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  • 1
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    Intermittent Drying: Energy Expenditure and Product Quality (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description: Several issues pertinent to intermittent drying of clay-like materials were analyzed with respect to energy consumption, quality of dried products, and drying time. Experimental tests were performed on the cylindrically-shaped kaolin samples for batch convective drying realized with both periodically alternated temperature and humidity of the drying air. To assess the benefits from intermittent drying, a series of tests were carried out at both parameters kept constant. The net energy necessary for material heating and moisture evaporation was numerically calculated based on the authors' model of drying kinetics, and related to the experimentally measured total electric energy consumption to evaluate the effectiveness of intermittent drying. The quality of dried samples was quantified in terms of crack intensity and magnitude. It was found that intermittent drying permits much better product quality with comparable drying time and energy consumption when drying occurs under constant conditions. Intermittent drying of clay-like materials was studied with respect to energy consumption, quality of dried products, and drying time. The kinetics of intermittent drying was determined experimentally for kaolin KOC samples of cylindrical form and a mathematical model of drying kinetics was used to numerically calculate the corresponding kinetic curves.
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  • 2
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    Stochastic Modeling of Fluidized Bed Granulation: Influence of Droplet Pre-Drying (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-16
    Description: A stochastic Monte Carlo method was used to solve the population dynamics of fluidized-bed granulation. Special emphasis was put on the addition of liquid to the process and on the microprocess of droplet pre-drying. Pre-drying can occur during the flight of droplets from the tip of the nozzle to the fluidized bed, especially in top-spray configuration. A single-droplet drying model that considers the change of droplet diameter and of the radial concentration profile of binder in the droplet was developed and validated by experiments in an acoustic levitator. Combined with spray flow field considerations, this model can be used to retrieve an initial droplet diameter from spray measurements. Integrated in the Monte Carlo simulation, it shows that pre-drying can significantly decrease the agglomeration rate due to overspray and premature solidification instead of successful droplet deposition. The Monte Carlo method is used to describe agglomeration in spray fluidized beds. Special focus is put on the pre-drying of droplets during their flight from the nozzle tip to the expanded particle bed. Pre-drying is modeled, validated by experiments on single droplets in an acoustic levitator and integrated in the MC simulation. The latter shows that excessive pre-drying may prevent droplet deposition and thus inhibit agglomeration.
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  • 3
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    Modeling the Moisture Content Distribution over a Rotating Porous Cylinder using Markov Chains (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: The objective of this study is to describe moisture distribution in a rotating porous cylinder. Variable orientation of the gravitational and centrifugal forces during rotation causes rather complex, unsteady distribution of the moisture content. The optimal speed of rotation which provides the minimum nonhomogeneity of the distribution can be found. A cell model for this purpose is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains. Transition probabilities in the chain of cells are conditioned by pure diffusion and convection caused by the forces. The basic features of the process are investigated and the optimal process parameters are found. A model that describes moisture distribution in a horizontal rotating porous cylinder is proposed. For the case of no rotation, moisture concentrates at the bottom of the cylinder; at rotations that are too fast, it concentrates at the periphery of the cylinder. In both cases, its distribution is very nonhomogeneous. At optimal speed, the most homogeneous distribution can be reached.
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  • 4
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    A New Control-Volume Finite-Element Scheme for Heterogeneous Porous Media: Application to the Drying of Softwood (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: An improved mesoscopic model is presented for simulating the drying of porous media. The aim of this model is to account for two scales simultaneously: the scale of the whole product and the scale of the heterogeneities of the porous medium. The innovation of this method is the utilization of a new mass-conservative scheme based on the Control-Volume Finite-Element (CV-FE) method that partitions the moisture content field over the individual sub-control volumes surrounding each node within the mesh. Although the new formulation has potential for application across a wide range of transport processes in heterogeneous porous media, the focus here is on applying the model to the drying of small sections of softwood consisting of several growth rings. The results conclude that, when compared to a previously published scheme, only the new mass-conservative formulation correctly captures the true moisture content evolution in the earlywood and latewood components of the growth rings during drying. A new mesoscopic model was proposed for simulating the drying of porous media. Applying the new model to cross-sections of a pinewood board, the distribution of water within each control volume is correctly captured, which provides a better representation of the true moisture content distribution during drying.
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  • 5
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    New Developments in Drying (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
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  • 6
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
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  • 7
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    Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Pressure Swirl Atomizers (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: The prediction of droplet size distributions for atomization nozzles is important for process design and improvement of industrial spraying processes. However, especially for non-Newtonian liquids, the published research applicable for engineering purposes is rare. To derive fundamental correlations for droplet size distributions in the future, the multiphase flow inside the spray nozzle is investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and measurements of droplet size distributions are done under the same flow conditions. In the present paper, two different hollow-cone nozzles were investigated using the volume-of-fluid method with large-eddy turbulence modeling inside the open source software OpenFOAM®. An experimental test rig suitable for spraying organic solvents was built. To derive fundamental correlations for droplet size distributions for non-Newtonian liquids in atomization nozzles, the multiphase flow inside the spray nozzle is investigated by computational fluid dynamics; measurements of droplet size distributions are done under the same flow conditions. Two different hollow-cone nozzles were investigated using the volume-of-fluid method with large-eddy turbulence modeling. An experimental test rig suitable for spraying organic solvents was built.
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  • 8
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    CFD Simulation of Capillary Condensation during Freeze Drying of Porous Material (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description: The formation and distribution of condensed vapor during the freeze drying of porous polymer hydrogels are numerically evaluated. The sublimation-condensation model is developed by CFD simulation to investigate phase change in the freeze drying process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the structure of cross-linked gelatine and an idealized geometry model was applied to determine interconnected pore structure. The simulation explores the influence of various parameters on condensation and drying rate, including temperature, pressure, pore diameter, liquid volume fraction, and porosity. The optimum temperature is estimated to enhance drying rate and decrease condensation in the freeze drying process. The results show that condensation in porous materials depends on capillary forces and cause invasion percolation patterns. A CFD model was generated to simulate phase change in the freeze drying process with a two-phase mixture model. Slip flow, buoyancy, and capillary forces in micropores were analyzed with suitable boundary conditions. Numerical methods were extensively used to solve mass transport, continuity, and momentum and energy equations with the finite volume method.
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  • 9
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    Flow Channel Boundaries in Silos (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: The critical slip planes at the silo filling state are compared with the flow channel boundary during silo discharge for semi-mass flows. The static critical slip planes are determined by using the dynamic programming method based on the stress field of granular solids stored in silos at the filling state. The flow channel boundary is estimated through the finite element analysis of the silo discharge. The results indicate that the critical slip line lies above the flow channel boundary. This characteristic can be attributed to the changeover of major principal stress directions of granular solids from the silo filling to the silo discharge. The analysis demonstrates that the silo wall friction tends to lift up the critical slip plane and flow boundary. A simple correlation is developed between the positions of critical slip planes and flow boundaries and is experimentally verified. Identifications of flow channel boundaries in silos are studied by using a static slope stability analysis and the dynamic finite element method. A simple approach is developed and experimentally verified to identify positions of flow channel boundaries. The disagreements of diverse assumptions of flow channel boundaries in numerical computations concerning silo discharges are identified.
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  • 10
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    Scientific Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
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  • 11
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    Pore Network Model and Simulation of Transport Process for Grain Drying (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: A nonequilibrium model was developed and simulated by adopting a dual-scale pore network approach. The distributions of temperature, moisture, and pressure in drying air, as well as the temperature and moisture content profiles in grain kernels were obtained from the pore scale model and the kernel scale model, respectively. A small test bin was built to conduct in-bin drying experiments and to validate the model. The results from the experiments and the simulations indicate that the dual-scale pore network approach could explain the drying process of the deep-bed grain drying process well. The influences of grain bulk porosity and cereal particle size distribution were also investigated by numerical simulations. A non-equilibrium model was developed and simulated by adopting the dual-scale pore network approach. The distributions of temperature, moisture, and pressure in drying air, as well as the temperature and moisture content profiles in grain kernel were obtained from the pore scale model and the kernel scale model, respectively. A small test bin was built to conduct in-bin drying experiments and to validate the model.
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  • 12
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    Drying Models, Myths, and Misconceptions (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: Several fallacies commonly appear in articles or papers on drying. They fall into two main categories: inadequate or discredited theory which continues to be repeated, and theoretical models which are too complex for practical use, generate results in the wrong form, or do not take account of measurement limitations. Cases are highlighted where published theory is inadequate (e.g., Page's equation) and where simplified models can have better fitness for purpose than complex ones (e.g., in fluidized bed drying). The universal drying curve (UDC) is a useful concept for rapid evaluation of drying in deep well-mixed beds. Simplified drying models can be superior to complex models requiring extensive data. Effective models include the universal drying curve (UDC) as a useful concept for rapid evaluation of drying in fluidized beds and for other convective dryers, scale-up relationships, and energy analysis methods. Conversely, the widely used Page's equation for drying kinetics is an inaccurate oversimplification.
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  • 13
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    Effects of Drying and Agglomeration on the Dissolution of Multi-Component Food Powders (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: This work proposes routes to produce dairy-based multi-component powders that meet nutritional and dissolution performance requirements. The effects of processing and composition on the physical properties of dairy powders were investigated and the relationship between such powder properties and dissolution performance was established. A spray-dried milk-based formulation was used as base powder, into which a carbohydrate, either starch or maltodextrin, was incorporated in varying proportions by dry mixing or fluid-bed agglomeration. Physical properties such as particle size, density and flowability of the resulting powders were analyzed and particular attention was given to their dissolution behavior. Incorporation of either maltodextrin or starch in the final powder composition, without compromising the dissolution performance, was achieved by fluid-bed agglomeration, provided that the amount of maltodextrin was less than 25 % or the amount of starch did not exceed 15 % and that the final agglomerate size was in the range of 250–300 μm. The effects of drying and agglomeration conditions on the physical properties of dairy-based multi-component powders were investigated, as well as the relationship between powder properties and dissolution performance. This work proposes routes to produce dairy powders containing starch or maltodextrin with good reconstitution properties.
