ALBERT

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 26 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bernt Arne Bertheussen, Bent Dreyer, Audun Reiertsen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This study describes three fundamental quality-enhancing business models in the Norwegian cod industry, which challenge the traditional and dominant volume-focused wild catch model: a quality-enhancing Live storage model, a quality-enhancing Farm raised model, and a Wild-caught Quality model. Furthermore, the study explores whether the models are sustainable based on their performance over almost two decades along three critical dimensions: capability to counteract seasonal fluctuations, ability to obtain a premium price, and growth potential. Finally, the paper outlines managerial and political implications of the findings.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Anita B. Ameyaw, Annette Breckwoldt, Hauke Reuter, Denis W. Aheto〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Though many publications on women in fisheries in coastal areas are available on a global scale, still little information pertaining to women fisheries in Ghanaian coastal communities exist. This paper is therefore based on the premise that women's roles and contributions to the fishing industry in Ghana are under-recognized, poorly documented and under-acknowledged in management discussions. This study is intended to bring to bear the diverse contributions that women make in Ghanaian fisheries - as womens' needs and interests are often overlooked in interventions and policies. This non-inclusion could lead to policies and interventions missing their target of creating sustainable livelihoods based on marine resources. The objective of this study therefore is to fill an important gap in fisheries management information, critical for decision-making processes geared towards more sustainable ocean-based livelihoods. The primary objective of this paper is to analyse the role of women in fisheries livelihood within the context of their scale of operations and fish distribution networks. Interviews were conducted in two fishing communities in the western region of Ghana to assess the constraints that impede women's development within the fisheries sector, analysing their dependency on the fisheries resource as a livelihood and some interventions proposed for the improvement of their livelihood is discussed.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 13 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Julien Simon, Dorothée Kopp, Pascal Larnaud, Jean-Philippe Vacherot, Fabien Morandeau, Gaël Lavialle, Marie Morfin〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Quantification of the escapement rate of unwanted fish through a selective device is usually based on catch comparison. This study proposes a new, time efficient method to automatically compare two selective devices by automated counting of fish escapements through each selective device based on video sequences. First, sea trials were conducted to record video sequences of fish escaping a white and black square mesh panel. Then, all of the underwater sequences were automatically analysed by a computer vision software for automated object detection and tracking. Finally, the algorithm was assessed using 150 min of video sequences analysed by humans. We observed that the variability in escapements rate between all the observers on reference video sequences could reach 5%. As the difference in escapements rate between the algorithm and the observers was lower than the variability between observers, the automated approach was validated. The software detected a significant difference in fish escapement rate according to the net colour in the camera field of view: 60% of all fish escaped through the white panel. Our results suggest that net colour influences the escape rates of fish. The colour of the selective device should therefore be investigated further with the aim of increasing their efficiency. Further development of the software could be done to identify species and size of the fish and assess the effectiveness of a selective device by species and size.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lorena Garcia-Alonso, Ticiana Grecco Zanon Moura, David Roibas〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Maritime transport is a sector particularly affected by climatic conditions. Once a ship is in the port, ship manoeuvres and port operations can be hindered by the weather conditions related to wind, wave height, rain, fog, etc. Additionally, shipping can also be hindered by weather conditions which leading to demand variability. Therefore, the worse the weather, the greater also the necessity for some overcapacity, which will be used only during demand peaks, remaining unused during low-demand periods. Due to both their direct effect on productivity and their indirect effect through demand variability, weather variables can be important conditioning variables for port productivity. However, to the authors' knowledge, there has been no analysis published which deals with this effect. In this study, we analyse the effect of two weather variables, wind speed and wave height, on port productivity. In particular, a stochastic output distance function approach was used to assess the impact of wind and waves on the technical efficiency of Spanish ports. As in our sample wind and waves are positively correlated with the tidal amplitude, we also included this variable as a control variable. The impact of both weather variables and tidal amplitude were evaluated by means of some simulation analysis. The results confirm the significant influence of weather conditions on port technical efficiency. Moreover, during the sample period (1992–2016) it was found that weather conditions were responsible for a variation of 5.3% in the average technical efficiency of the whole sample.