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  • Articles  (4,552)
  • Wiley  (4,552)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Springer Nature
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  • Chemical Engineering and Technology  (1,272)
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  • Articles  (4,552)
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  • Wiley  (4,552)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
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  • 1
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    Droplet Size Distribution Obtained by Atomization with Two-Fluid Nozzles in a Spray Dryer (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: The possibility of predicting the droplet size distribution from the particle size distribution was investigated. For that purpose, suspensions of different types of materials were dried in a laboratory-scale spray drier. Drying of suspensions was performed with different sizes of two-fluid nozzles. Droplet size distribution was evaluated from the data obtained for spray drying of bismuth molybdate suspension. The method was validated experimentally with other tested materials. Investigated systems involve processes of drying, crystallization, and coating. The proposed methodology can be applied when nonagglomerated particles, spherical particles, or spherical agglomerates were obtained by spray drying. Spray drying is a unique drying process since formation of solid phase and drying occur simultaneously. Droplet size distribution produced by a two-fluid nozzle during spray drying of bismuth molybdate suspension was evaluated simply from the particle size distribution. The proposed methodology enables prediction of the particle size distribution obtained by spray drying.
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  • 2
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    Numerical Simulation of Particle Segregation in Vibration Fluidized Beds (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: The influence of vibration parameters on the segregation phenomenon of a binary mixture in a vibration fluidized bed is investigated. Initially, the mixture composed of spherical balls with different densities but same diameter is in a perfect mixing state in the bed. The motion of particles is simulated based on the discrete element method. The effects of friction coefficient, vibration frequency, amplitudes, and gas velocity are analyzed. The coefficient of segregation to the degree of particle segregation is calculated for different operating conditions. The segregation degree in the vibration fluidized bed is found to be higher than that in the bed without vibration. The curve for the segregation degree exhibits a single peak value which represents the optimal segregation result. The impact of vibration on gas phase- and particle flow is not yet clarified due to the complex motion of particles in vibrated fluidized beds. Discrete particle simulation is used to investigate the segregation behavior of binary mixtures in a fluidized bed. The effect of vibration parameters and suitable operating conditions for segregation, particle distribution, and particle motion are evaluated.
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  • 3
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    Promotion of Chemical Reactions by a Grid in a Shear Mixing Layer (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: The effects of a turbulence-generating grid on fluid mixing and a passive chemical reaction are experimentally investigated in a liquid shear mixing layer under a nonpremixed condition. The grid is installed at three streamwise locations to find the optimal location to promote the chemical reaction. The results show that the grid generates disturbances at small scales that enhance fluid mixing and the chemical reaction. However, the turbulence intensity and mass diffusion in the mixing layers with the grid decrease rapidly and become even smaller than those in the mixing layer without the grid in a downstream region. Therefore, in the present study, the chemical production is maximized when the grid is installed at where the flow is turning to a developed mixing layer. Installation of a turbulence-generating grid is advantageous to promote fluid mixing and chemical reaction in a free shear flow in which the reactive fluids are introduced under a nonpremixed condition. Special attention is needed regarding the location of the grid to maximize the promotion effect since it could be better to install it in the downstream region rather than the upstream region.
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  • 4
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    Bubble Splitting in a Pseudo-2D Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed for Geldart B-Type Particles (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: Bubble splitting in 2D gas-solid freely bubbling fluidized beds is experimentally investigated using digital image analysis. The quantitative results can be applied for the development of a new breakage model for bubbly fluidized beds, especially discrete bubble models. The variation of splitting frequency with bubble diameter, new resulting bubble volumes, positions, and also the assumptions of mass and momentum conservation for bubbles after breakage are studied in detail. Small bubbles are found to be more stable than large ones and nearly all mother bubbles split into two almost equally sized daughter bubbles. The momentum of gas bubbles in the vertical direction remains approximately constant after breakage, whereas that of bubbles in the horizontal direction changes with no clear trend. The effect of fluidizing gas velocity in breakage frequency is also examined. The behavior of gas bubbles plays a key role in heat- and mass-transfer operations in fluidized beds. Bubble splitting for Geldart B-type particles under varying conditions was investigated in a pseudo-2D gas-solid fluidized bed by digital image analysis. The quantitative results can facilitate the development of new breakage models for bubbly fluidized beds and are particularly relevant for discrete bubble modeling.
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  • 5
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    Strategy for Scaling-up of a Microsieve Dispersion Reactor (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-08
    Description: For the application of microreactors in industrial processes, more scaling-up strategies are still required except of the original concept, the numbering-up. A more maneuverable and economic approach, combining both similarity-up and numbering-up, is introduced as an example for an innovative strategy. CFD simulation is also applied to assist analysis and optimization of fluid distribution. Based on this concept, named similarity-up + numbering-up + simulation, a pilot-plant microsieve dispersion minireactor used to proceed the reaction of cyclohexanecarboxylic acid and oleum is designed and tested experimentally. With the contribution of similarity-up, the treating capacity of the core unit is significantly increased. Ten parallel units are integrated to form a correspondingly enhanced capacity of the microreactor which exhibits low pressure drop, stable operating performance, and excellent main product selectivity. For industrial applications of microreactors, more flexible and economic scaling-up strategies are required. A scale-up approach for a microsieve dispersion reactor is proposed, combining similarity-up and numbering-up of the core unit with CFD simulation-based device structure optimization. Low fabrication cost, low pressure drop, and excellent main product selectivity can be achieved by this strategy.
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  • 6
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    Heat Transfer Phenomena of Power Law Fluids in Double-Pass Heat Exchangers with Isoflux Conditions (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: A new design of conjugated heat transfer in double-pass parallel-plate laminar countercurrent operations of power law fluids under wall isoflux was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The analytical solutions were obtained with a superposition model by introducing an eigenfunction expansion in terms of a power series for the homogeneous part and an asymptotic solution for the inhomogeneous part. The influence of the power law index on the average Nusselt numbers with the various design and operating parameters is also delineated. The theoretical predictions of the experimental results are represented graphically. The heat transfer performance was considerably improved when compared with a single-pass parallel-plate heat exchanger (without inserting a solid separator sheet). Suitable adjustments of the solid separator sheet position can effectively enhance the heat transfer efficiencies for such a recycling double-pass device, as compared with the efficiencies of single- and double-pass devices.
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  • 7
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    Design of a Cone-Cone Shear Cell to Study Emulsification Characteristics (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: In order to study emulsification phenomena, devices generating well-defined flow conditions are essential. Thus, emulsification of drop collectives under laminar shear flow is commonly performed in cylindrical Couette or Searle devices. In these devices, the flow conditions in the shear gap and in the volume underneath the rotor are often different, which can lead to inhomogeneous product properties and may complicate sample taking. Here, a novel cone-cone shear cell is presented to study emulsification processes. The flow inside the device is examined using numerical simulations. The numerical simulations indicate that simple shear flow is realized all over the sample volume in the cone-cone shear cell. The experimental results show that the drop breakup in the cone-cone shear cell is equivalent to the breakup under simple shear realized in the shear gap of a conventional device, i.e., the Searle device. Critical capillary numbers are calculated from the experimental data and show breakup behavior as predicted by single-drop experiments. Thus, the cone-cone shear cell proved to be suitable to study emulsification mechanisms in simple shear flow. Emulsion-based products are widely used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. A novel cone-cone shear cell to study emulsification characteristics is described. The flow conditions inside the shear cell are validated via numerical simulations and experimental results.
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  • 8
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    Catalytic Hydrocracking of a Bitumen-Derived Asphaltene over NiMo/γ-Al2O3 at Various Temperatures (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-19
    Description: Hydrocracking of a bitumen-derived asphaltene over NiMo/ γ -Al 2 O 3 was investigated in a microbatch reactor at varying temperatures. The molar kinetics of asphaltene cracking reaction was examined by fitting the experimental data. Below a defined temperature, the molar reaction showed the first-order kinetic feature while at higher temperatures secondary reactions such as coke formation became significant, causing deviation of the reaction behavior from the proposed first-order kinetic model. Selectivity analysis proved that dominant products varied from gases to liquids to gases with increasing temperature, shifting the dominant reaction from C–S bonds cleavage to C–C bonds cleavage. Catalytic hydrocracking could be a proper choice for asphaltene upgrading but the reaction conditions still need to be optimized. Hydrocracking of a bitumen-derived asphaltene over a NiMo/ γ -Al 2 O 3 catalyst in a microbatch reactor at varying temperatures was analyzed. The molar kinetics of asphaltene cracking reaction was evaluated by fitting the experimental data.
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  • 9
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    Cu/Ni-Loaded CeO2-ZrO2 Catalyst for the Water-Gas Shift Reaction: Effects of Loaded Metals and CeO2 Addition (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-06
    Description: Two different types of metals (Cu and Ni) and the effect of CeO 2 addition to produce a CeO 2 -ZrO 2 co-supporter were investigated through the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. It was found that the WGS activity could be enhanced with CeO 2 addition. At relatively high temperature, Ni-loaded catalysts exhibited higher CO conversion while Cu-loaded catalysts demonstrated better performance at low temperatures. The stability and yield of the CO 2 and H 2 products of the Cu catalysts were higher than those of the Ni catalysts. These results may be caused by an irreversible adsorption of CO on Ni and the reverse WGS reaction occurring on the Ni catalysts. In situ diffuse-reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy data suggests that the WGS mechanism likely proceeded via formate species. The water-gas shift reaction (WGS), as an alternative way to produce H 2 and convert poisonous CO into CO 2 , was carried out using Cu and Ni loaded onto CeO 2 -ZrO 2 as catalysts. The Ni-loaded catalysts exhibited higher CO conversion at high temperature while the Cu-loaded catalysts performed better at low temperature. The WGS reaction was found to occur via the formation of formate species.
