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  • Springer  (6,858)
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  • 1
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    An exact analysis of sliding frictional contact of a rigid punch over the surface of magneto-electro-elastic materials (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This article performs an exact analysis for a frictional triangular or cylindrical punch acting on the surface of magneto-electro-elastic materials. The punch moves relative to the surface of magneto-electro-elastic materials. Inside the contact area, the Coulomb friction law is applied. Eigenvalue distribution is analyzed, and then appropriate fundamental solutions are given. The stated problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations of the second kind. The exact solution of the obtained singular integral equations makes it easy to get the explicit expressions of the surface physical quantities. Through plotting figures, the influences of the friction coefficient on contact behavior are shown and interesting results are observed. The in-plane stress, electric displacement and magnetic induction tend to be infinite near the leading edge of the frictional triangular punch, while having spikes at one edge of the frictional cylindrical punch, which may explain why surface damage occurs on the surface of magneto-electro-elastic materials.
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  • 2
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    Effect of fiber length, flow rate, and concentration on velocity profiles of cellulosic fiber suspensions (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: Conversion of cellulosic biomass to useful products involves pumping and mixing of fiber suspensions. Depending upon the concentration, the fibers may entangle to form flocs and networks. The fibers in these suspensions may settle both as individual fibers and fiber flocs. The flow of cellulosic suspensions has been previously modeled using generalized Newtonian rheological models. Under some flow conditions, those models do not apply due to strong gravitational effects that result in concentration gradients. Magnetic resonance flow imaging was used to obtain velocity profiles of fiber suspensions in horizontal pipe flow as a function of fiber length, concentration, and flow rates. Measures of flatness and asymmetry are used to characterize the shape of the velocity profiles. The largest asymmetry is found near a crowding number of roughly three. At higher crowding numbers, the velocity profiles tended to become flat, more symmetric, and pressure drops per unit length depend strongly on concentration.
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  • 3
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    Interfacial fracture analysis of a piezoelectric–polythene composite cylindrical shell patch under axial shear (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: The present work studies the interfacial fracture in a piezoelectric cylindrical shell patch. The problem is solved by the methods of infinite trigonometric series and Cauchy singular integral equation, and the numerical results of the stress intensity factor (SIF) are obtained. The effects of the interfacial radius and crack’s location on the SIF are explained through the effects of the free surface, interfacial curvature, crack length, and interface end, respectively. An optimal stiffness matching relationship between the piezoelectric layer and dielectric substrate is suggested. The effects of the piezoelectric and dielectric coefficients are explained through the mechanism of piezoelectric stiffening.
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  • 4
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    The interaction between a screw dislocation and a nano-inhomogeneity with a semi-infinite wedge crack penetrating the interface (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-18
    Description: The interaction between a screw dislocation and a circular nano-inhomogeneity with a semi-infinite wedge crack penetrating the interface is investigated. By using Riemann-Schwartz’s symmetry principle integrated with the analysis of singularity of complex functions and the conformal mapping technique, the analytical expressions of the stress field in both the circular nano-inhomogeneity and the infinite matrix, the image force acting on the screw dislocation and the stress intensity factor at the crack tip are obtained. The influence of elastic mismatch of materials, inhomogeneity size, interface stress, wedge crack opening angle and the relative location of dislocation on the image force and on the equilibrium position of the screw dislocation and the shielding effect of the screw dislocation are discussed in detail. The results show that interface stress has a significant impact on the movement of dislocations near the interface, and the effect of interface stress enhances when the inhomogeneity radius decreases. With the decrease in the wedge crack opening angle, the influence of interface stress on the movement of the screw dislocation and on the SIF enhances. With the increment of the relative shear modulus, the influence of interface stress weakens with the screw dislocation locating in the inhomogeneity and strengthens with the screw dislocation locating in the matrix. When the screw dislocation is located in the inhomogeneity, the positive (negative) interface stress increases (decreases) the shielding effect, while this phenomenon is opposite when the screw dislocation locates in the matrix.
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  • 5
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    Topology optimization for reinforcement of no-tension structures (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: In the paper, the reinforcement of no-tension structures by the application of superposed high-strength sheets, or by the insertion of tensile bars, has been considered with the purpose to set up a design path aiming at the positioning of the new material according to some optimal criterion. In detail, no-tension models are adopted which are recognized as an effective tool for analyzing a wide class of structures (e.g., masonry and reinforced concrete members), and the equilibrium and the failure analysis of the reinforced body are developed with particular reference to its ultimate limit state of collapse. Finally, an approach through the “topologic optimization” is proposed for the identification of the optimal distribution of the reinforcement, and some of the obtained results are shown.
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  • 6
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    Investigation on convective heat transfer over a rotating disk with discrete pins (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: A three-dimensional numerical study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics over a rotating disk surface with discrete pins was conducted by the use of RNG k–ε turbulent model. And some experiments were also made for validation. The effects of rotating angular speed and pin configuration on the temperature maps and convective heat transfer characteristics on the rotating surface were analyzed. As the increase of rotating velocity, the impingement of pumping jet on the centre of rotating disk becomes stronger and the transition from laminar to turbulent occurs at the outer radius of rotating disk, which resulting in heat transfer enhancement. The pins on the disk make the pumping action of a rotating disk weaker. Simultaneously, they also act as perturbing elements to the cyclone flow near the rotating disk surface, making the overall heat transfer to be enhanced. The needle pins have higher convective heat transfer capacity than the discrete ring pins with the same extend pin areas.
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  • 7
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    Natural convection heat transfer in a uniformly heated horizontal pipe (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Natural convection heat transfers inside horizontal pipes were measured. The Rayleigh numbers were varied from 6.8 × 10 8 to 1.5 × 10 12 , while the Prandtl number was fixed at 2,094. Based on the analogy concept, a copper sulfate electroplating system was adopted to measure mass transfer rates in place of heat transfer rates. Test results using single-piece electrodes were in good agreement with the work of Sarac and Korkut. The angle-dependent mass transfer rates, measured using piecewise electrodes, were compared with the results of studies on natural convection in concentric annuli, and showed similar trends. The experiments were expanded to the turbulent region, and a transition criterion was proposed. Angle-dependent natural convection heat transfer correlations for the laminar and turbulent regions were derived.
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  • 8
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    Molecular dynamics simulation of Poiseuille flow in a rough nano channel with checker surface roughnesses geometry (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Molecular dynamics simulation is applied to investigate the effects of checker surface roughness geometry on the flow of liquid argon through nanochannels that the roughness is implemented on the lower channel wall. The Lennard-Jones potential is used to model the interactions between particles and periodic boundary condition is applied in the flow direction. Density and velocity profiles across the channel are investigated for channel that the lower surface is decorated with the checker surface roughness elements. Result show that as the surface attraction energy or the roughness height increase the density layering in the near the wall is enhanced by higher values or secondary layering phenomena.
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  • 9
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    A study of a flexible fiber model and its behavior in DNS of turbulent channel flow (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The dynamics of individual flexible fibers in a turbulent flow field have been analyzed, varying their initial position, density and length. A particle-level fiber model has been integrated into a general-purpose, open source computational fluid dynamics code. The fibers are modeled as chains of cylindrical segments connected by ball and socket joints. The equations of motion of the fibers contain the inertia of the segments, the contributions from hydrodynamic forces and torques, and the connectivity forces at the joints. Direct numerical simulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is used to describe the fluid flow in a plane channel, and a one-way coupling is considered between the fibers and the fluid phase. We investigate the translational motion of fibers by considering the mean square displacement of their trajectories. We find that the fiber motion is primarily governed by velocity correlations of the flow fluctuations. In addition, we show that there is a clear tendency of the thread-like fibers to evolve into complex geometrical configurations in a turbulent flow field, in fashion similar to random conformations of polymer strands subjected to thermal fluctuations in a suspension. Finally, we show that fiber inertia has a significant impact on reorientation timescales of fibers suspended in a turbulent flow field.
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  • 10
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    Experimental study of heat and mass transfer of a rolling wheel (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: Heat transfer characteristics of a rolling wheel are investigated by using the naphthalene sublimation technique. The local and average Nusselt numbers are obtained. The results reveal that the local and average Nusselt numbers increase with increasing rotating Reynolds number. Under the same rotating Reynolds number they decrease along the radius direction. After comparing with similar available cases reported, it is found that the results are very close to the results of rotating disk in crossflow under the condition that rotating Reynolds number is equal the main flow Reynolds number.
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  • 11
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    Studies on transport phenomena in polymer solutions and suspensions flowing through tubes of tortuous wall geometry (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: Attempts have been made to analyse the momentum and heat transfer characteristics in tortuous flow of non-Newtonian fluids such as suspensions and polymer solutions through tubes of diverging–converging geometry. The results of the study indicate that the transfer coefficients are significantly higher in such systems as compared to the conventional couette flow (through uniform cylindrical tubes). Moreover, the simultaneous increase in pressure drop due to the tortuous wall geometry has been observed to be relatively insignificant. Fluids with different rheological characteristics such as Bingham plastic fluids, pseudoplastic fluids, Ellis model fluids and fluids obeying Reiner–Philippoff rheology have been studied. The specific advantages of these geometries in providing enhanced performance efficiency have been effectively highlighted.
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  • 12
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    Non-smooth bending and buckling of a strain gradient elastic beam with non-convex stored energy function (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-29
    Description: Non-smooth strain gradient fields are studied in bending beams, in the context of strain gradient elasticity. It is found that strain fields with continuous curvature, but discontinuous curvature derivatives (evolutes) are possible. The pure bending and buckling problems of a simply supported beam are investigated.
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  • 13
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    On the solution of nonlinear vibration of truncated conical shells covered by functionally graded coatings (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This paper deals with the linear and nonlinear vibrations of a truncated conical shell; both internal and external surfaces are covered by functionally graded coatings (FGCs). The theoretical formulation is based on the von Karman–Donnell-type nonlinear kinematics. The material properties of FGCs are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The fundamental relations, the modified Donnell-type nonlinear motion, and compatibility equations of the truncated conical shell with FGCs are derived. The basic equations are reduced to the ordinary differential equation depending on time with geometric nonlinearity using the Superposition and Galerkin methods. By applying the homotopy perturbation method to the foregoing equation, the relation between nonlinear frequency parameters with the dimensionless amplitude of a truncated conical shell with FGCs is obtained. Parametric studies are performed to illustrate the effect of different values of thickness and material composition of the FGCs on the frequency-amplitude relationships. The validity of the present solution is demonstrated by comparison with solutions available in the literature.
