ALBERT

Description:    A new approach, together with a new family of soft magnetic composites (SMCs), has been developed and optimized for power alternating-current applications. The different technological and economic restrictions needed to maximize a composite’s performance-to-cost ratio are presented. The experimental procedures to produce sintered lamellar SMCs are reported, together with magnetic results and the effects of different processing parameters on their performance. The present results are compared with corresponding data available for soft magnetic materials available on the market (laminations and composites). Data on the mechanical strength of these new SMC structures are also given. The new process results in magnetic and mechanical properties of different alloy systems that are better than those of any of the SMCs available. The present materials’ energetic losses can be under 2 W/kg at 60 Hz, at 1 T, whilst their permeability exceeds 2000, while maintaining maximum induction above 1.7 T. These properties are very close to the best results for standard laminations on the market. The present process has the potential to be very inexpensive, owing to its simplicity. Even though not fully isotropic, recent three-dimensional machine designs and process advantages conferred by powder metallurgy techniques can be applied to this new family of lamellar particle composites. Through theoretical calculations and modeling exercises, it is briefly shown that this new kind of material can result in an improvement to the transportation sector where weight and efficiency of newly emerging electrical and hybrid power-trains are of prime importance. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0262-z Authors Patrick Lemieux, IMFINE Corp., Ste-Julie, QC J3E 1W2, Canada Roderick Guthrie, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill Metals Processing Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada Mihaiela Isac, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill Metals Processing Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Your Member Connection Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0278-4 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Laying the Foundation for the Clean Energy Age Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0279-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Items of Note from the Field, Profession, and Society Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0276-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Characterizing a Great Scientist Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0274-8 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Society Perspective: Getting the Word Out About the Importance of MSE Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0277-5 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: UPCOMING EDITORIAL TOPICS Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0281-9 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0282-8 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: 2011 Engineering Salaries: AAES Industry Survey Shows Where the Money Is Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0280-x Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The 5th International Light Metal Technology Conference: An International Tradition Continues Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0273-9 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    It has been shown that the description of the details of the electronic spectra obtained by the combination of the dynamical mean field theory, quantum Monte Carlo methods, and the maximum entropy method can be significantly improved by changing the last method to optimal regularization of the analytic continuation of the Green’s function to the real frequency axis. Starting with the quantum Monte Carlo data, this method has reconstructed peaks in the structure of Hubbard subbands with a maximum error of 0.001 to 0.01. Owing to the universality of the quantum Monte Carlo method, by varying hybridization, it is possible to determine the features of the hybridized function that are responsible for the formation of the structure of Hubbard subbands. It has been shown that there is no direct relation between the peak structure of subbands and the central Kondo peak. The result indicates the charge nature of resonances responsible for the formation of the peak structure. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods of Theoretical Physics Pages 768-773 DOI 10.1134/S0021364011220073 Authors I. S. Krivenko, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia A. N. Rubtsov, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 94 Journal Issue Volume 94, Number 10

Description: Classified Content Type Journal Article Category Department Pages 76-79 DOI 10.1007/BF03223252 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Meetings calendar Content Type Journal Article Category Department Pages 73-75 DOI 10.1007/BF03223250 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Consultants directory Content Type Journal Article Category Department Pages 76-76 DOI 10.1007/BF03223251 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description:    Solid-state diffusion bonding in conjunction with superplastic forming is a potential candidate for producing complex structural components from gamma-based titanium aluminides for aerospace applications. Solidstate diffusion bonding of TiAl was carried out with different bonding parameters within the superplastic temperature range. Defect-free sound bonds were achieved within the temperature range of 925–1,100 °C and the pressure range of 20–40 MPa. Microtensile tests were carried out to evaluate room-temperature tensile properties of the bonds for comparison of the bonding parameters. Content Type Journal Article Category Mechanical Properties Pages 66-68 DOI 10.1007/BF03223248 Authors G. Çam, GKSS Research Cente, Germany K. -H. Bohm, GKSS Research Cente, Germany J. Müllauer, GKSS Research Cente, Germany M. Koçak, GKSS Research Cente, Germany Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Annual Meeting Exhibition Preshow Report Content Type Journal Article Category Also in this Issue Pages A1-A32 DOI 10.1007/BF03223254 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description:    The spallation of a nanometer-thick melt layer on a GaAs surface during its ablation by femtosecond laser pulses occurs with subnanosecond delays and lift-off velocities that depend on the laser fluence after its complete thermal (hydrodynamic) expansion/acoustic relaxation. The position of the spall interface in the melt is determined by the depth of the formation of a two-dimensional subsurface layer of nanobubbles (nanofoam), whereas the strongly heated surface layer of the melt above the nanofoam is partially removed in the form of a vapor-drop mixture. At the thermal expansion stage, acoustic reverberations are observed in the melt layer and characterize both the dynamics of an increase in its thickness and the shift of the cavitation region (nanofoam) inside the melt. Moreover, these reverberations can additionally stimulate spallation, promoting cavitation in the completely unloaded melt in the case of passage of a weak rarefaction wave. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 753-758 DOI 10.1134/S002136401122005X Authors A. A. Ionin, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, Moscow, 119991 Russia S. I. Kudryashov, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, Moscow, 119991 Russia L. V. Seleznev, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, Moscow, 119991 Russia D. V. Sinitsyn, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, Moscow, 119991 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 94 Journal Issue Volume 94, Number 10

Description: TMS news Content Type Journal Article Category Also in this Issue Pages 69-71 DOI 10.1007/BF03223249 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838 Journal Volume Volume 48 Journal Issue Volume 48, Number 11