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  • 10
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    Particle Size Control and Crystal Habit Modification of Phenacetin Using Ultrasonic Crystallization (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Power ultrasound is applied for cooling crystallization to control and modify the particle size and crystal habit of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, phenacetin. Operating parameters including sonication intensity and duration, solution concentration, and cooling rate are studied and compared. With respect to mean particle size, the effect of sonication intensity is most significant. In addition, the crystal habit of recrystallized phenacetin is modified substantially and shows an elliptic shape. Recrystallized phenacetin also provides an enhanced dissolution rate compared with the original sample. These results prove that ultrasonic crystallization is an efficient tool for controlling the solid-state properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Ultrasonic crystallization is a promising process for controlling the different stages of crystallization. Cooling crystallization applying power ultrasound is adopted for recrystallization of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, phenacetin. The mean particle size can be managed by adjusting sonication intensity and duration. Phenacetin crystals with a regular crystal habit and an elliptic shape are obtained.
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  • 11
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    Advanced TEMKIN Reactor: Testing of Industrial Eggshell Catalysts on the Laboratory Scale (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: In a variety of reactions in the chemical industry, eggshell catalysts with a thin active layer are applied; they are often crushed for laboratory testing. The destruction of the shell can be avoided by a special reactor design. The presented advanced TEMKIN reactor is a further development of the reactor system for testing eggshell catalysts on the laboratory scale published by Temkin and Kul'kova in 1969. It is suitable for kinetic studies and for the detailed investigation of deactivation processes, as shown on the example of selective hydrogenation of acetylene. The advanced TEMKIN reactor is well suitable for testing of uncrushed industrial eggshell catalysts because of its defined flow pattern and excellent mass and heat transport properties. Because of its simple and robust design, all technical requirements are fulfilled for a fast, competitive, and accurate optimization of prototypes as well as already established catalysts for industrial applications.
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  • 12
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    Submerged Membrane Bioreactor for Vegetable Oil Wastewater Treatment (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: A bench-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) was employed to treat vegetable oil plant wastewater with complete sludge retention. Treatment performance and membrane fouling of the SMBR were investigated. The system stably removed high amounts of total organic carbon, oil, and ammonia from vegetable oil wastewater and reduced the chemical oxygen demand, demonstrating the great potential of the SMBR in removing pollutants. The membrane fouling layer was not only governed by deposition of organic substances composed of extracellular polymeric substances like proteins, polysaccharides etc., and oil substances but also by inorganic elements. Organic foulants coupled to inorganic precipitation enhanced the formation of a gel layer and triggered severe membrane fouling in the SMBR. Treatment and disposal of vegetable oil wastewaters (VOWs) represents one of the principal problems for vegetable oil producing countries. A bench-scale submerged membrane bioreactor was applied to treat VOWs with complete sludge retention. Treatment performance and membrane fouling were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated the great potential of this membrane bioreactor in removing pollutants.
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  • 13
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    Sorption of Acetaldehyde and Hexanal in Trace Concentrations on Carbon-Based Adsorbents (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Adsorption processes are frequently applied to separate traces of hazardous and toxic substances from gas streams. Hence, knowledge of sorption characteristics of these substances on standard adsorbents is essential. Sorption of hexanal and acetaldehyde from a nitrogen gas stream in trace concentrations on activated carbon and ordered mesoporous carbon-based adsorbents (CMK) is studied. A magnetic suspension balance and an attached gaschromatograph-mass spectrometer were used to analyze the sorption process both gravimetrically and spectrometrically. Both types of adsorbents show a higher capacity for hexanal than acetaldehyde. The activated carbon exhibits considerable differences in regard to desorption of hexanal compared to the mesoporous CMK. Information on sorption characteristics of hazardous substances is essential to design separation processes. Adsorption and desorption of the toxic acetaldehyde and the intensely odorous hexanal on activated carbon and periodic mesoporous carbon were studied. Magnetic suspension balances were used to analyze the sorption processes. Both adsorbents exhibit a higher capacity for hexanal than acetaldehyde.
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  • 14
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    Predicting Power for a Scaled-up Non-Newtonian Biomass Slurry (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: High-solids biomass slurries exhibit non-Newtonian behavior with a yield stress and require high power input for mixing. The goals were to determine the effect of scale and geometry on power number P 0 , and estimate the power for mixing a pretreated biomass slurry in a 3.8 million L hydrolysis reactor of conventional design. A lab-scale computational fluid dynamics model was validated against experimental data and then scaled up. A pitched-blade turbine and A310 hydrofoil were tested for various geometric arrangements. Flow was transitional; laminar and turbulence models resulted in equivalent P 0 which increased with scale. The ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter affected P 0 for both impellers, but impeller clearance to tank diameter affected P 0 only for the A310. At least 2 MW is required to operate at this scale. High-solids biomass slurries are characterized by non-Newtonian behavior with a yield stress and high power input demand for mixing. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to predict power requirements of non-Newtonian lignocellulosic slurry in an industrial-scale hydrolysis reactor with conventional mixing impellers. The lab-scale model was validated against experimental data and then scaled up.
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  • 15
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    Influence of NaCl on Granulometric Characteristics and Polymorphism in Batch-Cooling Crystallization of Glycine (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: The effect of NaCl added in different quantities on thermodynamic properties, granulometric characteristics, and structure of glycine in a crystallization process was investigated. Solubilities of α - and γ -polymorphs in the presence of varying amounts of NaCl were analyzed. In order to examine the impact of the additive on granulometric properties of glycine, crystal morphology was examined by observing crystals under a scanning electron microscope. Crystal size distribution was determined by sieve analysis. By X-ray diffraction analysis, the critical concentration of NaCl at which the structure of glycine changed, could be defined. The purity of obtained polymorphs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Interactions between additives and crystallizing phase influence crystallization processes. Batch-cooling crystallization of glycine with different amounts of added NaCl is described, causing changes in solubility, metastable zone width, supersaturation, final mass of crystals, granulometric properties, and structure. Process conditions for a conversion of α- into a γ- glycine structure are defined.
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  • 16
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    Modeling, Characteristic Analysis and Optimization of an Improved Heat-Integrated Air Separation Column (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Cryogenic air separation as the most important part of an integrated gasification combined cycle is a widely used operation unit for producing large quantities of high-purity oxygen and nitrogen. However, cryogenic distillation requires a large amount of energy due to the work needed to compress the air feed. An improved heat-integrated air separation column (HIASC) is proposed. The requirements of high-purity separation in the industrial cryogenic air separation process are achieved. An optimization model of the heat transfer coefficient ( UA ), a key parameter in column structure design and operation, is presented. The optimized UA value is obtained within the accepted value range reported in the international open literature, which ensures the practicability of the improved HIASC. An improved heat-integrated air separation column is proposed. With the new heat-integrated and thermally coupled structure, the pressure of the high-pressure column and the energy consumption decrease significantly compared with the conventional air separation column. The mathematic model and parameter analysis are presented. An optimization model for the heat transfer coefficient is proposed.
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  • 17
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    Enhanced Oxidative Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene by Functional Mo-Containing Mesoporous Silica (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: Functional mesoporous Mo–SiO 2 materials were synthesized by a one-pot and facile room-temperature procedure, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, FT-IR, diffuse reflectance spectra, and BET analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that the mesoporous materials presented a high dispersion of molybdenum species and excellent catalytic activity for the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) without organic solvents as extractants. The catalytic performance on different sulfur-containing compounds was also investigated in detail. After recycling for eight times, the removal of the oxidation desulfurization system could still reach high values. GC-MS analysis detected the oxidation product of DBT. A mechanism was proposed for the absorptive oxidation process of sulfur compounds. The removal of sulfur compounds from petroleum is of utmost importance for stringent fuel specifications and environment pollution. Functional mesoporous Mo–SiO 2 materials were synthesized by a facile procedure and were characterized by a high dispersion of molybdenum species and excellent catalytic activity for the removal of dibenzothiophene under mild conditions without organic solvents as extractants.
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  • 18
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    Numerical Simulation of the Solute-Induced Marangoni Effect with the Semi-Lagrangian Advection Scheme (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: The level set method is combined with the concentration transformation method to solve the interphase mass transfer process. However, the artificial diffusion generated in the mass transfer convection term across the interface is inevitable, especially when large shape deformation is encountered at high Reynolds numbers. A semi-Lagrangian advection scheme is introduced to overcome this disadvantage. The methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-acetic acid-water system is adopted to study the unsteady mass transport process accompanied with the Marangoni effect of a single deformable drop ascending in the infinite continuous phase. The predicted overall mass transfer coefficients agree with experimental data very well. The configuration of Marangoni convection is revealed and its effect on the interphase mass transfer process is investigated. The solute-induced Marangoni effect on an ascending drop driven by buoyancy is numerically simulated based on the level set method. The semi-Lagrangian convection scheme is introduced to eliminate the artificial diffusion. Compared with literature data, the present algorithm with the semi-Lagrangian convection scheme significantly suppressed the numerical diffusion and achieved much better predictions.
