Publication Date:
2013-04-06
Description:
We prove a Lefschetz formula for general simple graphs which equates the Lefschetz number L(T) of an endomorphism Twith the sum of the degrees i(x) of simplices in G which are fixed by T.The degree i(x) of x with respect to T is defined as a graded sign of the permutation T induces on thesimplex x multiplied by -1 if the dimension of x is odd. The Lefschetz number is defined as in the continuumas the super trace of T induced on cohomology. In the special case where T is the identity,the formula becomes the Euler-Poincare formula equating combinatorial and cohomological Euler characteristic.The theorem assures in general that if L(T) is nonzero, then T has a fixed clique. A specialcase is a discrete Brouwer fixed point theorem for graphs: if T is a graph endomorphism of aconnected graph G, which is star-shaped in the sense that only the zeroth cohomology groupis nontrivial, like for connected trees or triangularizations of star shaped Euclidean domains,then there is clique x which is fixed by T.Unlike in the continuum, the fixed point theorem proven here looks for fixed cliques, complete subgraphswhich play now the role of "points" in the graph. Fixed points can so be vertices, edges, fixed triangles etc.If A denotes the automorphism group of a graph, we also look at the average Lefschetz number L(G)which is the average of L(T) over A. We prove that this is the Euler characteristic of the graph G/A andespecially an integer. We also show that as a consequence of the Lefschetz formula, the zeta functionzeta(T,z) is a product of two dynamical zeta functions and therefore has an analytic continuationas a rational function which is explicitly given by a product formula involving onlythe dimension and the signature of prime orbits of simplices in G.
Print ISSN:
1687-1820
Electronic ISSN:
1687-1812
Topics:
Mathematics
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