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  • 14
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    Numerical Study of Convective Water Desorption from the Polystyrene Cation Resin CG-8 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the influence of structural and operational factors on convective desorption processes (desorption of a liquid from capillary-porous material). The possibility to utilize this model for the case of water desorption from the polystyrene cation resin CG-8 is presented. The model accounts for unsteady one-dimensional simultaneous heat and mass transfer between the gas (humid air) and the solid phase (CG-8 resin). The identification of effective transport properties for the considered packed bed of material (CG-8 resin) is discussed. To this purpose, data from the literature are used. A mathematical model was developed to evaluate the influence of structural and operational factors on convective desorption processes. The possibility to utilize this model for the case of water desorption from the polystyrene cation resin CG-8 is presented. The model accounts for unsteady one-dimensional simultaneous heat and mass transfer between gas and solid phase. The identification of effective transport properties for the considered packed bed of material is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Effect of Temperature on Fine Particle Drying in a Draft-Tube Conical Spouted Bed (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description: The performance of a draft-tube conical spouted bed for drying fine particles under batch operating conditions has been assessed at several temperatures using nonporous and open-sided draft tubes, and the results have been compared with those obtained when operating without a draft tube. In order to ascertain the influence of temperature on drying, experimental runs have been carried out in the 25–300 °C temperature range. The open-sided draft tube provides the best performance due to the excellent gas-solid contact attained with this device, which enables shorter drying times. A maximum air temperature of 200 °C is recommended for energy optimization. An open-sided tube protruding above the stagnant bed by at least 2/3 of the latter's height produces much lower and denser fountains than a tube flush with the upper surface of the bed. The drying process of building sand in a bench-scale plant at different temperatures was analyzed. The performance of a draft-tube conical spouted bed for drying fine particles under batch operating conditions was assessed using nonporous and open-sided draft tubes and compared to results obtained without a draft tube. The open-sided draft tube provided the best performance due to the excellent gas-solid contact.
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  • 16
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    Innovative Energy-Efficient Biomass Drying Based on Self-Heat Recuperation Technology (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description: A novel drying system based on self-heat recuperation (SHR) technology, which recuperates both sensible and latent heat, was developed to reduce effectively the energy consumption for biomass drying. A fluidized bed dryer with internal heat exchangers was selected as the main dryer. Square wood chips of Pinus radiata with average dimensions of 10 mm were selected as biomass sample. The relation between the required energy input and fluidization velocity and a comparison with the available mechanical vapor recompression (MVR)-based drying technology were evaluated. The results prove that the proposed SHR technology could reduce the required energy consumption for biomass drying significantly at all evaluated fluidization velocities to about 2/3 of that required for MVR-based drying technology. A novel drying system based on self-heat recuperation (SHR) technology, able to effectively recover both the sensible and latent heat, was developed. The proposed SHR-based fluidized bed dryer could significantly reduce the required energy consumption for biomass drying at all evaluated fluidization velocities to about 2/3 of that required for mechanical vapor recompression-based drying technology.
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  • 17
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
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  • 18
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: Dried Particles. Courtesy: E. Tsotsas
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  • 19
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    Forum: Chem. Eng. Technol. 7/2011 (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
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  • 20
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    Impact of Storage Duration on the Gaseous Emissions during Convective Drying of Urban Residual Sludges (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-29
    Description: Drying has become an important step within the context of sludge management. Sometimes, sludges from several wastewater treatment plants are centralized in order to dry them at an acceptable cost. Depending on sludge supply, there can be a delay between delivery and feeding into the dryer. The impact of sludge storage duration on the drying kinetics and on the exhaust emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ammonia is investigated. Results show that, after 20 days of storage, the drying time is multiplied by 1.5, and the emissions of VOCs and NH 3 are multiplied by 5 and 40, respectively. The impact of sludge storage duration on the drying kinetics and associated gaseous emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia at 4 °C and 12 °C is investigated. The results indicate that after 20 days of storage the drying time is multiplied by 1.5 and the emissions of VOCs and NH 3 by 5 and 40, respectively. The drying rate decreases with storage time, whereas economic and energy costs increase.
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  • 21
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    Thermodynamic Simulation of CO2 Capture for an IGCC Power Plant using the Calcium Looping Cycle (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-12
    Description: A CO 2 capture process for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant using the calcium looping cycle was proposed. The CO 2 capture process using natural and modified limestone was simulated and investigated with the software package Aspen Plus. It incorporated a fresh feed of sorbent to compensate for the decay in CO 2 capture activity during long-term cycles. The sorbent flow ratios have significant effect on the CO 2 capture efficiency and net efficiency of the CO 2 capture system. The IGCC power plant, using the modified limestone, exhibits higher CO 2 capture efficiency than that using the natural limetone at the same sorbent flow ratios. The system net efficiency using the natural and modified limestones achieves 41.7 % and 43.1 %, respectively, at the CO 2 capture efficiency of 90 % without the effect of sulfation. A CO 2 capture process for an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant using the calcium looping cycle was proposed. The CO 2 capture efficiency and system net efficiency for the IGCC power plant using natural and modified limestone were simulated and investigated with the software package Aspen Plus.
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  • 22
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    Concentration of Natural Vitamin E Using a Continuous Countercurrent Supercritical CO2 Extraction-Distillation Dual Column (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: A continuous countercurrent supercritical CO 2 extraction-distillation dual-column process was developed to extract and concentrate natural vitamin E (VE) from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD). The experimental results demonstrated that process parameters such as extraction pressure, temperature, and solvent-to-feed ratio significantly impacted on the extraction efficiency of natural VE. A new five-parameter mass transfer model for the continuous countercurrent supercritical CO 2 extraction-distillation dual-column process was presented based on the Penetration and Double-Film theories. The calculated values of the mathematical model agreed well with the experimental data, with absolute average relative deviation values of less than 25 %. A continuous countercurrent supercritical CO 2 extraction-distillation dual-column process was developed to extract and concentrate natural vitamin E from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. A new five-parameter mass transfer model for this process was presented based on the Penetration and Double-Film theories.
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  • 23
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    Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Nanorods via Hydrothermal Conditions (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: The effect of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 primary solutions as the starting materials in the synthesis of a calcium phosphate phase was examined. Therefore, wet chemical reactions were investigated in solution at different temperatures by hydrothermal conditions aimed at hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , HAp) synthesis. The powders were investigated by XRD, SEM, FE-TEM, HRTEM, EDAX, SAED, and FTIR. It is found that the HAp have diameters of 25–50 nm and lengths of 120�30 nm with different morphologies. As a matter of fact, the hydrothermal method guarantees the production of HAp for different applications. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the major component of natural bone minerals. Nanorod HAp with a good crystallinity was developed by a hydrothermal method. The nanorods have a high degree of crystallinity and are uniformly structured. These high-quality HAp nanorods represent a well-defined nanoscale structure needed for both fundamental studies and clinical applications.
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  • 24
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    Residence Time Distribution of Steady and Pulsed Flow in a Parallel-Plate Channel with Staggered Fins (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: The residence time distribution (RTD) in a parallel-plate channel with staggered fins for both steady and pulsed flow conditions was experimentally determined. Dispersion and tank-in-series models were also adopted to characterize the system. The process fluid was water and the experiments were performed at room temperature. A steady Reynolds number Re ranging from 100 to 1000 was studied. The pulsating flow was generated using a frequency f of 6–20 Hz and an amplitude A of 0–2.3 mm. A pulse injection of sodium chloride solution was used as a tracer and the response in the form of electrical conductivity was measured at the outlet stream. The flow in the staggered finned channel approaches nearly plug-flow behavior with either higher steady-flow velocity or superposition of oscillation at low Re. Residence time distribution (RTD) in a parallel-plate channel with staggered fins for both steady and pulsed flow conditions has been studied. The flow in the staggered finned channel approaches nearly plug-flow behavior with either higher steady flow velocity or superposition of oscillation at moderately low Reynolds number.
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  • 25
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    Experimental Investigation of Gas Holdup and Slug Lengths in an Upflow Monolith Reactor (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: A new non-invasive visualization technology was successfully developed to determine the hydrodynamics parameters of Taylor flow in monolith channels. With the developed method, the gas and liquid slug lengths as well as the gas holdup in channels of different radial positions were measured. Accordingly, the average gas holdup in different radial zones and the mean slug lengths over the monolith cross-section were calculated with varying superficial gas and liquid velocities. By defining the maldistribution factor, the degree of non-uniform distributions of these parameters over the monolith cross-section was investigated quantitatively. The results showed that a moderate gas-to-liquid velocity ratio can result in uniform distribution for both gas holdup and slug lengths. In addition, the obtained mean slug lengths were well correlated with simplified Qian and Lawal correlations. A new non-invasive visualization technology was successfully developed. The gas and liquid slug lengths and the gas holdup in channels at different radial positions of a monolith were obtained by analyzing bubble images captured at the monolith outlet region. The maldistributions of the gas holdup and slug lengths were investigated. The mean gas and liquid slug lengths were well correlated with simplified correlations from literature.
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  • 26
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    Preparation of Rutile Titanium Dioxide White Pigment by a Novel NaOH Molten-Salt Process: Influence of Doping and Calcination (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: Rutile titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) white pigment is prepared by a novel NaOH molten-salt process. Titanium slag is decomposited by NaOH molten salt to obtain sodium titanate which is then converted into hydrate titanium dioxide (H 2 TiO 3 ) through acid dissolution and hydrolysis. Finally, TiO 2 white pigment is prepared by H 2 TiO 3 doping and calcinations. H 2 TiO 3 prepared by this innovative method is characterized and the influencing factors of doping and calcination of H 2 TiO 3 on pigmentary properties of TiO 2 are investigated. H 2 TiO 3 with certain characteristics could be prepared through the controlled hydrolysis step in the NaOH molten-salt process. Good pigmentary properties of rutile TiO 2 white pigment are achieved by doping with suitable amounts of K 2 O, P 2 O 5 , Al 2 O 3 , and rutile nuclei, thereby approaching the quality of the commercial TiO 2 pigment standards. The preparation of rutile TiO 2 white pigment by means of a novel NaOH molten-salt process is demonstrated. Color performance was improved by the addition of K 2 O, P 2 O 5 , Al 2 O 3 , and rutile nuclei. The improved color performance of rutile TiO 2 white pigment approaches the quality of commercial TiO 2 pigment standards.