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  • 14
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    Two-dimensional linear model of elastic shell accounting for general anisotropy of material (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: A two-dimensional linearly elastic model of shells made of an anisotropic material described by 21 elastic moduli is developed. For this aim, the generalized Timoshenko–Reissner hypotheses are used. In contrast to the ordinary shell models, the tangential stress-resultants here depend not only on the tangential strains but also on the transverse shear. An asymptotic analysis of the obtained equations is fulfilled. The typical stress-strain states, namely the membrane state, the edge effect state, and the boundary layer, are constructed. The system of the Donnell type is delivered. As an example of general anisotropy, a composite material consisting of a matrix reinforced by the system of fibers inclined to the mid-surface is studied. Certain simple static problems and free vibration problems are solved for a cylindrical shell made of this material.
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  • 15
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    On the free vibrations of grid-stiffened composite cylindrical shells (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: A unified analytical approach is applied for investigating the vibrational behavior of grid-stiffened composite cylindrical shells considering the flexural behavior of the ribs. A smeared method is employed to superimpose the stiffness contribution of the stiffeners with those of the shell in order to obtain the equivalent stiffness parameters of the whole panel. The stiffeners are modeled as a beam and considered to support shear loads and bending moments in addition to the axial loads. Therefore, the corresponding stiffness terms are taken into consideration while obtaining the stiffness matrices due to the stiffeners. Theoretical formulations are based on first-order shear deformation shell theory, which includes the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia. The modal forms are assumed to have the axial dependency in the form of Fourier series whose derivatives are legitimized using Stokes’ transformation. In order to validate the obtained results, a 3-D finite element model is also built using ABAQUS CAE software. Results obtained from two types of analyses are compared with each other, and good agreement has been achieved. Furthermore, the influence of variations in the shell thickness and changes of the boundary conditions on the shell frequencies is studied. The results obtained are novel and can be used as a benchmark for further studies.
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  • 16
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    Optimal arch shape solution under static vertical loads (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: In this paper, a new analytical solution for the optimal shape of a plane-statically determined arch subjected to uniform vertical loads is presented. The classical problem of a catenary subjected to the self-weight is extended to an inverted catenary subjected to the self-weight and to a constant vertical load distribution. In this condition, the authors demonstrate that a class of analytical solutions exists and that unlike previously proposed solutions it corresponds to the minimum ratio of the self-weight of the arch to the total applied load. Finally, existence conditions for such a solution are derived.
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  • 17
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    Statistical analysis of instantaneous turbulent heat transfer in circular pipe flows (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-24
    Description: Turbulent heat transfer in circular pipe flow with constant heat flux on the wall is investigated numerically via Large Eddy Simulations for frictional Reynolds number Re τ  = 180 and for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.1 ≤  Pr  ≤ 1.0. In our simulations we employ a second-order finite difference scheme, combined with a projection method for the pressure, on a collocated grid in cylindrical coordinates. The predicted statistical properties of the velocity and temperature fields show good agreement with available data from direct numerical simulations. Further, we study the local thermal flow structures for different Prandtl numbers. As expected, our simulations predict that by reducing the Prandtl number, the range of variations in the local heat transfer and the Nusselt number decrease. Moreover, the thermal flow structures smear in the flow and become larger in size with less sharpness, especially in the vicinity of the wall. In order to characterize the local instantaneous heat transfer, probability density functions (PDFs) for the instantaneous Nusselt number are derived for different Prandtl number. Also, it is shown that these PDFs are actually scaled by the square root of the Prandtl number, so that a single PDF can be employed for all Prandtl numbers. The curve fits of the PDFs are presented in two forms of log-normal and skewed Gaussian distributions.
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  • 18
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    An analytical model for bedload layer thickness (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: A theoretical study has been carried out to determine the thickness of the bedload layer in an open channel turbulent flow with non-cohesive sediment, which is very crucial in sediment transport problems as this is treated as saltation height of a sediment particle and the reference level in suspension studies. A new expression of viscous shear stress is proposed, which is a function of effective viscosity of sediment–fluid mixture, velocity gradient and volumetric concentration of sediment particles. During particle collisions, impact shear stress is generated, which is another important parameter near the sediment bed. By including both the shear stresses, an expression for the thickness of the bedload layer is developed. The predicted bedload layer thickness is a function of viscous coefficient, impact coefficient, particle diameter, relative mass density of sediment particle, maximum bed concentration and non-dimensional shear stress. It agrees reasonably well when compared with a wide class of experimental data under different hydraulic conditions.
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  • 19
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    A new approach to constructing Green’s functions and integral solutions in thermoelasticity (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: This paper is devoted to a new approach for the derivation of main thermoelastic Green’s functions (MTGFs), based on their new integral representations via Green’s functions for Poisson’s equation. These integral representations have permitted us to derive in elementary functions new MTGFs and new Poisson-type integral formulas for a thermoelastic octant under mixed mechanical and thermal boundary conditions, which are formulated in a special theorem. Examples of validation of the obtained MTGFs are presented. The effectiveness of the obtained MTGFs and of the Poisson-type integral formula is shown on a solution in elementary functions of a particular BVP of thermoelasticity for octant. The graphical and numerical computer evaluation of the obtained MTGFs and of the thermoelastic displacements of the particular BVP for an octant is also presented. By using the proposed approach, it is possible to derive in elementary functions many new MTGFs and new Poisson-type integral formulas for many canonical Cartesian domains.
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  • 20
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    Torsional deformation behavior of cracked gold nano-wires (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: The presence of in-homogeneity or defects in materials cannot be ignored. There is great need to understand the influence of defects on the mechanical response of nano-materials. In this study, atomistic simulations have been used to investigate the mechanical response of gold nano-wires under twisting. Simulations show that nano-wires have different elastic properties when defects are present. Embedded cracks of different sizes have been created in nano-wires to quantify in-homogeneity. The inter-atomic interactions are represented by employing an embedded-atom potential. The effect of different sizes of crack on potential energy, torque and stresses for investigating the mechanical response of a nano-wire is part of the whole investigation. It is predicted from our simulation that the presence of a crack and dimensions of the crack control the torsional response of gold nano-wires. Deviation in the behavior of gold nano-wires from continuum expectations is also discussed. The comparison of results of atomistic simulations is made with a linear elasticity model (of healthy and cracked nano-wires) to get deep insights into the nano-scale behavior of nano-wires.
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  • 21
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    A predictive model based on a 3-D computational approach for film cooling effectiveness over a flat plate using GMDH-type neural networks (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: A 3-D numerical solution is implemented for investigating incompressible turbulent flow and thermal fields of film cooling through a single row of inclined cylindrical holes over a flat plate model. The effects of parameters of interest on the film cooling performance have been simulated. The group method of data handling (GMDH)-type neural networks successfully employed for modeling and presenting a correlation for area-weighted average adiabatic film cooling effectiveness.
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  • 22
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    Effect of temperature-dependent viscosity on the onset of Bénard–Marangoni ferroconvection in a ferrofluid saturated porous layer (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-01
    Description: The criterion for the onset of Bénard–Marangoni ferroconvection in an initially quiescent magnetized ferrofluid saturated horizontal Brinkman porous layer is investigated in the presence of a uniform vertical magnetic field. The viscosity is considered to be varying exponentially with temperature. The lower rigid boundary and the upper free boundary at which the surface tension effects are accounted for are assumed to be perfectly insulated to temperature perturbations. The eigenvalue problem is solved numerically using the Galerkin technique and analytically by regular perturbation technique with wave number a as a perturbation parameter. It is observed that the analytical and numerical results are very well comparable. The characteristics of stability of the system are strongly dependent on the viscosity parameter B . The effect of B on the onset of Bénard–Marangoni ferroconvection in a porous layer is dual in nature depending on the choices of the physical parameters, and a sublayer starts to form at higher values of B . The nonlinearity of fluid magnetization M 3 is found to have no influence on the onset of ferroconvection, whereas an increase in the value of the magnetic number M 1 and the Darcy number Da is to advance the onset of Bénard–Marangoni ferroconvection in a porous layer.
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  • 23
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    The effect of real viscosity on the heat transfer of water based Al 2 O 3 nanofluids in a two-sided lid-driven differentially heated rectangular cavity (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-08
    Description: The heat transfer and fluid flow behavior of water based Al 2 O 3 nanofluids are numerically investigated inside a two-sided lid-driven differentially heated rectangular cavity. Physical properties which have major effects on the heat transfer of nanofluids such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are experimentally investigated and correlated and subsequently used as input data in the numerical simulation. Transport equations are numerically solved with finite volume approach using SIMPLEC algorithm. It was found that not only the thermal conductivity but also the viscosity of nanofluids has a key role in the heat transfer of nanofluids. The results show that at low Reynolds number, increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the viscosity and has a deteriorating effect on the heat transfer of nanofluids. At high Reynolds number, the increase in the viscosity is compensated by force convection and the increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles which results in an increase in heat transfer is in coincidence with experimental results.
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  • 24
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    Analysis of conduction-controlled rewetting of a hot surface by variational method (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: A two region conduction-controlled rewetting model of hot surface with constant heat transfer coefficient in wet region and an adiabatic condition in the dry region is solved by the variational method. Three different models have been used for the analysis. A three parametric relation among various parameters, namely, non-dimensional dry wall temperature, Biot number and wet front velocity is obtained. Results of the present solutions are found to be in good agreement with other analytical solutions and published test data.
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    Numerical modeling of VOCs emission from a multi-layer carpet (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: A new numerical model predicting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission from a multi-layer carpet with activated carbon particles is developed with an aim to increase the VOCs emission rate in the carpet before it is used in an indoor environment. The influences of activated carbon particles, diffusion coefficient, material thickness and partition coefficient on the transient airside VOCs concentration and the VOCs emission from the carpet are investigated in detail.