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 14 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Arron N. Honniball〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In June 2017 a wide-ranging and protracted dispute between several members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) simmered over into the public sphere with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain and Saudi Arabia all severing diplomatic ties with Qatar. This diplomatic dispute is accompanied by a number of port state and coastal state measures which includes the denial of the use of ports and the denial of innocent passage to vessels either linked to Qatar or carrying cargo linked to Qatar. This paper will use the current law of the sea framework to analyse the legality of the UAE's, Bahrain's and Saudi Arabia's Qatar-related restrictions upon international shipping. This paper concludes that in both cases the three GCC states have a valid jurisdictional basis to adopt such measures, but the limitations of customary international law and the 〈em〉United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea〈/em〉 (UNCLOS) are arguably not being followed. The conclusion also touches upon whether the compulsory dispute settlement procedure found in Part XV of UNCLOS presents another avenue for flag states to challenge the restrictions on innocent passage imposed by Saudi Arabia and Bahrain as parties to UNCLOS.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bianca Haas, Jeffrey McGee, Aysha Fleming, Marcus Haward〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A key challenge for humanity is to conserve and sustainably use the earth's oceans and marine resources as millions of people rely on fish for food, income, and well-being. Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) are key players in international fisheries management. However, despite their importance, the ability of these institutions to manage fisheries in a sustainable way and to prevent overfishing has often been questioned. This article aims to provide an overview of issues which impact the RFMOs performance. We conducted an extensive literature review to summarize issues which were mentioned in the peer-reviewed literature. Moreover, we also discuss the impact of new international agreements and processes, such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the currently negotiated agreement for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, due to the overlap of themes such as biodiversity protection and sustainable fisheries management. We identified 17 issues which were mentioned in the literature, with the most frequent ones being precautionary and ecosystem approach and decision-making. RFMOs are slowly making progress regarding these issues and some organizations are already applying good practices. This highlights the importance of RFMOs to learn from each other. While the agreement for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction might potentially impact RFMOs and speed up to the process of applying best practices, the sustainable development goals are less likely to influence RFMOs.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 26 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zhiwei Zhao, Emma Wadsworth, Jørgen Riis Jepsen, Wessel M.A. van Leeuwen〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: May 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 115〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jinkai Yu, Qingchao Han〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 24 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yi Xiao, Grace Wang, Kun-Chin Lin, Guanqiu Qi, Kevin X. Li〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 20 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jack Daly, Ratana Chuenpagdee〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 14 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Daniel Peñalosa Martinell, Tim Cashion, Robert Parker, U. Rashid Sumaila〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 14 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Stephen K. Brown, Manoj Shivlani, Roberto F. Koeneke, David Agnew, Julia Byrd, Martin Cryer, Cathy Dichmont, David Die, William Michaels, Keith Reid, Jake Rice, Henrik Sparholt, James Weinberg〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 13 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rui Pedro Mota〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 14 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Arielle Levine〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 12 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): David J. Lieske, Laura McFarlane Tranquilla, Robert A. Ronconi, Sue Abbott〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 10 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Taro Kawamoto, Osamu Baba〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Two small scale tuna longline fisheries, the Japanese Small Offshore Tuna Longline fishery (SOTL) and the Australian Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery (ETBF) have much in common, including: gear, target species and the relatively small scale entities, whereas they have large differences in their respective management strategies (the ETBF is output controlled whereas the SOTL is input controlled) and the distance between the point of catch and the point of landing (SOTL fishes far beyond Japan's EEZ, ETBF concentrates within Australia's EEZ). This study focuses on the financial performance of the SOTL and the ETBF between 2011 and 14. The ETBF performs better on financial performance compared to the SOTL but has a higher “per hook