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    Hydrodynamic Behaviors in Gas-Solid Two-Phase Magnetic Fluidized Beds 1. Experimental Results Represented by a Dimensionless Number (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-03
    Description: The influence of magnetic field intensity and process parameters on the transient fluidization behaviors of magnetically stable fluidized beds (MSFBs) was studied. The local solid holdup distribution and magnetically stabilized regimes were carried out by experimental measurements in MSFBs. The scaling approach for MSFB hydrodynamics based on magnetic field and dynamic similitude with a limited number of dimensionless groups was tested. A dimensionless number for magnetic field has been developed. An experimental criterion for the magnetically stabilized fluidization is established based on random analysis of the void fluctuation signal. It includes two characteristic parameters of the main frequency of voidage fluctuation signals, i.e., the self-correlation function and variance. A dimensionless correlation to calculate the stable zone with three dimensionless groups of Er, Ar, and Re was proposed using dimensionless analysis. The influence of magnetic field intensity and process parameters on the transient fluidization behaviors of magnetically stable fluidized beds was investigated. A dimensionless correlation to calculate the stable zone with the three dimensionless groups, i.e., Archimedes number, Reynolds number, and ratio of magnetic potential and gravity potential energy, is proposed.
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    Hydrodesulfurization-Supported Catalysts: Effect of the Preparation Method (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-05
    Description: Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene in a batch reactor was performed at 5.5 MPa and 320 °C on CoMoS/Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 using trans -1,2-cyclohexanediamine- N,N,N′,N′ -tetraacetic acid (CYDTA) as a complexing agent for the preparation method. The effects of titania, concentration of CYDTA, and preparation procedure were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, BET, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia experiments. The catalyst prepared by impregnation with γ -alumina and titanium isopropoxide as raw materials and a CYDTA/Co mole ratio of 1.2 provided an HDS activity (on a pseudo-first-order kinetic constant basis) value ∼3.8 times higher compared to that of a CoMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene in a batch reactor was performed on CoMoS/Al 2 O 3 -TiO 2 using trans -1,2-cyclohexanediamine- N,N,N′,N′ -tetraacetic acid (CYDTA). Combining alumina-titania mixed supports, an appropriate catalyst preparation, and the optimum proportion of CYDTA in the catalyst network led to a new catalyst for the HDS reaction.
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    Corrosion Resistance of Steels Used in Alcohol and Sugar Industry (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-04
    Description: Evaporators used in power plants for sugar production are vessels with two boxes of heat exchangers. These heat exchangers made of a low-corrosion resistance material are frequently replaced during the alcohol production process. In view of the growing production of cane, sugar, and alcohol, and the corrosion of materials used in power plants, it was necessary to find alternative materials for carbon steel applied in the evaporators. A comparative study of the corrosion resistance of stainless steel as well as unalloyed and alloyed carbon-manganese steels in neutral and acid sugar cane juice electrolytes is presented. The alloyed carbon steels showed the best corrosion behavior in an acid environment compared to a neutral medium. Among the alloyed carbon steels, ASTM T11 and ASTM T22 steels provided the highest corrosion resistance in sugar cane juice. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel as well as unalloyed and alloyed carbon-manganese steels in neutral and acid sugar cane juice electrolytes was determined. The alloyed carbon steels presented the best corrosion behavior in an acid environment compared to a neutral medium. Among the alloyed carbon steels, ASTM T11 and ASTM T22 steels provided the highest corrosion resistance in sugar cane juice.
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    Intensification of Cyclopentadiene Dimerization by Ultrasound Irradiation (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-04
    Description: Cyclopentadiene and isoprene are produced in large quantities by the steam cracking of naphtha and gas oils to produce ethylene. At room temperature, cyclopentadiene slowly dimerizes in a Diels-Alder reaction to give dicyclopentadiene. This work presents a new method for accelerating the Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation under ambient conditions. The effects of various reaction conditions such as ultrasonic reaction time and reaction temperature on cyclopentadiene dimerization and oligomerization of cyclopentadiene and isoprene were investigated. The results showed that the two reactions could be significantly enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation. The kinetic results revealed that the introduction of ultrasonic irradiation lowered the activation energy of both reactions, but not to the same degree. The increased difference in activation energy between the two reactions is the driving force to produce more dicyclopentadiene in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation. Cyclopentadiene and isoprene are produced in large quantities by the steam cracking of naphtha and gas oils to produce ethylene. At room temperature, cyclopentadiene slowly dimerizes in a reversible Diels-Alder reaction to form dicyclopentadiene. A new method is presented for accelerating the Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation under ambient conditions.
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    Micellar Extraction of Zinc with Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric Acid and the Addition of the Cationic Surfactant Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-09
    Description: The addition of surfactants can influence extraction processes. In cases where the surfactant concentration is above the critical micelle concentration, the mass transfer rate increases due to the formation of inverse micelles and, thus, through the mechanism of micellar extraction of zinc. The influence of the added surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on zinc extraction with the cation exchanger di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was analyzed based on extraction equilibrium and mass transfer experiments. The observed experimental results are explained phenomenologically. Improvements of metal extraction with regard to selectivity and output can be achieved by using surfactants. Addition of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide can influence the mass transfer of zinc by the formation of micelles and inverse micelles. The advantages of the proposed micellar extraction are faster extraction of zinc and higher potential loadings of the organic extract phase.
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    Novel Thermomorphic Biphasic Amine Solvents for CO2 Absorption and Low-Temperature Extractive Regeneration (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-09
    Description: The key challenge in amine-based CO 2 capture from flue gases is to reduce the energy consumption required for solvent regeneration. Lipophilic amines exhibit a thermomorphic phase transition upon heating, giving rise to autoextractive behavior, which intensifies desorption at temperatures well below the boiling point of aqueous solutions. The low regeneration temperature of less than 80 °C together with the high cyclic CO 2 loading capacity of ∼0.9 mol  mol absorbent –1 of such thermomorphic biphasic solvent (TBS) systems permit the use of low-value and even waste heat at temperatures below 100 °C for desorption. In order to reduce the exergy demands still further, techniques for enhancing CO 2 release using extractive regeneration with inert solvent addition were investigated at temperatures of 40–50 °C to permit the use of waste heat at temperatures of ∼70 °C or less. The regeneration of 3 M absorbed lipophilic amine solutions with 0.93 mol mol –1 CO 2 loading by using various additional solvents and the evaluation of the extractive performance in multiple-stage crosscurrent and countercurrent configurations indicated the promise of adding certain hydrophobic solvents to enhance the low-temperature regeneration of TBS absorbents. Thermomorphic biphasic amine absorbents perform high loading capacity, good reactivity, excellent regenerability, and low regeneration temperature for CO 2 capture. Extractive regeneration using inert hydrophobic solvents can reduce the desorption temperature to 40–50 °C, thus enabling the use of waste heat for regeneration and facilitating thermal integration of CO 2 capture into the remaining process.
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    Selective Adsorption of Phenol and Nitrobenzene by β-Cyclodextrin-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxide: Equilibrium and Kinetic Study (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-09
    Description: The composite of carboxymethyl-modified β-cyclodextrin-intercalated ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (CMCD-LDH) was investigated for selective adsorption of phenol (Ph) and nitrobenzene (NB). The Freundlich model can be used to describe satisfactorily the adsorption isotherms of Ph and NB. The adsorption capacity of CMCD-LDH for Ph and NB increases with the increase of temperature, indicating the endothermic nature of this sorption process. CMCD-LDH exhibits preferential adsorption for Ph over NB at pH 6.5 due to the selective recognition of the interlayer CMCD cavity. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were applied to simulate the kinetics of the adsorption process. The calculated q e values based on the pseudo-second-order model are much closer to the experimental data q e,exp . As a result, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model is more reasonable to describe the adsorption process of Ph and NB onto the CMCD-LDH composite. CMCD-LDH can be potentially applied in selective adsorption and separation of wastewater pollutants. The composite of carboxymethyl-modified β-cyclodextrin-intercalated ZnAl-layered double hydroxide (CMCD-LDH) was investigated for selective adsorption of phenol (Ph) and nitrobenzene (NB). It displays preferable adsorption for Ph when Ph and NB are in a competitive environment and can be regarded as a potential adsorbent for selective separation of neutral aromatic pollutants in wastewater.
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    Investigation on Thermal Runaway in Batch Reactors by Parametric Sensitivity Analysis (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-09
    Description: A batch system is an inherently parametric sensitivity system where small changes of input parameters can induce large changes of output variables. In the present work, temperature and temperature sensitivity with respect to the initial temperature were investigated by parametric sensitivity analysis using a dimensionless batch reactor model. The influence of the Semenov number, the heat of reaction parameter and the Arrhenius-type number on reactor temperature and temperature sensitivity were studied. It is demonstrated that batch reactors can exhibit high sensitivity when small changes in input parameters lead to large changes in temperature and temperature sensitivity trajectories. A criterion is established for thermal runaway by analyzing temperature sensitivity trajectories and applied to some experimental examples. This criterion allows runaway and safe conditions to be identified, the results being in agreement with the experimental data. The proposed criterion can satisfactorily predict the safety limits of the operating conditions. Increasing attention has been paid to thermally safe operation of chemical reactors to avoid runaway accidents. A new and simple sensitivity-based criterion was developed for thermal runaway in batch reactors by analyzing temperature sensitivity trajectories and applied to experimental examples. The proposed criterion has proved to be very effective in predicting the critical conditions of thermal runaway.
