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  • Articles  (1,409)
  • 2015-2019  (1,409)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
  • 2016  (1,409)
  • JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society  (364)
  • Nature Materials  (290)
  • 29424
  • 4547
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (1,409)
  • Computer Science
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  • Articles  (1,409)
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  • 2015-2019  (1,409)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    In Situ TEM Observations of Cu 6 Sn 5 Polymorphic Transformations in Reaction Layers Between Sn-0.7Cu Solders and Cu Substrates (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Direct evidence of the relationship between the polymorphic phase transformation from monoclinic Cu 6 Sn 5 to hexagonal Cu 6 Sn 5 and stress accumulation/release in Cu 6 Sn 5 , formed at the interface between Sn-0.7Cu lead-free solder and their Cu substrates, has been obtained. To explore this challenging phenomenon, we developed an in situ heating/isothermal observation technique in ultrahigh-voltage transmission electron microscopy that enables the observation of thick samples (around 0.5  μ m) for solder joints, including Cu/Cu 3 Sn/Cu 6 Sn 5 /Sn-0.7Cu solder interfaces prepared by a focused ion beam milling technique. The results show evidence of stress creation and release events by imaging bend contours that may arise due to the polymorphic transformations of the Cu 6 Sn 5 phase and the associated volumetric change.
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  • 2
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    Reduction Kinetics of Electric Arc Furnace Oxidizing Slag by Al-Fe Alloy (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Effects of temperature and slag basicity on the reduction rate of iron oxide in molten synthetic electric arc furnace oxidizing slag by Al-40 wt.%Fe alloy was investigated. An alloy sample was dropped into molten slag in an MgO crucible. When the initial slag temperature was 1723 K, there was no reduction. However, when the initial slag temperature was 1773 K and the slag basicity was 1.1, the reduction was initiated and the temperature of the slag rapidly increased. When the slag basicity was 1.1, increasing the initial slag temperature from 1773 K to 1823 K increases the reaction rate. As the slag basicity increased from 1.1 to 1.4 at 1773 K, the reaction rate increased. From SEM analysis, it was found that an Al 2 O 3 or a spinel phase at the slag-metal interface inhibited the reaction at a lower temperature and a lower slag basicity.
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  • 3
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    Effect of Magnesium and Osteoblast Cell Presence on Hydroxyapatite Formation on (Ti,Mg)N Thin Film Coatings (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-20
    Description: TiN and (Ti,Mg)N thin film coatings were deposited on Ti substrates by an arc-physical vapor deposition technique. The effect of cell presence on hydroxyapatite (HA) formation was investigated using surfaces with four different Mg contents (0, 8.1, 11.31, and 28.49 at.%). Accelerated corrosion above 10 at.% Mg had a negative effect on the performance in terms of both cell proliferation and mineralization. In the absence of cells, Mg-free TiN coatings and low-Mg (8.1 at.%)-doped (Ti,Mg)N surfaces led to an early HA deposition (after 7 days and 14 days, respectively) in cell culture medium (DMEM), but the crystallinity was low. More crystalline HA structures were obtained in the presence of the cells. HA deposits with an ideal Ca/P ratio were obtained at least a week earlier, at day 14, in TiN and low-Mg (8.1 at.%)-doped (Ti,Mg)N compared with that of high-Mg-containing surfaces (〉10 at.%). A thicker mineralized matrix was formed on low-Mg (8.1 at.%)-doped (Ti,Mg)N relative to that of the TiN sample. Low-Mg doping (〈10 at.%) into TiN coatings resulted in better cell proliferation and thicker mineralized matrix formation, so it could be a promising alternative for hard tissue applications.