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    Unsteady mixed convection heat transfer from tandem square cylinders in cross flow at low Reynolds numbers (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: A two-dimensional numerical study is carried out to understand the influence of cross buoyancy on the vortex shedding processes behind two equal isothermal square cylinders placed in a tandem arrangement at low Reynolds numbers. The spacing between the cylinders is fixed with five widths of the cylinder dimension. The flow is considered in an unbounded medium, however, fictitious confining boundaries are chosen to make the problem computationally feasible. Numerical calculations are performed by using a finite volume method based on the PISO algorithm in a collocated grid system. The range of Reynolds number is chosen to be 50–150. The flow is unsteady laminar and two-dimensional in this Reynolds number range. The mixed convection effect is studied for Richardson number range of 0–2 and the Prandtl number is chosen constant as 0.71. The effect of superimposed thermal buoyancy on flow and isotherm patterns are presented and discussed. The global flow and heat transfer quantities such as overall drag and lift coefficients, local and surface average Nusselt numbers and Strouhal number are calculated and discussed for various Reynolds and Richardson numbers.
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    A porous media theory for characterization of membrane blood oxygenation devices (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: A porous media theory has been proposed to characterize oxygen transport processes associated with membrane blood oxygenation devices. For the first time, a rigorous mathematical procedure based a volume averaging procedure has been presented to derive a complete set of the governing equations for the blood flow field and oxygen concentration field. As a first step towards a complete three-dimensional numerical analysis, one-dimensional steady case is considered to model typical membrane blood oxygenator scenarios, and to validate the derived equations. The relative magnitudes of oxygen transport terms are made clear, introducing a dimensionless parameter which measures the distance the oxygen gas travels to dissolve in the blood as compared with the blood dispersion length. This dimensionless number is found so large that the oxygen diffusion term can be neglected in most cases. A simple linear relationship between the blood flow rate and total oxygen transfer rate is found for oxygenators with sufficiently large membrane surface areas. Comparison of the one-dimensional analytic results and available experimental data reveals the soundness of the present analysis.
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    Axisymmetric and three dimensional flow modeling within thermal vapor compressors (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-13
    Description: Thermal vapor compressor (TVC) is a device for compressing vapor in water–steam cycles and frequently used in desalination systems. Large amounts of useless vapor can be compressed by this device and the efficiency of a desalination unit is effectively enhanced through this process. Motive steam is injected into the TVC through a convergent–divergent nozzle and accelerated to supersonic velocities. The low pressure steam is entrained at the upstream zone and mixed with this highly compressible motive flow within the TVC. In the current study, the flow field of an experimental TVC is scrutinized in both axisymmetric and three-dimensional approaches and compared with experimental measurements. Since the steam collector at the suction surface of the TVC has a curved shape and may undermine the symmetry of the flow on either side of the central axis, the second objective of this study is to reveal the deviation of the symmetric assumption from the real non-symmetric condition of entering steam flow into the TVC. Results show that the presence of a bending at the inlet side has approximately negligible effects on the mixing phenomenon and the flow remains symmetric around the central axis. Hence, there is no need to consider the collector geometry in further simulations and the performance parameters of the TVC would be sufficiently obtained through an axisymmetric method with a substantial reduction in the computational cost and time.
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    A rigorous analysis of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in the pasta drying process (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-13
    Description: This study presents a two dimensional analysis of coupled heat and mass transfer during the process of pasta drying. Velocity and temperature distributions of air flowing around the pasta are predicted in steady state condition. Using these profiles and the similarity between heat and mass boundary layers, local convective heat and mass transfer coefficients were determined on different points of pasta surface. By employing these values, the solution of coupled heat and mass transfer equations within the pasta object in unsteady state condition was obtained. Furthermore the effects of operating conditions such as velocity, temperature and relative humidity of air flow on drying rate of pasta were studied. Sensitivity analysis results show that the effects of air temperature and relative humidity on the rate of drying are more important than the effect of air velocity. Finally, the results obtained from this analysis were compared with the experimental data reported in the literatures and a good agreement was observed while, no adjustable parameter is used in the presented model.
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    Large area impingement spray cooling from multiple normal and inclined spray nozzles (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: An inclined spray chamber with four multiple nozzles to cool a 1 kW 6U electronic test card has been designed and tested in this study. The multiple inclined sprays can cover the same heated surface area as that with the multiple normal sprays but halve the volume of the spray chamber. The spray cooling system used R134a as a working fluid in a modified refrigeration cycle. It is observed that increasing mass flow rate and pressure drop across the nozzles improved the heat transfer coefficient with a maximum enhancement of 117 %, and reduced the maximum temperature difference at the heated surface from 13.8 to 8.4 °C in the inclined spray chamber with a heat flux of 5.25 W/cm 2 , while the heat transfer coefficient of the normal spray increased with a maximum enhancement of 215 % and the maximum temperature difference decreased from 10.8 to 5.4 °C under similar operating conditions. We conclude that the multiple inclined sprays could produce a higher heat transfer coefficient but with an increase in non-uniformity of the surface temperature compared with the multiple normal sprays.
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    Experimental and numerical investigation of transition to turbulent flow and heat transfer inside a horizontal smooth rectangular duct under uniform bottom surface temperature (2013)
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    Description: In this study, steady-state turbulent forced flow and heat transfer in a horizontal smooth rectangular duct both experimentally and numerically investigated. The study was carried out in the transition to turbulence region where Reynolds numbers range from 2,323 to 9,899. Flow is hydrodynamically and thermally developing (simultaneously developing flow) under uniform bottom surface temperature condition. A commercial CFD program Ansys Fluent 12.1 with different turbulent models was used to carry out the numerical study. Based on the present experimental data and three-dimensional numerical solutions, new engineering correlations were presented for the heat transfer and friction coefficients in the form of $ {\text{Nu}} = {\text{C}}_{2} {\text{Re}}^{{{\text{n}}_{ 1} }} $ and $ {\text{f}} = {\text{C}}_{3} {\text{Re}}^{{{\text{n}}_{3} }} $ , respectively. The results have shown that as the Reynolds number increases heat transfer coefficient increases but Darcy friction factor decreases. It is seen that there is a good agreement between the present experimental and numerical results. Examination of heat and mass transfer in rectangular cross-sectioned duct for different duct aspect ratio (α) was also carried out in this study. Average Nusselt number and average Darcy friction factor were expressed with graphics and correlations for different duct aspect ratios.
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    Observation of water condensate on hydrophobic micro textured surfaces (2013)
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    Description: We visually observed that a dropwise condensation occurred initially and later changed into a filmwise condensation on hydrophobic textured surface at atmosphere pressure condition. It was observed that the condensate nucleated on the pillar side walls of the micro structure and the bottom wall adhered to the walls and would not be lifted to form a spherical water droplet using environmental scanning electron microscope.
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    Effective thermal conductivity of CdS/ZnS nanoparticles embedded polystyrene nanocomposites (2013)
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    Description: CdS/PS and ZnS/PS nanocomposites have been prepared by solution casting method with different wt% of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanoparticles and characterized through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope measurements. The effective thermal conductivity of polymer nanocomposites has been measured by transient plane source method over the temperature range from room to 150 °C. The experimental results showed that the thermal conductivity has been found to increase up to 4 wt% of CdS/ZnS nanoparticles and then decrease for 6 and 8 wt% of nanoparticles.
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    A fin design employing an inverse approach using simplex search method (2013)
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    Description: This paper is aimed at estimating unknown parameters in a rectangular fin satisfying a predefined temperature. The differential transformation along with simplex method is used. The study has been done for different initial guess, random errors and measurement points. It is observed that, there is unique value of the convection-conduction parameter, but different conductivity and radiative parameters exist which will be useful in adjusting the parameters amongst various alternatives.
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    An analytical solution of the dynamics of a symmetrically operated parallel flow heat exchanger (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-10
    Description: An investigation of an analytical solution of the dynamics of a symmetrically operated parallel flow heat exchanger in the form of transfer matrix was performed. Perturbation method was used to linearize the usual non-linear model of such systems. A non-interactive controller to decouple the outputs and a controller to offset any expected disturbances in the boundary temperature was considered. A discrete model was established and found to predict the heat exchanger dynamics adequately. The results are acceptable and encouraging and the model has been found to be sufficient enough to achieve the objective of countering uncontrolled disturbance without requiring precise knowledge of process dynamics. The validity of the proposed control design is examined by comparing it with other models in the literature.
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    Comparative study on performance of a zigzag printed circuit heat exchanger with various channel shapes and configurations (2013)
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    Description: Comparative study has been performed with various channel cross-sectional shapes and channel configurations of a zigzag printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE), which has been considered as a heat exchanging device for the gas turbine based generation systems. Three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and heat transfer equations are solved to analyze conjugate heat transfer in the zigzag channels. The shear stress transport model with a low Reynolds number wall treatment is used as a turbulence closure. The global Nusselt number, Colburn j-factor, effectiveness, and friction factor are used to estimate the thermal–hydraulic performance of the PCHE. Four different shapes of channel cross section (semicircular, rectangular, trapezoidal, and circular) and four different channel configurations are tested to determine their effects on thermal–hydraulic performance. The rectangular channel shows the best thermal performance but the worst hydraulic performance, while the circular channel shows the worst thermal performance. The Colburn j-factor and friction factor are found to be inversely proportional to the Reynolds number in cold channels, while the effectiveness and global Nusselt number are proportional to the Reynolds number.
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    Numerical and experimental study of heat transfer in a tall vertical closed cavity (2013)
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    Description: In this work the numerical and experimental results of heat transfer in a vertical tall closed cavity are presented. The cavity has an aspect ratio of 20, one of the vertical walls receive a constant and uniform heat flux, while the opposite wall is kept at a constant temperature. The remaining walls are assumed adiabatic. The cavity is full of air. The computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 6.3 was used for the simulation and an experimental prototype was built to obtain the heat transfer coefficients. The air temperature and the fluid velocity values are higher when emissivity (ε) is 0.03 (almost pure natural convection). The experimental total heat transfer coefficient increases between 119.9 and 159.9 % when the emissivity of the walls changes from 0.03 to 0.95.
