Authors Yang Ren, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This paper reports the results of an investigation into the damage mechanisms that occur during straining of the aluminum alloy A356-T6 using in situ tensile experiments in a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative stereological analyses of the microstructure and in situ studies of the damage mechanisms have been used to characterize the Si particles and their eutectic distribution that ultimately controls ductility. In situ testing has revealed that, at increasing applied strain, the damage begins with brittle fractures of the Si particles due to cleavage. In this way, adjacent microcracks are created. Subsequently, the joining of the Si microcracks gives rise to the nucleation of a microcrack on the dendrite boundaries. The final damage stage involves the growth of the crack along the dendrite boundaries, until instability is reached. The investigations have shown that, by means of in situ mechanical testing, it is possible to obtain quantitative data of the damage mechanisms which are useful to predict the engineering characteristics of casting alloys. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0231-y Authors R. Doglione, Politecnico di Torino Unit, INSTM, c.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Thermogravimetric analysis and dilatometry are two common in situ measurement techniques used in powder processing to obtain information regarding thermal debinding and sintering. However, these two techniques provide negligible information regarding critical phenomena such as distortion or cracking. This paper discusses newer characterization techniques used to measure in situ strength evolution to help understand defect generation during the thermal debinding process. The information obtained from these in situ measurement techniques assists in intelligent design of optimal thermal cycles and in selection of binders targeted at manufacturing dense sintered components with minimum defects and distortion. The paper discusses examples of applications developed based on the information provided by in situ characterization of strength and distortion. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0232-x Authors Ravi K. Enneti, Research and Development, Global Tungsten & Powders Corporation, Towanda, PA, USA Seong Jin Park, Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE) and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea Randall M. German, Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA Sundar V. Atre, Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    HAYNES ® NS-163 ® alloy is a new cobalt-base alloy that derives its exceptional high-temperature strength from a dispersion of fine-scale stable (Ti,Nb)N nitrides in the microstructure. In the present study, these nitrides were formed by means of a gas nitriding process. Resulting microstructures in the partially and fully nitrided conditions were examined. The nature and sequence of formation of the observed nitride compounds are rationalized by comparing their respective Gibbs free energies of formation. Nitride nucleation densities and morphologies are discussed in terms of the locally varying speed of the reaction front. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0239-y Authors M. Fahrmann, Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN, USA S. K. Srivastava, Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Neutrons play a vital role as a powerful tool in basic science and applied research. In this article, the basic properties of neutrons, their generation and detection, as well as some fundamental aspects of neutron instrumentation are introduced. Neutron user facilities, at which the user may obtain more specific information and apply for beam time, are also discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0220-1 Authors Sven C. Vogel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA John S. Carpenter, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The aim of this paper is to report recent results concerning the microstructure evolution observed by continuous in situ x-ray microtomography in Al-Cu alloys during various treatments. These treatments include solidification and tensile deformation in the semisolid state both in solidification and in isothermal conditions. During solidification, x-ray microtomography allows measurement of various microstructure parameters and characterization of the physical mechanisms occurring at the scale of the dendrites. During deformation, liquid flow towards the deformed zone can be observed and quantified together with pore and crack formation in liquid films. These observations are discussed with reference to the formation of defects during solidification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0219-7 Authors Michel Suéry, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Sofiane Terzi, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Bastien Mireux, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Luc Salvo, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Jérôme Adrien, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Eric Maire, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The unique properties of neutron interaction with materials have long been applied to the study of geological materials, with Shull and Smart using them in 1949 to determine the antiferromagnetic structure of manganosite (MnO). Neutron diffraction provides an accurate method for crystal structure determination of hydrous phases, particularly ices, and investigations of cation ordering of elements that are adjacent in the Periodic Table, such as Al–Si in feldspars and zeolites. Both elastic and inelastic scattering have been used to determine the properties of fluids that are present in many sedimentary rocks, including shales that are often saturated with brines or hydrocarbons. Due to minimal absorption and deep sample penetration, neutron scattering has become a favorite tool for crystallographic preferred orientation (texture) analysis of rocks as well as destruction-free three-dimensional (3D) tomographic characterization of microstructures. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0223-y Authors H.-R. Wenk, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Time-of-flight neutron diffraction is widely used in characterizing the microstructure and mechanical response of heterogeneous systems. Microstructural characterization techniques include spatial or temporal mapping of the phases and determination of grain size, dislocation structure, and grain orientations (texture) within these phases. Mechanical response analysis utilizes the crystallographic selectivity of the diffraction process to measure the partitioning of strain within the system. The microstructural and mechanical response information is then used to develop more realistic constitutive models. In this article we review some examples of such measurements, based on our experiences at the Lujan Center of Los Alamos National Laboratory. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0119-x Authors Bjørn Clausen, LANSCE-LC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Donald W. Brown, Structure/Property Relations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA I. C. Noyan, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Continuous casting processes have been used successfully for more than 50 years to reduce the cost of manufacturing a variety of aluminum rolled products. Approximately 25% of North American flat-rolled sheet and foil is sourced from twin-roll cast or slab cast processes. Twin roll-casters provide a cost-effective solution for producing foil and light-gauge sheet from relatively low-alloyed aluminum (1xxx and 8xxx alloys). Slab casters, particularly Hazelett twin-belt machines, are well utilized in the production of 3xxx or 5xxx painted building products which require moderate strength and good corrosion resistance. Both foil and painted sheet are cost-sensitive commodity products with well-known metallurgical and quality requirements. There have been extensive trials and modest successes with continuous cast can stock and automotive sheet. However, they have not been widely adopted commercially due to generally lower levels of surface quality and formability compared with sheet produced from scalped direct chill (DC) cast ingot. The metallurgical requirements for can and auto sheet are considered in more detail with emphasis on the microstructural features which limit their application, e.g., particle distribution, grain size, and texture. Looking forward, slab casting offers the most viable opportunity for producing strong (i.e., higher alloy content), formable structural auto sheet with acceptable surface quality. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0247-y Authors Robert E. Sanders, Sanders Aluminum Consultilng, LLC, 114 Amy’s Point, Chapin, SC 29036, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The United States has established that transient irradiation testing is needed to support advanced light water reactors fuel development. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated an effort to reestablish this capability. Restart of the Transient Testing Reactor (TREAT) facility located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is being considered for this purpose. This effort would also include the development of specialized test vehicles to support stagnant capsule and flowing loop tests as well as the enhancement of postirradiation examination capabilities and remote device assembly capabilities at the Hot Fuel Examination Facility. It is anticipated that the capability will be available to support testing by 2018, as required to meet the DOE goals for the development of accident-tolerant LWR fuel designs. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0482-2 Authors Daniel M. Wachs, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: TMS 2013 Convenes the Continuum of Materials Science and Engineering Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0492-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    During production of primary and secondary aluminum, various amounts (in some cases up to 200 kg) of aluminum dross, a mixture consisting of molten aluminum metal and different oxide compounds (the nonmetallic phase), are skimmed per tonne of molten metal. To preserve the maximum aluminum content in hot dross for further extraction, it is necessary to cool the dross immediately after skimming. One way to do this is to press the skimmed hot dross in a press. In this process, the skimmed dross is transformed into so-called pressed skulls, with characteristic geometry convenient for storage, transport, or further in-house processing. Because of its high aluminum content—usually between 30% and 70%—pressed skulls represent a valuable source of aluminum and hence are in great demand in the aluminum recycling industry. Because pressed skulls are generally valued on a free-metal recovery basis, which is influenced by the yield of recovery, or in other words, by the quality of the recycling process, it was recognized as important and useful to develop a method of fast and cost-effective nondestructive measurement of the free aluminum content in pressed skulls, independent of the technology of pressed skulls recycling. In the model developed in this work, the aluminum content in pressed skulls was expressed as a function of the pressed skulls density, the density of the nonmetallic phase, and the volume fraction of closed pores. In addition, the model demonstrated that under precisely defined conditions (i.e., skulls from the dross of the same aluminum alloy and skimmed, transported, cooled, and pressed in the same way and under the same processing conditions), when other parameters except the pressed skulls density remain constant, the aluminum content in pressed skulls can be expressed as a linear function of the pressed skulls density. Following the theoretical considerations presented in this work, a practical industrial methodology was developed for nondestructive prediction of the amount of free aluminum in pressed skulls w Al , based on nondestructive measurement of the density ρ of the pressed skulls. The pressed skulls density is measured by a fully automatic gas displacement pyknometer with a working volume large enough to enable the insertion of the whole pressed skull sample. An additional integral part of this methodology is the set of experimentally determined linear graphs w Al - ρ , plotted in advance for all classes of pressed skulls existing in the plant, from the experimentally collected data on pressed skulls density and aluminum recovery by melting. After selecting the proper graph w Al - ρ , which is usually performed on an aluminum alloy basis, the pyknometric measured density of the pressed skulls can be routinely related to the aluminum content sought, within a relative error of ±5%. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0501-3 Authors Varuzan Kevorkijan, Betnavska Cesta 6, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia Srečo Davor Škapin, Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Štefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Uroš Kovačec, Impol Aluminum Industry, 2310 Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Gas-Alloy Interactions at Elevated Temperatures Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0478-y Authors Raymundo Arroyave, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Michael Gao, URS Corporation at National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR 97321, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Issues Related to the Use of Light Water Reactor Fuels Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0484-0 Authors Dennis D. Keiser Jr., Idaho National Laboratory, P. O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83403-6188, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The local effects of stress from a mechanical indentation have been studied on a Ni 3 Al single crystal containing submicron inclusions of molybdenum fibers. X-ray microdiffraction (PXM) was used to measure elastic and plastic deformations near the indents. An analysis of freshly acquired massive sets of PXM data has been carried out over the Science Studio network using parallel processing software called FOXMAS. This network and the FOXMAS software have greatly improved the efficiency of the data processing task. The analysis was successfully applied to study lattice orientation distribution and strain tensor components for both the Ni 3 Al and the Mo phases, particularly around eight indents patterned at the longitudinal section of the alloy. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0496-9 Authors N. S. McIntyre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada R. I. Barabash, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA J. Qin, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada M. Kunz, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA N. Tamura, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA H. Bei, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Produced ceramic-lined steel pipe using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method has found uses in many applications. A SHS-centrifugal machine was designed to produce a ceramic-lined steel pipe from ferric oxide and aluminum powder (thermite mixture) under high centrifugal acceleration. The obtained products are expected to be Al 2 O 3 ceramic in the innermost layer and a Fe layer in a region between the outer steel pipes. In the present work, specific regions of a pipe was particularly observed to investigate the stuck (dead) spaces at the pipe head because of its importance in further processes (joining, welding, etc.) which may affect the quality of the next operations. In this article, the product’s composition, phase separation, microhardness, and surface finish were studied on three zones of the pipe. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0498-7 Authors R. Mahmoodian, Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia R. G. Rahbari, Restorative Dentistry Department, Dentistry Faculty, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1G6, Canada M. Hamdi, Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia M. A. Hassan, Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing (AMMP), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Mahdi Sparham, Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The evolution of deformation structures in individual grains embedded in polycrystalline copper specimens during strain path changes is observed in situ by high-resolution reciprocal space mapping with high-energy synchrotron radiation. A large number of individual subgrains is resolved; their behavior during the strain path change is revealed and complemented by the analysis of radial x-ray peak profiles for the entire grain. This allows distinction between two different regimes during the mechanically transient behavior following the strain path change: Below 0.3% strain, the number and orientation of the resolved subgrains change only slightly, while their elastic stresses are significantly altered. This indicates the existence of a microplastic regime during which only the subgrains deform plastically and no yielding of the dislocation walls occurs. After reloading above 0.3% strain, the elastic stresses of individual subgrains are about the same as in unidirectionally deformed reference specimens. They increase only slightly during further straining—accompanied by occasional emergence of new subgrains, abundant orientation changes, and disappearance of existing subgrains. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0504-0 Authors Christian Wejdemann, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Henning Friis Poulsen, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Ulrich Lienert, DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22603 Hamburg, Germany Wolfgang Pantleon, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Molybdenite concentrates are usually treated by roasting, but low-concentration SO 2 pollution is an associated problem. A hydrometallurgical process with pressure oxidation leaching (POX) and solvent extraction (SX) was developed in recent years. During POX, the oxidation of molybdenum (Mo) is above 98%. More than 95% of the rhenium (Re) and 15% to 20% of the Mo are leached into solution. The sulfur in the concentrate is converted to H 2 SO 4 , which results in high acidity of the solution. SX was used to recover the Re and Mo from the solution. The extraction of Re and Mo were above 98%. The loaded organic reagent is stripped with ammonia. More than 98% of the Mo can be stripped from the organic phase. Compared with the roasting process, the total recovery of Mo increased from 93% to 97% and that of Re from 60% to 90% when POX and SX are utilized. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0457-3 Authors Kaixi Jiang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Yufang Wang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Xiaoping Zou, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Lei Zhang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Sanping Liu, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In the quest to achieve the highest metal recovery during the smelting of copper concentrates, this study has evaluated the minimum level of soluble copper in iron-silicate slags. The experimental work was performed under slag-cleaning conditions for different levels of Fe in the matte and for a range of Fe/SiO 2 ratios in the slag. All experiments were carried out under conditions where three phases were present (copper–matte–slag), which is the condition typically prevailing in many slag-cleaning electric furnaces. The %Fe in the electric furnace matte was varied between 0.5 wt.% and 11 wt.%, and two different Fe/SiO 2 ratios in the slag were used (targeted values were 1.4 and 1.6). All experiments were performed at 1200°C. From thermodynamic considerations, from industrial experience, and from the results obtained in this study, the minimum soluble copper content in the electric furnace slag is expected to be near 0.55 wt.% Cu. This level does not account for a portion of the copper present as mechanically entrained matte/metal droplets. Taking this into account, the current authors believe an overall copper level in discard slag between 0.7 wt.% and 0.8 wt.% can be obtained with optimal operating conditions. For these conditions, the copper losses in the slag are roughly 75% as dissolved copper and 25% as entrained matte and copper. Such conditions include operating the electric furnace at metallic copper saturation, maintaining the %Fe in the electric furnace matte between 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%, not exceeding a slag temperature of 1250°C, and controlling the Fe/SiO 2 ratio in the smelting furnace slag at ≤1.5. In addition, magnetite reduction needs to be performed efficiently during the slag-cleaning cycle so as to maintain a total magnetite content of ≤7 wt.% in the discard slag. The authors further consider that under exceptionally well-controlled conditions, a copper content in electric furnace discard slag between 0.55 wt.% and 0.7 wt.% can be obtained, by minimizing entrained matte and copper solubility in the discard slag. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0454-6 Authors Pascal Coursol, Barrick Gold Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada Nubia Cardona Valencia, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, ON, Canada Phillip Mackey, P. J. Mackey Technology Inc., Kirkland, QC, Canada Stacy Bell, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, ON, Canada Boyd Davis, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, ON, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The baked anode quality control strategy currently used by most carbon plants based on testing anode core samples in the laboratory is inadequate for facing increased raw material variability. The low core sampling rate limited by lab capacity and the common practice of reporting averaged properties based on some anode population mask a significant amount of individual anode variability. In addition, lab results are typically available a few weeks after production and the anodes are often already set in the reduction cells preventing early remedial actions when necessary. A database approach is proposed in this work to develop a soft-sensor for predicting individual baked anode properties at the end of baking cycle. A large historical database including raw material properties, process operating parameters and anode core data was collected from a modern Alcoa plant. A multivariate latent variable PLS regression method was used for analyzing the large