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  • 4
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    Effect of TiO 2 Content on the Crystallization Behavior of Titanium-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: The content of TiO 2 has an important influence on both the basic structure and the crystallization behavior of titanium-bearing blast furnace (BF) slag. The results of thermodynamic calculations show that, when the mass content of TiO 2 is smaller than 25%, CaTiO 3 increases as the content of TiO 2 increases. However, when the TiO 2 content is more than 25%, the CaTiO 3 content decreases and TiO 2 gradually increases. The results of a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) experiment show that, when the TiO 2 mass content is 10%, Ca 2 MgSi 2 O 7 and Ca 2 Al 2 SiO 7 are the main crystallized phases resulting from the molten slag. Furthermore, when the TiO 2 mass content is 20%, CaMgSi 2 O 6 , Ca(Ti,Mg,Al)(Si,Al) 2 O 7 and dendrite CaTiO 3 are the crystallized phases, while when the TiO 2 mass content increases to 30%, CaTiO 3 is the sole phase. The discrepancy between the CLSM results and the thermodynamic calculations occurs mainly due to the high melting point of the titanium-bearing BF slag. During the cooling process for the molten slag, CaTiO 3 is crystallized first, due to its high crystallization temperature. Furthermore, the molten slag is solidified in its entirety before the other phases crystallize.
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  • 5
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    Not Just Lumber—Using Wood in the Sustainable Future of Materials, Chemicals, and Fuels (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Forest-derived biomaterials can play an integral role in a sustainable and renewable future. Research across a range of disciplines is required to develop the knowledge necessary to overcome the challenges of incorporating more renewable forest resources in materials, chemicals, and fuels. We focus on wood specifically because in our view, better characterization of wood as a raw material and as a feedstock will lead to its increased utilization. We first give an overview of wood structure and chemical composition and then highlight current topics in forest products research, including (1) industrial chemicals, biofuels, and energy from woody materials; (2) wood-based activated carbon and carbon nanostructures; (3) development of improved wood protection treatments; (4) massive timber construction; (5) wood as a bioinspiring material; and (6) atomic simulations of wood polymers. We conclude with a discussion of the sustainability of wood as a renewable forest resource.
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  • 6
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    Effect of Particle Size on the Mechanical Properties of Semi-Solid, Powder-Rolled AA7050 Strips (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: The AA7050 alloy strips can be successfully prepared by semi-solid powder rolling. The effect and factors of particle size on the microstructure, relative density, and mechanical properties were discussed. The results show that coarse starting powders require less liquid to achieve high relative density, and the formed strips have lower elongation compared with that prepared with the fine starting powders. The strength is more related to defects, whereas elongation partially depends on the grain size. Additionally, the fracture mechanism of strips prepared with fine powders is the ductile fracture because many dimples are observed. For relative density, when the initial liquid fraction is lower than 10%, the difference of deformation degree is the main factor. When the liquid fraction is higher than 10–20%, premature solidification and more particle interfaces are the two main factors.
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  • 7
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    Alloy design for aircraft engines (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 809 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4709 Author: Tresa M. Pollock Metallic materials are fundamental to advanced aircraft engines. While perceived as mature, emerging computational, experimental and processing innovations are expanding the scope for discovery and implementation of new metallic materials for future generations of advanced propulsion systems.
    Print ISSN: 1476-1122
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    No easy solutions for aerospace (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 803 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4706 The application of advanced materials in aerospace presents multiple scientific and regulatory challenges that must be addressed.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Policy needed for additive manufacturing (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 815 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4658 Authors: Jaime Bonnín Roca, Parth Vaishnav, Erica R. H. Fuchs & M. Granger Morgan The successful adoption of metallic additive manufacturing in aviation will require investment in basic scientific understanding of the process, defining of standards and adaptive regulation.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Material witness: A new twist for OLEDs (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 822 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4716 Author: Philip Ball
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  • 11
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    Tailoring the nature and strength of electron–phonon interactions in the SrTiO3(001) 2D electron liquid (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 835 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4623 Authors: Z. Wang, S. McKeown Walker, A. Tamai, Y. Wang, Z. Ristic, F. Y. Bruno, A. de la Torre, S. Riccò, N. C. Plumb, M. Shi, P. Hlawenka, J. Sánchez-Barriga, A. Varykhalov, T. K. Kim, M. Hoesch, P. D. C. King, W. Meevasana, U. Diebold, J. Mesot, B. Moritz, T. P. Devereaux, M. Radovic & F. Baumberger Surfaces and interfaces offer new possibilities for tailoring the many-body interactions that dominate the electrical and thermal properties of transition metal oxides. Here, we use the prototypical two-dimensional electron liquid (2DEL) at the SrTiO3(001) surface to reveal a remarkably complex evolution of electron–phonon coupling with the tunable carrier density of this system. At low density, where superconductivity is found in the analogous 2DEL at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface, our angle-resolved photoemission data show replica bands separated by 100 meV from the main bands. This is a hallmark of a coherent polaronic liquid and implies long-range coupling to a single longitudinal optical phonon branch. In the overdoped regime the preferential coupling to this branch decreases and the 2DEL undergoes a crossover to a more conventional metallic state with weaker short-range electron–phonon interaction. These results place constraints on the theoretical description of superconductivity and allow a unified understanding of the transport properties in SrTiO3-based 2DELs.