Description: Member Views of Materials News: 2011 Edition Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0255-y Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: David Bahr, Public & Governmental Affairs Committee Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0253-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: In Situ Observation of Solidification Phenomena Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0215-y Authors A. B. Phillion, School of Engineering, Okanagan Campus, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Perspective on Neutron Diffraction as a Tool for Characterizing Minerals, Metals, and Materials Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0227-7 Authors John S. Carpenter, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Sven C. Vogel, Los Alamos Neutron Science Center, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Recent studies have shown the possibility of exploiting the eddy current (EC) method for nondestructive characterization of near-surface residual stresses in surface-treated nickel-base superalloy components. The method involves measuring swept frequency EC signals to obtain near-surface electrical conductivity depth profiles, which can be converted into residual stress profiles using the empirical piezoresistivity relationship. However, the relationship between EC responses and residual stress profiles appears to depend on the microstructure. This paper reports on a systematic study of microstructural effects on the EC responses and near-surface conductivity deviation profiles induced by shot peening, using a series of heat-treated Inconel 718 samples with different secondary phase contents and thus a variety of hardness levels. Calibrated EC signals from 100 kHz to 50 MHz were measured from aged and unaged samples, before and after shot peening at various Almen intensities. Strong dependence of the EC responses on the sample hardness and microstructure has been observed. A procedure is introduced to convert the EC signals into shot-peening-induced conductivity deviation profiles where the microstructure dependency is suppressed. The resulting estimates of the conductivity changes are larger than expected, indicating that characterization of shot-peening-induced residual stresses by EC requires further understanding of the material responses beyond the empirical piezoresistivity relationship. Other mechanisms that could contribute to the observed conductivity changes are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0234-3 Authors R. Chandrasekar, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA A. M. Frishman, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA B. F. Larson, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA C. C. H. Lo, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA N. Nakagawa, Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The high-temperature components within conventional supercritical coal-fired power plants are manufactured from ferritic/martensitic steels. To reduce greenhouse-gas emissions, the efficiency of pulverized coal steam power plants must be increased to as high a temperature and pressure as feasible. The proposed steam temperature in the DOE/NETL Advanced Ultra Supercritical power plant is high enough (760°C) that ferritic/martensitic steels will not work for the majority of high-temperature components in the turbine or for pipes and tubes in the boiler due to temperature limitations of this class of materials. Thus, Ni-based superalloys are being considered for many of these components. Off-the-shelf forged nickel alloys have shown good promise at these temperatures, but further improvements can be made through experimentation within the nominal chemistry range as well as through thermomechanical processing and subsequent heat treatment. However, cast nickel-based superalloys, which possess high strength, creep resistance, and weldability, are typically not available, particularly those with good ductility and toughness that are weldable in thick sections. To address those issues related to thick casting for turbine casings, for example, cast analogs of selected wrought nickel-based superalloys such as alloy 263, Haynes 282, and Nimonic 105 have been produced. Alloy design criteria, melt processing experiences, and heat treatment are discussed with respect to the as-processed and heat-treated microstructures and selected mechanical properties. The discussion concludes with the prospects for full-scale development of a thick section casting for a steam turbine valve chest or rotor casing. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0241-4 Authors Paul D. Jablonski, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA Jeffery A. Hawk, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA Christopher J. Cowen, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR, USA Philip J. Maziasz, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys containing 12 wt.% to 30 wt.% Si are discussed. The eutectic and primary silicon particles are nodulized by a designed modification practice followed by a solution heat treatment of 6 h to 8 h at 510°C to 520°C. Metallographic analysis was used to measure structural characteristics of the Si-rich structures. Spheroidization of silicon phase leads to an increase in tensile strength and ductility of alloys at room temperature and 300°C compared with commercial Al-Si alloy. Increasing Si concentration causes the ultimate tensile strength and elongation at room temperature to fall due to the appearance of coarse silicon particles, but the ultimate tensile strength at 300°C remains unchanged. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0251-2 Authors Ruyao Wang, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 1882 West Yan An Rd, Shanghai, 200051 People’s Republic of China Weihua Lu, Institute of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 1882 West Yan An Rd, Shanghai, 200051 People’s Republic of China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) was developed for use in aircraft gas turbine engines, but its unique combination of room-temperature strength and aqueous corrosion resistance made it a candidate for oilfield fasteners, valves, drill tools, and completion equipment. As well environments became more severe, stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement failures in production equipment drove the evolution of the composition and microstructure that distinguish today’s oilfield-grade 718 from aerospace grades. This paper reviews the development of the grade and its applications and describes some of its unique characteristics, testing, and manufacturing methods as well as newer alloys designed for high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0238-z Authors John J. deBarbadillo, Special Metals Corporation, 3200 Riverside Drive, Huntington, WV 25705, USA Sarwan K. Mannan, Special Metals Corporation, 3200 Riverside Drive, Huntington, WV 25705, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The fabrication of hierarchical aluminum metal matrix composites (MMCs) begins with the cryomilling of inert gas-atomized AA5083 Al powders with B 4 C particles, which yields agglomerates of nanocrystalline (NC) Al grains containing a uniform dispersion of solidly bonded, submicron B 4 C particles. The cryomilled agglomerates are size classified, blended with coarse-grain Al (CG-Al) powders, vacuum degassed at an elevated temperature, and consolidated to form the bulk composite. This hierarchical Al MMCs have low weight and high strength/stiffness attributable to the (A) Hall–Petch strengthening from NC-Al (5083) grains, (B) Zener pinning effects from B 4 C particulate reinforcement and dispersoids in both the NC-Al and CG-Al, (C) the interface characteristics between the three constituents, and (D) a high dislocation density. The hierarchical Al MMCs exhibit good thermal stability and microstructural characteristics that deflect or blunt crack propagation. A significant change in the microstructure of the composite was observed after friction stir processing (FSP) in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) due to the mechanical mixing, particularly in the advancing side of the stir zone (SZ). The NC-Al grains in the TMAZ grew during FSP. Evidence of CG-Al size reduction was also documented since CG-Al domain was absent by optical observation. Given the proper control of the microstructure, FSP has demonstrated its potential to increase both strength and ductility, and to create functionally tailored hierarchical MMCs through surface modification, graded structures, and other hybrid microstructural design. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0249-9 Authors Y. H. Sohn, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA T. Patterson, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA C. Hofmeister, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA C. Kammerer, Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA W. Mohr, Edison Welding Institute, Columbus, OH 43221, USA M. van den Bergh, DWA Aluminum Composites, Chatsworth, CA 91311, USA M. Shaeffer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA J. Seaman, Edison Welding Institute, Columbus, OH 43221, USA K. Cho, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In situ tribometry, the study of real-time friction and wear processes occurring at “buried” sliding interfaces, was used to examine fundamental changes to structure and chemistry of solid lubricant and hard coatings. In situ techniques of optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to observe interfacial sliding dynamics and identify near-surface structural/chemical changes, respectively. Third-body physical and chemical processes, such as thickening, thinning, loss of transfer films, generation of wear debris, and sliding-induced chemical changes, were identified for sapphire sliding against Ti-Si-C, nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), and titanium- and tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. These processes observed by in situ methods were also used to explain why friction and wear behavior changed with coating composition, properties or test conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0229-5 Authors R. R. Chromik, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada H. W. Strauss, Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada T. W. Scharf, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Over the last 20 years, time-resolved high-resolution x-ray imaging techniques have become established as methods of choice for in situ studies of solidification microstructure formation in metallic alloys. Using high-brilliance x-radiation delivered at modern synchrotrons, combined with the most recent advances in x-ray cameras and optics, it is now possible to capture real-time video sequences with projection image resolutions down to 100 nm at frame rates of 20 Hz. This article presents some illustrative examples of the current capabilities of in situ x-ray video microscopy in terms of radiographic and topographic imaging as a platform for studying microstructure pattern formation, growth dynamics, and other topics related to metallic alloy solidification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0213-0 Authors R. H. Mathiesen, Department of Physics, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway L. Arnberg, Department of Materials Technology, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway H. Nguyen-Thi, Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IM2NP UMR 6242, Campus Scientifique de Saint-Jérôme, Case 142, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France B. Billia, Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IM2NP UMR 6242, Campus Scientifique de Saint-Jérôme, Case 142, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Transparent metal-analog materials offer a great opportunity for in situ investigation of the morphological dynamics that govern the formation of microstructure in metallic alloys. There are, however, several experimental factors that must be controlled or considered for proper and reproducible interpretation. We examine some of these issues here, summarizing our recent findings related to the case of rod-type eutectic solidification, for which we examine the importance of ampoule geometry and initial conditions. Employing directional solidification experiments with thin-slab specimens, we look specifically at finite-size effects on growth morphology and the influence of initial structure on the mechanisms of eutectic onset. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0214-z Authors R. E. Napolitano, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Melis Şerefoğlu, INSP, UPMC, CNRS UMR 7588, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: The Super Materials of the Super Heroes Content Type Journal Article Category Materials in Action Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0256-x Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Diffuse scattering is a general phenomenon associated with various nanoscale disorders omnipresent in crystalline solids. While it contains rich information on structural disorders, interpretation and analysis of diffuse scattering pose a great challenge because it usually contains contributions from multiple types of disorders and their respective contributions are difficult to separate. In order to extract useful information from diffuse scattering, concerted efforts in high-quality diffuse scattering intensity measurement, quantitative data analysis, theoretical interpretation, and computer simulations are required. In this theoretical work, the diffuse scattering intensity distribution associated with static and dynamic atomic position fluctuations is formulated to effectively combine with our concurrent experimental and computational works. In particular, the theoretical formulation is used to interpret diffuse scattering originated from phonon softening in precursor state of a shape-memory alloy, and, as examples of static atomic position fluctuations, diffuse scattering phenomena of modulated phases and nanotwin microstructures are also discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0211-2 Authors Yongmei M. Jin, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Yu U. Wang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This overview highlights very recent progress on the application of high-energy x-ray diffraction for in situ study of the phase transformation of shape-memory alloys. The advantages of the synchrotron-based high-energy x-ray diffraction method and the experimental setup for exploring the phase-transition behavior of single crystals or textured polycrystalline materials under multiple external fields are described. Experimental investigations on the influence of external stress, magnetic, and thermal fields on the phase-transformation behaviors of thermal and ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys, and nanowire-reinforced shape-memory composites are also summarized. Special attention is given to recent scientific issues related to the microscopic “memory” of martensite variants, transition kinetics, magnetic field-induced selection of variants, magnetic field-driven phase transition, and superelasticity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0221-0 Authors Y. D. Wang, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China Z. H. Nie, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China Y. Ren, X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA P. K. Liaw, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The position, velocity, and shape of the solid–liquid interface are key parameters for ensuring high crystal quality and good mechanical properties of solidifying metals, alloys, and semiconductors. The traditional techniques for measuring this interface online involve immersing sensors in the molten material, which directly interferes with the solidification process. Significant efforts have thus been made to design noninvasive measurement techniques to locate the growth interface. Their industrial implementation, however, has been challenging. In this paper, we review and discuss techniques that can overcome the encountered problems and hence enable monitoring of the solid–liquid boundary without disturbing the solidification process. These techniques are based on optics, x-ray radiography, ultrasound, and induced eddy currents. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0233-9 Authors K. Grujic, Teknova AS, Gimlemoen 19, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway T. Hegna, Teknova AS, Gimlemoen 19, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway K. M. Laundal, Teknova AS, Gimlemoen 19, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The metal injection molding process, used in the automotive, medical, and consumer markets for several decades, was investigated for application to superalloys for small, complex-shaped, aerospace components. With sufficient control on processing, inclusion risks, and chemistry, the process can successfully be applied to superalloy 718 components. Assessments included tensile and fatigue property evaluation, characterization of microstructure, and development of an AMS specification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0246-z Authors Eric A. Ott, GE Aviation, Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA Michael W. Peretti, GE Aviation, Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A solid may undergo a phase transition due to internal interaction competition or external stimuli. It is increasingly recognized that the lattice degrees of freedom often play a crucial role, especially in the vicinity of competing phases, where many intriguing properties exist. A crystal structure transition is usually accompanied by a drastic change in the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties. In situ study of the microscopic structural information of materials during phase transformation is of ultimate importance not only in understanding fundamental mechanisms but also in developing and processing advanced materials for broad technological applications. The availability of synchrotron-generated high-flux and high-energy x-rays has significantly advanced the field of materials research because of the deep penetration and low absorption of high-energy x-rays. Synchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction facilities provide great research opportunities, especially for probing structural phase transformations of bulk materials in real time and in realistic conditions. In this overview we present technical details and capabilities of a synchrotron high-energy x-ray facility and its applications to in situ structural investigations of phase transitions in advanced materials in research areas ranging from condensed-matter and materials science and engineering to energy science. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0218-8 Authors Yang Ren, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    This paper reports the results of an investigation into the damage mechanisms that occur during straining of the aluminum alloy A356-T6 using in situ tensile experiments in a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative stereological analyses of the microstructure and in situ studies of the damage mechanisms have been used to characterize the Si particles and their eutectic distribution that ultimately controls ductility. In situ testing has revealed that, at increasing applied strain, the damage begins with brittle fractures of the Si particles due to cleavage. In this way, adjacent microcracks are created. Subsequently, the joining of the Si microcracks gives rise to the nucleation of a microcrack on the dendrite boundaries. The final damage stage involves the growth of the crack along the dendrite boundaries, until instability is reached. The investigations have shown that, by means of in situ mechanical testing, it is possible to obtain quantitative data of the damage mechanisms which are useful to predict the engineering characteristics of casting alloys. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0231-y Authors R. Doglione, Politecnico di Torino Unit, INSTM, c.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Thermogravimetric analysis and dilatometry are two common in situ measurement techniques used in powder processing to obtain information regarding thermal debinding and sintering. However, these two techniques provide negligible information regarding critical phenomena such as distortion or cracking. This paper discusses newer characterization techniques used to measure in situ strength evolution to help understand defect generation during the thermal debinding process. The information obtained from these in situ measurement techniques assists in intelligent design of optimal thermal cycles and in selection of binders targeted at manufacturing dense sintered components with minimum defects and distortion. The paper discusses examples of applications developed based on the information provided by in situ characterization of strength and distortion. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0232-x Authors Ravi K. Enneti, Research and Development, Global Tungsten & Powders Corporation, Towanda, PA, USA Seong Jin Park, Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering (DANE) and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea Randall M. German, Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA Sundar V. Atre, Oregon Nanoscience and Microtechnologies Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    HAYNES ® NS-163 ® alloy is a new cobalt-base alloy that derives its exceptional high-temperature strength from a dispersion of fine-scale stable (Ti,Nb)N nitrides in the microstructure. In the present study, these nitrides were formed by means of a gas nitriding process. Resulting microstructures in the partially and fully nitrided conditions were examined. The nature and sequence of formation of the observed nitride compounds are rationalized by comparing their respective Gibbs free energies of formation. Nitride nucleation densities and morphologies are discussed in terms of the locally varying speed of the reaction front. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0239-y Authors M. Fahrmann, Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN, USA S. K. Srivastava, Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, IN, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Neutrons play a vital role as a powerful tool in basic science and applied research. In this article, the basic properties of neutrons, their generation and detection, as well as some fundamental aspects of neutron instrumentation are introduced. Neutron user facilities, at which the user may obtain more specific information and apply for beam time, are also discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0220-1 Authors Sven C. Vogel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA John S. Carpenter, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The aim of this paper is to report recent results concerning the microstructure evolution observed by continuous in situ x-ray microtomography in Al-Cu alloys during various treatments. These treatments include solidification and tensile deformation in the semisolid state both in solidification and in isothermal conditions. During solidification, x-ray microtomography allows measurement of various microstructure parameters and characterization of the physical mechanisms occurring at the scale of the dendrites. During deformation, liquid flow towards the deformed zone can be observed and quantified together with pore and crack formation in liquid films. These observations are discussed with reference to the formation of defects during solidification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0219-7 Authors Michel Suéry, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Sofiane Terzi, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Bastien Mireux, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Luc Salvo, Université de Grenoble, Saint-Martin d’Hères, France Jérôme Adrien, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Eric Maire, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The unique properties of neutron interaction with materials have long been applied to the study of geological materials, with Shull and Smart using them in 1949 to determine the antiferromagnetic structure of manganosite (MnO). Neutron diffraction provides an accurate method for crystal structure determination of hydrous phases, particularly ices, and investigations of cation ordering of elements that are adjacent in the Periodic Table, such as Al–Si in feldspars and zeolites. Both elastic and inelastic scattering have been used to determine the properties of fluids that are present in many sedimentary rocks, including shales that are often saturated with brines or hydrocarbons. Due to minimal absorption and deep sample penetration, neutron scattering has become a favorite tool for crystallographic preferred orientation (texture) analysis of rocks as well as destruction-free three-dimensional (3D) tomographic characterization of microstructures. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0223-y Authors H.-R. Wenk, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Time-of-flight neutron diffraction is widely used in characterizing the microstructure and mechanical response of heterogeneous systems. Microstructural characterization techniques include spatial or temporal mapping of the phases and determination of grain size, dislocation structure, and grain orientations (texture) within these phases. Mechanical response analysis utilizes the crystallographic selectivity of the diffraction process to measure the partitioning of strain within the system. The microstructural and mechanical response information is then used to develop more realistic constitutive models. In this article we review some examples of such measurements, based on our experiences at the Lujan Center of Los Alamos National Laboratory. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-011-0119-x Authors Bjørn Clausen, LANSCE-LC, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA Donald W. Brown, Structure/Property Relations, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA I. C. Noyan, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Continuous casting processes have been used successfully for more than 50 years to reduce the cost of manufacturing a variety of aluminum rolled products. Approximately 25% of North American flat-rolled sheet and foil is sourced from twin-roll cast or slab cast processes. Twin roll-casters provide a cost-effective solution for producing foil and light-gauge sheet from relatively low-alloyed aluminum (1xxx and 8xxx alloys). Slab casters, particularly Hazelett twin-belt machines, are well utilized in the production of 3xxx or 5xxx painted building products which require moderate strength and good corrosion resistance. Both foil and painted sheet are cost-sensitive commodity products with well-known metallurgical and quality requirements. There have been extensive trials and modest successes with continuous cast can stock and automotive sheet. However, they have not been widely adopted commercially due to generally lower levels of surface quality and formability compared with sheet produced from scalped direct chill (DC) cast ingot. The metallurgical requirements for can and auto sheet are considered in more detail with emphasis on the microstructural features which limit their application, e.g., particle distribution, grain size, and texture. Looking forward, slab casting offers the most viable opportunity for producing strong (i.e., higher alloy content), formable structural auto sheet with acceptable surface quality. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0247-y Authors Robert E. Sanders, Sanders Aluminum Consultilng, LLC, 114 Amy’s Point, Chapin, SC 29036, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A planar homogeneous waveguide array with two-level systems has been considered. The evolution of an electromagnetic field is described by the Maxwell-Bloch equations taking into account the action of the fields of neighboring waveguides beyond the slow-envelope approximation. It has been shown that the model in the continuous approximation is reduced to an integrable system of equations, including the case of a nonzero static dipole moment. The model can be used to analyze the nonlinear mechanism of the compression of pulses and the conditions of overcoming of the diffraction limit. Content Type Journal Article Category Optics and Laser Physics Pages 837-839 DOI 10.1134/S0021364011240106 Authors A. A. Zabolotskii, Institute of Automatics and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskii pr. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 94 Journal Issue Volume 94, Number 12