database and building the soft-sensor model. It is shown that the general low frequency trends in most anode physical and mechanical properties driven by raw material changes are very well captured by the model. Improvements in the data infrastructure (instrumentation, sampling frequency and location) will be necessary for predicting higher frequency variations in individual baked anode properties. This paper also demonstrates how multivariate latent variable models can be interpreted against process knowledge and used for real-time process monitoring of carbon plants, and detection of faults and abnormal operation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0433-y Authors Julien Lauzon-Gauthier, Aluminium Research Center-REGAL, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Carl Duchesne, Aluminium Research Center-REGAL, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Jayson Tessier, Alcoa Inc., Global Primary Metals, Center of Excellence, Deschambault, QC G0A 1S0, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Since the 16th century, the Inca site of Curamba, in southern Peru, has been interpreted as a metallurgical center for processing silver ore. Yet, aside from the many shallow pits, interpreted as hornos for smelting silver, there was no physical evidence for the use of huayras or tocochimbos , which were the structures traditionally used for precontact silver smelting in the ancient Andes. Geochemical analyses (inductively coupled plasma) of scoria excavated from the hornos at Curamba indicate low Ag (〈0.3 ppm to 0.4 ppm), Au (〈2 ppm), and Cu (18 ppm to 31 ppm) contents, whereas Pb (155 ppm to 234 ppm) and Zn (125 ppm to 259 ppm) contents were high. This suggests that nonargentiferous galena (PbS) was smelted to obtain lead. A lead-zinc signature is also indicated by the presence of As, Ba, Fe, Mn, and V, yet no ore minerals such as PbS or sphalerite [(Zn,Fe)S] have been found at the site. Several precontact lead artifacts from ancient Peru have been described as bars ( lingotes ) or weights ( pesos ). However, alternatively, these artifacts might be more accurately described as: (a) biconic to ovoid (30 mm to 60 mm, 30 g to 40 g) or (b) spherical (35 mm, 80 g to 160 g); therefore, in composition, dimensions, form, and weight, these ancient Peruvian lead artifacts from the north coast are strikingly similar to ancient Roman and Celtic lead sling ammunition from first-century BC battle sites, and are herein interpreted to have served a similar function in ancient Andean warfare. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0456-4 Authors William E. Brooks, Reston, VA 20191, USA Luisa Vetter Parodi, Estudios Andinos, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru Armando V. Farfán, History Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA David Dykstra, Lopez, Metales, Museo Larco, Lima, Peru Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: MATERIALS RESOURCE CENTER: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0470-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    During the last decade, important improvements have been made in the application of thermodynamic models for studying the molten cryolite system used in the Hall–Heroult process. This approach allows a better understanding and paves the way for furthering developments in bath chemistry and molten metal processing. In this article, thermodynamic modeling is used to explore the operating windows in the reduction of alumina in molten cryolite. The impact of a range of concentrations of AlF 3 , CaF 2 , and Al 2 O 3 in conventional or “lithium-free” baths is also discussed. Subsequently, the model was also used to evaluate the impact of additions of lithium fluoride to the bath. Conditions allowing an operation at lower cell voltages and lower bath temperatures were identified. The modeling approach described in this article is considered as an important innovation to revisit fundamentals, to constantly re-examine paradigms, and to identify potential modifications in bath chemistry for improving energy efficiency and productivity of modern prebaked Hall–Heroult cells. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0426-x Authors Pascal Coursol, Aluminerie Alouette, Sept-Iles, QC, Canada Gilles Dufour, Aluminerie Alouette, Sept-Iles, QC, Canada Jules Coté, Aluminerie Alouette, Sept-Iles, QC, Canada Patrice Chartrand, Département de génie chimique, École Polytechnique, Centre de Recherche en Calcul Thermochimique, Montréal, QC, Canada Phillip Mackey, P.J. Mackey Technology, Kirkland, QC, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    New electrorefining technology utilizes a novel manifold electrolyte inlet, which allows improving productivity and production in new and existing tankhouses at high current efficiency and very good cathode quality. Two installation examples—Montanwerke Brixlegg AG, Brixlegg, Austria (upgrade existing tankhouse) and Xiangguang Copper, Yanggu, China (new tankhouse)—demonstrate the use of current densities above 400 A/m 2 at very high current efficiency in electrorefining. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0459-1 Authors Andreas Filzwieser, METTOP GmbH, Leoben, Austria Iris Filzwieser, METTOP GmbH, Leoben, Austria Stefan Konetschnik, METTOP GmbH, Leoben, Austria Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Innovations in Hydrometallurgical and Electrometallurgical Processing: A TMS2012 Symposium Sampling Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0460-8 Authors Michael L. Free, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Shijie Wang, Rio Tinto Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A review of the metal–hydrogen systems modeled or investigated with the CALPHAD method is presented. The specific features of metal–hydrogen systems in relation with the CALPHAD modeling are detailed, and the problems and needs related to the description of such systems are highlighted. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0462-6 Authors J.-M. Joubert, Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares (CMTR), Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94320 Thiais Cedex, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Research on the novel technology of fluidized roasting reduction of samples of low-grade pyrolusite using biogas residual as reductant has been conducted. According to the response surface design and the analysis of results, orthogonal experiments have been conducted on the major factors, and the effects on the manganese reduction efficiency have been studied. The maximum manganese reduction efficiency could be optimized to nearly 100%, when the mass ratio of biogas residual to pyrolusite was 0.16:1, the dosage of sulfuric acid was 1.6 times that of the stoichiometric amount, the roasting temperature was 680°C, and the roasting time was 70 min. The results in terms of manganese reduction efficiency of the actual experiments were close to those anticipated by modeling the experiments, indicating that the optimum conditions had a high reliability. Other low-grade pyrolusites such as Guangxi pyrolusite (China), Hunan pyrolusite (China), and Guizhou pyrolusite (China) were tested and all these materials responded well, giving nearly 100% manganese reduction efficiency. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0453-7 Authors Z. L. Cai, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Y. L. Feng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China H. R. Li, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China X. W. Liu, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Z. C. Yang, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Fibulae as main the metal elements of people’s costume and clothing vary significantly in form and shape through time, and therefore, they are the perfect chronological markers of periods and time horizons and help archaeologists to date associated finds and stratigraphic units precisely. Five Late La Tène fibulae (150–80 BC) typical of the Western Carpathian Basin were studied in order to achieve information of their composition and manufacture. In particular, the alloy compositions were analyzed to understand if different alloys were used for the bow and the pin of the fibulae, and to establish if Pb and Zn were present. The latter was introduced to the workshops in Gallia and Northern Italy, and reached as imports the southeast Alpine region around 50 BC, creating a chronological horizon interesting for dating. Pb with 〉5 wt.% also turned out to be a chronological marker of La Tène fibulae. The presence of these alloying elements thus gives an even more detailed technological and chronological picture of the metallurgical advances in the ancient region of Pannonia during the second and beginning of the first century BC. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0415-0 Authors Marianne Mödlinger, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale – DCCI, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Universitá di Genova, 16038 Genoa, Italy Ivan Drnić, Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Paolo Piccardo, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale – DCCI, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Universitá di Genova, 16038 Genoa, Italy Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The state of oxidation of a pyrometallurgical process, given by the partial pressure of oxygen and the temperature, is one of the important properties monitored and controlled in the smelting and refining of iron and the nonferrous metals. This article reviews the thermodynamic background for this quantity and examines some empirical methods for its estimation and use. The emphasis is on copper smelting, but the same principles apply to iron, nickel, lead, and zinc processes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0461-7 Authors Jan Matousek, Englewood, CO, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0468-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: PRICM-8 Abstract Deadline Draws Near Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0467-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A vacuum evaporation technology for treating antimony-rich anode slime was developed in this work. Experiments were carried out at temperatures from 873 K to 1073 K and residual gas pressures from 50 Pa to 600 Pa. During vacuum evaporation, silver from the antimony-rich anode slime was left behind in the distilland in a silver alloy containing antimony and lead, and antimony trioxide was evaporated. The experimental results showed that 92% by weight of antimony can be removed, and the silver content in the alloy was up to 12.84%. The antimony trioxide content in the distillate was more than 99.7%, and the distillate can be used directly as zero-grade antimony trioxide (China standard). Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0458-2 Authors Keqiang Qiu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083 China Deqiang Lin, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083 China Xuelin Yang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Louis Hector, Energy and Awards Committees Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0469-z Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Refining of metallurgical-grade silicon was studied using a process sequence of slag treatment, controlled cooling, and acid leaching. A slag of the Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 system was used. The microstructure of grain boundaries in the treated silicon showed enhanced segregation of impurities, and the formation of CaSi 2 and other Ca-rich phases. Boron and phosphorus were found in the grain boundary phases of silicon after the slag treatment and were successfully removed together with most of the metallic impurities by acid leaching. The interaction between silicon and slag and the distribution of impurities are discussed. A novel mechanism of the refining approach is proposed, based on the microstructure of silicon and the analysis of impurities at each refining step. Parallel processes of slag refining, segregation, and solvent refining were observed, which explains the relatively high efficiency of the proposed refining technology. The investigated combination of refining processes followed by acid leaching has great potential as an efficient and cost-saving route for upgrading metallurgical-grade to solar-grade silicon. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0383-4 Authors Yulia V. Meteleva-Fischer, Materials innovation institute (M2i), Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands Yongxiang Yang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands Rob Boom, Materials innovation institute (M2i), Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands Bert Kraaijveld, RGS Development B.V., Bijlestaal 54, 1721 PW Broek op Langedijk, The Netherlands Henk Kuntzel, RGS Development B.V., Bijlestaal 54, 1721 PW Broek op Langedijk, The Netherlands Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    High-temperature corrosion of ferritic stainless steel (FSS) surfaces can be accelerated and anomalous when it is simultaneously subjected to different gaseous environments, e.g., when separating fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (air) streams, in comparison with single-atmosphere exposures, e.g., air only. This so-called “dual-atmosphere” exposure is realized in many energy-conversion systems including turbines, boilers, gasifiers, heat exchangers, and particularly in intermediate temperature (600–800°C) planar solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. It is generally accepted that hydrogen transport through the FSS (plate or tube) and its subsequent integration into the growing air-side surface oxide layer can promote accelerated and anomalous corrosion—relative to single-atmosphere exposure—via defect chemistry changes, such as increased cation vacancy concentrations, decreased oxygen activity, and steam formation within the growing surface oxide layers. Establishment of a continuous and dense surface oxide layer on the fuel side of the FSS can inhibit hydrogen transport and the associated effects on the air side. Minor differences in FSS composition, microstructure, and surface conditions can all have dramatic influences on dual-atmosphere corrosion behaviors. This article reviews high-temperature, dual-atmosphere corrosion phenomena and discusses implications for SOFC stacks, related applications, and future research. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0473-3 Authors Paul Gannon, Department of Chemical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Roberta Amendola, Department of Chemical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys exhibit high specific strength, low density, good oxidation, corrosion, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures, making them good candidate materials for aerospace and automotive applications. TiAl alloys also show excellent radiation resistance and low neutron activation, and they can be developed to have various microstructures, allowing different combinations of properties for various extreme environments. Hence, TiAl alloys may be used in advanced nuclear systems as high-temperature structural materials. Moreover, TiAl alloys are good materials to be used for fundamental studies on microstructural effects on irradiation behavior of advanced nuclear structural materials. This article reviews the microstructure, creep, radiation, and oxidation properties of TiAl alloys in comparison with other nuclear structural materials to assess the potential of TiAl alloys as candidate structural materials for future nuclear applications. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0471-5 Authors Hanliang Zhu, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Tao Wei, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia David Carr, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Robert Harrison, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Lyndon Edwards, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Wolfgang Hoffelner, Nuclear Energy and Safety, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland Dongyi Seo, Materials and Component Technologies Group, Aerospace Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada Kouichi Maruyama, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: CR 3 Update: Recycling of Strategic Metals Content Type Journal Article Category TMS Partners in Progress Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0317-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Resource Center: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0315-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Charles Ward, Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0316-2 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Keratin is one of the most important structural proteins in nature and is widely found in the integument in vertebrates. It is classified into two types: α -helices and β -pleated sheets. Keratinized materials can be considered as fiber-reinforced composites consisting of crystalline intermediate filaments embedded in an amorphous protein matrix. They have a wide variety of morphologies and properties depending on different functions. Here, we review selected keratin-based materials, such as skin, hair, wool, quill, horn, hoof, feather, and beak, focusing on the structure–mechanical property-function relationships and finally give some insights on bioinspired composite design based on keratinized materials. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-20 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0302-8 Authors J. McKittrick, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA P.-Y. Chen, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC S. G. Bodde, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA W. Yang, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA E. E. Novitskaya, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA M. A. Meyers, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) exhibits excellent biological and mechanical properties, which make it an appropriate choice for promoting epidermal cell migration on the surfaces of percutaneous implants. We deposited a ~150 nm thick UNCD film on a microporous silicon nitride membrane using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the pore structure and chemical bonding of this material, respectively. Growth of human epidermal keratinocytes on UNCD-coated microporous silicon nitride membranes and uncoated microporous silicon nitride membranes was compared using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results show that the UNCD coating did not significantly alter the viability of human epidermal keratinocytes, indicating potential use of this material for improving skin sealing around percutaneous implants. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0300-x Authors Shelby A. Skoog, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA Anirudha V. Sumant, Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA Roger J. Narayan, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Many animals possess dermal armor, which acts primarily as protection against predators. We illustrate this through examples from both our research and the literature: alligator, fish (alligator gar, arapaima, and Senegal bichir), armadillo, leatherback turtle, and a lizard, the Gila monster. The dermal armor in these animals is flexible and has a hierarchical structure with collagen fibers joining mineralized units (scales, tiles, or plates). This combination significantly increases the strength and flexibility in comparison with a simple monolithic mineral composite or rigid dermal armor. This dermal armor is being studied for future bioinspired armor applications providing increased mobility. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0301-9 Authors Wen Yang, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Irene H. Chen, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Joanna Mckittrick, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Marc A. Meyers, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0318-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0319-z Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Presenting upcoming meetings and calls for papers Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0524-9 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Opening the Throttle on Innovation Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0523-x Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Science in Reduced Gravity Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0425-y Authors Douglas M. Matson, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02115, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Using a CO 2 laser-equipped electromagnetic levitator, we carried out the containerless crystallization of Si and Ge. From the point of interface morphologies, the relation between growth velocities and undercoolings was classified into three regions. In regions I and II, although the morphologies of growing crystals are different: plate-like needle crystals in region I and facetted dendrite at region II, the growth velocities in these two regions are fundamentally scaled by the thermal diffusivities and the temperature increase caused by the release of the latent heat. This result means that the growth velocity can be expressed by the product of the thermal diffusivity and the growth kinetics. An analysis of the dendrite morphologies revealed that the kinetics of crystal growth in regions I and II represent two-dimensional nucleation at the reentrant corner formed at the edge of the two parallel twins. In region III, thermal diffusion-controlled interface attachment kinetics control as described by a modified Wilson–Frenkel model. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0423-0 Authors Yusuke Ishibashi, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548 Japan Kazuhiko Kuribayashi, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548 Japan Katsuhisa Nagayama, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8548 Japan Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Slag entrainment in a continuous casting mold is one of the major causes of macro nonmetallic inclusions in continuous casting steel products. Stabilizing the level fluctuation is an important factor to improve steel quality. A new type of submerged entry nozzle (SEN) named self-braking SEN was designed. In the current study, water modeling experiments were performed to study the effect of self-braking SEN on level fluctuation in a continuous casting slab mold. The level position and the root mean square value of level fluctuation were analyzed through the online detection data. The results showed that the flow in the mold was more symmetrical and the tracer dispersion was more uniform. Moreover, the meniscus was also more uniform than the conventional nozzle with the self-braking SEN, especially at high casting speed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0416-z Authors Yongfeng Chen, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Lifeng Zhang, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083 China Shufeng Yang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Jingshe Li, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Understanding the entrapment of inclusions in the solidifying shell within a steel continuous-casting strand is important to predict and improve the internal quality of the steel product. The current work presents two approaches to predict the particle entrapment in the full length of a billet caster. First, the sink term approach assumed a cone-shaped solidification shell and ignored the heat transfer and solidification, and sink terms were added to the equations to represent the mass loss and momentum loss during solidification. The inclusions were entrapped once they touched the shell. Second, full solidification considered the effect of turbulent flow, heat transfer, solidification, and the motion of inclusions. Inclusions were entrapped once they moved to the location with a liquid fraction of 0.6. The calculated inclusion distribution in the billet by the full solidification approach agreed with the industrial measurement better than the sink term approach. For future study, the effects of the inclusion size and the first arm spacing on the entrapment of inclusions will be included in the full solidification approach. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0421-2 Authors Lifeng Zhang, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China Yufeng Wang, SSAB, Muscatine, IA 52761, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0410-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The intimate links among structure, nucleation, and thermophysical properties are demonstrated from a few select experiments on high-melting-temperature metallic alloy liquids, made possible by containerless processing techniques. To complement the ground-based studies, future experiments on the International Space Station using a new electromagnetic levitation facility developed by the European Space Agency are discussed. The knowledge obtained from these studies is expected to deepen the understanding of supercooled liquid properties, elucidate their role in nucleation and glass formation, and test and develop more advanced theories of nucleation. All of these are expected to improve liquid phase processing techniques for crystalline and amorphous materials so that better functional properties may be achieved. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0422-1 Authors A. K. Gangopadhyay, Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA R. W. Hyers, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA K. F. Kelton, Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling: Application to Transport Phenomena During the Casting Process Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-4 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0419-9 Authors Lifeng Zhang, School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Transportation accounts for approximately 28% of U.S. energy consumption with the majority of transportation energy derived from petroleum sources. Many technologies such as vehicle electrification, advanced combustion, and advanced fuels can reduce transportation energy consumption by improving the efficiency of cars and trucks. Lightweight materials are another important technology that can improve passenger vehicle fuel efficiency by 6–8% for each 10% reduction in weight while also making electric and alternative vehicles more competitive. Despite the opportunities for improved efficiency, widespread deployment of lightweight materials for automotive structures is hampered by technology gaps most often associated with performance, manufacturability, and cost. In this report, the impact of reduced vehicle weight on energy efficiency is discussed with a particular emphasis on quantitative relationships determined by several researchers. The most promising lightweight materials systems are described along with a brief review of the most significant technical barriers to their implementation. For each material system, the development of accurate material models is critical to support simulation-intensive processing and structural design for vehicles; improved models also contribute to an integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) approach for addressing technical barriers and accelerating deployment. The value of computational techniques is described by considering recent ICME and computational materials science success stories with an emphasis on applying problem-specific methods. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0424-z Authors William J. Joost, Vehicle Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington, DC 20585, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    As safety and fuel economy regulations become increasingly more challenging around the world, light vehicle manufacturers are facing increasing pressure to reduce the weight of their vehicles cost effectively while maintaining or improving safety performance. Optimum light vehicle steel body structure weight and performance are achieved when the constraints of design, manufacturing, and material properties are considered simultaneously. ArcelorMittal has invested heavily over the past several years to close the gap between material property knowledge and the inter-relation between material performance and design and manufacturing efficiency. Knowledge gained through this process is presented and the importance of achieving this simultaneous 3-way optimization is illustrated by a lightweight steel door design example from ArcelorMittal’s S-in motion catalog of lightweight steel solutions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0405-2 Authors Blake K. Zuidema, Automotive Product Applications, ArcelorMittal Global R&D – East Chicago, 400 Galleria Officenter, Suite 215, Southfield, MI 48034-2164, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Bridging the Gap: Linking Simulation and Testing Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0418-x Authors Paul E. Krajewski, General Motors Company, Warren, MI 48093, USA John E. Carsley, General Motors Company, Warren, MI 48093, USA Mark R. Stoudt, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Yuri Hovanski, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Dynamic models are used to investigate the behavior of liquid droplets suspended in alternating current and direct current magnetic fields in microgravity and in various configurations providing conditions similar to microgravity. The realistic magnetic fields of solenoidal coils are used for the modeling experiments with electrically conducting (liquid silicon or metal) droplets. At high values of magnetic field, some oscillation modes are damped quickly, while others are modified with a considerable shift of the oscillating droplet frequencies and the damping constants from the nonmagnetic case. On a larger scale, the models are used to investigate the melting and heating process of reactive materials. It is demonstrated how 1 kg of liquid titanium in a traditional “cold” crucible-type furnace can be fully levitated without contact to wall to achieve high superheat of the melt. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0417-y Authors Valdis Bojarevics, University of Greenwich, Park Row, London, SE10 9LS UK Robert W. Hyers, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The governing equations for hydrodynamics and electromagnetism can be described by a general differential equation, which involves, in convective terms, diffusion and source. The finite-volume method, which has been widely applied in the field of computational fluid dynamics, is introduced to solve the magnetohydrodynamics equations. Numerical results show that the spatial distribution of flow field, temperature field, inclusion concentration field, and inclusion number density field are similar. All of them have the upper and lower recirculation region. But the electromagnetic field follows another rule: the symmetric static magnetic field and the symmetric flow field produce the asymmetric induced current density field and the symmetric electromagnetic force. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0420-3 Authors Hong Lei, Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Investigations on solidifying transparent model alloys have served frequently to gain knowledge on physical phenomena occurring during solidification of metallic alloys. However, quantitative results were obtainable in thin samples where convection can successfully be suppressed. Quantitative studies on three-dimensional phenomena not being affected by natural convection are thus only possible under microgravity conditions. Therefore, the European Space Agency (ESA) is planning to launch a new insert for the material science glovebox on board of the International Space Station for studies on solidification phenomena in thick samples. Four different classes of transparent model alloys will be used to address the following scientific topics: (I) columnar to equiaxed transition in solidification processing, (II) novel peritectic structures and in situ composites; (III) solidification along an eutectic path in binary alloys; and (IV) solidification along an eutectic path in ternary alloys. In this article, we give details on the scientific objectives and the operational features ESA’s new solidification device will offer. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0403-4 Authors A. Ludwig, Department of Metallurgy, University of Leoben, Leoben, Austria J. Mogeritsch, Department of Metallurgy, University of Leoben, Leoben, Austria M. Kolbe, ACCESS e.V, Aachen, Germany G. Zimmermann, Institute for Materials Physics in Space, DLR, Cologne, Germany L. Sturz, Institute for Materials Physics in Space, DLR, Cologne, Germany N. Bergeon, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP, Marseille, France B. Billia, Aix-Marseille Université, IM2NP, Marseille, France G. Faivre, INSP, UPMC, CNRS (UM5 7588), Paris, France S. Akamatsu, INSP, UPMC, CNRS (UM5 7588), Paris, France S. Bottin-Rousseau, INSP, UPMC, CNRS (UM5 7588), Paris, France D. Voss, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The properties of binary eutectic alloy nanostructures embedded within a matrix are discussed. It is demonstrated that GeAu and GeSn nanostructures embedded in SiO 2 form in a bilobed structure as predicted by a simple theory. Upon heating, the nanostructures melt and assume a nominally compositionally homogeneous structure. Slow cooling of the liquid returns the nanostructure to its equilibrium bilobed morphology. Rapid quenching yields a kinetically limited, nearly compositionally homogeneous solid. Rapid thermal annealing can convert this metastable structure again into the bilobed structure. It is, therefore, possible to switch between the bilobed structure and the homogenous structure. The kinetics of the homogeneous composition to bilobe structure transformation depend on composition. Tuning the composition enables one to tune the transformation temperature. Possible technological applications of these nanostructures are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0439-5 Authors D. C. Chrzan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA S. J. Shin, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA J. Guzman, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA C.-W. Yuan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA C. Y. Liao, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA P. R. Stone, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA C. N. Boswell-Koller, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA C. A. Sawyer, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA K. C. Bustillo, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA M. P. Sherburne, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA T. Conry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA R. R. Lieten, Department of Physics and Astronomy, K. U. Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium O. D. Dubon, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA A. M. Minor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA M. Watanabe, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA J. W. Beeman, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA K. M. Yu, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA J. W. Ager III, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA E. E. Haller, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: JOM Impact Factor Sees Significant Boost Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0412-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Aluminum nitride has been favored for applications in manufacturing substrates for heat sinks due to its elevated temperature operability, high thermal conductivity, and low thermal expansion coefficient. Powder injection molding is a high-volume manufacturing technique that can translate these useful material properties into complex shapes. In order to design and fabricate components from aluminum nitride, it is important to know the injection-molding behavior at different powder–binder compositions. However, the lack of a materials database for design and simulation at different powder–polymer compositions is a significant barrier. In this paper, a database of rheological and thermal properties for aluminum nitride–polymer mixtures at various volume fractions of powder was compiled from experimental measurements. This database was used to carry out mold-filling simulations to understand the effects of powder content on the process parameters and defect evolution during the injection-molding process. The experimental techniques and simulation tools can be used to design new materials, select component geometry attributes, and optimize process parameters while eliminating expensive and time-consuming trial-and-error practices prevalent in the area of powder injection molding. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0404-3 Authors Kunal H. Kate, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Valmikanathan P. Onbattuvelli, Intel Corporation, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA Ravi K. Enneti, Global Tungsten Powders, Towanda, PA 18848, USA Shi W. Lee, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea Seong-Jin Park, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea Sundar V. Atre, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Workshop Explores Synergies Between Nanotechnology and Nuclear Science Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0447-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: MATERIALS RESOURCE CENTER: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0449-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calender Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0448-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838