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  • 19
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    Environmentally Friendly Solvent- and Water-Based Coatings for Mitigation of Crystallization Fouling (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-29
    Description: The surface properties of solvent-based (SB) and water-based (WB) coatings and their impact on fouling during convective heat transfer of CaSO 4 solutions were investigated. Experiments demonstrated that the SB coatings had generally better non-adhesive characteristics, especially at higher values of the electron donor component since the deposits could easily be washed away. For the SB coatings, a longer induction period compared to those of untreated surfaces was observed and a significant reduction of the fouling rate could be achieved. Further analysis of surfaces revealed that SB coatings enhanced the acid-base repulsive force and thus reduced the deposit/solid adhesion energy. For the WB coatings, the Liftshitz-van der Waals attractive force plays a decisive role in the adhesion process due to the higher apolar component of the surface energy. Recent technological advances have given impetus in altering surface properties to mitigate fouling of heat transfer surfaces. The attempted coatings in this study demonstrated that they can extend the induction period of the fouling processes of CaSO 4 deposits by four times. This was but mostly due to their higher electron donor component of the surface energy compared to stainless-steel substrate.
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  • 20
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    Ultrasonic Hot Embossed Polymer Microreactors for Optical Measurement of Chemical Reactions (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: Ultrasonic hot embossing of polymers is an alternative to reduce fabrication costs of microreactors. An ultrasonic welding machine is used to melt a stack of thermoplastic foils and adapting them to a short-time milled aluminum mold showing the inversed design of the desired microfluidic cavities. Two micromixers were fabricated this way providing a low degree of axial dispersion and pressure loss. Stability analysis is successfully performed for a wide temperature range and high pressure. Mixing of colored aqueous solutions and neutralization reactions are implemented to both systems for defined volume flow rates and optically investigated via microscope. Reaction progress is automatically determined with a MATLAB script by reference to the consequential color change of the neutralization reaction with a color indicator. Typical mixing characteristics are identified for both mixers. Ultrasonic hot embossing of chemically resistant polymers as a simple and cost-effective fabrication method of microstructures and an optical analysis tool for tracing the progress of chemical reactions are introduced and evaluated. The simplicity of the fabrication method itself and good similarities of produced polymer micromixers with conventional ones made of other materials are pointed out.
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  • 21
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    Fully Automated Reactor System for Continuous Characterization of (Bio)catalysts (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-05
    Description: The existing screening and characterization systems for biocatalysts operate in batch mode, which could make catalyst selection and process development inaccurate when continuous operation mode is required in industry. A significant improvement of an innovative screening system based on miniaturized multiple membrane reactors formerly presented by the author is outlined, which enables continuous feeding of substrates and continuous removal of products. Although the presented screening system was originally designed for homogeneous enzymatic reactions, it can be used without further modifications for continuous catalysis with polymer-bound chemical catalysts or for quasi-homogeneous systems like reverse micelles. Currently available screening and characterization systems for biocatalysis are not sufficiently suitable for process description and scale-up of results to pilot- or full-scale reactors often operated in continuous mode. Hydrolysis of N -acetyl- L -methio-nine served as model reaction for an innovative continuous characterization system, implementing a precise dosing system.
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  • 22
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    Esterification of Renewable Levulinic Acid to n-Butyl Levulinate over Modified H-ZSM-5 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-06
    Description: The synthesis of n -butyl levulinate, one of the most important biodiesel additives, by catalytic esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) with n -butanol over modified H-ZSM-5 (micro/meso-HZ-5) in a closed-batch system is reported for the first time. The optimization of the reaction conditions such as the reactant molar ratio, the catalyst loading, the reaction time and the temperature was performed in view to maximize the yield of n -butyl levulinate. Micro/meso-HZ-5 was found to be the most efficient catalyst, with 98 % yield of n -butyl levulinate and a reusability for six cycles, which is higher than reported in the literature. A possible catalytic mechanism for the esterification reaction is also proposed. A second-order pseudo-homogeneous model with R 2  〉 0.97 confirmed that the esterification reaction is performed in the kinetic regime due to the high activation energy of 23.84 kJ mol −1 . The modified zeolite catalyst H-ZSM-5 (micro/meso-HZ-5) was used as heterogeneous acid catalyst in the esterification of renewable levulinic acid with n -butanol to produce n -butyl levulinate in a closed system. Micro/meso-HZ-5 turned out to be an efficient catalyst with 98 % yield of n -butyl levulinate and high reusability.
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 2/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-24
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 2/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-24
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 2/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-24
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 2/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-24
    Description: Robot in Laboratory. Copyright: Max Tactic – Fotolia.com.
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    Polyethersulfone/Poly(D,L-lactide) Blend Membranes: Preparation, Characterization, and Performance (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Polyethersulfone (PES) was blended with poly( D,L -lactide) (PDLLA) to prepare asymmetric membranes using the phase inversion method. The effects of the blend ratios and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as additive on the membrane structure, properties, and performance were investigated. The membranes were characterized by contact angle determination, scanning electron microscopy, porosity measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, degradation tests in compost, and dynamic tests for pure water flux and bakery product wastewater treatment. PES and PEG slightly reduced the membrane contact angle. Increasing the PDLLA concentration in the blend membranes enhanced the membrane degradation in compost and also the membrane porosity. The permeate flux of the membranes was improved, but the rejection of pollution indices did not change noticeably. Porous membranes have been widely applied in the fields of dialysis, clarification, and purification. The composition of membranes prepared by blending polyethersulfone with poly( D,L -lactide) (PDLLA) affected their characteristics. Increases in the concentrations of PDLLA and the additive poly(ethylene glycol) led to more porous structures, causing higher fluxes.
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    Simulation of Multi-Stage Particle Classification in a Zigzag Apparatus (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-20
    Description: The separation efficiency of a pilot-scale zigzag apparatus is investigated numerically using computational fluid dynamics simulations and discrete particle modeling in a coupled manner. The effects of various process variables, like particle size and air flow velocity, and of turbulence models were analyzed. The resulting changes concerning the process performance expressed by separation function and sharpness are discussed. Moreover, the residence time distribution was found to differ for fine and coarse particle discharges. Small particles are easily carried away by the fluid and respond immediately to almost every change in flow velocity. Therefore, they are affected by vortices, which increase their residence times compared to bigger particles. Zigzag air classifiers are superior to simple sieves for the separation of particles and are used in many industrial processes. The separation efficiency of a pilot-scale zigzag apparatus is studied using combined computational fluid dynamics simulations and discrete particle modeling. The process performance is discussed with respect to the chosen modeling approach and the operating conditions.
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    Impact of Sludge Floc Size and Water Composition on Dewaterability (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Description: In order to observe the impact of different water compositions on sludge dewaterability, assessments of floc sizes using a particle size analyzer and of sludge dewaterability based on the capillary suction time (CST) test were carried out. Synthetic raw water had small floc sizes, and synthetic domestic wastewater had both larger median floc sizes and a better correlation between sludge dewaterability and median floc sizes. The floc size distribution results showed that synthetic raw water is associated with a narrow particle size distribution. In comparison, synthetic domestic wastewater produced a wider distribution. However, the CST values were similar for both waters. Compared to synthetic wastewater, natural wastewater had the largest distribution with generally larger particle sizes. In order to observe the impact of different water compositions on sludge dewaterability, assessments of floc sizes and sludge dewaterability tests were carried out. The particle distribution results show that synthetic raw water is associated with a very narrow range of particles. In comparison, synthetic domestic wastewater produced a larger distribution. The capillary suction times were similar.
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    Experimental Study on a Hot-Oxygen Burner in a Bench-Scale Gasifier (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-31
    Description: The direct-ignition technology of an entrained-flow coal-water slurry gasifier with hot-oxygen burner (HOB) is presented. Experimental tests were carried out using diesel oil and coal-water slurry in a bench-scale entrained-flow opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasifier. Using a CCD camera equipped with high-temperature endoscope, flame images inside the gasifier were recorded and subsequently processed. The results show that the HOB diesel flame is more stable than the normal two-channel burner flame typically used. Entrained-flow coal-water slurry gasifiers can start up using the HOB directly without a higher preheated wall temperature. An HOB can potentially save gasifier preheating time and operation costs and enables a wide range of future applications. Entrained-flow gasification offers one of the cleanest ways to obtain energy from coal. The direct-ignition technology of an entrained-flow coal-water slurry gasifier with a new type of hot-oxygen burner (HOB) was extensively studied to prove the feasibility of the gasifier startup with this setup. The HOB permits to effectively decrease the gasifier preheating time and the system operation costs.
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    Comparing Different Synthesis Procedures for Carbide-Derived Carbon-Based Structured Catalyst Supports (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-31
    Description: Different approaches were analyzed to combine the tuneable micropore structure of carbide-derived carbons with a foam-like secondary porosity. The resulting structured catalyst supports were characterized in detail and applied in the model reaction of ethene hydrogenation. Preparation methods studied were dip-coating using polytetrafluoroethylene as binder on cellular metal structures, a chemical vapor deposition coating of the metal structures with thin carbide layers and subsequent conversion to carbide-derived carbon, and the partial or full conversion of carbide foams to carbon/carbide composites. For the binder method, optimal parameters for stable slurry preparation as well as for calcination of the slurry were obtained. It could further be demonstrated that the conversion of carbide foams into carbon/carbide composites leads to an appreciation between decreasing mechanical strength and increasing specific surface area. Structured catalysts are advantageous to conventional fixed-bed systems. Carbide-derived carbons with tuneable microporous structure were combined with a foamlike catalyst structure. The three preparation methods studied resulted in highly active catalysts. Optimal conditions for the easy-to-apply dip-coating method to stabilize the slurry for successful coating were determined and evaluated.