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    A study on a flexible wing with up–down vibration in a pulsating flow of cooling air to improve heat transfer efficiency (2013)
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    Description: We investigated a flexible wing that can function as a folding fan by vibrating smoothly on a heated surface, and the effects of this vibration on heat transfer. For flexible up–down vibrations of the wing in a pulsating flow, we propose a novel milli-scale flexible wing shape with a relatively large body and a narrow connecting leg. The shape was optimized such that its deformation became much larger at a low air flow. We performed two-way fluid–structure interaction analyses to predict performance, and an experimental validation was also conducted. The details of flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation are summarized qualitatively. Our results show that the heat transfer coefficient of a heated surface with a single flexible wing was approximately 11.3 % greater than that of a flat plate.
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    Forced convective heat transfer enhancement with perforated pin fins (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-09
    Description: Increasing miniaturization of high speed multi-functional electronics demands ever more stringent thermal management. The present work investigates experimentally and numerically the use of staggered perforated pin fins to enhance the rate of heat transfer in these devices. In particular, the effects of the number of perforations and the diameter of perforation on each pin are studied. The results show that the Nusselt number for the perforated pins is 45 % higher than that for the conventional solid pins and it increases with the number of perforation. Pressure drop with perforated pins is also reduced by 18 % when compared with that for solid pins. Perforations produce recirculations in the x – y as well as the x – z planes downstream of the pins which effectively increase convective heat transfer. However, thermal dissipation decreases significantly when the ratio of pin diameter to perforation diameter exceeds 0.375. This is due to both a reduction in the number of perforation per pin and the decrease in the axial heat conduction along the pin.
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    Development of colburn ‘ j ’ factor and fanning friction factor ‘ f ’ correlations for compact heat exchanger plain fins by using CFD (2013)
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    Description: A numerical model has been developed for plain fin of plate fin heat exchanger. Plain fin performance has been analyzed with the help of CFD by changing the various parameters of the fin, Colburn ‘ j ’ and fanning friction ‘ f ’ factors are calculated. These values compared with the standard values. The correlations have been developed between Reynolds number Re , fin height h, fin thickness t, fin spacing s, Colburn factor ‘ j ’ and friction factor ‘ f ’.
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    Experimental investigation of the effects of driver housing and resonance tube on the temperature difference across a thermoacoustic stack (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: This paper studies the effects of the driver housing and the resonance tube length on the temperature difference generated across the stack ends. The experiment uses air as the working fluid. The results indicate that the size of the back volume and the length of the resonance tube have affected both the optimal frequency and the temperature difference across the stack. The relationship of these parameters is necessary to the design and measurement performance of the thermoacoustic system.
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    A numerical investigation of new film cooling hole configuration at the leading edge of asymmetrical turbine blade: part A (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The focus of the first part of this numerical study is to investigate the effects of two new configurations: (1) slot with cylindrical end and (2) slot with median cylindrical hole, generated by the combination between two film cooling configurations: cylindrical hole and uniform slot. Computational results are presented for a row of coolant injection holes on each side of an asymmetrical turbine blade model near the leading edge. For each configuration, three values of the radius are taken: R = 0.4, R = 0.8 and R = 1.2. The six cases simulations, thus obtained, are conducted for the same density ratio of 1.0 and the same inlet plenum pressure. A new parameter, Rc, is defined to measure the rate of blade coverage by the film cooling. Results show that, at the pressure side; for the two new configurations, the six studied cases exceed the case baseline in cooling effectiveness term with the best result obtained for R = 0.8 (case 2). For the suction side, only configurations with R = 0.4 (cases 1 and 4) provide an increase of film effectiveness compared to the case baseline. The following configuration: Cases 1 or 4 at the suction side and case 2 at the pressure side, gets the best thermal protection because of their higher coverage and strong cooling effectiveness.
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    Turbulent heat transfer characteristics of water flow in a rotating pipe (2013)
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    Description: Large-Eddy-Simulation of turbulent heat transfer for water flow in rotating pipe is performed, for various rotation ratios (0 ≤  N  ≤ 14). The value of the Reynolds number, based on the bulk velocity and pipe diameter, is Re  = 5,500. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the rotating pipe on the turbulent heat transfer for water flow, as well as the reliability of the LES approach for predicting turbulent heat transfer in water flow. Some predictions for the case of non-rotating pipe are compared to the available results of literature for validation. To depict the influence of the rotation ratio on turbulent heat transfer, many statistical quantities are analyzed (distributions of mean temperature, rms of fluctuating temperature, turbulent heat fluxes, higher-order statistics). Some contours of instantaneous temperature fluctuations are examined.
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    Experimental determination of correlations for average heat transfer coefficients in heat exchangers on both fluid sides (2013)
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    Description: This paper presents an experimental–numerical method for determining heat transfer coefficients in cross-flow heat exchangers with extended heat exchange surfaces. Coefficients in the correlations defining heat transfer on the liquid- and air-side were determined based on experimental data using a non-linear regression method. Correlation coefficients were determined from the condition that the weighted sum of squared liquid and air temperature differences at the heat exchanger outlet, obtained by measurements and those calculated, achieved minimum. Minimum of the sum of the squares was found using the Levenberg–Marquardt method. The uncertainty in estimated parameters was determined using the error propagation rule by Gauss. The outlet temperature of the liquid and air leaving the heat exchanger was calculated using an analytical model of the heat exchanger.
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    Experimental and numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer inside hexagonal duct (2013)
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    Description: Flow and heat transfer characteristics in transition and turbulent regions are studied experimentally and numerically in a horizontal smooth regular hexagonal duct under constant wall temperature boundary condition covering a range of Reynolds number from 2.3 × 10 3 to 52 × 10 3 . Two types of k -omega (standard and shear stress transport (SST)) and three types of k - ε (standard, renormalization (RNG), and realizable) turbulence model are employed for transition and turbulent regions, respectively. Both average and fully developed Darcy friction factor and Nusselt number are presented as a function of Reynolds number. It is seen that k -omega SST and k - ε realizable turbulence models gave the best agreement with the experimental data in transition and turbulent regions, respectively. All the experimental results are correlated within an accuracy of ±13 % and ±7 % for Nusselt number and Darcy friction factor, respectively. Results obtained in this study are compared with circular duct results using hydraulic diameter.
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    Investigation of viscosity and thermal conductivity of alumina nanofluids with addition of SDBS (2013)
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    Description: The present study focused on thermal conductivity and viscosity of alumina nanoparticles, at low volume concentrations of 0.01–1.0 % dispersed in the mixture of ethylene glycol and water (mass ratio, 60:40). Sodium dodeobcylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was applied for better dispersion and stability of alumina nanoparticles and study of its influence on both thermal conductivity and viscosity. The thermal conductivity established polynomial enhancement pattern with increase of volume concentration up to 0.1 % while linear enhancement was obtained at higher concentrations. In addition, thermal conductivity was enhanced with the rise of temperature. However, the augmentation was negligible compared to that obtained with increase of volume concentration. In contrast, viscosity data showed remarkable reduction with increase of temperature. Meanwhile, viscosity of nanofluids enhanced with loading of alumina nanoparticles. Thermal conductivity and viscosity measurements showed higher values over theoretical predictions. Results showed SDBS at different concentrations has distinct influence on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid.
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    Numerical analysis of stress singularity at singular points of three-dimensional elastic bodies (2013)
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    Description: A numerical method of constructing eigensolutions for arbitrary elastic conical bodies with smooth and non-smooth lateral surfaces is considered. Different variants of its numerical implementation based on the finite element method are discussed. The results of numerical experiments demonstrating the efficiency and reliability of the proposed method are presented. The character of stress responses (the character of stress singularities) in the vicinity of vertices of circular and non-circular cones, composite and hollow cones, cones with non-smooth lateral surfaces, trihedral wedge, one and two intersecting wedge-shaped cracks is estimated based on the obtained solutions.
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    Conformal invariance of Mei symmetry for discrete Lagrangian systems (2013)
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    Description: The conformal invariance of the Mei symmetry and the conserved quantities are investigated for discrete Lagrangian systems under the infinitesimal transformation of the Lie group. The difference Euler–Lagrange equations on regular lattices of the discrete Lagrangian systems are presented via the transformation operators in the space of the discrete variables. The conformal invariance of the Mei symmetry is defined for the discrete Lagrangian systems. The criterion equations and the determining equations are proposed. The conserved quantities of the systems are derived from the structure equation governing the gauge function. Two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.
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    Convection-dominated melting of phase change material in partially heated cavity: lattice Boltzmann study (2013)
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    Description: Heat transfer and fluid flow processes of natural convection melting of a phase change material are simulated numerically inside a partially heated square cavity. The momentum and energy equations are solved by using enthalpy-based lattice Boltzmann method combined with multi distribution function model. In this communication, the dependence of liquid fraction, temperatures of vertical nodes and average Nusselt number on the positions of heated plates is investigated quantitatively.
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    Effect of the conical-shape on the performance of vortex tube (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The present study focuses on the effect of conical shape in the cold side of the Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube which is shown to have a considerable influence on the system performance. A vortex tube is a simple circular tube with no moving parts which is capable to divide a high pressure flow into two relatively lower pressure flows with temperatures higher and lower than the incoming flow. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model is used to analyse the mechanisms of flow inside a vortex tube. The SST turbulence model is used to predict the turbulent flow behaviour inside the vortex tube. The geometry of a vortex tube with circumferential inlet slots as well as axial cold and hot outlet is considered. Performance curves temperature separation versus cold outlet mass fraction are calculated for a given inlet mass flow rate and varying outlet mass flow rates.
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    Efficient finite element analysis of models comprised of higher order triangular elements (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-11
    Description: This paper introduces an efficient method for the finite element analysis of models comprised of higher order triangular elements. The presented method is based on the force method and benefits graph theoretical transformations. For this purpose, minimal subgraphs of predefined special patterns are selected. Self-equilibrating systems are then constructed on these subgraphs leading to sparse and banded null basis. Finally, well-structured flexibility matrices are formed for efficient finite element analysis.