Description:    The United States has established that transient irradiation testing is needed to support advanced light water reactors fuel development. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated an effort to reestablish this capability. Restart of the Transient Testing Reactor (TREAT) facility located at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is being considered for this purpose. This effort would also include the development of specialized test vehicles to support stagnant capsule and flowing loop tests as well as the enhancement of postirradiation examination capabilities and remote device assembly capabilities at the Hot Fuel Examination Facility. It is anticipated that the capability will be available to support testing by 2018, as required to meet the DOE goals for the development of accident-tolerant LWR fuel designs. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0482-2 Authors Daniel M. Wachs, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: TMS 2013 Convenes the Continuum of Materials Science and Engineering Content Type Journal Article Category Feature Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0492-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    An array of non-overgrown InAs/GaAs quantum dots has been decorated with adsorbed metal atoms in situ in ultrahigh vacuum. Their electron and photoemission properties have been studied. The radical modification of the spectra of the threshold emission from the quantum dots with increasing cesium coating has been found. Two photoemission channels have been established; they are characterized by considerably different intensities, spectral locations, and widths of the selective bands. It has been shown that the decoration of the quantum dots makes it possible to control the electronic structure and quantum yield of photoemission, the nature of which is related to the excitation of the electronic states of the GaAs substrate and InAs/GaAs quantum dots. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 332-335 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012170031 Authors G. V. Benemanskaya, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia M. N. Lapushkin, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia V. P. Evtikhiev, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia A. S. Shkol’nik, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 5