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  • 12
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    Enhanced ethylene separation and plasticization resistance in polymer membranes incorporating metal–organic framework nanocrystals (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 845 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4621 Authors: Jonathan E. Bachman, Zachary P. Smith, Tao Li, Ting Xu & Jeffrey R. Long The implementation of membrane-based separations in the petrochemical industry has the potential to reduce energy consumption significantly relative to conventional separation processes. Achieving this goal, however, requires the development of new membrane materials with greater selectivity, permeability and stability than available at present. Here, we report composite materials consisting of nanocrystals of metal–organic frameworks dispersed within a high-performance polyimide, which can exhibit enhanced selectivity for ethylene over ethane, greater ethylene permeability and improved membrane stability. Our results suggest that framework–polymer interactions reduce chain mobility of the polymer while simultaneously boosting membrane separation performance. The increased stability, or plasticization resistance, is expected to improve membrane utility under real process conditions for petrochemical separations and natural gas purification. Furthermore, this approach can be broadly applied to numerous polymers that encounter aggressive environments, potentially making gas separations possible that were previously inaccessible to membranes.
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  • 13
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    Cancer cells: Stemness shaped by curvature (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 827 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4711 Authors: Bettina Weigelin & Peter Friedl Substrates with curved edges induce the reprogramming of cancer cells into a stem-cell-like phenotype.
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  • 14
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    An elastic second skin (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 911 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4635 Authors: Betty Yu, Soo-Young Kang, Ariya Akthakul, Nithin Ramadurai, Morgan Pilkenton, Alpesh Patel, Amir Nashat, Daniel G. Anderson, Fernanda H. Sakamoto, Barbara A. Gilchrest, R. Rox Anderson & Robert Langer
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  • 15
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    Soliton-dependent plasmon reflection at bilayer graphene domain walls (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 840 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4653 Authors: Lili Jiang, Zhiwen Shi, Bo Zeng, Sheng Wang, Ji-Hun Kang, Trinity Joshi, Chenhao Jin, Long Ju, Jonghwan Kim, Tairu Lyu, Yuen-Ron Shen, Michael Crommie, Hong-Jun Gao & Feng Wang Layer-stacking domain walls in bilayer graphene are emerging as a fascinating one-dimensional system that features stacking solitons structurally and quantum valley Hall boundary states electronically. The interactions between electrons in the 2D graphene domains and the one-dimensional domain-wall solitons can lead to further new quantum phenomena. Domain-wall solitons of varied local structures exist along different crystallographic orientations, which can exhibit distinct electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Here we report soliton-dependent 2D graphene plasmon reflection at different 1D domain-wall solitons in bilayer graphene using near-field infrared nanoscopy. We observe various domain-wall structures in mechanically exfoliated graphene bilayers, including network-forming triangular lattices, individual straight or bent lines, and even closed circles. The near-field infrared contrast of domain-wall solitons arises from plasmon reflection at domain walls, and exhibits markedly different behaviours at the tensile- and shear-type domain-wall solitons. In addition, the plasmon reflection at domain walls exhibits a peculiar dependence on electrostatic gating. Our study demonstrates the unusual and tunable coupling between 2D graphene plasmons and domain-wall solitons.