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    Numerical Simulation and Assessment of a Two-Stage Gasifier Modified from an Opposed Multi-Burner Gasifier (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-31
    Description: An opposed multi-burner (OMB) entrained-flow gasifier with coal water slurry feeding is developed by the East China University of Science and Technology. A 3D model is employed to numerically simulate the gas flow field, motion of char particles, and distributions of temperature and gaseous components in an OMB gasifier and in a conceptual two-stage gasifier modified from the OMB gasifier (TS-OMB gasifier). Results show that the TS-OMB gasifier produces higher concentration and productivity of the effective gases (CO+H 2 ) with a slightly higher carbon conversion than the OMB gasifier. The reasons for the differences between these two types of gasifier are discussed by means of numerical simulation. This information is valuable for guiding the design of an advanced OMB gasifier. With an increasing demand for syngas, entrained-flow gasifiers for coal conversion are installed at the fastest pace due to advantages such as low pollutant emission. Simulations of the gas component distribution, amongst other key factors, in an opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasifier and modified two-stage OMB gasifier were compared. The results are valuable for future design of an advanced OMB gasifier.
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 3/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 3/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
    Description: Factory. Copyright: Dmitry Lavrenyuk – Fotolia.com .
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 3/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 3/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-22
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 4/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: Steel pipe line. Copyright: supakitmod – Fotolia.com.
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    Performance and Energy Consumption of Membrane-Distillation Hybrid Systems for Olefin-Paraffin Separation (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: Light olefin and paraffin are commonly separated by energy-intensive cryogenic distillation. Membrane/distillation hybrid systems constitute an economical alternative separation process. Different configurations of this hybrid system are studied for olefin-paraffin separation with emphasis on C 3 separation. An approach based on the McCabe-Thiele method is applied to analyze different process configurations. A facilitated transport membrane is considered as membrane type. Both new column design and augmentation of an existing distillation column by a membrane module are considered. Numerical examples are considered for the separation of propane from propylene through different hybridization shapes with facilitated transport membranes. The energy requirement can be halved using hybrid systems. Membrane/distillation hybrid systems represent an economical alternative separation process compared to the commonly applied energy-intensive cryogenic distillation for separation of light olefin and paraffin. Different process configurations of such a hybrid system are evaluated. Under optimum conditions the energy requirement could be halved.
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 4/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 4/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 4/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
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    Influence of Different Grinding Devices on the Reactivity of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: To reduce environmental impact of cement production, granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) can be used as a cement clinker substitution. Its reactivity of can be increased by adequate fine grinding. The impact of different conventional laboratory-scaled mills (ball mill, vertical mill, and roller press) on the material properties was researched. Granulometrical, structural, and calorimetrical investigations were done. It could be demonstrated that at the same fineness the grinding unit does not significantly influence the cement performance like hydration heat release and compressive strength. On the other hand, particle properties like particle size distribution, particle shape, and thus workability characteristics of composite cements have been changed. The replacement of ordinary produced cement by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in the cement production reduces negative impacts on the environment. By adequate fine grinding the reactivity of GGBFS as a cement linker substitution could be enhanced. The influence of grinding devices on the reactivity of GGBFS is investigated and evaluated.
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    Effect of Polydispersity Index on the Grinding Limits of Highly Concentrated Limestone Suspensions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The impact of polydispersity index (PDI) values and doses of two sodium polyacrylates on grinding limits and particle size distributions of highly concentrated limestone suspensions was studied. The results indicated that viscosity and agglomerate particle size, and thus the apparent grinding limit, depended on the sodium polyacrylate dose as well as PDI value of sodium polyacrylate. The higher the sodium polyacrylate dose, the lower the viscosity and the smaller the apparent grinding limit were. The smallest primary particle size, the smallest apparent grinding limit, the narrowest agglomerate particle size distribution, and the lowest viscosity curve were obtained with sodium polyacrylate having a low PDI. Ultrafine grinding of limestone in stirred media mills is an attractive method for nano-CaCO 3 production. Effects of polydispersity index and doses of two sodium polyacrylates on the grinding limits of limestone suspensions were studied. Sodium polyacrylate with a low polydispersity index turned out to be an effective grinding aid for limestone.
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    Optimal Positioning of the Circulating Load Input along the Tube Mill Length (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: A method was sought that allows for coordinating the particle grinding time and the particle size in a closed milling circuit. This can be achieved by placing the input of the return flow from an end classifier at an intermediate position of the tube mill length. A simple model to estimate the efficiency of the approach is proposed. It is shown that such an optimal position exists and depends on the classifier efficiency. One of the key problems in improving the efficiency of grinding is how to match the particle size and the necessary grinding time. A model for optimizing the position of the circulating load input in a closed milling circuit with a tube mill is proposed. It is shown that such an optimum does exist and can yield a considerable gain in the circuit capacity.
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    Modeling of Screening Processes with the Discrete Element Method Involving Non-Spherical Particles (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: Phenomena related to sieving of non-spherical particles are investigated numerically in two batch apparatuses and on a horizontally aligned continuous sieve by particle-based simulation approaches in the framework of the discrete element method. The feed material is approximated by complex-shaped particles composed of clustered spheres. Comparisons are made with regard to the passage through the screen as well as the segregation and transportation on the screen. Results for passage are compared to data from literature, where simulations with spherical particles were performed of a laboratory-scale sieve operated with non-spherical quarry rock particles. Additionally, variations in screen inclination are investigated. Experimental results are matched by the simulations. A distinctive influence of particle shape on flow rates and residence times is identified. Despite many modeling advances, phenomenological models still lack the ability to represent dynamic processes within the unit operation sieving. Here, discrete element method simulations of complex-shaped particles on two batch apparatuses and a continuously operated sieve are performed. Phenomena related to sieving of non-spherical particles are investigated numerically.
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    Reduction of Surface Roughness and Rounding of Limestone Particles in a Stirred Media Mill (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The process and end-use behavior of ground material not only depends on the particle size or specific surface but is also influenced by the particle shape. Particle shaping can be done in a stirred media mill if the stress intensity is not enough to break the particle, so mainly abrasion and chipping are carried out. Low-stress intensity milling is presented in a dry stirred media mill to reveal the particle base rounding and surface roughness reduction. The main parameters of the product-related stress model are connected to the descriptive parameters of particle shaping. Batch grinding of limestone particles with narrow size distribution was carried out with different milling parameters. The product-related stress model can be used for the description of particle shaping. The rounded shape and smooth surface of particles is necessary for many processes. A stirred media mill was used in dry mode to produce rounded or smooth surface particles in a size range of a few hundred microns without significant size reduction. An evaluation method was created to show the effect of the milling parameters on the particle shaping in relation to the product-related stress model.
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    Experimental and Computational Investigation of Knoevenagel Condensation in Planetary Ball Mills (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The influence of several process parameters like milling time, ball-to-beaker volume ratio, diameter of milling balls, and rotation frequency on the Knoevenagel condensation of vanillin and barbituric acid in planetary ball mills was investigated. These parameters determine the amount of energy provided for the reaction. Additionally, numerical simulations were carried out to describe the stress conditions in detail and to compute the drive power and energy transfer which cannot be measured directly. The mill and experimental parameters were modeled by the discrete element method with adequate coefficients of friction and restitution required to describe the powder behavior in the system. The coefficients were determined by correlation of experiments and simulations. Mechanochemical synthesis may offer green solutions to organic synthesis. Using the Knoevenagel reaction under solvent-free conditions in a planetary ball mill, the results are correlated with discrete element method simulations to prove the dependency of the reaction yield on stress conditions. Smaller balls were more time and energy efficient due to higher power values achieved by high stress frequencies.
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    Mechanical Behavior of Deep-Frozen Bulk Solids at Compression (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The aim of this work is to clarify the complex interactions and various influencing parameters regarding the material behavior of deep-frozen bulk solids. Additionally, a better evaluation of the material behavior in practical applications needs to be ensured. As material samples, hard coal, iron ore, and sand were selected, and cube-shaped samples saturated with water were deep-frozen for defined periods of time. Subsequently, the influences of the residence time in the freezer and of the particle size on the material behavior were analyzed by carrying out uniaxial compression tests. An economically and technically efficient method is needed to overcome the problems associated with frozen coal. Hard coal, iron ore, and sand samples saturated with water were deep-frozen for defined periods of time. Uniaxial compression tests were carried out to analyze the influence of the particle size and the residence time in the freezer on the material behavior.
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    Size Reduction as Integral Element for Development and Manufacturing of Engineered Drug Particles (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: A general overview for the process development and manufacturing of engineered drug particles by size reduction techniques is provided. Drug compound and drug product characteristics are reviewed, which may need an engineered drug particle size. Drug particle attributes are introduced which are affected by size reduction techniques and potentially require additional downstream processing effort. The development of drug particle size specifications is described, including adequate size control. A brief overview is given on dry- and wet-milling technologies currently applied in drug development and manufacturing, including selected application examples. Finally, the processing of highly active drug compounds is introduced with respect to equipment design, worker protection, cleaning and waste management to minimize worker exposure and environmental impact. A brief overview is given on drug compound and drug product characteristics impacted by drug particle size. Size reduction techniques applied after chemical synthesis and isolation processing are introduced for the engineering of drug particle size. The repercussions for the processing of highly active drug compounds are overviewed with regard to worker exposure and environmental impact.