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    Influence of Solvent Polarity on the Mechanism and Efficiency of Formic Acid Reactive Extraction with Tri-n-Octylamine from Aqueous Solutions (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-31
    Description: The reactive extractions of formic acid with tri- n -octylamine (TOA) dissolved in three solvents with different dielectric constants (dichloromethane, butyl acetate, n -heptane) without and with 1-octanol as phase modifier were comparatively analyzed. The results indicated that the mechanism of the interfacial reaction between acid and extractant (Q) is controlled by the organic phase polarity. In the absence of 1-octanol, the structures of the extracted complexes are (HA) 2 Q 2 for dichloromethane and butyl acetate, and (HA) 2 Q 4 for n -heptane. These structures are modified by adding 1-octanol and become (HA) 2 Q for extraction in dichloromethane or butyl acetate, and (HA) 2 Q 2 for extraction in n -heptane. Although the presence of 1-octanol improves the extraction efficiency, it leads to a reduction of the extraction constants for all considered solvents, an influence that is more significant for n -heptane. The study is an original approach of the reactive extraction of formic acid with tri- n -octylamine from the viewpoint of the extraction efficiency and mechanism, using solvents with different polarity (dichloromethane, butyl acetate, n -heptane). The effect of 1-octanol addition on the extraction efficiency and the mechanism was analyzed. The structures of the extracted compounds formed by the interfacial reaction between formic acid and amine were established.
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    Influence of the Spray Method on Product Quality and Morphology in Spray Drying (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-31
    Description: The spraying system is responsible for the particle formation and spray pattern. The most important features of sprays emerging from different atomizers are discussed. In the case of pneumatic atomizers the entrainment is low and a well-mixed jet with little segregation of fine and large particles occurs. A much stronger interaction of gas and spray takes place in the case of large spray angles as, e.g., produced by rotary atomizers. To some extent the particle morphology is known to depend on the drying speed and thus on the entrainment. The dependency of the quality and morphology of spray-dried products on the spray method is discussed. The generated liquid drops possess varying sizes and, therefore, are subject to different drying histories, finally resulting in products distributed in quality. The most important features of sprays emerging from different atomizers are reviewed.
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    Modeling the Growth Kinetics of Fluidized-Bed Spray Granulation (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-31
    Description: Fluidized-bed spray granulation is used to produce porous granular particles from suspensions, solutions, and melts. In this work, the adapted two-fluid model approach is used to simulate the fluid dynamics in the fluidized bed, and a simplified direct quadrature method of moments is adopted to mimic the full particle size distribution. The size-dependent growth kinetics is obtained by computational fluid dynamics simulation for short process times from the modeling of drop deposition on the particles. This kinetics is used in the population balance equation to predict the evolution of the full particle size distribution for long process times. Such a multiscale approach allows for a description of continuous granulation processes. In this investigation, a coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance equation (PBE) approach is used to simulate the growth of polydisperse particles in a fluidized-bed spray granulation process. The growth kinetics is used in the PBE to solve the development of the particle size distribution for a long process time without considering the fluid dynamics.
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    Particle Residence Times in Fluidized Bed Granulation Equipments (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-31
    Description: Various types of fluidized bed equipments used in granulation were experimentally investigated in order to gain a more detailed insight in particle recirculation behavior and particle residence times in the two considered compartments, namely the spray compartment and the drying compartment. The investigated fluidized bed technologies comprise a top-spray process, a spout fluidized bed without and with internal riser, and a spouted bed. The measurements were conducted by using image analysis techniques on an almost 2D particle flow. From the results, conclusions about particle wetting and drying can be extracted, subject to fluidization velocity, nozzle mass flow rate, and facility/riser construction. An innovative approach for investigating various fluidized bed granulation equipments by applying two coupled image analyzing techniques is presented. State-of-the-art measurement techniques of particle image velocimetry in combination with a new algorithm of particle volume fraction determination are employed to experimentally identify local particle residence times in an unprecedented manner.
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 6/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Turnkey plant for the production of high-quality vacuum gas oils. Copyright: ThyssenKrupp AG
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 6/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
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    Forum: Chem. Eng. Technol. 6/2011 (2011)
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    Scientific Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 6/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
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    Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties of Polysaccharides (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Polysaccharides are the most important components of herbal biomass with a high application potential. Their thermochemical characteristics, however, have been little studied. In the present paper, an effective thermodynamic analysis was carried out with the aim of setting a method for reasonably estimating the thermochemical properties of polysaccharides such as cellulose. The properties of formation and heat capacities were estimated by general thermodynamic methods like group contribution methods as well as methods followed from synthetic polymer studies. The results were compared with those obtained by empirical correlations derived from the data for short chain carbohydrates, the only literature data available for validation. The properties were determined depending on the degree of polymerization and temperature. Convenient thermodynamic methods for the estimation of thermochemical properties were analyzed with the objective of specifying those that could provide reasonable values for the homologous series of carbohydrates. The properties were determined as a function of temperature and carbo-hydrate chain length. These allow the prediction of formation properties of polysaccharides such as cellulose.
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    Safety-Considered Proactive Flare Minimization Strategy under Ethylene Plant Upsets (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Ethylene plant upsets usually lead to flaring of off-spec products, resulting in significant losses of raw material and energy as well as to air emission problems. Under the premise of plant safe operation, establishing process recycles connecting off-spec streams to their upper-stream process can help to reduce flaring during plant upsets. Operational strategies for recycling the potential flaring sources, i.e., effluents from the acetylene reactor and ethylene tower overhead, under various process upsets are developed and analyzed based on rigorous plant-wide dynamic simulations. Safety considerations on the compressor system performance have been addressed by quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of various recycling strategies. Case studies demonstrate that the safety-considered flare minimization strategies can proactively reduce the flaring emission amount and upset time and thus have great potentials of economical and environmental benefits to ethylene plants. Recycling strategies for flaring minimization during ethylene plants upsets have been studied. The safety-considered flare minimization strategies can proactively reduce the flaring emission amount and upset time, thus indicating great potentials for economical and environmental benefits to ethylene plants.
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    Process Analysis and Multi-Objective Optimization of Ionic Liquid-Containing Acetonitrile Process to Produce 1,3-Butadiene (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Using ionic liquid (IL) [C 2 MIM][PF 6 ] as an additive could remarkably improve the performance of the acetonitrile (CAN) process, which is the most widely used distillation process to produce 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BT). In this work, a rigorous simulation of a new IL process to produce 1,3-BT was carried out to evaluate the performance of IL additive on an industrial scale, using UNIFAC as the global thermodynamic model. Based on the simulation models, some key operation parameters, such as solvent ratio and reflux ratio, were determined by sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization was proposed and performed considering both the energy consumption and environmental impact (green degree) of the new process. A nonlinear mathematical model was established to express this multi-objective optimization problem, which includes six decision variables and involves maximizing the green degree of the process, the purity and the recovery of 1,3-BT, and minimizing the energy consumption of the process. The optimization results showed that the energy consumption of the IL-containing process could be reduced by 22 % and that its green degree could be improved by 9.2 %. A multi-objective optimization model for an IL-containing process which involves six decision variables and four objectives, including environmental impact (green degree), was proposed and solved by a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm).
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    An Image Analysis Method for the Measurement of Mixing Times in Stirred Vessels (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: An image analysis method has been developed for measuring mixing times in stirred vessels. The method consists of capturing images of the flow patterns observed in the agitated vessel by use of a fast acid-base indicator reaction technique. These images are analyzed to quantify the color evolution by means of a hue, light, and saturation color model (HLS), which corresponds to mixing evolution. In comparison with other non-intrusive techniques based on the red, green, and blue channels (RGB), the proposed methodology allows accurate analysis of the mixing evolution irrespective of the tracer color used, while reducing the subjectivity of the estimation of mixing times by the human eye. An alternative method based on the HLS (hue, light, and saturation) model was developed for measuring mixing times in stirred vessels. The method consists of capturing images of the flow patterns observed in the agitated vessel. Comparisons with other sophisticated and novel non-intrusive techniques are also presented.
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    Data Preprocessing of In Situ Laser-Backscattering Measurements (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: In situ measurement techniques are promising tools to aid process development. However, they also pose new challenges in evaluating large amounts of recorded data. A new procedure for in situ laser-backscattering devices has been developed that allows transformation of the raw recorded data, a chord length distribution, into a format suitable for population balance modeling. Emphasis is thereby laid on the influence of the suspension density on the measured data. Experimental data are recorded using a batch laboratory crystallizer equipped with an in situ 3D-ORM laser backscattering device and an ultrasound probe. The new proposed five-step procedure for data preprocessing is based on several independently developed tools from literature and is exemplarily illustrated with results on the crystallization of ascorbic acid. The proposed method is a step forward to use in situ laser-backscattering devices also for quantitative purposes. Based on a detailed literature review of laser-backscattering instruments, a new five-step procedure for preprocessing of a threfold dynamical optical reflectance measurement or focused beam reflectance measurement data was developed. In order to validate the method, three typical crystallization model systems were identified.
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    Experimental Study on Time Features of Particle Motion in Rotating Drums (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Rotating drums are widely used in pharmaceutical industry to coat tablets. The motion of the tablet particle is one of the most important factors affecting coating uniformity. The purpose of the research is to experimentally investigate two important time variables for the coating process, residence time and turnover time, and their dependence on operating parameters (rotation speed and filling degree of the drum). The average residence time was found to decrease with increasing rotation speed and filling degree. The average turnover time was observed to increase approximately linearly with the inverse of the drum speed, but was found to be independent of the filling degree. A dimensionless time variable, the fractional residence time, i.e., the residence time divided by the turnover time, was introduced. Analysis showed that the fractional residence time could be a good indicator of coating uniformity. Results of the present work provide useful information for theoretical modeling which may ultimately serve as a tool for coating optimization. Rotating drums are widely used in pharmaceutical industry to coat tablets. The time features of the particle motion in the drum exert great influence on the coating performance. In the present work, effects of drum operating parameters on particle residence time and turnover time were investigated in a quasi-2D rotating drum using the image-processing technique.
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 6/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
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    Synthesis of Nano-γ-Ferric Oxide by Thermolysis of the 2-Mercapto-5-Methylpyridine-N-Oxide-Iron(III) Complex via Factorial Design (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: 2-Mercapto-5-methylpyridine-N-oxide (MMPNO) and its sodium salt (NaMMPNO) were synthesized. The reaction of the latter with Fe 3+ generates Fe(MMPNO) 3 chelate. The thermolysis of this chelate at 350 °C yielded highly pure reddish-brown γ -Fe 2 O 3 nanocrystallites with an average particle size of 6.2 nm, a particle size range of 4.2 to 14.8 nm, and a specific surface area of 51.5 m 2 g –1 . The thermolysis process was optimized using the 2 2 fractional design. Quantitative tests and characterization of products were carried out by UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, LLS, SEM, TGA, BET, TEM, FT-IR, elemental microanalysis, and classical analytical measurements. γ-Fe 2 O 3 nano-crystallites with an average particle size of 6.2 nm and a specific surface area of 51.5 m 2 g –1 were obtained at 350 °C by thermolysis of Fe(MMPNO) 3 chelate, the reaction product of the sodium salt of 2-mercapto-5-methylpyridine- N -oxide (NaMMPNO) with Fe 3+ . The thermolysis process was optimized using the 2 2 fractional design. Quantification and characterization of the products are described.