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  • 16
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    Tuning hardness in calcite by incorporation of amino acids (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 903 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4631 Authors: Yi-Yeoun Kim, Joseph D. Carloni, Beatrice Demarchi, David Sparks, David G. Reid, Miki E. Kunitake, Chiu C. Tang, Melinda J. Duer, Colin L. Freeman, Boaz Pokroy, Kirsty Penkman, John H. Harding, Lara A. Estroff, Shefford P. Baker & Fiona C. Meldrum
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  • 17
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    Theoretical Analyses and Experimental Investigations of Selective Carbothermal Reactions of Vanadium-Bearing Titanomagnetite Concentrates for Preparation of Iron-Based Wear-Resistant Material (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Based on FACTSage® software, this paper focuses on the thermodynamic calculations of selective carbothermal reactions of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates for preparing iron-based wear-resistant material directly from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates. The calculations show that it was most likely to generate metallic iron, titanium carbide and vanadium carbide among all possible carbothermal reactions of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates in a vacuum of 10 Pa. The equilibrium composition calculations indicate that Fe 3 O 4 can be reduced to metallic iron by carbon above 400°C, FeTiO 3 can be converted into TiC by carbon above 800°C and V 2 O 5 can be converted into VC by carbon above 600°C in a vacuum of 10 Pa. The investigations demonstrated that the percentage of ferrous oxides reduced to metallic iron was about 96%, the conversion percentage of FeTiO 3 into TiC was about 75% and the conversion percentage of V 2 O 5 into VC was about 94% after the selective carbothermal reactions of vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite concentrates at 1300°C for 3 h in a vacuum of 10 Pa.
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  • 18
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    Overview of Cellulose Nanomaterials, Their Capabilities and Applications (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are a new class of cellulose particles with properties and functionalities distinct from molecular cellulose and wood pulp, and as a result, they are being developed for applications that were once thought impossible for cellulosic materials. Momentum is growing in CN research and development, and commercialization in this field is happening because of the unique combination of characteristics (e.g., high mechanical properties, sustainability, and large-scale production potential) and utility across a broad spectrum of material applications (e.g. as an additive, self-sustaining structures, and template structures) that CNs offer. Despite the challenges typical for materials development, CN and near-CN production is ramping up with pilot scale to industry demonstration trials, and the first commercial products are starting to hit the marketplace. This review provides a broad overview of CNs and their capabilities that are enabling new application areas for cellulose-based materials.
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  • 19
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    Improvements of Thermal, Mechanical, and Water-Resistance Properties of Polybenzoxazine/Boron Carbide Nanocomposites (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: Novel kinds of nanocomposites based on bisphenol A-aniline based polybenzoxazine matrix P(BA-a) and 0 wt.%–20 wt.% boron carbide (B 4 C) nanoparticles were produced and their properties were evaluated in terms of the nano-B 4 C content. The thermal conductivity of the P(BA-a) matrix was improved approximately three times from 0.18 W/m K to 0.86 W/m K at 20 wt.% nano-B 4 C loading, while its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was deceased by 47% with the same nanofiller content. The microhardness properties were significantly improved by adding the B 4 C nanoparticles. At 20 wt.% of nano-B 4 C content, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed a marked increase in the storage modulus and the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the nanocomposites, reaching 3.9 GPa and 204°C, respectively. Hot water uptake tests showed that the water-resistance of the polybenzoxazine matrix was increased by filling with nano-B 4 C nano-filler. The morphological analysis reflected that the improvements obtained in the mechanical and thermal properties are related to the uniform dispersion of the nano-B 4 C particles and their strong adhesion to the P(BA-a) matrix.