Description:    During production of primary and secondary aluminum, various amounts (in some cases up to 200 kg) of aluminum dross, a mixture consisting of molten aluminum metal and different oxide compounds (the nonmetallic phase), are skimmed per tonne of molten metal. To preserve the maximum aluminum content in hot dross for further extraction, it is necessary to cool the dross immediately after skimming. One way to do this is to press the skimmed hot dross in a press. In this process, the skimmed dross is transformed into so-called pressed skulls, with characteristic geometry convenient for storage, transport, or further in-house processing. Because of its high aluminum content—usually between 30% and 70%—pressed skulls represent a valuable source of aluminum and hence are in great demand in the aluminum recycling industry. Because pressed skulls are generally valued on a free-metal recovery basis, which is influenced by the yield of recovery, or in other words, by the quality of the recycling process, it was recognized as important and useful to develop a method of fast and cost-effective nondestructive measurement of the free aluminum content in pressed skulls, independent of the technology of pressed skulls recycling. In the model developed in this work, the aluminum content in pressed skulls was expressed as a function of the pressed skulls density, the density of the nonmetallic phase, and the volume fraction of closed pores. In addition, the model demonstrated that under precisely defined conditions (i.e., skulls from the dross of the same aluminum alloy and skimmed, transported, cooled, and pressed in the same way and under the same processing conditions), when other parameters except the pressed skulls density remain constant, the aluminum content in pressed skulls can be expressed as a linear function of the pressed skulls density. Following the theoretical considerations presented in this work, a practical industrial methodology was developed for nondestructive prediction of the amount of free aluminum in pressed skulls w Al , based on nondestructive measurement of the density ρ of the pressed skulls. The pressed skulls density is measured by a fully automatic gas displacement pyknometer with a working volume large enough to enable the insertion of the whole pressed skull sample. An additional integral part of this methodology is the set of experimentally determined linear graphs w Al - ρ , plotted in advance for all classes of pressed skulls existing in the plant, from the experimentally collected data on pressed skulls density and aluminum recovery by melting. After selecting the proper graph w Al - ρ , which is usually performed on an aluminum alloy basis, the pyknometric measured density of the pressed skulls can be routinely related to the aluminum content sought, within a relative error of ±5%. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0501-3 Authors Varuzan Kevorkijan, Betnavska Cesta 6, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia Srečo Davor Škapin, Advanced Materials Department, Jožef Štefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Uroš Kovačec, Impol Aluminum Industry, 2310 Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Gas-Alloy Interactions at Elevated Temperatures Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0478-y Authors Raymundo Arroyave, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA Michael Gao, URS Corporation at National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, OR 97321, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Issues Related to the Use of Light Water Reactor Fuels Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0484-0 Authors Dennis D. Keiser Jr., Idaho National Laboratory, P. O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83403-6188, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The local effects of stress from a mechanical indentation have been studied on a Ni 3 Al single crystal containing submicron inclusions of molybdenum fibers. X-ray microdiffraction (PXM) was used to measure elastic and plastic deformations near the indents. An analysis of freshly acquired massive sets of PXM data has been carried out over the Science Studio network using parallel processing software called FOXMAS. This network and the FOXMAS software have greatly improved the efficiency of the data processing task. The analysis was successfully applied to study lattice orientation distribution and strain tensor components for both the Ni 3 Al and the Mo phases, particularly around eight indents patterned at the longitudinal section of the alloy. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0496-9 Authors N. S. McIntyre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada R. I. Barabash, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA J. Qin, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada M. Kunz, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA N. Tamura, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA H. Bei, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Produced ceramic-lined steel pipe using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method has found uses in many applications. A SHS-centrifugal machine was designed to produce a ceramic-lined steel pipe from ferric oxide and aluminum powder (thermite mixture) under high centrifugal acceleration. The obtained products are expected to be Al 2 O 3 ceramic in the innermost layer and a Fe layer in a region between the outer steel pipes. In the present work, specific regions of a pipe was particularly observed to investigate the stuck (dead) spaces at the pipe head because of its importance in further processes (joining, welding, etc.) which may affect the quality of the next operations. In this article, the product’s composition, phase separation, microhardness, and surface finish were studied on three zones of the pipe. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0498-7 Authors R. Mahmoodian, Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia R. G. Rahbari, Restorative Dentistry Department, Dentistry Faculty, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1G6, Canada M. Hamdi, Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia M. A. Hassan, Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processing (AMMP), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Mahdi Sparham, Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The evolution of deformation structures in individual grains embedded in polycrystalline copper specimens during strain path changes is observed in situ by high-resolution reciprocal space mapping with high-energy synchrotron radiation. A large number of individual subgrains is resolved; their behavior during the strain path change is revealed and complemented by the analysis of radial x-ray peak profiles for the entire grain. This allows distinction between two different regimes during the mechanically transient behavior following the strain path change: Below 0.3% strain, the number and orientation of the resolved subgrains change only slightly, while their elastic stresses are significantly altered. This indicates the existence of a microplastic regime during which only the subgrains deform plastically and no yielding of the dislocation walls occurs. After reloading above 0.3% strain, the elastic stresses of individual subgrains are about the same as in unidirectionally deformed reference specimens. They increase only slightly during further straining—accompanied by occasional emergence of new subgrains, abundant orientation changes, and disappearance of existing subgrains. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0504-0 Authors Christian Wejdemann, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Henning Friis Poulsen, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Ulrich Lienert, DESY Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22603 Hamburg, Germany Wolfgang Pantleon, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Molybdenite concentrates are usually treated by roasting, but low-concentration SO 2 pollution is an associated problem. A hydrometallurgical process with pressure oxidation leaching (POX) and solvent extraction (SX) was developed in recent years. During POX, the oxidation of molybdenum (Mo) is above 98%. More than 95% of the rhenium (Re) and 15% to 20% of the Mo are leached into solution. The sulfur in the concentrate is converted to H 2 SO 4 , which results in high acidity of the solution. SX was used to recover the Re and Mo from the solution. The extraction of Re and Mo were above 98%. The loaded organic reagent is stripped with ammonia. More than 98% of the Mo can be stripped from the organic phase. Compared with the roasting process, the total recovery of Mo increased from 93% to 97% and that of Re from 60% to 90% when POX and SX are utilized. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0457-3 Authors Kaixi Jiang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Yufang Wang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Xiaoping Zou, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Lei Zhang, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Sanping Liu, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Building 23, Zone 18 of ABP, No. 188, South 4th Ring Road West, Beijing, 100160 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In the quest to achieve the highest metal recovery during the smelting of copper concentrates, this study has evaluated the minimum level of soluble copper in iron-silicate slags. The experimental work was performed under slag-cleaning conditions for different levels of Fe in the matte and for a range of Fe/SiO 2 ratios in the slag. All experiments were carried out under conditions where three phases were present (copper–matte–slag), which is the condition typically prevailing in many slag-cleaning electric furnaces. The %Fe in the electric furnace matte was varied between 0.5 wt.% and 11 wt.%, and two different Fe/SiO 2 ratios in the slag were used (targeted values were 1.4 and 1.6). All experiments were performed at 1200°C. From thermodynamic considerations, from industrial experience, and from the results obtained in this study, the minimum soluble copper content in the electric furnace slag is expected to be near 0.55 wt.% Cu. This level does not account for a portion of the copper present as mechanically entrained matte/metal droplets. Taking this into account, the current authors believe an overall copper level in discard slag between 0.7 wt.% and 0.8 wt.% can be obtained with optimal operating conditions. For these conditions, the copper losses in the slag are roughly 75% as dissolved copper and 25% as entrained matte and copper. Such conditions include operating the electric furnace at metallic copper saturation, maintaining the %Fe in the electric furnace matte between 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%, not exceeding a slag temperature of 1250°C, and controlling the Fe/SiO 2 ratio in the smelting furnace slag at ≤1.5. In addition, magnetite reduction needs to be performed efficiently during the slag-cleaning cycle so as to maintain a total magnetite content of ≤7 wt.% in the discard slag. The authors further consider that under exceptionally well-controlled conditions, a copper content in electric furnace discard slag between 0.55 wt.% and 0.7 wt.% can be obtained, by minimizing entrained matte and copper solubility in the discard slag. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0454-6 Authors Pascal Coursol, Barrick Gold Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada Nubia Cardona Valencia, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, ON, Canada Phillip Mackey, P. J. Mackey Technology Inc., Kirkland, QC, Canada Stacy Bell, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, ON, Canada Boyd Davis, Kingston Process Metallurgy, Kingston, ON, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The baked anode quality control strategy currently used by most carbon plants based on testing anode core samples in the laboratory is inadequate for facing increased raw material variability. The low core sampling rate limited by lab capacity and the common practice of reporting averaged properties based on some anode population mask a significant amount of individual anode variability. In addition, lab results are typically available a few weeks after production and the anodes are often already set in the reduction cells preventing early remedial actions when necessary. A database approach is proposed in this work to develop a soft-sensor for predicting individual baked anode properties at the end of baking cycle. A large historical database including raw material properties, process operating parameters and anode core data was collected from a modern Alcoa plant. A multivariate latent variable PLS regression method was used for analyzing the large database and building the soft-sensor model. It is shown that the general low frequency trends in most anode physical and mechanical properties driven by raw material changes are very well captured by the model. Improvements in the data infrastructure (instrumentation, sampling frequency and location) will be necessary for predicting higher frequency variations in individual baked anode properties. This paper also demonstrates how multivariate latent variable models can be interpreted against process knowledge and used for real-time process monitoring of carbon plants, and detection of faults and abnormal operation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0433-y Authors Julien Lauzon-Gauthier, Aluminium Research Center-REGAL, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Carl Duchesne, Aluminium Research Center-REGAL, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada Jayson Tessier, Alcoa Inc., Global Primary Metals, Center of Excellence, Deschambault, QC G0A 1S0, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Since the 16th century, the Inca site of Curamba, in southern Peru, has been interpreted as a metallurgical center for processing silver ore. Yet, aside from the many shallow pits, interpreted as hornos for smelting silver, there was no physical evidence for the use of huayras or tocochimbos , which were the structures traditionally used for precontact silver smelting in the ancient Andes. Geochemical analyses (inductively coupled plasma) of scoria excavated from the hornos at Curamba indicate low Ag (〈0.3 ppm to 0.4 ppm), Au (〈2 ppm), and Cu (18 ppm to 31 ppm) contents, whereas Pb (155 ppm to 234 ppm) and Zn (125 ppm to 259 ppm) contents were high. This suggests that nonargentiferous galena (PbS) was smelted to obtain lead. A lead-zinc signature is also indicated by the presence of As, Ba, Fe, Mn, and V, yet no ore minerals such as PbS or sphalerite [(Zn,Fe)S] have been found at the site. Several precontact lead artifacts from ancient Peru have been described as bars ( lingotes ) or weights ( pesos ). However, alternatively, these artifacts might be more accurately described as: (a) biconic to ovoid (30 mm to 60 mm, 30 g to 40 g) or (b) spherical (35 mm, 80 g to 160 g); therefore, in composition, dimensions, form, and weight, these ancient Peruvian lead artifacts from the north coast are strikingly similar to ancient Roman and Celtic lead sling ammunition from first-century BC battle sites, and are herein interpreted to have served a similar function in ancient Andean warfare. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0456-4 Authors William E. Brooks, Reston, VA 20191, USA Luisa Vetter Parodi, Estudios Andinos, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru Armando V. Farfán, History Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA David Dykstra, Lopez, Metales, Museo Larco, Lima, Peru Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: MATERIALS RESOURCE CENTER: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0470-6 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The mass spectrometry study has indicated that the magnetic field accelerates the oxidation of the surface of silicon crystals. The oxidation rate also depends on the nuclear spin of silicon: the oxidation rate of atoms with magnetic nuclei ( 29 Si) is almost twice as high as that of atoms with spinless, unmagnetized nuclei ( 28 Si and 30 Si). Both effects—magnetic field and magnetic isotope—reliably prove that the oxidation of silicon is a spin-selective reaction involving radicals and radical pairs as intermediate paramagnetic particles. A spin-selective magnetic sensitive oxidation mechanism is discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 102-104 DOI 10.1134/S002136401214007X Authors O. V. Koplak, Scientific-Educational Center FKhM, Kyiv University and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 01033 Ukraine R. B. Morgunov, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia A. L. Buchachenko, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    An explanation of an anomalously narrow microwave absorption line in superfluid 4 He has been proposed. It has been shown that the experimentally observed resonance linewidth agrees with the assumption of parametric excitation of a macroscopic coherent roton state. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 98-98 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140081 Authors L. A. Melnikovsky, Institute for Physical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kosygina 2, Moscow, 119334 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    A light emitting diode has been developed on the basis of multilayer nanostructures in which CdSe/CdS semiconductor colloidal quantum dots serve as emitters. Their absorption, photo-, and electroluminescence spectra have been obtained. The strong influence of the size effect and the density of particles in the layer on the spectral and electrophysical characteristics of the diode has been demonstrated. It has been shown that the rates of the transfer of the exciton excitation energy from organic molecules to quantum dots increase strongly even at a small increase in the radius of the core (CdSe) of a particle and depend strongly on the thickness of the shell (CdS) of the particle. The optimal arrangement of the layer of quantum dots with respect to the p-n junction has been estimated from the experimental data. The results demonstrate that the spectral characteristics and rates of the electron processes in light-emitting devices based on quantum dots incorporated into an organic matrix can be efficiently controlled. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 113-117 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140135 Authors A. A. Vashchenko, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia V. S. Lebedev, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia A. G. Vitukhnovskii, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia R. B. Vasiliev, Faculty of Materials Science, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia I. G. Samatov, Faculty of Materials Science, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    The polarization properties of extraordinary microwave transmission through perforated duralumin films are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that resonance wavelength at which transmission efficiency reaches maximum value depends on the incident radiation polarization. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 99-101 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140068 Authors S. E. Grigas, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia A. G. Rzhanov, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russia V. N. Semenenko, Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 125412 Russia V. A. Chistyaev, Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 125412 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    We investigate the disturbance of the InAs nanowire resistance by a conductive tip of a scanning probe micro-scope at helium temperature as a function of the tip position in close vicinity to the nanowire. At the tip displacement along the wire the resistance ( R wire ∼ 30 kΩ, what is typical for diffusive regime) demonstrates quasi-periodical oscillations with an amplitude about 3%. The period of the oscillations depends on the number of electrons in the nanowire and is consistent with expected for standing electron waves caused by ballistic electrons in the top subband of the InAs nanowire. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 109-112 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140159 Authors A. A. Zhukov, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia Ch. Volk, Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany A. Winden, Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany H. Hardtdegen, Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany Th. Schäpers, Grünberg Institut (PGI-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    Schramm-Loewner evolution (SLE) and conformal field theory (CFT) are popular and widely used instruments to study critical behavior of two-dimensional models, but they use different objects. While SLE has natural connection with lattice models and is suitable for strict proofs, it lacks computational and predictive power of conformal field theory. To provide a way for the concurrent use of SLE and CFT, CFT correlation functions, which are martingales with respect to SLE, are considered. A relation between parameters of Schramm-Loewner evolution on coset space and algebraic data of coset conformal field theory is revealed. The consistency of this approach with the behavior of parafermionic and minimal models is tested. Coset models are connected with off-critical massive field theories and implications of SLE are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Fields, Particles, and Nuclei Pages 90-93 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140093 Authors A. Nazarov, Department of High-Energy and Elementary Particle Physics, Faculty of Physics and Chebyshev Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198904 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    Hadron production in lepton-nucleus interactions at high energies is considered in the framework of developing Monte Carlo event generator HARDPING (HARD Probe INteraction Generator). Such effects as formation length, energy loss and multiple rescattering for produced hadrons and their constituents are implemented in the HARDPING 2.0 generator. Available data from HERMES collaboration on hadron production in lepton-nucleus collisions are described by the present version of the HARDPING generator in a reasonable agreement. Content Type Journal Article Category Fields, Particles, and Nuclei Pages 85-89 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140020 Authors Ya. A. Berdnikov, St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russia A. E. Ivanov, St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russia V. T. Kim, St.-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russia V. A. Murzin, St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, 188300 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    A simple description has been proposed for the renormalization of the conduction band parameters in cuprates owing to the interaction of the current carriers with phonons. Kinks in the quasiparticle dispersion law in the optical phonon mode region (70 meV, compound Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 − x ) and data on the temperature dependence of the superconducting current density in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 have been analyzed. Ideas of new experiments have been discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 105-108 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140044 Authors M. V. Eremin, Institute of Physics, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia M. A. Malakhov, Institute of Physics, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia D. A. Sunyaev, Institute of Physics, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    Spectral properties of LiFeAs superconductor are investigated within the LDA+DMFT method. Calculated distribution of the spectral weight in the k -space is in good agreement with angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) spectra. Calculated effective electron mass enhancement factor m */ m ≈ 3 is close to the one estimated from comparison of density-functional theory results with ARPES spectra. Our results demonstrate that inclusion into consideration of dynamical Coulomb correlations between the electrons plays a key role in understanding of the spectral properties of LiFeAs. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 118-122 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140111 Authors S. L. Skornyakov, Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620990 Russia D. Y. Novoselov, Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620990 Russia T. Gürel, Department of Physics, Namik Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey V. I. Anisimov, Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620990 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    We predict the insulator-metal-insulator transitions for the temperature and pressure of the lower mantle with the metal layer thickness Δ h ≈ 400 km at the depth of 1400–1800 km. The insulator-metal transition has the Mott-Hubbard origin, while the second transition from metal to insulator results from spin crossover of the Fe 2+ ions from high spin S = 2 to low spin S = 0 state. The conductivity in the metal layer may attain 250 S/m. The depth profile of the conductivity is also suggested. Content Type Journal Article Category Miscellaneous Pages 129-132 DOI 10.1134/S002136401214010X Authors S. G. Ovchinnikov, Kirensky Institute of Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russia T. M. Ovchinnikova, Sukhachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, 660036 Russia P. G. Dyad’kov, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum-Gas Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia V. V. Plotkin, Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum-Gas Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia K. D. Litasov, Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    Experimental studies of the phase diagram of Bose condensation in a system of spatially indirect dipolar excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells are reviewed. The properties of spatially periodic patterns arising in the luminescence of the exciton Bose condensate in a ring-shaped potential trap and the coherence of the condensate luminescence are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Category Scientific Summaries Pages 138-147 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140056 Authors A. V. Gorbunov, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia V. B. Timofeev, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    Photoemission induced by vacuum ultraviolet resonance radiation of xenon atoms from the surface of a solid in vacuum and in the case of a target in contact with a gas has been experimentally studied. It has been demonstrated that the photoemission response increases strongly (up to an order of magnitude) under the adsorption (or implantation) of gas atoms into the target when vacuum ultraviolet radiation resonantly acts on these atoms. This is due to different mechanisms of photoemission from the surface of the solid in vacuum and from the surface in contact with the gas. The notion of activated resonant photoemission has been introduced. Content Type Journal Article Category Miscellaneous Pages 133-137 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140032 Authors P. A. Bokhan, Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent’eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia D. E. Zakrevsky, Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent’eva 13, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    The nature of the set of free fields that represent the system at the critical point has been revealed by studying the correlation functions of the degrees of freedom of the gauge supersymmetric Ising model on the cubic lattice. The same set of free fields represents the continuous supersymmetric Abelian gauge theory. Thus, the name of the lattice system is appropriate. Comparison with the two-dimensional Ising model is given. Content Type Journal Article Category Methods of Theoretical Physics Pages 123-128 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140147 Authors S. N. Vergeles, Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    During the last decade, important improvements have been made in the application of thermodynamic models for studying the molten cryolite system used in the Hall–Heroult process. This approach allows a better understanding and paves the way for furthering developments in bath chemistry and molten metal processing. In this article, thermodynamic modeling is used to explore the operating windows in the reduction of alumina in molten cryolite. The impact of a range of concentrations of AlF 3 , CaF 2 , and Al 2 O 3 in conventional or “lithium-free” baths is also discussed. Subsequently, the model was also used to evaluate the impact of additions of lithium fluoride to the bath. Conditions allowing an operation at lower cell voltages and lower bath temperatures were identified. The modeling approach described in this article is considered as an important innovation to revisit fundamentals, to constantly re-examine paradigms, and to identify potential modifications in bath chemistry for improving energy efficiency and productivity of modern prebaked Hall–Heroult cells. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0426-x Authors Pascal Coursol, Aluminerie Alouette, Sept-Iles, QC, Canada Gilles Dufour, Aluminerie Alouette, Sept-Iles, QC, Canada Jules Coté, Aluminerie Alouette, Sept-Iles, QC, Canada Patrice Chartrand, Département de génie chimique, École Polytechnique, Centre de Recherche en Calcul Thermochimique, Montréal, QC, Canada Phillip Mackey, P.J. Mackey Technology, Kirkland, QC, Canada Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    New electrorefining technology utilizes a novel manifold electrolyte inlet, which allows improving productivity and production in new and existing tankhouses at high current efficiency and very good cathode quality. Two installation examples—Montanwerke Brixlegg AG, Brixlegg, Austria (upgrade existing tankhouse) and Xiangguang Copper, Yanggu, China (new tankhouse)—demonstrate the use of current densities above 400 A/m 2 at very high current efficiency in electrorefining. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0459-1 Authors Andreas Filzwieser, METTOP GmbH, Leoben, Austria Iris Filzwieser, METTOP GmbH, Leoben, Austria Stefan Konetschnik, METTOP GmbH, Leoben, Austria Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Innovations in Hydrometallurgical and Electrometallurgical Processing: A TMS2012 Symposium Sampling Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-2 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0460-8 Authors Michael L. Free, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Shijie Wang, Rio Tinto Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, South Jordan, UT 84095, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The possibility of the generation of quasi-cw terahertz radiation by the optical rectification method for broad-band Fourier unlimited nanosecond laser pulses has been experimentally demonstrated. The broadband radiation of a LiF dye-center laser is used as a pump source of a nonlinear optical oscillator. The energy efficiency of terahertz optical frequency conversion in a periodically polarized lithium niobate crystal is 4 × 10 −9 at a pump power density of 7 MW/cm 2 . Content Type Journal Article Category Astrophysics and Cosmology Pages 94-97 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012140123 Authors A. N. Tuchak, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia G. N. Gol’tsman, Moscow State Pedagogical University, ul. Malaya Pirogovskaya 1, Moscow, 119991 Russia G. Kh. Kitaeva, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia A. N. Penin, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia S. V. Seliverstov, Moscow State Pedagogical University, ul. Malaya Pirogovskaya 1, Moscow, 119991 Russia M. I. Finkel, Moscow State Pedagogical University, ul. Malaya Pirogovskaya 1, Moscow, 119991 Russia A. V. Shepelev, Gubkin State University of Oil and Gas, Leninskii pr. 65, Moscow, 119991 Russia P. V. Yakunin, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 2