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    Challenges in Nanogrinding of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The production of nanosuspensions via stirred-media milling has proved to be an effective method to overcome bioavailability challenges of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The fine-grinding of the APIs cinnarizine and fenofibrate was investigated. Important process parameters were varied and the influence on product quality was studied. Different challenges were identified prior to and during milling: Foaming inside the milling equipment and agglomeration of fenofibrate occurred, and a long-term grinding experiment for cinnarizine revealed an increase in particle size, caused by ripening of the drug crystals during milling. Thus, the stability against ripening during the process is a newly identified challenge for the fine-grinding of APIs. The influence of process parameters on product quality for the milling of the active pharmaceutical ingredients fenofibrate and cinnarizine was investigated. Besides the well-known challenge regarding stabilization of the newly formed (nano)particles, a further challenge occurred: the ripening of the cinnarizine crystals during or shortly after the milling process.
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    Dry Fine Grinding with Jet Mills: Potentials of Energy Optimization (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: The interest in finer, dry products has led to the development of more efficient jet milling processes. The first part of the paper describes the thermodynamic basic principles for generation and application of steam, and compressed gases. Practical experience has shown that in the aspired fineness range stabilization during grinding provides an enormous potential for improvement. Some selected examples demonstrate that the energy requirement can be reduced by a factor of more than two by suitable choice of stabilizers. Application of single-stage, uncooled low-pressure compressors for jet milling offers an economical alternative to double-stage, cooled compressors for fine grinding. Stabilization during grinding provides an enormous potential for improvement. Selected examples demonstrate that the energy requirement can be reduced by a factor of 〉 2 with suitable stabilizers.
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    Use of an Enhanced Stress Model for the Optimization of Wet Stirred Media Milling Processes (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: Wet grinding processes, especially in terms of nanoparticle production, are extremely energy intensive, and for hard and abrasive product materials, high grinding media wear is produced. In order to minimize energy consumption, the choice of the process parameters is crucial. The decision on the process parameters often depends on experience or a certain number of laboratory- or pilot-scale experiments. Here, an enhanced stress energy model is used, which enables the prediction of optimum process parameters for inorganic materials in wet stirred media milling based on results for a different grinding material. The use of this model to select the process parameters is also valid with regard to grinding media wear: The grinding media wear reaches minimum values if the optimum parameters pertaining to the minimum specific energy are chosen based on this enhanced stress energy model, especially if soft products are ground. An enhanced stress energy model is used for the prediction of optimum process parameters for inorganic materials in wet stirred media milling based on results for a different grinding material. Optimization of the process parameters leads to minimum wear values for a certain product fineness, especially for materials that are softer than the grinding media material.
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    Grinding of Vegetal Fibers to Micrometer Size (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-04
    Description: Wheat bran is a vegetal fibrous material rich in different chemicals (e.g. arabinoxylan) that can be used as food ingredient. To increase the extractability of these compounds, production of small fiber particles and therefore milling for long periods of time have been proposed. Different laboratory- and pilot-scale technologies for fine and ultrafine grinding of wheat bran were evaluated in this publication. Various milling tools were applied both under wet and dry conditions. Generally better results were obtained when grinding the wheat bran under dry condition. Optimum results were achieved by a combination of ball milling followed by treatment of the powder with a jet air mill. Electron microscopic evaluation confirmed the sub-micrometer size of most particles and the presence of agglomerates. Wheat bran fibers are important in the food industry. Smaller fiber particle sizes could increase the extractability of its components. Therefore, different milling conditions were tested and optimal results were obtained when dry wheat bran was milled with a ball mill followed by a jet mill. Generally, finer particle size distributions could be achieved when dry milling conditions were applied.
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    Determination of the Collision Probability between Bubbles and Nonspherical Particles in Flotation (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-07
    Description: A new mathematical model of the collision probability between bubbles and non-spherical particles is proposed. In this model it is assumed that the characteristic size of the particle is much smaller than the bubble radius; the particle density is close to the density of the flotation medium and the particle moves along a streamline flowing around the floating bubble (so-called inertialess flotation). So, the stochastic orientation of the particle with respect to the bubble surface was considered. On the basis of this model, the analytical expressions of the collision probability for rod-like and disk-like particles in the Stokes and Levich hydrodynamic regimes were obtained. The obtained results were compared with previous theories and experimental data. For a particle suspended in an aqueous medium to be captured, the rising bubble must first collide with this particle. A new mathematical model of the collision probability between bubbles and non-spherical particles is proposed, considering the stochastic orientation of the particles with respect to the bubbles surface. The results are compared with previous theories and experimental data.
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    Supercritical CO2 Extraction of 1-Butanol and Acetone from Aqueous Solutions Using a Hollow-Fiber Membrane Contactor (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Porocritical extraction was applied to the separation of 1-butanol and acetone from aqueous solutions modeling a typical acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth. The efficiency of two lab-scale hollow-fiber membrane contactors of different was studied under various flow rates, solvent-to-feed ratios, and pressure conditions. Global and individual, i.e., tube side, membrane, and shell side mass transfer coefficients were determined. The main contribution to mass transfer resistance was found in the shell side in all cases, and experimentally determined shell side mass transfer coefficients were compared to values predicted by existing correlations. The porocritical extraction process combines the porosity of hollow fibers with the properties of supercritical fluids to create a nondispersive contact between solvent and aqueous feed and is particularly suited for the recovery of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. 1-Butanol and acetone were extracted from a model aqueous solution containing concentrations typically found in fermentation broths.
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    Chiral Resolution of Racemic Cyclopropanecarboxylic Acids in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The chiral resolution of two racemic cyclopropanecarboxylic acids with the resolving agents ( S )-2-( N -benzylamino)butan-1-ol and ( R )-1-phenylethanamine was investigated. The resolutions were based on diastereomer salt crystallization in supercritical carbon dioxide. Unreacted compounds were removed by an extraction step. Experiments were performed in a continuously stirred tank reactor and good enantioselectivities were obtained in a single step. Pressure, temperature, and density were found to strongly affect both the optical purity and the selectivity of the resolutions. The crystal structures of the formed diastereomer salts were also studied via X-ray diffraction. The modified Pope-Peachy method, a resolution technique, is applied to realize the organic solvent-free chiral resolution of two racemic acids using supercritical CO 2 as reaction medium. A fast reaction system is presented and in vacuo and in situ methods to achieve enantiomer separation of the racemic acids are compared. Good enantioselectivities were obtained in a single step.
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    Influence of scCO2, Ultrasound, and Quaternary Ammonium Salt on Gelation Time and Structural Characteristics of Silica (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: In situ synthesis of silica gels via a one-step sol-gel process at ambient pressure or in supercritical CO 2 was investigated. The influence of compressed gas, ultrasound irradiation, and quaternary ammonium salt (choline chloride) on the gelation time was determined. The obtained samples were characterized by N 2 adsorption/desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). The retention capacity of the corresponding silica aerogels for Rhodamine B was evaluated as a model for organic water pollutants. The obtained results proved that scCO 2 has a beneficial effect, leading to a reduction of the gelation time. The obtained aerogels exhibit a higher surface area and larger pore diameter as well as a well-defined cylindrical pore structure. The potential applications of silica aerogels in adsorption and catalysis are closely related to their nanostructure, pore size, and pore shape. The proposed one-step synthesis of silica aerogels employing supercritical CO 2 and ultrasound as well as choline chloride as quaternary ammonium salt is a proper way to reduce the gelation time and to design porous materials with tailor-made properties.
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    Transparent and Inexpensive Microfluidic Device for Two-Phase Flow Systems with High-Pressure Performance (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: A design strategy allowing the development of an inexpensive microdevice with a cylindrical section able to work at high pressures is established. The setup combines good optical access, high-pressure resistance, homogeneous operation conditions, fast process control and detection, and the ability to generate a stable two-phase flow. The experiments are conducted in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and supercritical carbon dioxide flow under isothermal conditions. The two-phase flow system is observed with a high-speed camera. An image processing procedure is performed on the films in order to determine the global two-phase flow geometrical characterizations. Coupling high-pressure processes with microtechnology provides decisive advantages for different fields of applications. A low-cost, transparent, and easily optically accessible high-pressure microdevice is developed. The applied strategies enable fast process control and detection and permit the generation of homogeneous operation conditions and a stable two-phase flow under high-pressure performance.
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    Semi-Empirical Model for Limestone Dissolution in Adipic Acid for Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Wet flue gas desulfurization systems are commonly applied to remove sulfur dioxide by contacting it with limestone in an aqueous phase. The effects of pH, stirring speed, solid-to-liquid ratio, acid concentration, and temperature on the dissolution rate of limestone in adipic acid were investigated. The reaction dissolution kinetics was determined by fitting the experimental data into the shrinking core model. The sorbent was characterized at different dissolution periods. An increase in the specific surface area of the sorbent was attributed to formation of portlandite. The experimental data were found to fit the shrinking core model with chemical reaction control. A semi-empirical model was developed from the experimental data to describe the dissolution kinetics. The SO 2 removal efficiency of wet flue gas desulfurization systems using limestone as sorbent can be improved by addition of various organic acids. The dissolution kinetics of limestone in adipic acid was investigated. The effects of decisive process variables were determined and a semi-empirical model was developed for the process. The dissolution of limestone follows a shrinking core model with chemical reaction control.
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    Nutrient Management in Processing of Steam-Exploded Lignocellulose Phytomass (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Energy production from phytomass residues such as harvest leftovers is generally accepted as a sustainable way. Excellent results may be reviewed in papers based on laboratory observations. However, trials performed on a commercial scale show that without proper disintegration long retention times, huge fermenters, or various chemicals are required. The results obtained in a commercial scale suggest that intensive disintegration makes subsequent processes less manageable. Two conventional methods of nutrient management and the recently proposed method, which takes into account the availability of nutrients, have been robustly tested. The data from all three methods and the technological and cost assessment that followed demonstrated that the application of the newly proposed method opens up the potential for further optimization, which may lead up to significant reductions in energy price. Energy production from phytomass residues is generally accepted as a promising and sustainable way. Two conventional methods of nutrient management and a recently proposed method, which considers the availability of nutrients, were compared. As a result, the application of the newly proposed method provides great potential for further optimization, which may lead to significant reductions in energy price.