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    Effect of Tween 80 on Bubble Size and Mass Transfer in a Bubble Contactor (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: Gas absorption in aqueous solutions with Tween 80 and absorption processes based on hydrodynamics and mass transfer is determined. The impact of surfactant concentration on gas holdup and gas-liquid interfacial area is analyzed, observing an increase of these parameters with surfactant concentration. The influence of liquid-phase contamination on the absorption process is investigated on the basis of the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient, removing the effect caused by the presence of a surfactant and the gas flow rate on the interfacial area and, thereby, on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The opposite effect on the mass transfer coefficient can be observed which decreases in the presence of the surfactant. The influence of Tween 80 on parameters like gas holdup, bubble size distribution, interfacial area, and mass transfer coefficient related with the mass transfer rate in a bubble column contactor was investigated. Tween 80 generated a substantial increase of the gas-liquid interfacial area, caused by a significant decrease of the bubble diameter, but did not affect the gas holdup.
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    Heat Transfer Augmentation and Entropy Generation Analysis of a Helically Coiled Tube with Internal Longitudinal Fins (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: Heat transfer augmentation and entropy generation were investigated for a helically coiled tube with internal longitudinal fins. The Nusselt number, friction factor, thermal-hydraulic performance ratio, and augmentation entropy generation number were calculated and analyzed. The results indicated that the internal longitudinal fins enhance the secondary flows and increase the temperature gradient near the tube wall, which in turn increase the heat transfer. It was found that the helically coiled tube with internal longitudinal fins provides the best integrated performance over the range of computed Dean numbers. The Nusselt number rised by 20–35 % with a corresponding 27–56 % increase of the friction factor. The computed results indicated that augmentation entropy generation numbers are approximately changed between 0.012 to 0.132 levels, i.e., the novel helically coiled tube with internal longitudinal fins is more efficient than that without internal fins. Heat transfer augmentation, entropy generation, and fluid flow performances of a novel helically coiled tube with internal longitudinal fins were studied and compared to the helically coiled tube without internal fins. The heat transfer of the novel tube could be enhanced by 20–35 %, attributed to the augmentation of secondary flows and an increase of the temperature gradient near the tube wall.
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    Stabilization of Heavy Oil-Water Emulsions using a Bio/Chemical Emulsifier Mixture (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: In this study, the viscosity reduction of heavy oil has been investigated through the formation of oil-water emulsion using a bio/chemical emulsifier mixture. Four bioemulsifiers from indigenous Rhodococcus ergthropolis and Bacillus licheniformis strains were used to stabilize a highly-viscous oil-in-water emulsion. The Taguchi method with an L 9 orthogonal array design was used to investigate the effect of various control factors on the formation of the oil/water emulsions. An emulsion with lowest viscosity was formed using ACO4 strain. The substantial stability of the oil-in-water emulsion allows the heavy oil to be transported practically over long distances or remain stationary for a considerable period of time prior to utilization. As the result of Taguchi analysis, the temperature and concentration of the emulsifier had a significant influence on viscosity reduction of the emulsion. Four bioemulsifiers from indigenous Rhodococcus ergthropolis and Bacillus licheniformis strains were used to stabilize highly-viscous oil-in-water emulsions. Results showed that these new strains are valuable sources of new compounds with surface-active properties, with potential applications in the oil industries.
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    E3 Analysis for Crude and Vacuum Distillation System (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: Crude oil blending is a very common practice in petroleum refineries, where the main focus is to minimize the total purchase cost of crude oils under specified blending oil properties. Crude oil blending actually has significant impacts on energy consumption from heating furnaces during crude oil processing. Conceivably, furnace energy consumption from burning fuels such as natural gas, fuel oil, or propane causes huge amounts of CO 2 emissions. In this paper, a methodology framework for crude oil blending and processing with simultaneous consideration of energy, emission, and economic profit (E3) is developed. It includes four stages of work: steady-state modeling, heating energy consumption calculation, emission model development, and economic evaluation. With Aspen HYSYS simulation, the developed methodology provides a quantitative support for refinery to identify an optimal E3 operating strategy. A case study is implemented to demonstrate the efficacy of this methodology. A methodology framework for crude oil blending and processing with simultaneous consideration of energy, emission, and economic profit (E3) is developed, including steady-state process modeling, heating energy consumption calculation, emission model development, and economic evaluation. A case study is implemented to demonstrate the efficacy of this methodology.
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    Preparation and Performance of a Novel Water-Soluble Cationic Polymer Containing β-Cyclodextrin (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: Allyl-β-cyclodextrin is utilized to react with dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide to synthesize a novel water-soluble cationic polymer by redox free-radical polymerization. The optimum polymerization conditions are determined by the single-variable method, while the structure is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. In rheological experiments the polymer demonstrates superior properties compared to polyacrylamide. Interfacial tension and adsorption experiments prove the excellent performance of the polymer which can effectively decrease the interfacial tension and reduce the surfactant loss caused by stratum absorption in the process of polymer/surfactant flooding, thus indicating the potential application of the polymer for enhancing oil recovery. A novel water-soluble cationic polymer containing β-cyclodextrin was synthesized by redox free-radical polymerization. The new polymer exhibited better rheological properties than polyacrylamide and was able to decrease interfacial tension and effectively reduce the surfactant loss caused by stratum adsorption. These advantages indicate great potential applications in enhancing oil recovery.
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    Determination of Mechanism for Soot Oxidation with NO on Potassium Supported Mg-Al Hydrotalcite Mixed Oxides (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-07
    Description: Soot oxidation with NO (in the absence of gas phase O 2 ) on potassium-supported Mg-Al hydrotalcite mixed oxides (K/MgAlO) was studied using a temperature-programmed reaction and in situ FTIR techniques. Nitrite and the ketene group were identified as the reaction intermediates and thus a nitrite-ketene mechanism was proposed in which surface active oxygen on K sites of K/MgAlO is transferred to soot by NO through nitrites. In the absence of gas phase O 2 , soot oxidation with NO at lower temperatures (below 450 °C) is limited by the amount of active oxygen on the K sites. This kind of active oxygen is not reusable but can be replenished in the presence of gas phase O 2 . Soot oxidation with NO on K/MgAIO was studied by temperature-programmed reaction and in situ FTIR. The nitrite and the ketene group were identified as the reaction intermediates and thus a nitrite–ketene mechanism was proposed, in which surface active oxygen on K sites is transferred to soot by NO through nitrites, forming the ketene group.
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    Process Development for Antibody Purification from Tobacco by Protein A Affinity Chromatography (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: Tobacco is possibly the most promising plant for plant-made pharmaceuticals, e.g., antibodies, due to its high biomass yields and robust transformation technology. Protein A affinity chromatography is commonly used for antibody purification, however, direct application of tobacco extract to protein A chromatography columns may be problematic due to the nonspecific binding of native tobacco proteins (NTPs). Three different protein A resins, ProSep-vA High Capacity, Ultra, and Ultra Plus, from Millipore were studied for antibody purification from tobacco. Experiments were run with extracts from nontransgenic tobacco and the model antibody, human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The efficiency of the wash buffers to reduce nonspecific binding of NTPs to the resins was evaluated by altering the ionic strength and pH. Considering all factors, Ultra Plus Protein A resin may be the best in antibody purification from tobacco. Protein A chromatography was performed with three different protein A resins from Millipore for antibody purification from tobacco. Experiments were run with extracts from nontransgenic tobacco and the model antibody human IgG. The efficiency of different wash buffers to reduce nonspecific binding of native tobacco proteins to the resins was evaluated by altering the ionic strength and pH.
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    A Method for Deriving Explicit Binary Isotherms Obeying the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: A method to derive explicit binary isotherms following the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) theory is proposed. The method is applicable to any pair of single-component isotherms, as long as they fulfill a set of conditions, as described in this report. Examples of some isotherms fulfilling such conditions are: Langmuir, anti-Langmuir, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and quadratic. Following the method proposed in this report, three previously unreported explicit binary isotherms, quadratic-BET, quadratic-Langmuir, and quadratic-anti-Langmuir, while following the IAS framework, could be derived. This work presents the method and the binary isotherms derived through this method. Chromatography practitioners are often confronted with the need of using complex isotherms, possibly with inflection points, to model the retention behavior. In the case of mixtures, combining such isotherms is a challenge. The effectiveness of a method based on the ideal adsorption solution theory is demonstrated to obtain explicit binary isotherms in these difficult and important cases.
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    Calculation of Critical Efficiency Factors of Microwave Energy Conversion into Heat (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: A modeling approach aimed at calculating critical efficiency factors of microwave energy conversion into heat for different operating conditions is presented. In the experimental part, an efficiency factor was determined for microwave heating of 13X zeolites in a multimode microwave cavity. A comparison of the obtained results with the results reported in the literature indicated that microwave heating (MH) can be more energy-efficient than convective heating (CH). Moreover, it follows from the performed simulations that maintaining the same adsorbent bed temperatures in MH and CH for increasing gas flow rates rises energy consumptions in CH and decreases the critical efficiency factors, thereby improving the economic efficiency of MH. Microwave heating (MH) and convective heating (CH) are compared in order to calculate critical efficiency factors of microwave energy conversion into thermal energy for different operating conditions. The calculated critical efficiency factors indicate when MH is more energy efficient than CV. A simple approach for evaluation of an efficiency factor is presented.