Description:    A review of the metal–hydrogen systems modeled or investigated with the CALPHAD method is presented. The specific features of metal–hydrogen systems in relation with the CALPHAD modeling are detailed, and the problems and needs related to the description of such systems are highlighted. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0462-6 Authors J.-M. Joubert, Chimie Métallurgique des Terres Rares (CMTR), Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE), CNRS, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94320 Thiais Cedex, France Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The metal-insulator transition for the square, simple cubic, and body centered cubic lattices has been studied within the Hubbard model at half-filling taking into account nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor electron hopping. Both staggered antiferromagnetic and incommensurate magnetic states (spin-spiral wave) have been considered. The inclusion of the latter states for the three-dimensional lattices does not change the general pattern of the metal-insulator transition, but opens the fundamentally new possibility of the metal-insulator transition of the first order between the magnetically ordered states for the square lattice. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 171-175 DOI 10.1134/S002136401215012X Authors M. A. Timirgazin, Physical-Technical Institute, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, 426000 Russia A. K. Arzhnikov, Physical-Technical Institute, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, 426000 Russia V. Yu. Irkhin, Physical-Technical Institute, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhevsk, 426000 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 3

Description:    Precision measurements of the real and imaginary parts of the microwave surface impedance Z ac ( T ) = R ac ( T ) + iX ac ( T ) of the conducting ac layers of the k -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Br crystals in the temperature interval of 0.5 〈 T 〈 100 K have demonstrated a series of features: (i) the temperature course of the field penetration depth is close to linear Δλ ac ( T )∞Δ X ac ( T ) in the superconducting state at T T c ∼ 11.5 K; (ii) the curves R ac ( T ) = X ac ( T ) coincide at T c 〈 T 〈 40 K; (iii) the X ac ( T ) value at T 〉 40 K increases in comparison with R ac ( T ); (iv) the dependence R ac ( T ) at T 〉 40 K is nonmonotonic in thin crystals. These features of the impedance Z ac ( T ) with increasing T are interpreted in terms of (i) the d -type symmetry of the superconducting order parameter, (ii) normal skin effect, (iii) manifestations of the antiferromagnetic fluctuations, and (iv) the size effect. The electrodynamic parameters of k -(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Br have been determined. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 184-187 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012150088 Authors N. V. Perunov, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia A. F. Shevchun, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia N. D. Kushch, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia M. R. Trunin, Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 3