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  • 20
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    TMS meeting headlines (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
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  • 21
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    Study of Porosity on Titania Slag Obtained by Conventional Sintering and Thermal Plasma Process (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: This article investigates the development of porosity in titania-rich slag obtained by sintering via conventional and thermal plasma heating at 1000°C in inert atmosphere. The holder in the plasma reactor acted as the discharge anode confined within a hollow graphite cathode. Quantitative evaluation of the porosity in the conventionally sintered and plasma-sintered titania-rich slag was performed via pycnometry. Specifically, the physical dimension and morphology of the pores were characterized according to the area fraction, mean diameter, shape factor, and elongation factor. Under both conventional and thermal plasma heating conditions, porosity developed on the surface of titania-rich slag. The titania-rich slag obtained by two processes showed different porosity features in terms of the morphology and porosity. A lower porosity was observed in the plasma-sintered sample when compared with that obtained via conventional heating.
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  • 22
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    International Scholar Program Opens a World of Opportunities (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
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  • 23
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    Measurement of Solubility of Metallic Lithium Dissolved in Molten LiCl–Li 2 O (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: The solubility of lithium metal in molten LiCl–Li 2 O mixtures has been measured at various concentrations of Li 2 O ranging from 0 wt.% to 2.7 wt.% at a temperature of approximately 670–680°C. After contacting molten lithium with molten LiCl–Li 2 O for several hours to achieve equilibrium saturation, samples were taken by freezing the salt onto a room-temperature steel rod and dissolving in water for analysis. Both volume of hydrogen gas generated and volume of titrated HCl were measured to investigate two different approaches to calculating the lithium concentration. There appeared to be no effect of Li 2 O concentration on the Li solubility in the salt. But the results vary between different methods of deducing the amount of dissolved Li. The H 2 collection method is recommended, but care must be taken to ensure all of the H 2 has been included.
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  • 24
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    Observations on the Interplay between Science and the U.S. Federal Government (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
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  • 25
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    2017 editorial calendar (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
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  • 26
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    2015 TMS Journal Impact Factors; TMS Welcomes New Members (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
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  • 27
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    Nanomaterials: A Foundational Building Block to Nanotechnology Breakthroughs Past and Future (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Three Dimensional Characterization of Tin Crystallography and Cu 6 Sn 5 Intermetallics in Solder Joints by Multiscale Tomography (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-30
    Description: Decreasing pitch size in electronic packaging has resulted in a drastic decrease in solder volumes. The Sn grain crystallography and fraction of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in small-scale solder joints evolve much differently at the smaller length scales. A cross-sectional study limits the morphological analysis of microstructural features to two dimensions. This study utilizes serial sectioning technique in conjunction with electron backscatter diffraction to investigate the crystallographic orientation of both Sn grains and Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs in Cu/Pure Sn/Cu solder joints in three dimensional (3D). Quantification of grain aspect ratio is affected by local cooling rate differences within the solder volume. Backscatter electron imaging and focused ion beam serial sectioning enabled the visualization of morphology of both nanosized Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs and the hollow hexagonal morphology type Cu 6 Sn 5 IMCs in 3D. Quantification and visualization of microstructural features in 3D thus enable us to better understand the microstructure and deformation mechanics within these small scale solder joints.
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    The Influence of Electrode Microstructure on the Performance of Free-Standing Cathode for Aprotic Lithium-Oxygen Battery (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: Free-standing NiCo 2 O 4 @Ni cathodes for aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries were synthesized through a simple hydrothermal process followed by heat treatment in the air. The morphology of the NiCo 2 O 4 deposit changed from nanosheet to nanowire with the increase of hydrothermal time. Further observation revealed that the nanosheet/nanowire NiCo 2 O 4 were assembled by nanoparticles with a size of 10–20 nm. The directional assembly of the nanoparticles were not affected by the reaction time. The influence of catalyst microstructure on the electrochemical performance of Li-O 2 batteries was studied. The results of battery tests in pure oxygen indicate that the cathode material with a high specific surface area, large pore volume and broad pore size distribution can facilitate the discharge reaction, leading to an improved cell performance. As a result, the cathode based on the NiCo 2 O 4 nanowire array delivered a specific discharge capacity of 1682 mAh g −1 at 30 mA g −1 and a stable cyclability of 50 cycles with a capacity limitation of 500 mAh g −1 .