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    A Priori Property Estimation of Physical and Reactive CO2 Absorbents (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: The physical as well as the chemical solubility of carbon dioxide in several ionic liquids were predicted with quantum chemical a priori methods. The physical solubility was described with the model COSMO-RS. The results were compared to experimental data. Both a qualitative and – based on the concept of relative solubility – quantitative benchmark for the solvents were possible. For the part of chemical absorption, the free reaction enthalpy, Δ R g , and reaction enthalpy, Δ R h , were determined with DFT calculations on the B3LYP/def2-TZVPP level. By combining reaction and phase equilibrium, the CO 2 loading of the reactive solvents were predicted. The results were validated with literature data. An approach was developed for a quantitative a priori description of both physical and chemical solvation of CO 2 . A new approach is presented for the a priori screening of physical and reacting absorbents for CO 2 . Predictions of physical solubility are made using COSMO-RS. For the description of the chemical reaction, the chemical and phase equilibrium are simultaneously solved by combining quantum chemical calculations on the DFT level with a model for the phase equilibrium.
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    Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography: From Concept to Proof-of-Concept (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-03
    Description: This work presents a comprehensive insight about simulated moving bed (SMB) technology, from concept to unit operation and process demonstration. A particular relevance is given to SMB nonconventional modes of operation, modeling, and design of SMB-based separations as well as to the construction and operation of SMB units. A conventional separation of a racemic mixture of ( S , R )-α-tetralol by means of the FlexSMB-LSRE® unit is addressed to better exemplify a state-of-the-art SMB lab-scale process development and demonstration. The development of a chromatographic separation by means of one of its most successful continuous countercurrent moving bed processes, the simulated moving bed (SMB), is detailed up to the demonstration stage. The concept of SMB, its applications, and the more relevant nonconventional operation modes are revised and the design, modeling, construction, and operation of a flexible SMB unit are addressed.
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    Critical Evaluation of Different Mass Transfer Models Taking Zinc Extraction as an Example (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Different mass transfer models were evaluated on the basis of zinc extraction with the liquid ion exchanger di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. Comparison of the models showed that the film model inadequately describes the time dependence of zinc concentration in aqueous solution. The best match of the measured time-concentration profiles was achieved by adapting the film-penetration model. Studies were carried out in a stirred cell with a planar interface stabilized by the mixing conditions. Under the chosen experimental conditions mass transfer was limited by zinc transfer in the aqueous phase. The mass transfer equations of each model were solved analytically using empirical correlations for the modeling parameters. Different mass transfer models were evaluated on the basis of zinc extraction with the liquid ion exchanger di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid. Comparison of the models showed that the film model only allows an approximate calculation of the measured concentration-time curves, whereas both the penetration and the film-penetration model adequately describe the time dependence of zinc concentration.
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    Ultrasonic Desorption of CO2 – A New Technology to Save Energy and Prevent Solvent Degradation (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: A central concern of future research activities in the field of carbon capture and storage is the reduction of energy demand for solvent regeneration. This also includes, besides the development of more efficient CO 2 absorbents, the exploration of alternative desorption methods. The stripping process is generally regarded as the state-of-the-art in amine scrubbing, although significant amounts of heat are required for steam generation in the stripper. Against this background, a new desorption technique on the basis of pressureless amine scrubbing is under development, in which an ultrasonic field is used to accelerate the CO 2 desorption. With the new ultrasound method, applied for a patent, desorption of CO 2 can be performed at temperatures below 80 °C. This special feature of the ultrasonic-assisted CO 2 degassing can be applied advantageously together with weakly binding CO 2 absorbents which are in use in connection with a high CO 2 partial pressure in the raw gas. Based on pressureless amine scrubbing, a new ultrasound technique is developed for CO 2 capture, in which an ultrasonic field accelerates CO 2 desorption. The conditions in terms of reactor geometry, solvent variation, desorption temperature, and ultrasound frequency and power are optimized. With this novel technology, applied for a patent, CO 2 desorption can be performed at temperatures below 80 °C.
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    Supercritical Fractionation of Rosemary Extracts to Improve the Antioxidant Activity (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: A supercritical CO 2 pilot plant was employed to extract rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves and to thoroughly study the effect of time on the yield, composition and antioxidant activity of the different fractions produced. Six extraction assays were carried out, varying the fractionation procedure using a two-stage depressurization system coupled to the extractor vessel. The concentration of the main antioxidant compound in rosemary, i.e. carnosic acid, and the DPPH test were employed to evaluate the antioxidant power of the different fractions obtained. The goal was to develop a new fractionation scheme comprising two different periods of time, in which exhaustive extraction of the essential oil from the plant matrix was achieved while recovery of the antioxidant compounds was maximized. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of rosemary during varying fractionation times was studied to improve the extract antioxidant activity. The best fractionation scheme comprised a first period to eliminate the essential oil from the plant matrix and a second period in which a product with high antioxidant activity was obtained. A product with twofold increased carnosic acid content, high yield, and high antioxidant activity was obtained.
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    Highlighting Important Parameters Often Neglected in Numerical Optimization of Preparative Chromatography (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: When a chromatographic separation process is numerically optimized, a number of input parameters to the column model need to be accurately determined, and the accuracy will affect the reliability of the predicted optimal operational conditions. Furthermore, the numerical accuracy of the solution to the column model will have similar impact. The input parameters holdup volume, injection profiles, and the selection of an algorithm for solving the column model were investigated. Errors in parameters or a numerical error in the solution of the column model were found to lead to a prediction of a product fraction where the set purity and/or yield requirements are not met. Important but previously neglected parameters in numerical optimization of preparative batch chromatography were investigated. Critical factors are an error in the holdup volume determination, use of a rectangular injection profile instead of the measured injection profile, and selection of a numerical algorithm to solve a column model.
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    Countercurrent Chromatography, Scope and Perspectives: Application to Chirotechnology (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a liquid-liquid separation technique particularly adapted to preparative separations. In spite of the broad range of applications possible, CCC is mainly applied to the purification of natural products from complex mixtures, field in which some of the characteristics of CCC make it advantageous over other more common chromatographic modalities. Nevertheless, CCC has much to offer in biotechnological purification and enantioseparation. The general characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of CCC, together with its application in dieverse contexts, in paricular enantioseparations, are discussed. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a liquid-liquid separation technique particularly adapted to preparative separations. The characteristics of this technique are commented to provide the reader with a view on the possibilities, advantages and limitations of CCC in its diverse range of applications.
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    Mathematical Modeling of Protein Chromatograms (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: The most used mathematical models with a phenomenological basis for simulating chromatographic curves of proteins in size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography are reviewed. The plate model (PM) and the general rate model (GRM) are briefly described, followed by various applications of these models to the different chromatographic strategies. Based on these examples it is concluded that the GRM is the most complete and informative model, despite it needs several parameters that have to be estimated from theoretical correlations nonspecific for proteins. Additionally, values for the effective pore diffusion coefficient are not generally available. Appropriate calibration leads in most cases to predictions that compare favorably with experimental data. The possibility to predict chromatographic curves under different operational conditions similar to those used at industrial scale by applying mathematical models is still a challenge because it could contribute to the reduction of costs involved in suitable purification processes. In addition, new proteins are continually designed and for each case different conditions are needed. The use of the theoretical plate concept and the general rate model (GRM) for simulating protein chromatograms in size exclusion, ion exchange, affinity, and hydrophobic interaction is reviewed. Adsorption kinetics and parameters used in the modeling were presented. Based on different examples, the GRM turned out to be the most complete and informative model.
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    Optimization and Performance of Silica-Based Media for Industrial-Scale Antibody Purification (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: A silica-based medium with optimized pore size, pore volume, and coupling density was prepared for protein A affinity chromatography, to be used for industrial purification of IgG. Performance and durability of the silica-based medium were studied during repeated use and compared with other protein A media available on the market. The silica-based medium provided high dynamic binding capacities for human polyclonal IgG in the superficial liquid velocity range from 150 to 720 cm h –1 because of a high mass transfer coefficient and high mechanical strength. The dynamic binding capacity and IgG recovery were high and varied only slightly during 50–150 cycles of repeated use. The release of protein A ligand was low. A silica-based medium with optimized pore size, pore volume, and coupling density was developed for protein A affinity chromatography, to be used for industrial purification of IgG. Compared with common protein A media, it provided a high mass transfer rate and high dynamic binding capacities for IgG.
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    Identification of Flow Regimes in a Concurrent Gas Liquid Upflow through Packed Beds (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: The flow regimes bubble flow, pulse flow, and spray flow were identified by visual observation in a packed column. Three gas-liquid systems (air/water, air/56 % glycerol, and air/monoethanolamine) and four column packings (Raschig rings, Intalox saddles, and two sizes of spheres) were investigated to cover wide ranges of physical properties of gas liquid systems and characteristics of column packings affecting the flow regime transition. Criteria for the flow regime transition were developed in terms of system and operating variables. The flow regimes bubble flow, pulse flow, and spray flow were identified by visual observation in a packed column. Three gas-liquid systems and four column packings were applied to cover wide ranges of physical properties of gas liquid systems and characteristics of column packings affecting the flow regime transition.
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 11/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
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    Supporting Design and Control of a Reversed-Phase Chromatography Step by Mechanistic Modeling (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: There is a need to design and understand control strategies for biopharmaceutical processes. The control strategy will influence the design space and process performance and should be chosen together with the operating point and design space. Mechanistic modeling is used to design and evaluate control strategies for product pooling in preparative chromatography. A kinetic dispersive model was calibrated to reversed-phase chromatography experiments. Uncorrelated process disturbances were introduced to optimized operating points, and the effects of disturbances were evaluated and reduced by control strategies. Pooling control was implemented at a fixed UV absorbance or as a function of retention volume and UV peak height. The higher flexibility of the second control strategy decreased the loss of yield and productivity caused by the disturbances. The control strategy influences the design space and process performance and should be chosen together with the operating point and design space. Mechanistic modeling is applied to design and evaluate control strategies for product pooling in preparative chromatography. The effect of the control strategy choice on process performance under process disturbances is demonstrated.