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    Dynamic effective models of two-dimensional acoustic metamaterials with cylindrical inclusions (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Based on analytical solutions of elastic waves scattered by a coated cylinder in an infinite elastic matrix, we construct the localization relations for averaged displacement and stress fields in each phase. Dynamic effective mass, in-plane bulk modulus and shear modulus are defined, respectively, as the ratio between the force and acceleration, bulk stress and bulk strain, maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain. Analytic expressions for dynamic effective parameters of two-dimensional acoustic metamaterials are derived. Numerical examples are given to analyze dynamic effective properties of composites with coated inclusions. It is demonstrated that the proposed model can predict negative values of effective mass and effective bulk and shear modulus, and discover the underlying mechanisms of negative effective material parameters. The proposed model will be helpful in designing new acoustic metamaterials.
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    The structure of shock and interphase layers for a heat conducting Maxwellian rate-type approach to solid–solid phase transitions (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: One continues the qualitative analysis started in Part I (Făciu and Molinari in Acta Mech) concerning the thermomechanical characteristics of a steady, structured moving phase boundary in a shape memory alloy (SMA) by a quantitative investigation. The internal structure of these interphase layers is governed by a Maxwellian rate-type constitutive equation coupled or not with the Fourier heat conduction law. We consider as equilibrium stress–strain–temperature response function for the Maxwellian model an explicit piecewise linear thermoelastic relation for an SMA bar which can exist in the austenite phase A and in two variants of martensite M ± . Its thermal properties are built in agreement with experimental results on NiTi. This equilibrium relation has the atypical property that not only the derivative of the stress response function with respect to the strain changes its sign, but also the derivative with respect to the temperature. Considerable temperature variation is generated by impact-induced phase transformations due to the large amount of latent heat released (absorbed) inside the transition layer. One gets strong heating (cooling) across a compressive A → M − (expansive M − → A ) propagating interphase layer. A significant lower (larger) temperature than that at the front and Hugoniot back state is obtained inside an impact-induced M + → M − ( M − → M + ) interphase layer. The experimental finding of this phenomenon of temperature undershoot (overshoot) could be a valuable indication for the existence of an interphase layer.
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    Towards a seismic worst scenario approach for rocking systems: analytical and experimental set-up for dynamic response (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The paper focuses on the problem of the assessment of the response of structures behaving like rocking rigid blocks with unilateral constraints under dynamic loading. Although the motion of rigid blocks simulated by means of ad hoc built calculus codes shows good agreement between the numerical results and the data recorded in the laboratory tests, the response of such a system is poorly robust, and results can be very different in dependence of a number of factors, thus making final assessment rather uncertain. The developments presented and discussed represent the premise pushing towards the adoption of approaches aimed at searching for the worst possible rocking response and eventually based on iterative optimisation procedures.
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    The generalized Hamilton’s principle for a non-material volume (2013)
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    Description: Fundamental principles of mechanics were primarily conceived for constant mass systems. Since the pioneering works of Meshcherskii, efforts have been made in order to elaborate an adequate mathematical formalism for variable mass systems. This is a current research field in theoretical mechanics. In this paper, attention is focused on the derivation of the generalized Hamilton’s principle for a non-material volume. First studies on the subject go back at least four decades with the article of McIver (J Eng Math 7(3):249–261, 1973 ). However, it is curious to note that the extended form of Hamilton’s principle that is derived by McIver does not recover the Lagrange’s equation for a non-material volume which is demonstrated by Irschik and Holl (Acta Mech 153(3–4):231–248, 2002 ). This does suggest additional theoretical investigations. In the upcoming discussion, Reynolds’ transport theorem is consistently considered regarding the original form of the principle of virtual work, and so the generalized Hamilton’s principle for a non-material volume is properly derived. It is finally shown that the generalization of Hamilton’s principle that is here proposed is in harmony with the Lagrange’s equation which is demonstrated by Irschik and Holl.
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    Material tailoring and moduli homogenization for finite twisting deformations of functionally graded Mooney-Rivlin hollow cylinders (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: We analytically analyze finite plane strain twisting deformations of a hollow cylinder made of an isotropic and inhomogeneous Mooney-Rivlin material with material moduli varying in the radial direction. The cylinder is deformed by applying either tangential tractions on the inner surface and tangential displacements on the outer surface or vice versa. The radial variation of the moduli is found that will minimize the tangential displacement of the bounding surface where tangential traction is specified. Furthermore, the modulus of a homogeneous neo-Hookean cylinder is found that is energetically equivalent to the inhomogeneous cylinder.
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    Influence functions, integral formulas, and explicit solutions for thermoelastic spherical wedges (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: In this study, new exact Green’s functions and a new exact Green-type integral formula for a boundary value problem (BVP) in thermoelasticity for some spherical wedges with mixed homogeneous mechanical boundary conditions are derived. The thermoelastic displacements are subjected to a heat source applied in the inner points of the spherical wedges and to a mixed non-homogeneous boundary heat conditions. When the thermoelastic Green’s function is derived, the thermoelastic displacements are generated by an inner unit point heat source, described by Dirac’s δ -function. All results are obtained in elementary functions that are formulated in a special theorem. Exact solutions in elementary functions for two particular BVPs of thermoelasticity for spherical wedges also are included. In these particular BVPs, the thermoelastic displacements are subjected to a constant temperature (in the first particular BVP) or to a constant heat source (in the second particular BVP). In both BVPs, the constant temperature or the constant heat source is given on the segment of the radius of the quarter-space. On the boundary half-planes of the quarter-space zero temperature and zero heat flux are prescribed.
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    Whirling frequencies of thin spinning cylindrical shells surrounded by an elastic foundation (2013)
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    Description: In this paper, the whirling frequencies of simply supported and clamped rotating cylindrical shells surrounded by an elastic foundation are investigated. The Love’s shell theory is used along with the Winkler foundation to obtain the governing equations of motion. An exact power series solution is obtained for arbitrary boundary conditions and the results are verified with the literature. Several case studies are performed, and the effect of spinning speed, foundation stiffness, and geometrical dimensions of the cylinder on the whirling frequencies are investigated.
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    An interface crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric bi-layer under anti-plane shear impact (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The transient response of an interface crack between two dissimilar functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) layers under anti-plane shear impact loading is analyzed using the integral transform method. The properties of the FGPM layers vary continuously along the thickness, and the two layers are connected weak-discontinuously. Laplace transform and Fourier transform are used to reduce the problem to two sets of dual integral equations, which are then expressed to the Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. Numerical values on the dynamic energy release rate are presented for the FGPM to show the effects on the electric loading, variation and gradient of material properties, and thickness of layers. Following things are helpful to increase the resistance of transient fracture of interface crack in FGPMs: (a) increase of the material properties from the interface to the upper or lower free surface; (b) decrease of weak discontinuity at the interface; (c) increase of the gradient of material properties; (d) certain direction and magnitude of the electric loading; and (e) increase of the thickness of the FGPM layer.
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    Coupled vibration of a cantilever micro-beam submerged in a bounded incompressible fluid domain (2013)
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    Description: This paper investigates the free vibrations of a cantilever micro-beam submerged in a bounded frictionless and incompressible fluid cavity. Based on the Fourier–Bessel series expansion and using linear potential theory, an analytical method is proposed to analyze the eigenvalue problem, where the fluid effect emerges as an added mass. Wet beam vibration mode shapes together with the sloshing modes of the oscillating liquid are depicted. Moreover, effects of geometrical configuration and fluid density on the natural frequencies of the coupled system are evaluated. Results show that in spite of the high added mass values related to lower modes, presence of the fluid changes the higher modes more effectively.
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    A study on the plastic properties of unidirectional nanocomposites with interface energy effects (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: In this paper, for obtaining an overall size-dependent yield function for nanocomposites containing aligned cylindrical nanofibers, the effects of interface residual stress and interface elasticity are taken into account within a micromechanical framework. Toward this goal, the modified Hill’s condition is used, and then, in order to consider effects of the interface residual stress, strains are decomposed into two parts, a part due to the external loadings and the other due to the interface residual stress. Next, utilizing the field fluctuation method, an overall yield function containing effective elastic constants of the material is derived and then simplified for practical loading conditions. Moreover, a secant modulus scheme is adopted to examine the overall nonlinear behavior of the material in plastic deformation. Finally, by some numerical examples, it is shown that the interface stress, including the interface residual stress, makes the yield strength and plastic deformation of the metal matrix nanocomposites dependent on the nanofiber size, in contrast to the classical results.
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    Shear waves in a piezoceramic layered structure (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The propagation of SH-type wave is studied in a composite structure consisting of alternating polymeric layers and porous piezoelectric layers. The porous piezoelectric materials of the composite structure are assumed to have 6mm symmetry and their poling direction is along z -axis. Layers of the polymer are considered as isotropic dielectric elastic material. Solutions of the field equations for the porous piezoelectric material and for the polymeric material are obtained. Two cases, first when the direction of propagation of the SH-type wave is taken along the direction normal to the layering of the composite structure, and second when the propagation direction is taken along the layering, are considered for the derivation of the phase velocity. The dispersion and the stop-pass band behavior of the Floquet wave is also discussed. Numerical results for phase velocity and stop band effect are presented for a periodic system of alternating PZT-5H and polythene layers. The influence of volume fraction on phase velocity and stop band effect is discussed.
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    Nozzle parameters affecting vortex tube energy separation performance (2013)
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    Description: This experimental study reports the effect of nozzle parameters on the energy separation of the vortex tube. The results indicate that maximum energy separation is achieved with tangential nozzle orientation while the symmetry/asymmetry of nozzles has a minimal effect on the performance of the energy separation. For current selected conditions and parameters, the study shows that the optimum number of nozzles for maximum energy separation is around 4 nozzles.
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    Mathematical modelling of thermal conductivity for nanofluid considering interfacial nano-layer (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: Maxwell’s classical model for predicting effective thermal conductivity of colloidal solution predicts the thermal conductivity of nanofluids quite satisfactorily. However, Maxwell’s model does not consider the effect of interfacial layer, Brownian motion of nano-particle and nanoparticle aggregation. In this paper, the effect of interfacial layer on thermal conductivity is considered. A simple expression has been derived to determine thermal conductivity of nanofluid considering interfacial layer formed on the nano particles. The thermal conductivity of the interfacial layer has been precisely determined and results are found to be closer to the experimental values, hence, further improving the results of classical Maxwell model.