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    Room Temperature Microstructure and Property Evaluation of a Heat Treated Fully Bainitic 20CrMoVTiB410 Steel (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: The room temperature mechanical behavior of the fully bainitic steel grade 20CrMoVTiB410 was studied in the as-quenched and tempered conditions. The hardenability response of the steel during heat treatment was assessed. In the as-quenched condition itself, the steel exhibited a good combination of strength, ductility and toughness. Tempering the quenched steel till to 550°C, showed uniform mechanical properties. Tempering at 650°C showed secondary hardening behaviour, where the highest strength and least impact toughness was observed. Tempering at 700°C showed a sharp decrease in strength but with significant enhancement of toughness. The properties obtained were correlated with the microstructure and phase analysis was established using optical, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and x-ray diffraction techniques.
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    Progress on Numerical Modeling of the Dispersion of Ceramic Nanoparticles During Ultrasonic Processing and Solidification of Al-Based Nanocomposites (2016)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: In present study, 6061- and A356-based nano-composites are fabricated by using the ultrasonic stirring technology (UST) in a coreless induction furnace. SiC nanoparticles are used as the reinforcement. Nanoparticles are added into the molten metal and then dispersed by ultrasonic cavitation and acoustic streaming assisted by electromagnetic stirring. The applied UST parameters in the current experiments are used to validate a recently developed magneto-hydro-dynamics (MHD) model, which is capable of modeling the cavitation and nanoparticle dispersion during UST processing. The MHD model accounts for turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification, and electromagnetic field, as well as the complex interaction between the nanoparticles and both the molten and solidified alloys by using ANSYS Maxwell and ANSYS Fluent. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to analyze the complex interactions between the nanoparticle and the liquid/solid interface. The current modeling results demonstrate that a strong flow can disperse the nanoparticles relatively well during molten metal and solidification processes. MD simulation results prove that ultrafine particles (10 nm) will be engulfed by the solidification front instead of being pushed, which is beneficial for nano-dispersion.
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    Wrinkle Behavior of Hydroforming of Aluminum Alloy Double-Layer Sheets (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: In this article, the wrinkling behavior and thickness distribution of 5A06 aluminum alloy sheets in an annealed state with thickness of 1.0 mm and 2.5 mm was numerically and experimentally investigated under different hydraulic pressures in the hydroforming of single-layer and double-layer sheets. Note that, in double-layer sheets hydroforming, an upper-aided sheet is needed. The upper, thicker sheet synchronously deforms with the lower, thinner sheet during hydroforming. When the double-layer sheets are separated, a thinner curved sheet part will be manufactured. As can be seen from the simulation and experimental results, the upper, thicker sheet could effectively suppress the wrinkles of the lower, thinner sheet and improve the thickness distribution due to the increasing anti-wrinkle ability of the formed sheet and the interfacial friction between the double-layer sheets. In addition, the maximum hydraulic pressure can be decreased via hydroforming of double-layer sheets; this approach reduces the drawing force for large sheet parts and meets the requirement of energy conservation.
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    Semi-Supervised Approach to Phase Identification from Combinatorial Sample Diffraction Patterns (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-20
    Description: Manual attribution of crystallographic phases from high-throughput x-ray diffraction studies is an arduous task, and represents a rate-limiting step in high-throughput exploration of new materials. Here, we demonstrate a semi-supervised machine learning technique, SS-AutoPhase, which uses a two-step approach to identify automatically phases from diffraction data. First, clustering analysis is used to select a representative subset of samples automatically for human analysis. Second, an AdaBoost classifier uses the labeled samples to identify the presence of the different phases in diffraction data. SS-AutoPhase was used to identify the metallographic phases in 278 diffraction patterns from a FeGaPd composition spread sample. The accuracy of SS-AutoPhase was 〉82.6% for all phases when 15% of the diffraction patterns were used for training. The SS-AutoPhase predicted phase diagram showed excellent agreement with human expert analysis. Furthermore it was able to determine and identify correctly a previously unreported phase.