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    Optimum Coagulant from Acacia mearnsii de Wild for Wastewater Treatment (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-04
    Description: A novel coagulant agent from Acacia mearnsii de Wild tannin extract was characterized for removal of the anthraquinonic colorant Alizarin Violet 3R and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. This coagulant is the result of a previous optimization study. The influence of operative variables such as temperature, coagulant dosage, initial pollutant content, and pH was investigated. The new coagulant demonstrates a high affinity for dye and surfactant and is efficient within a wide range of working conditions. While the temperature does not affect the coagulant ability, an acidic pH seems to increase the contaminant removal from aqueous solutions. Implementation in a pilot plant confirms the feasibility of this coagulant not only at lab scale, but also at higher level. As a real alternative to traditional inorganic metal coagulants in the removal of dyes and surfactants the tannin-derived optimum coagulant from Acacia mearnsii de Wild is characterized. Theoretical modeling, pilot plant implementation, and the influence of significant variables are investigated. This novel coagulant exhibits functional working advantages that may encourage further researches.
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
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    Forum: Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
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    Scientific Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 12/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: Vacuum distillation plant. Courtesy of ThyssenKrupp AG.
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    Biodiesel Production from the Lipid of Wastewater Sludge Using an Acidic Heterogeneous Catalyst (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: The production of biodiesel from the lipid of wastewater sludge was studied using SBA-15 impregnated with the heteropolyacid H 3 PO 4 ·12WO 3 ·xH 2 O (PW 12 ) as a mesoporous heterogeneous catalyst. X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, thermalgravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were applied to characterize the prepared catalysts. Catalytic performances were evaluated in a microreactor setup under different experimental conditions. The biodiesel yield for a sample impregnated with 15 % PW 12 was 30.14 wt-% at a temperature of 135 °C and a pressure of 135 psi for 3 h reaction time. The potential of a mesoporous ordered silica impregnated with the heteropolyacid H 3 PO 4 ·12WO 3 ·xH 2 O (PW 12 ) was evaluated to produce biodiesel from the solid sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Catalytic performances were investigated in a microreactor setup under different experimental conditions.
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    Partially Acetylated Sugarcane Bagasse for Wicking Oil from Contaminated Wetlands (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: Sugarcane bagasse was partially acetylated to enhance its oil-wicking ability in saturated environments while holding moisture for hydrocarbon biodegradation. The water sorption capacity of raw bagasse was reduced fourfold after treatment, which indicated considerably increased hydrophobicity but not a limited capability to hold moisture for hydrocarbon biodegradation. Characterization results by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface area analyzer suggested that treated bagasse exhibited enhanced hydrophobicity and surface area. Oil wicking test results indicate that treated bagasse is more effective in wicking oil from highly saturated environments than raw bagasse and suggest that application of this material in remediation of oil spills in highly saturated wetlands is promising. Sugarcane bagasse was treated by acetylation to improve its abilities for wicking oil and for promoting biodegradation in saturated environments. Partially acetylated bagasse proved to be highly effective due to enhanced hydrophobicity and oil-wicking ability and could be applied for remediation of oil-contaminated environments with high water saturation and strong binding between oil and sediment.
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    Off-Gases Optimization in a Hydrogen Network Refinery (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: For optimization of a hydrogen network, a steam reformer is associated to the feedstock and linear programming (LP) is applied. The investigated network consists of one steam reformer and two feedstocks. By exerting LP and the mentioned association, total annual cost decreasing is achieved in a case study in which natural gas and off-gas were considered as feedstocks. The optimization problems of the hydrogen network comprise the hydrogen network retrofit design and the feedstock selection with respect to their cost. Nonlinear programming (NLP) and mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models are developed for optimization based on a two-case study: for the first one, an existent optimization method on hydrogen networks is investigated and for the second one, revision of a recent optimization method on hydrogen networks associated by an LP model in the steam reformer unit is applied. These two cases resulted in total annual cost reductions of 34 % and 45.9 %, respectively. A systematic optimization approach is presented considering the multiple feeds in a steam reformer unit that provides optimum use of off-gases in the hydrogen network. The steam reformer is associated to the feedstock and linear programming is applied. It is concluded that low-pressure off-gases should be sent to the steam reformer.
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    Heat Exchanger Network Integration Considering Flow Exergy Loss (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: This work describes a systematic procedure to integrate a heat exchanger network (HEN) considering heat and flow exergy consumptions. The flow exergy consumption by the HEN is calculated by means of pressure drop correlation and stepwise optimization. Case studies reveal that the flow exergy loss changes the two-way trade-off between the operating cost and the capital cost in the traditional method. The introduction of heat exergy loss adds the weight of energy cost by considering both the external utility consumption and internal heat exergy loss in the HEN, which benefits heat recovery and energy conservation at the cost of more area and investment. In contrast, the flow exergy loss shifts the balance to the capital cost by adding the cost relating to area in terms of flow frictional dissipation. A systematic procedure to integrate the heat exchanger network (HEN) simultaneously considering heat and flow exergy consumptions is described. The overall flow exergy consumption by the HEN is calculated by means of pressure drop correlation and stepwise optimization. The exergoeconomic analysis based on both heat and flow exergy consumptions can provide a whole perspective for proper energy use and design of HEN.
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    Influence of the Marangoni Effect on the Efficiency of Plate Columns for Binary Distillation (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: The main feature of a distillation process is its efficiency. The gas-liquid bubbling layer formed on the trays and the ongoing mass-exchange process during distillation is influenced by the change of the surface tension gradient during this mass-exchange procedure. Binary mixtures with respect to the change of the surface tension effect can be divided into positive, negative, and neutral ones. In order to assess the effect of surface tension on mass transfer, the stabilization index quantity is applied, representing the product of the liquid phase process momentum and the surface tension gradient in the mixture of the liquid phase. One possibility to express the Marangoni efficiency enhancement ratio by experimental distillation data obtained under identical hydrodynamic conditions in two binary systems, i.e., a positive (methanol-water) and a neutral one (methanol-ethanol), is presented. The change of the surface gradient during a mass-exchange process influences the gas-liquid bubbling layer formed on the trays. In order to evaluate the effect of surface tension on mass transfer, a possible expression of the Marangoni efficiency enhancement ratio by experimental distillation data obtained under identical hydrodynamic conditions is presented.
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    One + One-Dimensional Modeling of Monolithic Catalytic Converters (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: The inclusion of a washcoat model into monolithic catalyst simulations in order to create a one + one-dimensional framework using a minimum number of parameters is reviewed. All assumptions and numerical methods are presented while ensuring the prevention of excessive temperature excursions. Parametric studies illustrate the influence of model parameters (porosity, wall thickness, pore diameter) on the conversion of carbon monoxide during a light-off experiment using a uniform washcoat. Moreover, simulating a layered washcoat of dissimilar catalytic materials demonstrates a significant influence on conversion characteristics depending on the order of the layers. As a result, employing a washcoat requires careful consideration of the advection of the gas, the reactions occurring in each catalytic material, material layering, the diffusion properties of the different species, and the characteristics of the washcoat. The inclusion of a washcoat model into the classical 1D monolithic catalyst simulation in order to create a 1+1D model of the channels using a minimum of parameters is reviewed. A 1+1D model can provide insight into kinetic- and mass transfer-limited regimes when implementing the catalyst in an industrial setting and is able to simulate a layered washcoat consisting of different catalytic materials.
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    Development of Al2O3 Film on Diatomite for Treating Wastewater Containing Anionic Polyacrylamide (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: To efficiently treat anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) with a linear structure in wastewater, an Al 2 O 3 film on the surface of diatomite was prepared via the hydrolysis reaction of AlCl 3 . The Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The results show that the Al 2 O 3 film can be coated on diatomite. The resulting Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite was utilized to treat wastewater (pH = 7) that contained APAM of 60 mg L –1 and suspended solids of 90 mg L –1 . Results show that after wastewater was treated using Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite, the content of APAM and suspended solids in the filtrate can meet the standard for wastewater recycling. Therefore, Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite can be used in treating wastewater containing APAM. Al 2 O 3 was used to deposit a film on the surface of diatomite for the efficient removal of linear anionic polyacrylamide (APAM). FT-IR, XRD, and SEM results show that Al 2 O 3 was successfully coated on the surface of diatomite. The resultant Al 2 O 3 -coated diatomite was utilized to treat wastewater, which contained APAM and suspended solid particles.
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    CFD Prediction of the Critical Agitation Speed for Complete Dispersion in Liquid-Liquid Stirred Reactors (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is adopted to simulate the turbulent immiscible liquid-liquid flow in a stirred vessel based on a two-fluid model with a k -ϵ- A P turbulence model. An improved inner-outer iterative procedure is adopted to deal with the impeller rotation in a fully baffled stirred tank. Different drag formulations are examined, and the effect of the droplet size on both the dispersed phase holdup distribution and the velocity field is analyzed. Two different numerical criteria are tested for determining the critical impeller speed for complete dispersion. The simulated critical impeller speeds are generally in good agreement with the correlations in the literature when the fixed droplet size is properly selected. This demonstrates that the modeling approach and the numerical criteria proposed in this work are promising for predicting the dispersion characteristics in liquid-liquid stirred tanks. Two different numerical criteria are proposed for determining the critical impeller speed for complete dispersion in a liquid-liquid stirred reactor. The simulated critical impeller speeds are in good agreement with those from empirical correlations when a fixed droplet size is properly selected. This demonstrates that the presented modeling approach and numerical criteria are promising for predicting the dispersion characteristics of liquid-liquid stirred tanks.
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    Cold Flow Model Study of an Oxyfuel Combustion Pilot Plant (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: The fluid-dynamic behavior of a circulating fluidized bed pilot plant for oxyfuel combustion was studied in a cold flow model, down-scaled using Glicksman's criteria. Pressures along the unit and the global circulation rate were used for characterization. The analysis of five operating parameters and their influence on the system was carried out; namely, total solids inventory and the air velocity of primary, secondary, loop seal and support fluidizations. The cold flow model study shows that the reactor design allows stable operation at a wide range of fluidization rates, with results that agree well with previous observations described in the literature. Fluid-dynamic characterization of an oxyfuel combustion pilot plant is performed using a cold flow model scaled according to the laws proposed by Glicksman. Pressure profiles and circulation rates are determined experimentally in the cold flow model. Based on measurements, the fluid-dynamic limits of the operating ranges are identified and can be extrapolated to the original hot pilot plant.