fishing cost” due mainly to lower fishing effort (i.e. number of hooks) deployed. This contrasts with the situation pertaining in a previous bio-economic model study of longline tuna fisheries in the WCPO. Periodic updates of the “per hook fishing cost” will enable improvements of accuracy of the bio-economic modelling. We conclude that better catch rate and less fuel consumption compared to the SOTL is the primary reason that the ETBF performs better profitability. We assumed that the rights-based controls including Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) under the Total Allowable Commercial Catch (TACC) of the ETBF supports to maintain a higher catch rate and lower fuel consumption compared with the SOTL where resource rights are not allocated to vessels. This analysis lends weight to suggestions that an appropriate rights-based allocation system will improve profitability of tuna longline fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 10 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rachel Kelly, Aysha Fleming, Mary Mackay, Carolina García, Gretta T. Pecl〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The marine environment is a shared public resource and successful marine conservation depends on stakeholder approval and support. The concept of social licence reflects community expectations and support of the use and management of natural resources, and is being increasingly applied in the marine context. Here, support and opposition to marine protected areas are investigated through the frame of social licence. This study explores the perceptions of key marine stakeholders from Tasmania, Australia to improve understanding on social licence for marine protected areas. A combination of Q-methodology and semi-structured interviews are applied to identify how social licence exists and can potentially be developed in practice. Two social perspectives are identified, 1) 〈em〉I use the ocean: MPAs are not the solution,〈/em〉 and 2) 〈em〉No one listens: we need MPAs to protect the ocean〈/em〉, that reveal social licence is not a support/oppose outcome and that more nuanced understanding and dialogue around stakeholder engagement and perceptions of the ocean are required. These study outcomes are developed to provide a modern example of marine resource use debate, and to reveal novel insights that can advise marine managers, decision-makers, and stakeholders dealing with marine conflict and opposition in Australia and elsewhere.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 7 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sonia Méhault, Dorothée Kopp, Marie Morfin, Jean Pierre Cuillandre, Pascal Larnaud, Fabien Morandeau, Jean Philippe Vacherot, Thomas Rimaud〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The landing obligation implemented under the European Union Common Fisheries Policy prompted the development of selective devices for fishing gear to reduce unwanted catches. In the Bay of Biscay, a collaborative project between scientists and fishermen evaluated catch rates and length frequencies of caught species from two innovative trawl devices, which were compared to the gear that is currently used in the fishery. The experimental designs were: (1) a 90 mm square mesh bycatch reduction device inserted in the tapered section (SMBRD) and (2) a 70 mm T90 mesh codend and extension (T90). Each selective device was tested separately using the twin trawl method for catch comparison on board commercial vessels: SMBRD was tested on board vessels targeting 〈em〉Nephrops〈/em〉 and T90 on board vessels targeting demersal fish. This study focused on hake (〈em〉Merluccius merluccius〈/em〉), which is an important bycatch species, red mullet (〈em〉Mullus surmuletus〈/em〉) and common sole (〈em〉Solea solea〈/em〉), which have high commercial value, and horse mackerel (〈em〉Trachurus trachurus〈/em〉), which is nearly never discarded. Horse mackerel and hake escaped through the two devices tested, resulting in fewer unwanted catches in the selective trawls without commercial loss. For sole, more individuals were caught with the SMBRD than with the standard gear. The T90 resulted in the escapement of most red mullet across its entire length range observed, resulting in significantly lower Catch Per Unit Effort of landings and unwanted catch, probably due to unsuitable mesh size and shape for that species. These results have direct application for multispecies fisheries in which fishermen have to appropriately select devices according to the specific characteristics and species composition of their fisheries.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 8 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Feixue Li, Dongdong Ding, Zhenjie Chen, Honghua Chen, Ting Shen, Qianlian Wu, Chenye Zhang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Coastal reclamation has been regarded as an effective means to provide space for urban expansion and industrial development in China, given its low cost and flexible utilization. The Chinese government has issued a series of policies to boost or slow down reclamation to cope with varied conditions of domestic and international environments for China's economic development and marine environment problems. This paper aims to improve Chinese sea use management policy by analyzing reclamation area, the introduction of policies, and the impacts of these policies on reclamation from 2002 to 2018. First, statistical data and remote sensing data are used for analyzing the reclamation area and the construction area of the reclaimed land in the coastal areas of China. The results show that China reclaimed 2976.1 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 from the sea, of which 910.8 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 was constructed for urbanization and industrialization during 2002–2018. Whilst the statistical data from the 〈em〉Sea-Use Bulletin〈/em〉 show that 1449.4 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 reclamation area was issued sea area user's right. The results indicate an increased trend of annual reclamation area from 2002 to 2015, a relatively stable annual construction area, and a declining construction ratio. Second, we connect the reclamation change and the change of the policy system following a review on the sea use management policy system. The analysis demonstrates that the stability and predictability of the policy system need improvement. Special efforts should be devoted to reinforcing law enforcement supervision and the concept of sustainable sea use should be advocated.