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    Advanced structural ceramics in aerospace propulsion (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 804 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4687 Author: Nitin P. Padture Humankind's aerospace aspirations are placing unprecedented demands on vehicle propulsion systems. Advanced structural ceramics are playing a key role in addressing these challenges.
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    Understanding a way to fly high (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 819 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4699 Author: John Plummer David Rugg is the Senior Engineering Fellow in Materials at Rolls-Royce plc. He talks to Nature Materials about the need to understand scientific fundamentals to develop reliable and high-performance materials for jet engines, and the importance of university collaborations.
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    Surface phonon–polaritons: To scatter or not to scatter (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 821 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4713 Authors: Isabelle Staude & Carsten Rockstuhl A rewritable platform for subwavelength optical components is demonstrated by combining surface phonon–polaritons, sustained in a polar dielectric layer, with the switching functionality provided by a phase-change material.
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    High-temperature alloys: Single-crystal performance boost (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 823 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4712 Author: Michael Schütze Titanium aluminide alloys are lightweight and have attractive properties for high-temperature applications. A new growth method that enables single-crystal production now boosts their mechanical performance.
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    Nanopores: Ionic Coulomb blockade (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 825 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4701 Authors: Igor Kh. Kaufman & Peter V. E. McClintock Classical ionic conduction through an inorganic monolayer nanopore is analogous to the quantum-mechanical phenomenon of electronic Coulomb blockade in quantum dots.
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    Plasmon-driven chemical synthesis: Growing gold nanoprisms with light (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 824 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4698 Author: Louis Brus An adsorbed polymer directs the photochemical growth of colloidal Au single-crystal nanoprisms following visible metal excitation.
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    Biomedical materials: A restorative synthetic skin (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 828 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4710 Authors: John A. Rogers & Guive Balooch Synthetic elastomers designed to mimic the functional properties of human skin show potential applications in cosmetics, topical drug delivery and wound dressings.
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    Long-range charge-density-wave proximity effect at cuprate/manganate interfaces (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 831 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4682 Authors: A. Frano, S. Blanco-Canosa, E. Schierle, Y. Lu, M. Wu, M. Bluschke, M. Minola, G. Christiani, H. U. Habermeier, G. Logvenov, Y. Wang, P. A. van Aken, E. Benckiser, E. Weschke, M. Le Tacon & B. Keimer The interplay between charge density waves (CDWs) and high-temperature superconductivity is currently under intense investigation. Experimental research on this issue is difficult because CDW formation in bulk copper oxides is strongly influenced by random disorder, and a long-range-ordered CDW state in high magnetic fields is difficult to access with spectroscopic and diffraction probes. Here we use resonant X-ray scattering in zero magnetic field to show that interfaces with the metallic ferromagnet La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 greatly enhance CDW formation in the optimally doped high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O6+δ (δ ∼ 1), and that this effect persists over several tens of nanometres. The wavevector of the incommensurate CDW serves as an internal calibration standard of the charge carrier concentration, which allows us to rule out any significant influence of oxygen non-stoichiometry, and to attribute the observed phenomenon to a genuine electronic proximity effect. Long-range proximity effects induced by heterointerfaces thus offer a powerful method to stabilize the charge-density-wave state in the cuprates and, more generally, to manipulate the interplay between different collective phenomena in metal oxides.
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    Interfacial geometry dictates cancer cell tumorigenicity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 856 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4610 Authors: Junmin Lee, Amr A. Abdeen, Kathryn L. Wycislo, Timothy M. Fan & Kristopher A. Kilian Within the heterogeneous architecture of tumour tissue there exists an elusive population of stem-like cells that are implicated in both recurrence and metastasis. Here, by using engineered extracellular matrices, we show that geometric features at the perimeter of tumour tissue will prime a population of cells with a stem-cell-like phenotype. These cells show characteristics of cancer stem cells in vitro, as well as enhanced tumorigenicity in murine models of primary tumour growth and pulmonary metastases. We also show that interfacial geometry modulates cell shape, adhesion through integrin α5β1, MAPK and STAT activity, and initiation of pluripotency signalling. Our results for several human cancer cell lines suggest that interfacial geometry triggers a general mechanism for the regulation of cancer-cell state. Similar to how a growing tumour can co-opt normal soluble signalling pathways, our findings demonstrate how cancer can also exploit geometry to orchestrate oncogenesis.