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    Overview Contents: Chemie Ingenieur Technik 12/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
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    Rational Method for Designing Efficient Chromatography Processes based on the Iso-Resolution Curve (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: A method for designing efficient chromatography processes was proposed and verified experimentally. The model samples were polyphenols. Polystyrene divinylbenzene resins were employed for the column stationary phase. The mobile phase was an ethanol-water mixture. The distribution coefficient, K , was determined as a function of ethanol concentration, I , by linear gradient elution experiments. The HETP-mobile phase velocity ( u ) curves were determined as a function of I . A method for calculating the iso-resolution curve was developed with K and HETP- u as a function of I . The calculated iso-resolution curve was verified by comparison with experimental elution curves. The iso-resolution curve was found to be useful for determining suitable separation conditions. A method for designing efficient chromatography processes was proposed and verified by experiment. The distribution coefficient was determined as a function of ethanol concentration by linear gradient elution experiments. Iso-resolution curves were found to be useful for determining suitable separation conditions.
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    Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil for Hydrogen Production: Effect of Ni-Co Bimetallic Catalysts (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: Various Ni-Co bimetallic catalysts were prepared by incorporating sol-gel and wet impregnation methods. A laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor was employed to investigate their effects on hydrogen production from steam reforming of bio-oil. The catalyst causes the condensation reaction of bio-oil, which generates coke and inhibits the formation of gas at temperatures of 250 °C and 350 °C. At 450 °C and above the transformation of bio-oil is initiated and gaseous products are generated. The catalyst also can promote the generation of H 2 as well as the transformation of CO and CH 4 and plays an active role in steam reforming of bio-oil or gaseous products from bio-oil pyrolysis. The developed 3Ni9Co/Ce-Zr-O catalyst achieved maximum hydrogen yield and lowest coke formation rate and provided a better stability than a commercial Ni-based catalyst. Various Ni-Co bimetallic catalysts were prepared and applied in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor to investigate their effects on hydrogen production from steam reforming of bio-oil. When compared to commercial Ni-based catalysts, the self-developed 3Ni9Co/Ce-Zr-O catalyst provided the maximum hydrogen yield and lowest coke formation rate and presented a better stability.
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    Insights into Protein Sorption and Desorption on Dextran-Modified Ion-Exchange Media (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: A diverse array of experimental techniques was used to compare protein sorption and transport on agarose-based resins with and without dextran extenders. Van 't Hoff plots indicated similar trends for lysozyme on the resins, with enthalpically dominated sorption. Salt breakthrough curves demonstrated significant exclusion of salt from the dextran, consistent with Donnan equilibrium predictions. Polarization-sensitive confocal microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) exhibited little effect of dextran modification on the respective rotational and translation mobilities of adsorbed protein at equilibrium. Finally, confocal microscopy imaging of intraparticle elution behavior showed that slower elution can occur for dextran-modified resins. Several techniques are used to study the similarities and differences in protein sorption on ion-exchange resins with and without dextran modifiers. Confocal microscopy images indicate significant anisotropy differences between free and adsorbed protein, but little difference between resins and proteins. Images of protein elution demonstrate significantly slower elution due to the dextran modifiers.
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    Design of Fructooligosaccharide Separation Using Simulated Moving-Bed Chromatography (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-25
    Description: Design simulations of a simulated moving-bed (SMB) chromatography unit for the separation of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were carried out. Using the constraints on the FOS purity in the raffinate of 90 % and FOS yield in the raffinate higher than 95 %, optimal distribution of a system of twelve columns into individual process zones and optimal values for the port switching period and the flow rates were found. The optimization function was the maximum productivity of FOS when the other evaluated performance criteria were the eluent consumption and product dilution. The performance of the designed SMB system was compared to that of a batch chromatography system that was simulated for a battery of identical columns. The sensitivity of the found optimum was analyzed with respect to the optimization parameters. Simulated moving bed chromatography separation of fructooligosaccharides was optimized through design simulations based on experimental data obtained in previous works. The optimization criterion was the productivity of the fructooligosaccharides at the required purity and yield when eluent consumption and product dilution were the other performance criteria.
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    Forum: Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
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    Noncatalytic Biodiesel Fuel Production from Croton megalocarpus Oil (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: Biodiesel is currently considered as the most promising substitute for diesel fuel because of its similar properties to diesel. This study presents the use of the supercritical methanol method in the production of biodiesel from Croton megalocarpus oil. The reaction parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were varied to obtain the optimal reaction conditions by design of experiment, specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design with α = 2. It has been shown that it is possible to achieve methyl ester yields as high as 74.91 % with reaction conditions such as 50:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 330 °C reaction temperature and a reaction period of 20 min. However, Croton -based biodiesel did not sustain higher temperatures due to decomposition of polyunsaturated methyl linoleate, which is dominant in biodiesel. Lower yields were observed when higher temperatures were used during the optimization process. The supercritical methanol method showed competitive biodiesel yields when compared with catalytic methods. The potential of Croton megalocarpus , an indigenous crop in Africa, as biodiesel feedstock is discussed. This crop requires only minimal cultivation activities to achieve high contents of oil and thus has a huge prospect as inexpensive biodiesel feedstock. The noncatalytic supercritical methanol technology was employed and compared with other existing catalytic methods.
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    CFD Simulations for Safety of Chemical Reactors and Storage Tanks (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: Two CFD models were formulated for the stirred tank reactor and the storage tank, respectively. With use of the elaborated models, for various thermal runaway scenarios, spatial distributions of liquid velocity, temperature, and key reactant concentration were determined as a function of time. Knowledge of temperature nonuniformity inside the reactor and storage tank vessels is particularly crucial for the appropriate location of temperature sensors, which assures a detection of thermal runaway as early as possible. The results obtained indicate that the CFD models can be very useful to elaborate efficient and robust methods for online early warning of runaway. Various thermal runaway scenarios were simulated with elaborated CFD models for a chemical stirred tank reactor and a storage tank, respectively. The results obtained can be very useful to indicate the number of temperature sensors and their optimal location, both necessary to detect hot spots and assure an early online warning of approaching thermal runaway.
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    Effects of Contaminants on the Mass-Transfer Characteristics of a Two-Impinging-Streams Gas-Liquid Reactor (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: The mass-transfer characteristics of a new type of two-impinging-streams reactor (TISR) was studied by means of sodium sulfite solution as the liquid phase and air as the gas phase, in the presence and absence of various types of surface-active agents (SAAs). The influences of anionic, cationic, and nonionic SAAs on the specific interfacial area and overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient obtained in the TISR were investigated. It was found that the presence of a little amount of the above-mentioned contaminants increases the specific interfacial area and decreases the overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient. On the basis of the experimental results obtained for various types of SAAs, correlations were derived for the interfacial area as well as the Sherwood number for the liquid phase in terms of Froude, Reynolds, Schmidt, and Morton numbers. The influence of various types of surface-active agents on the mass-transfer characteristics of a new type of two-impinging-streams reactor proposed for gas-liquid processes was investigated. The presence of only a little amount of these contaminants in the liquid phase increases the specific interfacial area and decreases the overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient markedly.
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    Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles by Ultrasound-Assisted Sol-Gel Method: Optimized by Taguchi Robust Design (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: Silica nanoparticles were prepared by ultrasound-assisted and conventional sol-gel method. The synthesis procedures were designed and optimized by the Taguchi experimental design method. Molar concentrations of TEOS, H 2 O, NH 4 OH, and reaction temperature were chosen as main factors. The results showed that the molar concentration of ammonia is the main factor which affects the particle size of the silica nanoparticles. The chemical structure, size, and morphology of the product were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, laser light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. By the optimum conditions of the ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method, silica nanoparticles with an average particle size of 13 nm were prepared. The Taguchi robust design method with L 9 (3 4 ) orthogonal array was implemented to optimize experimental conditions for the preparation of silica nanoparticles using an ultrasound-assisted sol-gel method. By the optimum conditions of this method, silica nanoparticles (~13 nm) with a narrow particle size distribution were prepared.
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    Cover Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: Linde LPG production plant in Norway An innovative Linde plant technology on the west coast of Norway: The environmentally friendly fuel LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is produced in the natural gas plant in Kollsnes. Courtesy of The Linde Group.
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    Overview Contents: Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
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    Scientific Highlights: Chem. Eng. Technol. 11/2011 (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
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    Design of an X-Ray Powder Diffraction Probe for Multi-Channel Application: Proof of Principle (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: The design of an X-ray powder diffraction probe and its integration with a multi-channel reactor system for potential application in high-throughput experimentation is presented. The working principle of the apparatus is exemplified by measurements of corundum and of the phase change observed when oxidizing vanadium(III) oxide (V 2 O 3 ) in air during heating up to 450 °C. The phase transformations of the parent material were monitored by phase identification of the crystalline intermediate vanadium(IV) oxide (VO 2 ) and the final product vanadium(V) oxide (V 2 O 5 ). A movable X-ray powder diffraction probe for a multi-channel application (high-throughput experimentation) is introduced. The reliability of the X-ray powder measurements was demonstrated in two experiments.
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    Modeling the Presence of Humic Acid in Ultrafiltration of Xenobiotic Compounds: Elman Recurrent Neural Network (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-28
    Description: Predicting the rejection of pesticides in ultrafiltration (UF) processes in the presence of common components of dissolved natural organic matter would be taken into consideration as a principle for surface water treatment. This paper presents the application of the Elman Recurrent Neural Network (ERNN) model, which has been trained with previously-obtained experimental data so as to predict the rejection of a class of xenobiotic compounds (nitrophenols (NPs)) dynamically, in the absence and in the presence of humic acid at neutral and acidic conditions. For each trained network, the training function, number of neurons in the hidden and output layers, number of epochs, train and test MSE (mean square error) and MRE (mean relative error) were compared to find the best ERNN. The trained MRE and test MSE for all NPs at the neutral condition was, respectively, less than 1.03 % (4.9 % at acidic condition) and 2.4 % (2.01 % at acidic condition), which showed high network reliability. Dynamically modeling pesticides ultrafiltration may be considered as a basis for surface water treatment. The Elman Recurrent Neural Network can be the most suitable and powerful approach for representing arbitrary nonlinear dynamical systems. Such models could be used to screen membranes prior to conducting expensive large-scale tests.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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