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 7 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hilde Woker, Bernhard Schartmüller, Knut Ola Dølven, Katalin Blix〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The rapid changes in both climate and human activity occurring in the Arctic Ocean demands improved knowledge about this region. Combined with eased accessibility due to reduced sea ice cover and new technologies, this has led to increased research activity in the region. These circumstances put pressure on the applicable legal framework, i.e. the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Therefore, a conversation is needed between legal and marine scientists to promote the alignment between the legal framework and current practices of marine scientific research in the Arctic. This article showcases three current practices of marine scientific research in the Arctic, which are subsequently analysed in light of the existing legal framework, highlighting the legal questions arising from the use of these three technologies. The three technologies analysed here are seabed structures off Svalbard, floating ice-tethered observatories deployed across the marine Arctic, and remote sensing activities paired with in situ measurements.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 7 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Daniela Russi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an essential tool for the protection and recovery of marine ecosystems. Most Mediterranean MPAs are multiple-use, i.e., they include a small no-take area and a buffer zone where extractive and non-extractive economic activities are allowed, mostly under restricted conditions. Multiple-use MPAs are characterised by specific governance challenges, which differ from those of no-take ones. They need to find a compromise between conservation goals and the interests of different categories of stakeholders, and in particular the fishery and tourism sectors – whose support and buy-in are essential to ensure compliance. For this reason, it is important to analyse the governance strategy of multiple-use MPAs that are successful both from an environmental and a socio-economic point of view. To contribute to this debate I herein explore the governance strategy of the Torre Guaceto MPA in south-east Italy, a success story that shows how, even in a difficult socio-economic context and with limited public funding, a MPA can lead to the recovery of ecosystems while providing economic benefits to the tourism and fishery sectors. Drawing from a focus group with fishermen and in-depth semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from the managing Consortium, the tourist and agriculture sectors and two local residents, I argue that the reason for the success of the Torre Guaceto MPA can be found in the use of multiple economic and non-economic incentives, which catalyse synergies among sectors, and in the strong leadership by two local, well-respected, committed and pro-active leaders.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 8 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Laura N. Rickard, Kofi Britwum, Caroline L. Noblet, Keith S. Evans〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉More than 50% of seafood produced globally for human consumption comes from aquaculture, and this percentage is rising. Aquaculture supporters point to many potential benefits of this production technology, including reducing pressure on wild fisheries, enabling more efficient production, and creating jobs. Yet, in recent years, aquaculture has lacked widespread support, and even generated amplified risk perceptions in some U.S. communities. In this study, we explore the factors leading individuals to view aquaculture as “factory-made” or “farm fresh” – that is, what predicts acceptance of aquaculture, and how might these variables differ from those previously shown to influence acceptance of other “novel” food technologies, such as GM food? We report on the results of an online survey (〈em〉N〈/em〉 = 800) and offer evidence that support for aquaculture is associated with, among other variables, its perceived benefits outweighing its perceived risks, perceived controllability over one's exposure to its products, trust in scientists and the process of science, and perceived credibility of the sources providing public audiences with information. Implications for policy, such as how to shape strategic messaging about aquaculture given low-information publics, are presented.