Description:    The experimental conditions that facilitate the excitation of parametric decay instabilities upon the electron cyclotron resonance heating of a plasma at the second harmonic extraordinary wave in tokamaks and stellarators and, as a result, make anomalous absorption of microwave power possible have been analyzed. It has been shown that, in the case of a nonmonotonic radial profile of the plasma density, when the beam of electron cyclotron waves passes near the equatorial plane of a toroidal device, the parametric excitation of electron Bernstein waves, as well as the generation of ion Bernstein waves propagating from the parametric decay region to the nearest ion cyclotron harmonic, where they efficiently interact with ions, is possible. The proposed theoretical model can explain the anomalous generation of accelerated ions observed upon electron cyclotron heating in small and moderate toroidal facilities. Content Type Journal Article Category Plasma, Hydro- and Gas Dynamics Pages 164-170 DOI 10.1134/S002136401215009X Authors A. Yu. Popov, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Politekhnicheskaya ul. 26, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia E. Z. Gusakov, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Politekhnicheskaya ul. 26, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia A. N. Saveliev, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Politekhnicheskaya ul. 26, St. Petersburg, 194021 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 3

Description:    The connection of short-term neutron bursts near sea level with the electric and geomagnetic atmospheric fields during thunderstorms in 2009–2011 has been experimentally studied. The data from the cosmic-ray spectrograph named after Kuzmin, an electrostatic fluxmeter, and a three-component fluxgate magnetometer in Yakutsk have been analyzed. It has been shown that short-term (no longer than 4 min) neutron bursts are due to negative lightning discharges. The bursts are detected at the ground level 1–3 km below thunderstorm clouds. In this case, the neutron flux is about 4 × 10 −3 cm −2 s −1 . The minimum energy of the neutrons that are efficiently detected by the monitor is about 10 MeV. It has been found that short-term neutron bursts are detected when the electric field strength reaches a threshold value of −16 kV/m. Content Type Journal Article Category Miscellaneous Pages 188-191 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012150106 Authors S. A. Starodubtsev, Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia V. I. Kozlov, Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia A. A. Toropov, Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia V. A. Mullayarov, Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia V. G. Grigor’ev, Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia A. V. Moiseev, Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, 677980 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 3

Description:    We have derived the so-called gap equation, which determines the upper critical magnetic field, perpendicular to conducting chains of a quasi-one-dimensional superconductor. By analyzing this equation at low temperatures, we have found that the calculated angular dependence of the upper critical magnetic field is qualitatively different than that in the so-called effective mass model. In particular, our theory predicts a non-analytical angular dependence of the upper critical magnetic field, H c 2 (0) − H c 2 (α) ∼ α 3/2 , when magnetic field is close to some special crystallographic axis and makes an angle α with it. We discuss possible experiments on the superconductor (DMET) 2 I 3 to discover this non-analytical dependence. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 176-180 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012150052 Authors A. G. Lebed, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, AZ 85721, Tucson, USA O. Sepper, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, AZ 85721, Tucson, USA Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 96 Journal Issue Volume 96, Number 3

Description:    Research on the novel technology of fluidized roasting reduction of samples of low-grade pyrolusite using biogas residual as reductant has been conducted. According to the response surface design and the analysis of results, orthogonal experiments have been conducted on the major factors, and the effects on the manganese reduction efficiency have been studied. The maximum manganese reduction efficiency could be optimized to nearly 100%, when the mass ratio of biogas residual to pyrolusite was 0.16:1, the dosage of sulfuric acid was 1.6 times that of the stoichiometric amount, the roasting temperature was 680°C, and the roasting time was 70 min. The results in terms of manganese reduction efficiency of the actual experiments were close to those anticipated by modeling the experiments, indicating that the optimum conditions had a high reliability. Other low-grade pyrolusites such as Guangxi pyrolusite (China), Hunan pyrolusite (China), and Guizhou pyrolusite (China) were tested and all these materials responded well, giving nearly 100% manganese reduction efficiency. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0453-7 Authors Z. L. Cai, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Y. L. Feng, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China H. R. Li, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China X. W. Liu, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Z. C. Yang, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Fibulae as main the metal elements of people’s costume and clothing vary significantly in form and shape through time, and therefore, they are the perfect chronological markers of periods and time horizons and help archaeologists to date associated finds and stratigraphic units precisely. Five Late La Tène fibulae (150–80 BC) typical of the Western Carpathian Basin were studied in order to achieve information of their composition and manufacture. In particular, the alloy compositions were analyzed to understand if different alloys were used for the bow and the pin of the fibulae, and to establish if Pb and Zn were present. The latter was introduced to the workshops in Gallia and Northern Italy, and reached as imports the southeast Alpine region around 50 BC, creating a chronological horizon interesting for dating. Pb with 〉5 wt.% also turned out to be a chronological marker of La Tène fibulae. The presence of these alloying elements thus gives an even more detailed technological and chronological picture of the metallurgical advances in the ancient region of Pannonia during the second and beginning of the first century BC. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0415-0 Authors Marianne Mödlinger, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale – DCCI, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Universitá di Genova, 16038 Genoa, Italy Ivan Drnić, Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Paolo Piccardo, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale – DCCI, Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali, Universitá di Genova, 16038 Genoa, Italy Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    The state of oxidation of a pyrometallurgical process, given by the partial pressure of oxygen and the temperature, is one of the important properties monitored and controlled in the smelting and refining of iron and the nonferrous metals. This article reviews the thermodynamic background for this quantity and examines some empirical methods for its estimation and use. The emphasis is on copper smelting, but the same principles apply to iron, nickel, lead, and zinc processes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0461-7 Authors Jan Matousek, Englewood, CO, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Meetings Calendar Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0468-0 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: PRICM-8 Abstract Deadline Draws Near Content Type Journal Article Category News & Update Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0467-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    A vacuum evaporation technology for treating antimony-rich anode slime was developed in this work. Experiments were carried out at temperatures from 873 K to 1073 K and residual gas pressures from 50 Pa to 600 Pa. During vacuum evaporation, silver from the antimony-rich anode slime was left behind in the distilland in a silver alloy containing antimony and lead, and antimony trioxide was evaporated. The experimental results showed that 92% by weight of antimony can be removed, and the silver content in the alloy was up to 12.84%. The antimony trioxide content in the distillate was more than 99.7%, and the distillate can be used directly as zero-grade antimony trioxide (China standard). Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-5 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0458-2 Authors Keqiang Qiu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083 China Deqiang Lin, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083 China Xuelin Yang, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, 410083 China Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Louis Hector, Energy and Awards Committees Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0469-z Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Refining of metallurgical-grade silicon was studied using a process sequence of slag treatment, controlled cooling, and acid leaching. A slag of the Na 2 O-CaO-SiO 2 system was used. The microstructure of grain boundaries in the treated silicon showed enhanced segregation of impurities, and the formation of CaSi 2 and other Ca-rich phases. Boron and phosphorus were found in the grain boundary phases of silicon after the slag treatment and were successfully removed together with most of the metallic impurities by acid leaching. The interaction between silicon and slag and the distribution of impurities are discussed. A novel mechanism of the refining approach is proposed, based on the microstructure of silicon and the analysis of impurities at each refining step. Parallel processes of slag refining, segregation, and solvent refining were observed, which explains the relatively high efficiency of the proposed refining technology. The investigated combination of refining processes followed by acid leaching has great potential as an efficient and cost-saving route for upgrading metallurgical-grade to solar-grade silicon. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0383-4 Authors Yulia V. Meteleva-Fischer, Materials innovation institute (M2i), Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands Yongxiang Yang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands Rob Boom, Materials innovation institute (M2i), Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands Bert Kraaijveld, RGS Development B.V., Bijlestaal 54, 1721 PW Broek op Langedijk, The Netherlands Henk Kuntzel, RGS Development B.V., Bijlestaal 54, 1721 PW Broek op Langedijk, The Netherlands Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    In our tunneling investigation using Andreev superconductor-normal metal-superconductor contacts on LiFeAs single crystals we observed two reproducible independent subharmonic gap structures at dynamic conductance characteristics. From these results, we can derive the energy of the large superconducting gap Δ L = (2.5–3.4) meV and the small gap Δ S = (0.9–1) meV at T = 4.2 K for the T C local ≈ (10.5–14) K (the contact area critical temperature which deviation causes the variation of Δ L ). The BCS-ratio is found to be 2Δ L / k B T C = 4.6–5.6, whereas 2Δ S / k B T C ≪ 3.52 results from induced superconductivity in the bands with the small gap. Content Type Journal Article Category Condensed Matter Pages 537-543 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012100086 Authors S. A. Kuzmichev, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia T. E. Shanygina, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia I. V. Morozov, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia A. I. Boltalin, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia M. V. Roslova, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia S. Wurmehl, IFW-Dresden, Institute for Solid State Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany B. Büchner, IFW-Dresden, Institute for Solid State Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 95 Journal Issue Volume 95, Number 10