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    Analytical solution of the problem of supercritical fluid instability in a heated channel (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: The paper represents an investigation into thermohydraulic instability in flow of a supercritical fluid with respect to a “density wave”. An analytical solution was obtained for the stability boundary separating stable and unstable modes of the fluid flow. Effects of the thermophysical properties and wall thickness on the flow stability were studied. It was shown that an increase in the thermal conductivity and the thickness of the wall leads to the increase in the flow stability. The theoretically obtained stability boundary was compared with experimental data obtained for the cooling system of superconducting magnets. Taking into account the thermal conjugation “wall-coolant” lifts the problem to the new higher level: an additional parameter is involved into the mathematical description, which causes qualitative changes in the character of the solution.
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    Phase field model of polarization evolution in a finite ferroelectric body with free surfaces (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-11
    Description: The traditional phase field method adopts periodic boundary conditions and thus can only be applied to a continuous medium. In this manuscript, an extended phase field model is developed to simulate the polarization switching in a finite ferroelectric body with free surfaces. The void region outside the ferroelectric body was modeled as an elastic body having the same elastic stiffness as the ferroelectrics as well as properly distributed eigenstrain which functions to satisfy the traction-free boundary condition. Based on this scheme, periodic boundary conditions can be applied to the discrete system including a finite ferroelectric body and the voids outside. The elastically inhomogeneous system can be solved easily. This model has high calculation efficiency and can be conveniently applied to finite ferroelectric bodies with arbitrary boundaries. Finally, the domain pattern formation in a ferroelectric nano-particle is simulated. The obtained polarization pattern and stress field are illustrated.
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    DQEM for analyzing dynamic characteristics of layered fluid-saturated porous elastic media (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-11
    Description: Based on the Porous Media Theory presented by de Boer, the governing differential equations for a layered space-axisymmetrical fluid-saturated porous elastic body are firstly established, in which the suitable interface conditions between layers are presented. Then, a differential quadrature element method (DQEM) is developed, and the DQEM and the second-order backward difference scheme are applied to discretize the governing differential equations of the problem in the spatial and temporal domain, respectively. In order to show the validity of the present analysis, the dynamic response of a fluid-saturated porous medium is analyzed, and the obtained numerical results are directly compared with the existing analytical results. The effects of the numbers of the elements and grid points on the convergence of the numerical results are considered. Finally, the dynamic characteristics of a layered fluid-saturated elastic soil cylinder subjected to a water pressure or a dynamic loading are studied, and the effects of material parameters are considered in detail. From the above numerical results, it can be found that the DQEM has advantages, such as little amount in computation, good stability and convergence as well as high accuracy, so it is a very efficient method for solving the problems in soil mechanics, especially such problems with discontinuities.
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    A Hamiltonian state space approach to anisotropic elasticity and piezoelasticity (2013)
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    Description: We present a Hamiltonian state space approach for problems of anisotropic elasticity and piezoelasticity. By means of Legendre’s transformation, the basic equations of piezoelasticity are formulated into a state equation and an output equation in terms of the state vector that comprises the generalized displacement vector and the conjugate generalized traction vector as the dual variables. The Hamiltonian features and symplectic orthogonality of the system, which are essential for the solution approach using eigenfunction expansion, are delineated at length. We show that the solution to 3D problems of a prismatic body hinges upon a 2D Hamiltonian eigensystem and the eigensolution associated with the zero eigenvalue leads to the solution to the generalized plane problem naturally. Based on the formalism, the solution to a problem of piezoelasticity is no more difficult than its elastic counterpart.
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    An irregular-shaped inclusion with imperfect interface in antiplane elasticity (2013)
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    Description: Despite extensive studies of inclusions with simple shape, little effort has been devoted to inclusions of irregular shape. In this study, we consider an inclusion of irregular shape embedded within an infinite isotropic elastic matrix subject to antiplane shear deformations. The inclusion–matrix interface is assumed to be imperfect characterized by a single, non-negative, and constant interface parameter. Using complex variable techniques, the analytic function that is defined within the irregular-shaped inclusion is expanded into a Faber series, and in conjunction with the Fourier series, a set of linear algebraic equations for a finite number of unknown coefficients is determined. With this approach and without imposing any constraints on the stress distribution, a semi-analytical solution is derived for the elastic fields within the irregular-shaped inclusion and the surrounding matrix. The method is illustrated using three examples and verified, when possible, with existing solutions. The results from the calculations reveal that the stress distribution within the inclusion is highly non-uniform and depends on the inclusion shape and the weak mechanical contact at the inclusion/matrix boundary. In fact, the results illustrate that the imperfect interface parameter significantly influences the stress distribution.
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    Analysis of the laminar flow in a transition layer with variable permeability between a free-fluid and a porous medium (2013)
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    Description: The transport problem in a three-layer channel consisting of a noticeable transition layer sandwiched by a free-fluid region and a homogeneous porous medium is investigated analytically. The heterogeneous transition layer is characterized by the continuous variation of porosity and permeability, which are specifically described by applying two sets of functions. The Brinkman model is employed in the transition layer, and the analytical velocity profile is obtained in terms of the Airy function. Consistency is found between the computation results and the PIV data measured by Goharzadeh et al. (Phys. Fluids 17:057102, 2005 ). After comparing the estimated permeability variations with the calculated variation, we find the former predicted permeability values are two orders of magnitude larger than the latter ones. The velocity discrepancy in the transition layer is ascribed to the effectiveness of the empirical permeability function: although the well-known Kozeny– Carman formula can precisely predict the permeability of the monodisperse spherical packing bed with constant porosity, it will overestimate the permeability in the transition layer. Then, the exact permeability variation is expressed by an exponential function, and a more general formula is needed to model the gradual change of permeability along the transition layer region.
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    An exact solution of boundary layer flow over a moving surface embedded into a nanofluid in the presence of magnetic field and suction/injection (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-06
    Description: The effects of magnetic field, suction/injection, nanoparticles type, and nanoparticle volume fraction on heat transfer characteristics and mechanical properties of a moving surface embedded into cooling medium consists of water with Cu, Ag or Al 2 O 3 particles are studied. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed to ordinary differential equations containing, suction/injection parameter, magnetic parameter, nanoparticle and volume fraction. These equations are solved analytically. The velocity and temperature profiles within the boundary layer are plotted and discussed in details for various values of the different parameters.
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    Experimental characterization of convective heat transfer with MWCNT based nanofluids under laminar flow conditions (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-09
    Description: This study describes an investigation on the convective heat transfer performance of aqueous suspensions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The results suggested an increase on heat transfer coefficient of 47 % for 0.5 % volume fraction. Moreover, the enhancement observed during thermal conductivity assessment, cannot fully explain the heat transfer intensification. This could be associated to the random movements among the particles through a fluid, caused by the impact of the base fluid molecules.
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    Temperature distributions in a periodically stratified layer with slant lamination (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: The paper deals with the two-dimensional stationary temperature distribution in a composite layer. The nonhomogenous body is assumed to be composed of periodically repeated two-layered laminae. The layering is inclined with an arbitrary angle to the boundary planes. The lower and upper boundary planes are assumed to be kept at given temperatures. The considered problem is solved within the framework of the homogenized model with microlocal parameters, where the continuity thermal conditions on interfaces are satisfied.
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    Buckling of a functionally graded coated solid subjected to sliding contact loading (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: This paper investigates the buckling of a bi-layered material with functionally graded coating including a pre-existing interface crack. In order to investigate this phenomenon which is of particular interest to the tribological community, the stresses due to sliding cylindrical loading were determined. Solutions for stresses are obtained by use of Fourier transform technique. These stress fields under such loading are strongly affected by various parameters such as friction coefficient, indenter tip radius, film thickness, etc. Therefore, to assess the coating strength reliably, the mechanical stress field developed by mixed normal and tangential surface pressure was analyzed by considering the affected parameters. The mechanical properties of the FG coating are assumed to vary exponentially through the thickness. On the basis of stress analysis, a satisfactory framework was developed to study the buckling of FG coatings. An interface crack was assumed to model the actually occurring flaws in such coated systems, and the critical buckling stress was obtained.
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    Analysis of a geometrically exact multi-layer beam with a rigid interlayer connection (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: A finite-element formulation for geometrically exact multi-layer beams is proposed in the present work. The interlayer slip and uplift are not considered. The number of layers is arbitrary, and the basic unknown functions are the horizontal and vertical displacements of the composite beam’s reference axis and the cross-sectional rotation of each layer. Due to the geometrically exact definition of the problem, the governing equations are nonlinear in terms of basic unknown functions and the solution is obtained numerically. In general, each layer can have different geometrical and material properties, but since the layers are rigidly connected, the main application of this model is on homogeneous layered beams. Numerical examples compare the results of the present model with the existing geometrically nonlinear sandwich beam models and also with the 2D plane-stress elements and, where applicable, with the results from the theory of elasticity. The comparison with 2D plane-stress elements shows that the multi-layer beam model is very efficient for modelling thick beams where warping of the cross-section has to be considered.
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    Geometrically nonlinear rectangular simply supported plates subjected to a moving mass (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: The dynamic deformation of a geometrically nonlinear rectangular simply supported plate under a moving lumped mass is evaluated using mode expansion method. The governing differential equations of motion for a largely deformable rectangular plate are derived using Lagrange method based on appropriate in and out-of-plane spatial functions which satisfy the proposed boundary conditions. Although the proposed procedure is applicable for any arbitrary edge boundary conditions, only the simply supported plates are addressed in the present work. On the other hand, all inertial components of the moving mass are included in the derivation of the equations of motion. A numerical example is used to study the dynamic behavior of the plate, considering large deformations. The obtained results indicate that ignoring the geometric nonlinearity in determining the vertical deformations of plates under the effect of moving masses, especially those of considerable weight and velocity, results in excessively large linear amplitudes leading to an unfavorable conservative structural design.