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 4 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Komul Kalidin Bhavnah, Mattone Carlo, Sheaves Marcus〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Managing small-scale fisheries (SSF) is complicated because fishers rarely selectively target valued species but try to maximise their catch by keeping everything regardless of species or size. About 50% of the fish captured for human consumption globally, is produced by SSF, however, there has been repeated failures of fisheries management to effectively regulate this resource by data poor countries due to poor or non-existent long-term monitoring and evaluation (M&E). To understand the challenges to effective M&E in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), we looked at the current M&E system of Mauritius from the point of view of its effectiveness in managing its SSF. Major barriers to effective M&E identified were (i) a lack of quality fisheries information and understanding of ecosystem functioning resulting from a limited ability to collect quality data and analyse it effectively, (ii) a lack of collaborative research and other cost-effective approaches (iii) a failure to assess the effectiveness of no-take reserves and (iv) a lack of inclusion of catches from all sources when calculating the total catch. These barriers are mostly due to a lack of qualified personnel, specialised equipment and a lack of funding. Therefore, achieving management objectives designed to provide benefits to both humans and the environment, requires a series of approaches to improve data collection, integration and emphasising appropriate decision-making, data collection and analysis frameworks.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 5 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bjarki Þór Elvarsson, Sveinn Agnarsson, Saga Guðmundsdóttir, Jónas Viðarsson〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper presents the outcome of one of the case-studies of the EU-funded FP7 research project MareFrame. The project sought to remove the barriers preventing more widespread use of the ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management by developing integrated ecosystem-based assessment methods and a decision support framework for the management of marine resources. The findings are intended to support the implementation of the 〈em〉Common Fisheries Policy (〈/em〉CFP) and 〈em〉Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)〈/em〉. The case study focused on the Icelandic cod fishery which is by far the most important fishery in Iceland, accounting for 43% of the country's total export values of seafood in 2016. Sound biological and economic management of the fishery is therefore essential for both the nation as a whole as well as individual fisheries-dependent communities. The analysis is done in two main steps. We first use the statistical multi-species model Gadget, developed by the Icelandic Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, to estimate the development of catches by fleet segments (trawl, net and longline) and stock size. Comparisons are made with two scenarios: a) adhering to the present harvest control rule or b) changing the effort to a level corresponding to fishing mortality associated with maximum sustainable yield (F〈sub〉MSY〈/sub〉). In the second step, the two outcomes and their socio-economic effects are examined using a three-stage analytic hierarchy process. The case study has been developed in close cooperation with Icelandic stakeholders, and in this paper we describe how the co-creation approach was employed in an ecosystem-based fisheries management framework.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 3 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Rowan Trebilco, Jess Melbourne-Thomas, Andrew John Constable〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Southern Ocean food webs provide ecosystem services with significant global value including carbon sequestration, fisheries and the existence of iconic wildlife. These services are underpinned by different energetic pathways including those dominated by Antarctic krill, fishes and squids, or gelatinous zooplankton (salps). Climate change is likely to impact Southern Ocean food webs by affecting their foundations — both primary producer communities and ice habitats. However, the implications of these changes for ecosystem services – including wildlife populations, fisheries and carbon sequestration – are unclear, as are the implications for policy and management. Here, we use a generalised representation of Southern Ocean food webs and qualitative network modelling to investigate the consequences of five simple but plausible scenarios of future change for ecosystem services and the conservation of important taxa: (i) a shift in primary producer communities with decreasing large diatoms and increasing small flagellates; (ii) increasing salps; (iii) increase (recovery) of the Great whales; and unregulated and unsustainable fisheries for (iv) krill or (v) toothfish. Strikingly, our results suggest that increases in salps might not have negative consequences for ecosystem services and could enhance carbon export potential. Simulated increases in unregulated krill and toothfish fisheries affect predatory wildlife and could also reduce carbon export potential. Our results emphasise the important policy implications of understanding the structure and change of whole food webs, and highlight that improved quantitative understanding and modelling of the relative importance of different energy pathways will be important for developing robust management responses to climate change impacts.