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    Iron Oxide/Polymer-Based Nanocomposite Material for Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption Applications (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The processing of iron oxide nanoparticles derived from spray flame synthesis for specific adsorption applications is described. After the as-prepared particles proved the ability for H 2 S removal in pure gas treatment, two different nanoparticle-based composite materials were prepared. While impregnation of activated carbon with the as-prepared nanoparticles showed the expected increase in H 2 S adsorption capacities, a significant enhancement in desulfurization performance was observed for a novel iron oxide nanoparticle composite material. H 2 S adsorption was tested in fixed-bed breakthrough curve measurements. The H 2 S removal efficiency of the novel material under ambient conditions indicates highly promising properties for potential use in industrial and air pollution control applications. A promising approach to develop new adsorbents is the usage of nanoscale materials. An innovative adsorbent for desulfurization application was prepared by synthesizing a carbonaceous, porous structure with embedded nanoparticles, creating a Fe x O y nanoparticle/polystyrene composite. The obtained adsorbent provided a significantly higher capacity for H 2 S adsorption at room temperature.
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    Oiling-Out and Crystallization of Vanillin from Aqueous Solutions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Dynamic light scattering experiments performed on precrystalline liquid solutions that shows oiling-out at higher vanillin concentration resulted in scattering from assumed precrystalline clusters. The structures appear during crash-cooling into the supersaturated area and grow to µm size. They decrease in size and number at the appearance of visible crystals and might be unstable amorphous phases or or precrystalline structures that fit into the classical theory of crystallization. The data presented explains as to why the temperature-time history influences the behavior of crystallization and shows that structures can coexist with the oiling-out phenomena, but not as a direct part of it. Crystallization and its relation to oiling-out or liquid-liquid phase-separation are subjected to an ongoing discussion. The accepted classical crystallization theory is under debate. The results from dynamic light scattering experiments performed on precrystalline liquid solutions with the solute vanillin are believed to contribute to an eventually new or extended crystallization theory.
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    Breakage Probability of Stressed Granules Using a Degradation Model (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The proposed degradation model is verified by experiments to determine the breakage behavior of inhomogeneous granules. The stressing contact points are configured by repeated stressing. The model represents contact point configuration and distributed mechanical properties within a single granule by fitting Monte-Carlo data. It is applied to fit the cumulative breakage probability with normal, random, and Weibull strength distributions. The drop weight test verifies the model by testing γ -Al 2 O 3 and Zeolite 4AK granules. A damage accumulation effect by repeated stressing is observed. A degradation model is developed. The model is applied to determine the breakage behavior of inhomogeneous granules. It is verified by simulation analysis and experiments. Monte-Carlo data with normal distributed breakage forces is fitted. The breakage probability is calculated by considering the configuration of stressing contact points.
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    Applicability of Metals as Liner Materials for Ammonoacidic Crystal Growth (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: The ammonoacidic crystal growth allows industrial production of bulk semiconductor materials like gallium nitride as a widely known material for applications in photonics. A limitation of this process is strong corrosion of the growth autoclave which consequently leads to high impurity density in grown crystals, even if the autoclave is partly lined with state-of-the-art systems. Innovative metallic liner technologies are evaluated which allow a complete lining of the autoclave and peripheral parts. In this way, bridging the gap between fundamental research regarding the corrosive degeneration of possible liner materials and the implementation of novel lined autoclaves for improved growth conditions. Screening tests to find suitable materials and evaluate its potential for development of a liner technology are described. Ammonothermal reactors mainly consist of nickel base alloys. Despite their corrosion resistance, substantial degeneration of the alloys especially under ammonoacidic conditions occurs. Screening tests demonstrate that galvanic noble metal coatings possess high potential as cost-effective liner technique for passivation of the complete autoclave including peripheral parts like sealing parts.
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    Mathematical Modeling of Hydrogen Production via Methanol-Steam Reforming with Heat-Coupled and Membrane-Assisted Reactors (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-09
    Description: Hydrogen production and purification via methanol-steam reforming was studied in a membrane reactor coupled with a catalytic combustor heat supply, applying 1D non-isothermal mathematical models. Both mass and heat transfer behaviors were evaluated simultaneously in three reactor components. Based on data of methanol conversion, hydrogen recovery, and carbon monoxide selectivity, the membrane reactor performance was found to be controlled by the methanol-air flow rate in the combustor, reformer operating pressure, and sweep gas flow rate. Higher hydrogen permeation driving force leads to high reformer operating pressure and sweep gas flow rate. Methanol conversion is enhanced compared with a conventional reactor under the same operation conditions with increased hydrogen removal from the reformer. Hydrogen production from reforming hydrocarbon fuels may constitute a possible solution to distribution and storage problems of hydrogen. A 1D non-isothermal mathematical model is established for analyzing hydrogen production via methane steam reforming in a methane reformer coupled with a combustor. Under optimized conditions, hydrogen removal from the reformer and methanol conversion could be enhanced.
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    Activity and Stability of Lipase Preparations from Penicillium corylophilum: Potential Use in Biocatalysis (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-07
    Description: Biocatalysts with lipase activity were produced by Penicillium corylophilum under basal and olive oil-induced conditions. In the presence of olive oil, both the extracellular and the mycelium-bound lipase activities were increased significantly. The four biocatalysts maintained a residual lipase activity after incubation in a wide pH range showing high stability in a defined acidic to neutral pH range. Some differences between biocatalyst residual activities were also observed after incubation at various temperatures or in the presence of organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, butanol, hexanol, n -hexane, and heptane. Enzymes which are stable in the presence of ethanol or butanol could be useful in ecofriendly processes for biodiesel production. By manipulating the culture conditions of Penicillium corylophilum it is possible to produce biocatalysts with different enzymatic properties, which could be applied in a diverse range of industrial processes. Combining these potentially cost-effective biocatalysts with high ethanol or butanol enzyme tolerance, significant cost reduction could be expected for ecofriendly processes of biodiesel production.
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    Extraction Behavior of Lipids Obtained from Spent Coffee Grounds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2 ) extraction was applied to extract lipids from spent coffee grounds. The effects of different process conditions on the extraction yield and composition of the extracts were investigated by response surface methodology. A comparison of the experimental results with those obtained by conventional solvent extraction was also performed. In all these samples, the main fatty acids were rich in palmitic and linoleic acids. Moreover, a new method was developed and validated for the gas chromatographic analysis of sterols and tocopherols. The results demonstrate that sc-CO 2 extraction is principally a potential candidate method for the extraction of lipids and high value-added compounds from residues/by-products. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2 ) extraction of lipids from spent coffee grounds. The newly developed method for gas chromatographic analysis of sterols and tocopherols demonstrates that sc-CO 2 extraction is a feasible method for the extraction of lipids and high value-added compounds from residues/by-products like spent coffee grounds.
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    Kinetics of Heterogeneous Biodiesel Synthesis Using Supported ZnO as Catalyst (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: A heterogeneous catalyst, ZnO supported on alumina/silica, was synthesized by the sol-gel method. The prepared catalysts were employed for methanolysis of sunflower oil. Effects of various supports as well as calcination temperature were evaluated following the kinetics of the reaction. Simple first-order irreversible and reversible reaction models were applied to determine the reaction rate constant. The results proved that under optimized conditions the catalyst exhibited good activity in the methanolysis of sunflower oil and the kinetics of the methanolysis process could be expressed by the first-order reversible reaction model. For other catalysts with lower activity, the first-order irreversible reaction model could be successfully applied to describe well the process kinetics. Reaction kinetics of heterogeneously catalyzed methanolysis is usually described by a first-order kinetic model. The catalyst was synthesized by a one-step sol-gel method. The kinetics of this process was determined and simulation with obtained rate constants performed to check whether first-order irreversible or reversible reaction models could describe the reaction kinetics.
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
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    High-Pressure Processes (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 11/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
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    Coal Pyrolysis in a Laboratory-Scale Two-Stage Reactor: Catalytic Upgrading of Pyrolytic Vapors (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-01
    Description: In situ upgrading of coal pyrolysis vapors over Ce/Zr/Ni and Ce/Zr/Ni/Zn catalysts was studied in a two-stage reactor. The catalytic effects of Ce/Zr/Ni and Ce/Zr/Ni/Zn on the pyrolysis products were examined, revealing that CO 2 , CO, and H 2 were dramatically increased and pyrolytic water was decreased when using these catalysts. The tar collected in the cooling traps showed a slight increase after catalysis. Compared to the no-catalyst condition, heterocyclic compounds and multicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tar were significantly reduced, and benzene derivatives and aliphatics were increased. The molar ratio of H/C in tar was analyzed to further evaluate the tar quality. Possible reaction routes are proposed. Two-stage catalytic coal pyrolysis was studied to directly upgrade the pyrolytic vapors. In the presence of the catalysts Ce/Zr/Ni and Ce/Zr/Ni/Zn, benzenes, aliphatics, and phenols were significantly increased in the tar, at the expense of oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed.