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    The effects of surface roughness geometry of flow undergoing Poiseuille flow by molecular dynamics simulation (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-21
    Description: Numerical simulation of Poiseuille flow of liquid Argon in a rough nano-channel using the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation is performed. Density and velocity profiles across the channel are investigated in which roughness is implemented only on the lower wall. The Lennard–Jones potential is used to model the interactions between all particles. The effects of surface roughness geometry, gap between roughness elements (or roughness periodicity), surface roughness height and surface attraction energy on the behavior of the flow undergoing Poiseuille flow are presented. Results show that surface shape and roughness height have a decisive role on the flow behaviors. In fact, by increasing the roughness ratio (height to base ratio), the slip velocity and the maximum velocity in the channel cross section are reduced, and the density fluctuations near the wall increases. Results also show that the maximum density near the wall for a rough surface is less than a smooth wall. Moreover, the simulation results show that the effect of triangle roughness surface on the flow behavior is more than the cylindrical ones.
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    Description of mechanism of thermal conduction and internal damping by means of two-component Cosserat continuum (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: A new approach to the derivation of the theory of thermoviscoelasticity is proposed. Neither the hypothesis of fading memory nor rheological models are used within the framework of this approach. The proposed approach is based on the mechanical model of a one-rotor gyrostat continuum. In special cases, the mathematical description of this model is proved to reduce to the equations of the coupled problem of thermoelasticity, the self-diffusion equation, and the equation describing the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid. In the context of this model, we consider the original treatment of the physical nature of the mechanism of thermal conduction and internal damping. The first part of the paper contains the aforesaid theoretical results. The second part of the paper is devoted to the determination of some parameters of the model. On the base of the proposed theory, we obtain the dependence of the acoustic wave attenuation factor on a signal frequency. This dependence is in close agreement with the classical dependence in the low-frequency range and agrees with the dependence obtained on the base of the phonon theory in the hypersonic frequency range. We discuss some ways of determining of the volume and shear viscosities and the heat flow relaxation timescale by using known values of the sound velocity and the acoustic wave attenuation factor. The obtained values of the heat flow relaxation timescale are compared with the values derived from the phonon theory.
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    Chatter instability analysis of spinning micro-end mill with process damping effect via semi-discretization approach (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: In this paper, the stability of delay differential equations (DDEs), describing self-excited vibrations in a micro-milling process, is investigated based on semi-discretization (SD) method. Due to the stubby geometry of micro-tools, the shear deformation and rotary inertia effects are considered for modeling the structure. The extended Hamilton’s principle is used to derive a detailed dynamical model of the spinning micro-tool with the support of misalignment in which the gyroscopic effects cause coupling of equations. Considering the actual geometry of the micro-end mill, exact dynamic stiffness (DS) formulations are developed to investigate the tool’s free vibration characteristics. The extracted mode shapes obtained from DS method are utilized as base functions in a Galerkin approach. Having considered regenerative cutting force, imposing the Galerkin method reduces the governing PDEs of the system to a set of DDEs. The resulting equations are discretized by means of SD procedure. Finally, numerical Floquet theory is utilized to investigate the stability of the system. Also, the effects of process damping on the stability diagrams are explored. The results show the efficiency of the proposed model and delineate the considerable influence of process damping on the stability borders of the system especially at low spindle speed.
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    A multiscale strategy for thermo-elastic plastic stress analysis of heterogeneous multiphase materials (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-14
    Description: A multiscale strategy is developed for the thermo-elastic plastic stress analysis of heterogeneous multiphase materials. The strategy is based on the extended multiscale finite element method (EMsFEM) and the enriched partition of unity approach. In the formulation, the enriched numerical base functions are adapted into the EMsFEM, which show good applicability to the local deformation pattern. Thus, the microscopic variable fields can be reproduced precisely, which are crucial for the nonlinear analysis. Numerical examples of two-phase heterogeneous media with regular and irregular microstructures demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.
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    Improving the accuracy of SOD for modal parameters estimation of damped systems (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
    Description: The smooth orthogonal decomposition (SOD) method is one of the output only modal analysis methods, which is originally suggested for the undamped/lightly damped systems. In this paper, the error sources of the SOD method for damped vibrating systems have been investigated. Then, in order to improve the accuracy of SOD for modal analysis of damped systems, some modifications have been made on the traditional SOD algorithm, and instead of the forward two-point differential operator D , the central eight-point differential operator D m is used. In order to compare the accuracy of improved SOD and traditional SOD, the two methods are applied for vibration analysis of a discrete system subjected to the random white noise with the same excitation arrangement. The estimated results are compared with the exact solution obtained by the structural eigenvalue problem. The comparison reveals that the improved SOD is more accurate than the traditional SOD method. In addition, the effects of the excitation arrangement and the measurement noise on the estimated modal parameters are investigated.
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    Evaluation on environment-friendly refrigerants with similar normal boiling points in ejector refrigeration system (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
    Description: Based on the “hypothetical throat area” theory and the “constant-pressure mixing” theory, a thermodynamic model for ejector was set up by introducing the real properties of refrigerants. Refrigerants which have similar normal boiling points with each other may act as replacement to each other in substitute progress. In this paper, eight environment-friendly refrigerants were divided into 4 pairs for study according to their normal boiling point. In each refrigerant pair, the entrainment ratios of ejector, system COP, pump power et al. of refrigerants were compared and analyzed. Lastly, the performances of the transcritical and subcritical ejector refrigeration cycles with propylene were calculated and compared.
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    Hybrid reliability analysis with both random and probability-box variables (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Hybrid reliability analysis (HRA) with both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties is investigated in this paper. The aleatory uncertainties are described by random variables, and the epistemic uncertainties are described by a probability-box ( p -box) model. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to propagating random or p -box uncertainties, much less attention has been paid to analyzing the hybrid reliability with both of them. For HRA, optimization-based Interval Monte Carlo Simulation (OIMCS) is available to estimate the bounds of failure probability, but it requires enormous computational performance. A new method combining the Kriging model with OIMCS is proposed in this paper. When constructing the Kriging model, we only locally approximate the performance function in the region where the sign is prone to be wrongly predicted. It is based on the idea that a surrogate model only exactly predicting the sign of performance function could satisfy the demand of accuracy for HRA. Then OIMCS can be effectively performed based on the Kriging model. Three numerical examples and an engineering application are investigated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
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    Combined effect of pressure and geometric imperfection on buckling of stressed thin films on substrates (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: This paper deals with the combined effect of pressure and geometric imperfection on buckling of stressed thin films on a semi-infinite rigid substrate. Analytical approximate solutions are proposed by using the total potential energy of the system and the Rayleigh–Ritz’s method, and their stabilities are also determined. The present analytical approximate solutions agree very well with the numerical solutions obtained via the improved shooting method. The effect of pressure mismatch together with imperfection on the critical stress (above which the film buckles) and on the film-center deflection is characterized. It is found that, compared with the classical case of the Euler column buckling, the equilibrium solutions and critical stress of the film are strongly dependent on the linear combination of the pressure mismatch and imperfection amplitude.
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    Study on the effect of an eccentric hole on the vibrational behavior of a graphene sheet using an analytical approach (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Because of the production process and constraint conditions, a circular graphene sheet may be opposed to structural defect and pin hole, respectively. Some of the defects and pin hole on a circular graphene sheet can be considered as an eccentric hole. So, analyzing the behavior of a circular graphene sheet with an eccentric hole is important. Free vibration of an eccentric annular graphene sheet, as the basis of any dynamical analysis, is analytically studied in this paper. Nonlocal thin plate theory is used to model the problem. The translational addition theorem for cylindrical vector wave functions is employed to solve the equation of motion for various boundary conditions. Results are compared with the literature, and their accuracy is approved. Effects of boundary conditions, geometrical properties and nonlocal parameter changes on symmetric and antisymmetric vibrational modes are investigated. It is approved that the eccentricity has a significant effect on the natural frequencies. Also, symmetric and antisymmetric modes of an annular graphene sheet have different behavior when geometrical and nonlocal parameters change.
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    Erratum to: Edelen’s dissipation potentials and the visco-plasticity of particulate media (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
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    Effects of open-air sun drying and pre-treatment on drying characteristics of purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: Effects of open-air sun drying and pre-treatment on drying characteristic of purslanes ( Portulaca oleracea L.) were investigated. Drying times were determined as 31, 24 and 9 h for natural, salted and blanched, respectively. The higher “L” value and lower “−a/b” ratio values were obtained in natural dried purslane. The Aghbashlo et al. model gave a better fit to drying data.
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    Effect of attack and cone angels on air flow characteristics for staggered wing shaped tubes bundle (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: An experimental and numerical study has been conducted to clarify fluid flow characteristics and pressure drop distributions of a cross-flow heat exchanger employing staggered wing-shaped tubes at different angels of attack. The water-side Re w and the air-side Re a were at 5 × 10 2 and at from 1.8 × 10 3 to 9.7 × 10 3 , respectively. Three cases of the tubes arrangements with various angles of attack, row angles of attack and 90° cone angles were employed at the considered Re a range. Correlation of pressure drop coefficient P dc in terms of Re a , design parameters for the studied cases were presented. The flow pattern around the staggered wing-shaped tubes bundle were predicted using the commercial CFD FLUENT 6.3.26 software package. Results indicated that the values of P dc increased with the angle of attack from 0° to 45°, while the opposite was true for angles of attack from 135° to 180°. The values of P dc for the arrangements of (θ 1,2,3  = 45°), (θ 1  = 45°, θ 2  = 0°, θ 3  = 45°), and (θ 1,2,3  = 0°) were lower than those for the arrangement of (ϕ 1  = ϕ 2  = ϕ 3  = 90°) by about 33, 53, and 91 %, respectively. Comparisons between the experimental and numerical results of the present study and those obtained by similar previous studies showed good agreements.