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0308597X1930212X-fx1.jpg" width="207" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 3 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): William M. Goldsmith, Andrew M. Scheld, John E. Graves〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉While commercial and recreational fisheries are often considered to compete with one another, in the Atlantic bluefin tuna fishery along the U.S. east coast individual fishermen are permitted to fish either commercially or recreationally on a trip-by-trip basis. How these individuals choose to fish can affect whether the fishery adheres to domestic bluefin tuna regulations and could impact the United States' ability to comply with international management measures. We applied a contingent sequential stated choice survey to bluefin tuna fishermen to identify key factors governing disposition decisions, evaluate the impact of inertia (habit formation), and forecast future harvest patterns. Those who primarily fished recreationally demonstrated more opportunistic harvest tendencies than their commercial counterparts, who were more stable in their preference to harvest fish for sale. Simulations based on model results indicated that fish disposition (harvest commercially, harvest recreationally, or release) varied widely based on regulatory, individual, and fishery characteristics. Such results can help managers to forecast harvest patterns and adopt regulatory tools to ensure that harvest remains within prescribed limits.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 1 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Miriam Wilhelm, Alin Kadfak, Vikram Bhakoo, Kate Skattang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A growing recognition of human rights in business has shed light on labor violations and abusive practices that prevail in many global supply chains. The recent ‘modern slavery’ crisis in the Thai fishing industry not only brings the question of government's responsibility to the fore but also increasingly highlights the role of private governance in global supply chains. This paper provides an updated analysis on the state of labor rights protection in the Thai fishing industry by analyzing responses from private business and civil society to the modern slavery scandal. We focus on three responses in particular: ethical recruitment policies, worker grievance mechanisms and worker associations. We analyse the effectiveness of these responses and delineate the potential of private governance as well as the limits that need to be overcome to ensure the protection of human and labor rights in global seafood supply chains.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 1 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yu-Heng Lu, Takahiro Sajiki, Nobuyuki Yagi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper elucidates the factors affecting fisherman satisfaction with participation in a Taiwanese fishermen's self-governance organization (FSGO), the Donggang Sakuraebi Production and Management Group (DGSPMG). The qualitative analysis indicates that the DGSPMG can reinforce production and sales systems and sustainable use of fishery resources through various initiatives including sales promotion, crisis handling, and funding. Furthermore, DGSPMG initiatives are “intangibles” or abstract in nature. Based on a survey of fishermen, individual attributes and fishery operation factors that increased fisherman satisfaction with DGSPMG comprised: fishermen who are 40 or older, operations with a larger number of workers, operations with larger total Sakuraebi catches, fishermen who thought that DGSPMG efforts contributed to their incomes, and fishermen who perceived no problems with maintaining product freshness on land. Factors related to DGSPMG efforts were higher fisherman satisfaction with penalties, PR, and sales in collaboration with local restaurants. Furthermore, some fishermen valued uniform auction times and the provision of improvement costs for safety equipment. It is anticipated that skillful use of the factors identified will contribute to the formation of sustainable fishery management. To increase fisherman satisfaction with FSGOs, it is important to overcome funding problems and develop solutions to concrete problems, such as preserving catch freshness.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 112〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): 〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 1 February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Faris Alshubiri〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 17 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jeremy Anbleyth-Evans, Francisco Araos Leiva, Francisco Ther Rios, Ricardo Segovia Cortés, Vreni Häussermann, Carolina Aguirre-Munoz〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The preferential treatment of the aquaculture industry over fisheries and marine protected areas in Chile through the demarcation of the Areas Appropriate for Aquaculture has set it on a collision course with conservation, artisanal fishing and coastal communities. This article shows how marine democratic governance can evolve through the inclusion of artisanal fisher local ecological knowledge. Artisanal fishing communities elicit how contamination from industrial aquaculture is causing natural shellfish banks, fish populations and endangered cold corals to diminish. While fisheries and aquaculture governance are nominally governed by the same body, the ideological concerns of decision makers have not left space for the original users or ecological health. The right to good water quality and ecological health of artisanal fisher, original people and the broader coastal community are highlighted. Using semi structured interviews, participatory cartography and Geographic Information Systems fishers explain how the contamination footprint has expanded across benthic habitats. Diving in the contaminated areas confirmed the impacts using comparison with control sites. The article shows how new laws are need to assess nutrient loading, antibiotics and invasive species introduction. It links these impacts to literature in other countries where harmful algal blooms result from eutrophication from aquaculture contamination. It shows how the privatisation of space has left marine governance unable to take adequate enforcement. Artisanal and indigenous common properties can lead toward participation in marine planning for ecological health, whilst governmental institutions need realignment so that marine ecological planning for conservation can evolve.