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    An Improved Correlation of the Mean Drop Size in a Modified Scheibel Extraction Column (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-01
    Description: The drop size is of fundamental importance in the design of liquid-liquid extraction columns, the drop size was measured as a function of the geometry, operating conditions, and physical properties of a liquid-liquid system with no mass transfer in a five-stage modified Scheibel extraction column. An improved correlation of the mean drop size in the Scheibel extraction column is presented. The correlation was divided into three sections in terms of the Reynolds number. It could be applied in a wide range and could be further used for the study of mass transfer performance of the modified Scheibel extraction column. In liquid-liquid extraction columns, the drop size affects the dispersed-phase holdup, residence time, and throughputs. The drop size in a five-stage modified Scheibel extraction column was measured as a function of geometry, operating conditions, and physical properties of a liquid-liquid system with no mass transfer. An improved correlation of the mean drop size in this column is presented.
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    Preparation, Sedimentation, and Agglomeration of Nanofluids (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-01
    Description: Research on nanofluids has increased significantly in the last decade due to the distinctive potential in many applications such as enhanced heat transfer processes, drug delivery systems, and membrane manufacturing processes. The study of dispersion behavior of nanoparticles in liquids is a topic of keen interest towards the preparation of stable nanofluids. A comprehensive review on the recent progress in preparation and stability of nanofluids is presented. Settling of nanoparticles is the only predicament towards preparation of stable nanofluids which takes place due to formation of agglomerates. The settling behavior of nanoparticles in nanofluids and techniques to stop agglomeration are described. Nanofluid preparation techniques, assessment method of stability, and methods to reduce agglomeration are discussed. Importance of nanofluids has increased significantly due to their unique potential for various applications in different fields. The dispersion behavior of nanoparticles in liquids is a key characteristic for preparation of stable nanofluids. Since knowledge of the settling behavior of nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing the degree of stability, recent progress on preparation and stability of nanofluids is reviewed.
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: Tank equipment. Copyright: xmagics – Fotolia.com
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
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    De-SOX Performance of Spinels Containing Manganese (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: The development of sulfur transfer agents plays a significant role in the environmental pollution control. However, at present, there are only few researches on the addition of active components to the sulfur transfer agent. Using manganese as an active component, the structure of a sulfur transfer agent is regulated through microwave reaction. The influence of the sulfur transfer agent with manganese on oxidative desulfurization performance is analyzed. The results demonstrate the key role of manganese as an active component in the reduction reaction process by pulse reduction reaction. To meet the requirements of industrial smoke-gas treatment, a key interest in the refining industry is to remove SO 2 in the processing of fluid catalytic cracking of raw materials. The desulfurization performance and recycling behavior of a promising sulfur transfer agent containing manganese is evaluated, providing basic theories and new technologies for the development of new sulfur transfer agent systems.
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 9/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: Oil and Gas Processing Plant. Copyright: zorandim75 – Fotolia.com
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  • 79
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    Steam and Dry Reforming Processes Coupled with Partial Oxidation of Methane for CO2 Emission Reduction (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: CO 2 is thought to contribute to global climate change. A novel integrated process of steam methane reforming (SMR) and dry methane reforming (DMR) coupled to partial oxidation of methane (POX) has been developed that utilizes the compensating heat effects of DMR and POX and recycles a large amount of CO 2 to the DMR+POX section. Both SMR and the integrated process were simulated using Aspen Plus and were optimized to operate under their respective optimum operating conditions. Modified mitigation cost (MMC) was implemented as the evaluation method. The results demonstrate that the combined process is more efficient than the SMR process due to its reutilization of CO 2 and lower requirement of raw materials. Amine-based CO 2 absorption proved to be suitable for CO 2 capture. The integrated process of steam methane reforming (SMR) with dry methane reforming coupled to partial oxidation of methane for production of syngas is systematically evaluated and compared to the conventional SMR process. The combined process allows for considerable energy and utility cost savings.
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  • 80
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    Energy Dissipation Rates of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids in a Stirred Vessel (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: Energy dissipation rates of water and glycerol as Newtonian fluids and carboxyl methyl carbonate solution as non-Newtonian fluid in a stirred vessel are investigated by 2D particle image velocimetry and compared. Mean velocity profiles reflect the Reynolds ( Re ) number similarity of two flow fields with different rheological properties, but the root mean square velocity profiles differ in rheology at the same Re-number. Energy dissipation rates are estimated by direct calculation of fluctuating velocity gradients. The varying energy dissipation rates of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids result from the difference in fluid rheology and apparent viscosity distribution which decides largely the flow pattern, circulation intensity, and rate of turbulence generation. The energy dissipation rate ϵ is essential for quality and efficiency of mixing processes in stirred vessels. Energy dissipation rates of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated directly from 2D particle image velocimetry. The dissimilar rates of these fluids result from the difference in fluid rheology and apparent viscosity distribution.
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  • 81
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 9/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
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  • 82
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    Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of the Parex' Feed and Desorbent Streams from Batch Experiments (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: The adsorption of the main components of the Parex process, i.e., p -xylene, m -xylene, o -xylene, ethylbenzene, p -diethylbenzene, and toluene, was studied in a batch adsorber operating under the conditions of an industrial unit (177 °C, 9 bar). Prior to each experiment, the faujasitic-type adsorbent was pretreated under helium flow to control the hydration level of the adsorbent. The experimental uptake curves were used to determine adsorption equilibrium data, which were fitted with Langmuir-type isotherms. A mathematical model in which the macropore diffusion is the rate-controlling mechanism, satisfactorily describes the experimental uptake curves. The Parex process, used for the separation of p -xylene is based on the affinity differences to the adsorbent between p -xylene and the other components of the feed. The adsorption of these components is studied under industrial conditions using experimental uptake curves obtained from batch experiments and mathematical modeling with the macropore diffusion rate as the rate-controlling mechanism.
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  • 83
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 9/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
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  • 84
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    Designing Absorption Processes with Aqueous Diglycolamine (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-08-27
    Description: 2-(2-Aminoexthoxy)ethanol or diglycolamine (DGA) is a CO 2 absorption solvent that is suitable to treat natural gas, flue gas, and biogas or landfill gas. Equilibrium CO 2 solubility in concentrated aqueous DGA solvents with varying molality was measured under absorption and desorption conditions at different temperatures. Viscosity and surface tension of the solvent before absorption, after absorption, and after desorption were determined. With increasing DGA molality, CO 2 loading remained constant until the number of moles of DGA exceeded the number of moles of water. For a given DGA molality, with higher CO 2 loading, viscosity increased exponentially and surface tension rose with a power of two. Diglycolamine (DGA) has been the solvent of choice for treating low-pressure, very sour associated gas. When compared with monoethanolamine or diethanolamine gas-sweetening processes, a DGA process presents economic incentives such as lower heat consumption and a lower circulation rate. Experimentally measured properties of aqueous DGA solvents can be used to design absorption and desorption columns.
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  • 85
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    Effect of Particle Shape on Inline Particle Size Measurement Techniques (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: The influence of the particle shape on the results of different measuring techniques was investigated. Considered were single-frequency ultrasound technique, 3D optical reflectance measurement (advanced particle analyzing system with multi capture signal technology), and focused-beam reflectance measurement probes as techniques which are usable inline and in suspension density ranges usually present in industrial crystallization processes. Advantages and shortcomings of these techniques are compared and discussed. Powerful sensor technologies to analyze suspension density and mean particle size in crystallization processes inline and in real time are ultrasound, 3D optical reflectance measurement, and focused-beam reflectance measurement techniques. Measurement principles, advantages and disadvantages as well as and the different sensitivities of these techniques with respect to the shape of particles are evaluated and discussed.
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  • 86
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    Mass Transfer Reaction Kinetics of β-Isophorone Oxidation by Air in an Agitator Bubbling Reactor (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: The mass transfer reaction kinetics of β -isophorone ( β -IP) oxidation reaction by air was investigated in a lab-scale agitator bubbling reactor. This reaction can be regarded as instantaneous and there exists a critical concentration of β -IP. When the catalyst concentration is kept unchanged, the reaction rate is only controlled by the gas film and the reaction kinetics is of zero order with respect to β -IP when the β -IP concentration lies over the critical concentration. The reaction rate is controlled by the dual film and the kinetics is of first order with respect to β -IP when its concentration is below the critical concentration. Under the gas film-controlling condition, the effect of temperature, agitator speed, and aeration on the reaction rate is evaluated. A correlation equation of gas phase volumetric mass transfer coefficients combining superficial gas velocity and agitator speed is defined. Since to date the mass transfer reaction process of β -isophorone ( β -IP) oxidation by air has been only rarely reported, the kinetics of this reaction in a lab-scale agitator bubbling reactor is analyzed. A correlation equation of gas phase volumetric mass transfer coefficients is defined, providing a valuable theoretical basis for industrial design of a β -IP oxidation reactor.
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  • 87
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    Fabrication of Palladium Membranes Supported on a Silicalite-1 Zeolite-Modified Alumina Tube for Hydrogen Separation (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: Thin palladium membranes were fabricated on macroporous α -Al 2 O 3 tubes by electroless plating. The silicalite-1 (Sil-1) zeolite serving as intermediate and diffusion barrier layer was introduced to modify the surface roughness and pore size of the porous substrate and prevent the atomic interdiffusions of the metal elements between Pd layer and the support. The Pd composite membranes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), revealing that morphology and structure of the Sil-1 layer significantly influence the Pd membrane preparation. Single-gas permeation tests were carried out with gas H 2 and N 2 to determine the permeation performance of the membranes. The resulting membrane exhibited long-term stability under hydrogen permeation. Membrane techniques for H 2 separation are increasingly demanded in chemical and petrochemical industries. Thin and dense palladium membranes were prepared on macroporous α -alumina tubes by electroless plating using silicalite-1 zeolite as the intermediate and diffusion barrier layer. The excellent hydrogen permeability and stability allow the composite membrane to act as membrane reactor for H 2 separation.