Description:    It has been shown that counterpropagating electromagnetic waves with different frequencies generate two lattices in a cubically nonlinear medium, one of which moves at a superluminal velocity. When weak radiation reflects from the superluminal lattice, the wavefront is quasi-conjugated with distortions owing to the Doppler frequency shift. These effects occur both in insulators with fast nonlinearity and in an electron-positron vacuum. Content Type Journal Article Category Optics and Laser Physics Pages 609-612 DOI 10.1134/S0021364012120132 Authors N. N. Rosanov, Vavilov State Optical Institute, Birzhevaya liniya 12, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia Journal JETP Letters Online ISSN 1090-6487 Print ISSN 0021-3640 Journal Volume Volume 95 Journal Issue Volume 95, Number 12

Description:    High-temperature corrosion of ferritic stainless steel (FSS) surfaces can be accelerated and anomalous when it is simultaneously subjected to different gaseous environments, e.g., when separating fuel (hydrogen) and oxidant (air) streams, in comparison with single-atmosphere exposures, e.g., air only. This so-called “dual-atmosphere” exposure is realized in many energy-conversion systems including turbines, boilers, gasifiers, heat exchangers, and particularly in intermediate temperature (600–800°C) planar solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. It is generally accepted that hydrogen transport through the FSS (plate or tube) and its subsequent integration into the growing air-side surface oxide layer can promote accelerated and anomalous corrosion—relative to single-atmosphere exposure—via defect chemistry changes, such as increased cation vacancy concentrations, decreased oxygen activity, and steam formation within the growing surface oxide layers. Establishment of a continuous and dense surface oxide layer on the fuel side of the FSS can inhibit hydrogen transport and the associated effects on the air side. Minor differences in FSS composition, microstructure, and surface conditions can all have dramatic influences on dual-atmosphere corrosion behaviors. This article reviews high-temperature, dual-atmosphere corrosion phenomena and discusses implications for SOFC stacks, related applications, and future research. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0473-3 Authors Paul Gannon, Department of Chemical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Roberta Amendola, Department of Chemical Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Titanium aluminide (TiAl) alloys exhibit high specific strength, low density, good oxidation, corrosion, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures, making them good candidate materials for aerospace and automotive applications. TiAl alloys also show excellent radiation resistance and low neutron activation, and they can be developed to have various microstructures, allowing different combinations of properties for various extreme environments. Hence, TiAl alloys may be used in advanced nuclear systems as high-temperature structural materials. Moreover, TiAl alloys are good materials to be used for fundamental studies on microstructural effects on irradiation behavior of advanced nuclear structural materials. This article reviews the microstructure, creep, radiation, and oxidation properties of TiAl alloys in comparison with other nuclear structural materials to assess the potential of TiAl alloys as candidate structural materials for future nuclear applications. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0471-5 Authors Hanliang Zhu, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Tao Wei, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia David Carr, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Robert Harrison, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Lyndon Edwards, Institute of Materials Engineering, Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW 2232, Australia Wolfgang Hoffelner, Nuclear Energy and Safety, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland Dongyi Seo, Materials and Component Technologies Group, Aerospace Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada Kouichi Maruyama, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: CR 3 Update: Recycling of Strategic Metals Content Type Journal Article Category TMS Partners in Progress Pages 1-3 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0317-1 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Materials Resource Center: Positions Available Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0315-3 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description: Get Involved: Charles Ward, Integrating Materials and Manufacturing Innovation Content Type Journal Article Category End Notes Pages 1-1 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0316-2 Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Keratin is one of the most important structural proteins in nature and is widely found in the integument in vertebrates. It is classified into two types: α -helices and β -pleated sheets. Keratinized materials can be considered as fiber-reinforced composites consisting of crystalline intermediate filaments embedded in an amorphous protein matrix. They have a wide variety of morphologies and properties depending on different functions. Here, we review selected keratin-based materials, such as skin, hair, wool, quill, horn, hoof, feather, and beak, focusing on the structure–mechanical property-function relationships and finally give some insights on bioinspired composite design based on keratinized materials. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-20 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0302-8 Authors J. McKittrick, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA P.-Y. Chen, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC S. G. Bodde, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA W. Yang, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA E. E. Novitskaya, Materials Science and Engineering Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA M. A. Meyers, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) exhibits excellent biological and mechanical properties, which make it an appropriate choice for promoting epidermal cell migration on the surfaces of percutaneous implants. We deposited a ~150 nm thick UNCD film on a microporous silicon nitride membrane using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to examine the pore structure and chemical bonding of this material, respectively. Growth of human epidermal keratinocytes on UNCD-coated microporous silicon nitride membranes and uncoated microporous silicon nitride membranes was compared using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results show that the UNCD coating did not significantly alter the viability of human epidermal keratinocytes, indicating potential use of this material for improving skin sealing around percutaneous implants. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0300-x Authors Shelby A. Skoog, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA Anirudha V. Sumant, Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA Roger J. Narayan, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Box 7115, Raleigh, NC 27695-7115, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838

Description:    Many animals possess dermal armor, which acts primarily as protection against predators. We illustrate this through examples from both our research and the literature: alligator, fish (alligator gar, arapaima, and Senegal bichir), armadillo, leatherback turtle, and a lizard, the Gila monster. The dermal armor in these animals is flexible and has a hierarchical structure with collagen fibers joining mineralized units (scales, tiles, or plates). This combination significantly increases the strength and flexibility in comparison with a simple monolithic mineral composite or rigid dermal armor. This dermal armor is being studied for future bioinspired armor applications providing increased mobility. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11837-012-0301-9 Authors Wen Yang, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Irene H. Chen, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Joanna Mckittrick, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Marc A. Meyers, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Online ISSN 1543-1851 Print ISSN 1047-4838