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Merrill Baker-Médard, Jake Faber〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Sharks are simultaneously a subsistence food and a luxury item. Shark fins are consumed during special occasions among primarily the East Asian elite, whereas shark meat is consumed by many globally, including by fishers and their families. Policies guiding the management of shark fisheries vary globally, with inconsistent protections for sharks across their ranges and insufficient consideration of the multifaceted demands for shark products. Banning shark fishing is a popular management strategy; however, a full ban on shark fishing has the potential to threaten both food security and food sovereignty of small-scale fishing communities. In this paper, we investigate the tension between the subsistence and commercial value of sharks, examining the history and current status of shark fishing practices in Madagascar. From this case study, we analyze how current management strategies contribute to shark conservation and food sovereignty. Ultimately, we argue in favor of a rights-based approach to shark fisheries policy in Madagascar, and in other food insecure nations in the process of evaluating and expanding their shark conservation efforts, that considers (a) the end use of the sharks (e.g. implement policies favoring fishers who land sharks for subsistence), (b) the mode of access fishers use to harvest sharks (e.g. imposing greater restrictions on industrial vessels), and (c) direct and ongoing participation of local fishers in decision-making occurring at all scales of governance. While these suggestions pertain to shark fisheries globally, they are especially pertinent to fisheries-dependent countries with high rates of food insecurity in the Global South.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 11 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jose M. Bellido, U. Rashid Sumaila, Jose Luis Sánchez-Lizaso, Maria Lourdes Palomares, Daniel Pauly〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Article 4 of EU Regulation 1380/2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) define ‘technical measure’ as “〈em〉a measure that regulates the composition of catches by species and size and the impacts on components of the ecosystems resulting from fishing activities by establishing conditions for the use and structure of fishing gear and restrictions on access to fishing areas〈/em〉.” Thus, these are a set of rules that govern where, when and how fishing can take place. Most of the fisheries management systems in place worldwide employ technical measures based on control of inputs and outputs. For Europe, the European Commission is reforming the CFP legislative framework and has updated and amended the rules for technical measures (EU Regulation 2019/1241). This is particularly important for management systems in the European parts of the Mediterranean, where input measures play a major role, in contrast to management systems in the North East Atlantic, which uses mainly output measures (catch quota).〈/p〉 〈p〉We discuss here the main advantages and disadvantages of these instruments with a particular focus on the European part of the Mediterranean Sea, our main aim being to foster a debate on the best measures for fisheries management.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 9 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kristine Dalaker Kraabel〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The aim of this article is to explore the implications for Arctic marine science of the treaty that is being negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) from the perspective of the necessary institutional arrangements. Given that the institutional architecture will be crucial to the successful implementation of the resulting treaty, this article examines the approaches to institutional arrangements as they relate to the discussions leading to the commencement of the BBNJ intergovernmental conference, developments at the intergovernmental conference, and their implications for Arctic marine science. The Arctic perspective is of particular interest because Arctic States and other States with significant interests in the Arctic have been largely skeptical of, and in some cases resistant to, the BBNJ process. This article concludes that although the BBNJ treaty negotiations provide a challenge to regional, sectoral, and national actors in the Arctic, they also provide an opportunity for these actors if the resulting treaty includes robust institutional arrangements that create mechanisms for greater integration and coordination of marine science, particularly Arctic marine science.