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    Numerical sensitivity analysis of density driven CO 2 convection with respect to different modeling and boundary conditions (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-09
    Description: We present a numerical analysis of the sensitivity of the density driven CO 2 convection results in a vertical Hele-Shaw cell with respect to different modeling assumptions. The role of density driven convection phenomenon in CO 2 geological storage capacity and safety has already been pointed out in several studies. We showed that in order to accurately simulate the phenomenon occurring in lab experiments, multi-phase transfer has to be considered and variations in the permeability field should also be taken into account. Taylor dispersion has been found to have no significant effect on the results. Experimental results of the convection fingering process development and of quantitative determination of the total mass of dissolved CO 2 were used to validate the numerical simulation results. Understanding how accurate numerical models can simulate lab experiments is an important step in confirming their reliability to predict underground CO 2 storage capacity.
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    Numerical simulation on vapor absorption by wavy lithium bromide aqueous solution films (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description:    Numerical simulation has been made on heat and mass transfer of vapor absorption by wavy lithium bromide aqueous solution films. The velocity fields and interface positions are obtained by VOF model. Solitary waves are generated by periodically disturbed inflow boundary. Based on these, the temperature and concentration fields are obtained with a stationary interface shape. The effect of solitary waves on the heat and mass transfer across the film is investigated. It is shown that due to the mixing of circulation and stretch of large film thickness, the gradient of concentration and absorption rate decrease for solitary wave region. The region of capillary waves shows a significant amount of absorption enhancement. The percentage of absorption for the different regions is quantified. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0820-x Authors Shoushi Bo, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China Xuehu Ma, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China Hongxia Chen, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China Zhong Lan, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2# Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
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    Influence of the thermal boundary layer on the contact layer between a liquid and a cold plate in a solidification process (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-10
    Description:    In this paper, the influence of both the hydrodynamic and the thermal boundary layer on the solidification process of the flowing liquid on a cold plate is theoretically analyzed. Heat transfer between a frozen layer which is created and a laminar flowing liquid over that layer is considered. The development of the boundary layers and the relation between them on the solidification process are studied. An integral method for the solution of the boundary layer equations was used to obtain approximative solutions. The influence of the Prandtl and Reynolds number on the formation of the solid crust is shown and discussed for time dependent and steady-state solutions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0823-7 Authors Z. Lipnicki, Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland B. Weigand, Institut für Thermodynamik der Luft- und Raumfahrt, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
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    Experimental analysis on vortex tube energy separation performance (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description:    The present study reports the effect of several operating parameters on the thermal performance of the vortex tube. The experimental results indicate that the inlet pressure and the cold fraction are the most significant parameters influencing the vortex tube performance. The experimental data point out that insulation has minimal effect on the vortex tube performance. The same inlet pressure tests show that energy separation increases as number of inlet nozzle increases. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0824-6 Authors Mohammad O. Hamdan, Mechanical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17555, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Ahmed Alawar, Mechanical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17555, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Emad Elnajjar, Mechanical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17555, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Waseem Siddique, Mechanical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17555, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
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    A similarity solution for the flow and heat transfer over a moving permeable flat plate in a parallel free stream (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-21
    Description:    This paper presents both a numerical and analytical study in connection with the steady boundary layer flow and heat transfer induced by a moving permeable semi-infinite flat plate in a parallel free stream. Both the velocities of the flat plate and the free stream are proportional to x 1/3 . The surface temperature is assumed to be constant. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by a new similarity transformation. Numerical results for the flow and heat transfer characteristics are obtained for various values of the moving parameter, transpiration parameter and the Prandtl number. Approximate analytical solutions are also obtained when the suction or injection parameter is very large. It is found that dual solutions exist for the case when the fluid and the plate move in the opposite directions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0821-9 Authors Norfifah Bachok, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia Mihaela Anghel Jaradat, Bogdan Voda University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Ioan Pop, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cluj, CP 253, 3400 Cluj, Romania Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
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    Numerically gas radiation heat transfer modeling in chemically nonequilibrium reactive flow (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-23
    Description:    A numerical method for calculation of strong radiation for 2D reactive air is developed. Governing equations are taken to be 2D, compressible Reynolds-average Navier–Stokes and species transport equations. Also, radiation heat flux is evaluated using a model of discrete ordinate method. A multiband model is used to construct absorption coefficients. Tangent slab approximation is assumed to determine the characteristic parameters needed in the Discrete Ordinates Method. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0828-2 Authors Morteza Rahmanpour, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khameneh Branch, Khameneh, Shabestar, Iran Reza Ebrahimi, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Mehrzad Shams, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
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    Group method solutions of the generalized forms of Burgers, Burgers–KdV and KdV equations with time-dependent variable coefficients (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-25
    Description:    Solutions for the generalized forms of Burgers, Burgers–KdV, and KdV equations with time-dependent variable coefficients and with initial and boundary conditions are constructed. The analysis rests mainly on the standard group method. Similarity solutions are found which reduce the nonlinear system of partial differential equations to systems of ordinary differential equations to obtain some exact solutions and others as numerical solutions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s00707-011-0503-1 Authors Mina B. Abd-el-Malek, Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21544 Egypt Medhat M. Helal, Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Journal Acta Mechanica Online ISSN 1619-6937 Print ISSN 0001-5970
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    Dynamical stress in force chains of granular media traveling on a bumpy terrain and the fragmentation of rock avalanches (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-27
    Description:    The dynamics of grain fragmentation is usually ignored in the study of rapid granular flows. This is realistic for experiments on small-scale chutes or in many industrial processes where the specific granular energy is too small for particles to break but is unrealistic for natural rock avalanches, where the extremely comminuted state is perhaps the most evident aspect of the deposit. Based on observations of natural landslide deposits, it has been suggested that the stress may increase along a sequence of force chains formed by the granular material. However, simple calculations show that rock avalanche deposits exhibit a much more advanced degree of fragmentation than explainable with the static chain model. It is thus deduced that fragmentation along force chains must be combined with the effect of a bumpy topography. A simple model of a force chain moving on a rugged incline is then introduced, which exhibits increased fragmentation rate in the presence of a bumpy topography. It is shown that both the wave number and amplitude of the topographic undulations are significant in the efficiency of fragmentation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s00707-011-0504-0 Authors F. V. De Blasio, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Journal Acta Mechanica Online ISSN 1619-6937 Print ISSN 0001-5970
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    Multiple cracks on the interface between a piezoelectric layer and an orthotropic substrate (2011)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-27
    Description:    In the present work, we investigate the problem of multiple cracks on the interface between a piezoelectric layer and an orthotropic substrate. The method of dislocation simulation and singular integral equation are used to solve the crack problem. The theoretical derivation is verified by the classical result in a special case. Numerical results of the stress intensity factor are obtained, and thereby the effects of geometrical parameters and material orthotropy are surveyed. The optimal stiffness ratio of the orthotropic substrate is suggested for the purpose of interfacial fracture prevention, which is significant for the design and assessment of such a kind of smart structures. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s00707-011-0506-y Authors Fei-Xiang Feng, Academy of Armored Force Engineering, Beijing, 100072 China Kang Yong Lee, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 Republic of Korea Yong-Dong Li, Academy of Armored Force Engineering, Beijing, 100072 China Journal Acta Mechanica Online ISSN 1619-6937 Print ISSN 0001-5970
    Print ISSN: 0001-5970
    Electronic ISSN: 1619-6937
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 98
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    Efficient synthesis of heat exchanger networks combining heuristic approaches with a genetic algorithm (2011)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-21
    Description:    In this work an innovative method for heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis is introduced and examined. It combines a genetic algorithm (GA) with a heuristic based optimization procedure. The novel algorithm removes appearing heat load loops from the HEN structures when profitable, throughout the evolution. Two examples were examined with the new HEN synthesis method and for both better results were obtained. Thus, a positive effect of heuristic based optimization methods on the HEN synthesis with GA could be located. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0829-1 Authors Christopher Brandt, Institute of Process and Plant Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, 21071 Hamburg, Germany Georg Fieg, Institute of Process and Plant Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, 21071 Hamburg, Germany Xing Luo, Institute of Thermodynamics, Helmut Schmidt University, 22043 Hamburg, Germany Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
    Print ISSN: 0947-7411
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1181
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 99
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    Theoretical analysis to investigate thermal performance of co-axial heat pipe solar collector (2011)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-23
    Description:    The thermal performance of co-axial heat pipe solar collector which consist of a collector 15 co-axial heat pipes surrounded by a transparent envelope and which heat a fluid flowing through the condenser tubes have been predicted using heat transfer analytical methods. The analysis considers conductive and convective losses and energy transferred to a fluid flowing through the collector condenser tubes. The thermal performances of co-axial heat pipe solar collector is developed and are used to determine the collector efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of heat taken from the water flowing in the condenser tube and the solar radiation striking the collector absorber. The theoretical water outlet temperature and efficiency are compared with experimental results and it shows good agreement between them. The main advantage of this collector is that inclination of collector does not have influence on performance of co-axial heat pipe solar collector therefore it can be positioned at any angle from horizontal to vertical. In high building where the roof area is not enough the co-axial heat pipe solar collectors can be installed on the roof as well as wall of the building. The other advantage is each heat pipe can be topologically disconnected from the manifold. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s00231-011-0827-3 Authors E. Azad, Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy Department, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran Journal Heat and Mass Transfer Online ISSN 1432-1181 Print ISSN 0947-7411
    Print ISSN: 0947-7411
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1181
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 100
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    Stresses produced on a rough irregular half-space by a moving load (2011)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-25
    Description:    The stresses developed in a body due to a moving load causing fracture are an interesting problem of mechanics having its application toward the stability of a medium. This paper is concerned with the stresses developed in an irregular isotropic half-space due to a normal moving load at a rough free surface. The irregularity has been taken in the form of a parabola and a rectangular irregularity has also been discussed as a special case of parabolic irregularity. Closed-form expressions for the normal and shear stresses have been obtained. The effect of friction, irregularity factor, and maximum amplitude of irregularity has been discussed for both stresses. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s00707-011-0507-x Authors A. Chattopadhyay, Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004 India S. Gupta, Department of Applied Mathematics, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad, Dhanbad, 826004 India V. K. Sharma, Defence R & D Organisation, ISSA LAB, Metclafe House, Delhi, 110054 India Pato Kumari, Department of Mathematics, JIIT Noida, Noida, 201307 India Journal Acta Mechanica Online ISSN 1619-6937 Print ISSN 0001-5970
    Print ISSN: 0001-5970
    Electronic ISSN: 1619-6937
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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