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  • 88
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    Improvement of a Gas Intake Device and a Gas Mixing Study in a Large-Scale Vessel (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: Gas mixing is a common process in chemical engineering. For actual industrial manufacturing of chemicals, most reactions commonly run in reactors or reaction vessels with large volumes (over 10 m 3 ). In order to simulate a gas mixing process in a sealed reactor, and finally to improve the mixing effect between the gases, here the mixing process between methane and air in a reaction vessel with a volume of 10 m 3 was studied via several approaches. Several specific evaluation indexes, including the mixing degree, the maximum concentration difference, and the mixing time, were obtained and recorded to evaluate the mixing effect on the gases. After a series of experiments targeting the determination of the size and pressure difference values of the gas intake device, the mixing effect between methane and air was finally optimized. The mixing degree was found to reach 0.97 within 1 h of monitoring, and the mixing time was decreased by 1700 % from the original situation. Gas mixing in large-scale reactors is an important field in chemical engineering. A gas intake device matching the size of a large-scale reaction vessel was designed. The inside/outside pressure difference of the vessel was identified as an important factor influencing the mixing effect. The optimum size of the gas intake device was determined by numerical simulations and experimental results.
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  • 89
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    Design Strategies for Integrated β-Galactosidase Purification Processes (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: The operational conditions for an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for β -galactosidase purification were optimized and applied to the design of a purification strategy as an alternative to the primary purification steps. The ATPS proved to be suitable for the recovery and primary enzyme purification. The purification process design developed by ATPS, diafiltration, ion exchange, and diafiltration/ultrafiltration was successful, yielding a more than tenfold purification. The purification strategy design resulted in a powerful integrated purification and recovery process, an evidence of the potential for a scale-up of the β -galactosidase purification process. As an alternative to the usual primary purification steps, a strategy for β -galactosidase was established from purification methods amenable to scale-up, allowing the application of the enzyme in enzymatic hydrolysis processes. The proposed process design involving aqueous two-phase system, diafiltration, ion exchange, and diafiltration/ultrafiltration led to a high purification factor and recovery of the enzyme.
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  • 90
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    Prediction of Phase Split in Horizontal T-Junctions: Revisited (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: The prediction of liquid–liquid two-phase flow at a horizontal dividing T-junction is re-investigated, focusing on a stratified orientation of the liquids. Kerosene (as oil) and water as the test fluids of previous studies are used to predict the distribution of oil and water in a 0.025-m diameter pipe and tee. In addition to the previously studied models, attempts are made to predict the split for liquid–liquid systems by the already known energy minimization. The earlier model, formulated from geometrical considerations and force balance resulting from centripetal as well as inertial forces, is refurbished by the addition of energy minimization for the calculation of phase depth. Two-phase flow through a T-junction can cause a major problem of operation and control in oil and gas production due to misdistribution of the phases. Based on previously studied models, the prediction of liquid–liquid two-phase flow at a horizontal dividing T-junction is re-investigated. Attempts are made to predict the split for liquid–liquid systems by including energy minimization.
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  • 91
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    Comparative Study on Thermodynamic Analysis of CO2 Utilization Reactions (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: Thermodynamic analysis of dimethyl ether (DME) and methane synthesis from CO 2 hydrogenation, and dry reforming of methane was performed using Gibbs free energy minimization. The effects of temperature, pressure, and feed composition on conversion, selectivity, and yield were investigated for each process. High pressure, high H 2 /CO 2 ratio, and low temperature favored DME production. The yield of methane during CO 2 methanation increased at lower temperature, higher pressure, and H 2 /CO 2 ratio. The yield of synthesis gas improved at higher temperature. Comparison of the three processes demonstrated that the CO 2 conversion was highest during CO 2 methanation reaction if the fraction of CO 2 mol in the feed was less than 0.3. Above this value in the feed, dry reforming allowed the highest CO 2 conversion. Comparative thermodynamic analysis of dimethyl ether synthesis and methane synthesis from CO 2 hydrogenation reactions as well as dry reforming of methane was performed by Gibbs' free energy minimization. Influences of temperature, pressure, and feed compositions on conversion, yield, and selectivity were evaluated. Based on the results, the optimal process for CO 2 utilization could be predicted.
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  • 92
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: Overall View of Oil and Gas Installation. Copyright: christian42 – Fotolia.com
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  • 93
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2014 (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
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  • 94
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    Mechanism of Flue Gas Desulfurization with Sodium Phosphate Solution (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: To provide theoretical instructions for experiments and industrial application of regenerative flue gas desulfurization by sodium phosphate solution, the properties of phosphate solution and multiple buffer solution system of phosphoric acid-sulfurous acid-sodium salts formed from the desulfurization process were analyzed using the theory of multiple buffer solution combined with the chemical equilibrium principle and computer numerical calculation methods. The influence of pH and phosphate concentration on the distribution coefficient and buffer capacity was calculated and validated by experiments. Results indicate that the distribution coefficient of the species in buffer solution only varied with the solution pH value. The experimental buffer performance was similar to the theoretical value. Desulfurization by sodium phosphate solution utilizes the multiple buffer ability of phosphate radicals. The buffer capacities of phosphate solution and a multiple buffer system of phosphoric acid/sulfurous acid/sodium salts are theoretically calculated and validated by experiments in order to provide theoretical instructions for experiments and industrial application of regenerative flue gas desulfurization.
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  • 95
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 12/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
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  • 96
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    Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2014 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
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  • 97
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    Improved Density Correlation for Supercritical CO2 (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-28
    Description: An experimental apparatus was designed to measure accurately the density of supercritical CO 2 in wide temperature and pressure ranges. Based on experimental results, the curves for CO 2 density as function of pressure at certain temperatures were divided into linear-growth, rapid-growth, and slow-growth intervals. The relative error between the experimental and calculated density values for a number of frequently used equations of state was evaluated. These equations were corrected after analyzing the accuracy of each equation in the different intervals. A new method for calculating the density of supercritical CO 2 that includes 28 constant parameters is proposed to determine the density at a known temperature and pressure. Precise predictions for the density of supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) are crucial for developing and applying new techniques by combining experimental data with theoretical analyses. The twelve most commonly applied equations of state were chosen to study both the variation law and relative errors of the SC-CO 2 density. A new density calculation formula is proposed for practical applications.
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  • 98
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    Catalytic Performance of Coal Char for the Methane Reforming Process (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-28
    Description: A new concept of combined coal gasification and methane reforming in a single reactor was proposed as an alternative path for syngas production using coal and coalbed methane. Here, the results of this process are summarized. The experimental work was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. Methane cracking, CO 2 /steam reforming of methane over coal char, and the effects of chars made from different types of parent coal on methane conversion were examined. The catalytic effect of coal char on methane cracking and reforming increased with decreasing coalification degree. A synergistic effect was observed in that, while the coal char catalyzed the methane reforming reactions, gasification of the coal char took place simultaneously, which counter-balanced the deposition of carbon especially for the methane-steam-char system. A new concept of combined coal gasification and methane reforming process in a single reactor is presented. Coal char exhibited remarkable catalytic activity in the methane cracking and reforming reactions, with the catalytic effect increasing with decreasing coal rank. Simultaneous gasification of the coal char counter-balanced the detrimental deposition of carbon on the catalyst surface.
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  • 99
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    Multiple Analysis in a Reactive Distillation Column for the Synthesis of tert-Amyl Methyl Ether (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-06
    Description: tert -Amyl methyl ether (TAME) is produced via reactive distillation. A simulation is set up and controlled on Aspen HYSYS v 8.0 for generating the highest purity of TAME. This simulation includes a plug-flow reactor and a reactive distillation column. Emphasis was put on finding the optimal operating conditions of the reactive distillation column in order to get the maximum purity of TAME. The operational parameters were reflux ratio, number of reactive stages in the distillation column, and condenser pressure. The results indicated the optimal reflux ratio and condenser pressure which could be adapted to industrial scale. tert -Amyl methyl ether (TAME) possesses advantageous characteristics for gasoline blending. TAME production by reactive distillation was simulated for generating the maximum purity. Various parameters within the reactive distillation column were expected to effectively influence the product purity. The improved design could be adapted to industrial scale.
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  • 100
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    Mathematical Modeling and Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Reactive Absorption of H2S (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-06
    Description: A rate-based mathematical model was developed for the reactive absorption of H 2 S in NaOH, with NaOCl or H 2 O 2 as the chemical oxidant solutions in a packed column. A modified mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase was obtained by genetic algorithm and implemented in the model to correct the assumption of instantaneous reactions. The effects of different operating variables including the inlet H 2 S concentration, inlet gas mass flux, initial NaOH, concentrations of the chemical oxidants in the scrubbing solutions, and liquid-to-gas ratio on the H 2 S removal efficiency were studied. A genetic algorithm was employed to optimize the operating variables in order to obtain maximum removal efficiency of H 2 S. The model results were in good agreement with the experimental data. A modified rate-based mathematical model was developed and evaluated in order to predict the removal efficiency of H 2 S in a packed-bed column with NaOH and chemical oxidant solutions as absorbents. Results of the validated model were adapted to a genetic algorithm to calculate optimal operating variables. Among the most effective operation parameters the initial pH of the alkaline solution was determined.
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