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xuan Chen, Weiwen Qian〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The rapid development of China's coastal economy has led to environmental problems such as increased marine pollutant emissions and deteriorating marine ecology in coastal seas. Marine environmental regulations directed at the industrial structure adjustment are critical to solving this economic and environmental dilemma. Based on panel data of coastal regions in China from 2004 to 2017, this study compares and analyses the dual effects of different types of marine environmental regulations on the upgrade of industrial structure in the manufacturing industry and polluting industry transfer. Each type of marine environmental regulation has a positive U-shaped relationship with the polluting industry transfer and industrial structure upgrade. The inflection point value of the polluting industry transfer occurs earlier than that of the industrial structure upgrade. Based on these two inflection points, the effects of each type of marine environmental regulation on the adjustment of the industrial structure in each province are divided into three stages: dual suppression of transfer and upgrade, transfer priority, and dual promotion of transfer and upgrade. The Hainan and Guangxi provinces are in the dual suppression stage under each type of marine environmental regulation, whereas Shanghai and Shandong provinces have entered the dual promotion stage under command-and-control and economic incentive marine environmental regulations. Considering that chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, and cyanide are the main pollutants in the coastal seas, based on the classification of command-and-control marine environmental regulations according to the types of pollutants, the chemical oxygen demand marine environmental regulation most easily reaches two inflection points. In addition, among the effects of marine environmental regulations on industrial structure upgrade, technological innovation has an intermediary effect under the regulations of command-and-control, economic incentive, and chemical oxygen demand. However, this effect is not significant under the ammonia nitrogen and cyanide regulations.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Julia Nakamura, Fábio Hazin〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) endorsed in June 2014 by the member States of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was a landmark for the recognition, promotion and protection of the subsistence and artisanal small-scale fisheries (SSF) sector in the world. This instrument is part of contemporary International Fisheries Law, integrating management and development of fisheries with a range of other relevant matters such as human rights, gender and climate change, following a human rights-based approach (HRBA) and taking into account the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). In this context and with a view to contribute to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this article provides an analysis of the SSF Guidelines and informs on how its’ implementation can be supported by the Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,959/2009, which provides for the National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries in Brazil. It is seen that certain issues of the SSF Guidelines are better addressed in other federal legal instruments, which should be read, interpreted and applied in combination with that legislation. This analysis aimed at assisting legal practitioners and policy-makers in the implementation of the SSF Guidelines in Brazil.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: February 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 112〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Despina F. Johansen, Rolf A. Vestvik〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉While there have been estimates for the overall funding needs of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and for specific SDGs, there has been no attempt to estimate the funding needs of SDG 14, life below water, despite an impressive mobilization of financial sources the last couple of years. This lack of resourcing estimates is likely the result of the absence of information mainly at the national level of funding devoted to SDG 14 targets and of the complexity of identifying standards and actions for measuring SDG 14 targets. Using information from the proceedings of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the 2017 UN Ocean Conference, this paper presents the first ever attempt to present a likely cost for saving our oceans and a likely estimate of the funding gap for implementing SDG 14 until 2030. This paper also presents an analysis of this funding gap and recommendations for bridging it. It concludes with an estimate of US$174.52 billion per year needed for the health of our oceans. Knowing the resourcing requirements, efforts can be further stepped up and better targeted by different stakeholders, contributing thus to better conservation and sustainable use of our oceans.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Marine Policy, Volume 113〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Au Ton Nu Hai, Stijn Speelman〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper used a combination of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis and analytical hierarchy process to analyze the challenges and prospects for the sustainable development of marine lobster aquaculture in Vietnam. This analysis was based on the participation of four stakeholder groups including representatives at the provincial level, district level, and commune level and lobster farmers. The results show that stakeholders have a relatively positive perception about the sustainable development of marine lobster aquaculture in Vietnam because they believe the strengths and opportunities outweigh the weaknesses and threats. The suitable natural conditions in Vietnam were considered as the most important strength, while the many untapped markets and the support of the government for the sector are key opportunities for further developing marine lobster aquaculture. The increased lobster mortality and frequency of disease outbreaks were considered as the main weaknesses. In addition, the complex development of disease pressure and the reliance on the Chinese market were considered the most crucial threats. The findings of this study can be used by policymakers in Vietnam to further develop the marine lobster aquaculture sector.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