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    Reversible optical switching of highly confined phonon–polaritons with an ultrathin phase-change material (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 870 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4649 Authors: Peining Li, Xiaosheng Yang, Tobias W. W. Maß, Julian Hanss, Martin Lewin, Ann-Katrin U. Michel, Matthias Wuttig & Thomas Taubner
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    Polysynthetic twinned TiAl single crystals for high-temperature applications (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 876 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4677 Authors: Guang Chen, Yingbo Peng, Gong Zheng, Zhixiang Qi, Minzhi Wang, Huichen Yu, Chengli Dong & C. T. Liu
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    2D coherent charge transport in highly ordered conducting polymers doped by solid state diffusion (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 896 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4634 Authors: Keehoon Kang, Shun Watanabe, Katharina Broch, Alessandro Sepe, Adam Brown, Iyad Nasrallah, Mark Nikolka, Zhuping Fei, Martin Heeney, Daisuke Matsumoto, Kazuhiro Marumoto, Hisaaki Tanaka, Shin-ichi Kuroda & Henning Sirringhaus
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    Observation of ionic Coulomb blockade in nanopores (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 850 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4607 Authors: Jiandong Feng, Ke Liu, Michael Graf, Dumitru Dumcenco, Andras Kis, Massimiliano Di Ventra & Aleksandra Radenovic Emergent behaviour from electron-transport properties is routinely observed in systems with dimensions approaching the nanoscale. However, analogous mesoscopic behaviour resulting from ionic transport has so far not been observed, most probably because of bottlenecks in the controlled fabrication of subnanometre nanopores for use in nanofluidics. Here, we report measurements of ionic transport through a single subnanometre pore junction, and the observation of ionic Coulomb blockade: the ionic counterpart of the electronic Coulomb blockade observed for quantum dots. Our findings demonstrate that nanoscopic, atomically thin pores allow for the exploration of phenomena in ionic transport, and suggest that nanopores may also further our understanding of transport through biological ion channels.
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    Erratum: Promoting solution phase discharge in Li–O2 batteries containing weakly solvating electrolyte solutions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 918 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4691 Author: Xiangwen Gao, Yuhui Chen, Lee Johnson & Peter G. Bruce
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    Polyvinylpyrrolidone-induced anisotropic growth of gold nanoprisms in plasmon-driven synthesis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 889 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4683 Authors: Yueming Zhai, Joseph S. DuChene, Yi-Chung Wang, Jingjing Qiu, Aaron C. Johnston-Peck, Bo You, Wenxiao Guo, Benedetto DiCiaccio, Kun Qian, Evan W. Zhao, Frances Ooi, Dehong Hu, Dong Su, Eric A. Stach, Zihua Zhu & Wei David Wei
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    Comparision of Different Reductants in Leaching of Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The present work focuses on the processing of cathode active material of spent lithium ion batteries to improve the recovery of constituent metals using reducing agents. Reductants enhance the solubility of metals, which hitherto have been solubilised to a lesser extent using only acid as leaching agent. Thus, we have investigated sulfuric acid leaching in the presence of sodium bisulfite comparing its efficiency with hydrogen peroxide. By simple acid leaching using 1 M H 2 SO 4 at 368 K and 50 g/L pulp density, 93.4% Li, 66.2% Co, 96.3% Ni and 50.2% Mn were recovered in 240 min. In the presence of 5% H 2 O 2 as a reducing agent at 368 K with 1 M H 2 SO 4 and 50 g/L pulp density, the leaching of cobalt (79.2%) and manganese (84.6%) were significantly improved in 240 min. With the addition of 0.075 M NaHSO 3 as a reducing agent, ~96.7% Li, 91.6% Co, 96.4% Ni and 87.9% Mn were recovered under similar conditions. Sodium bisulfite addition results in better recovery of cobalt and manganese by reducing them to their lower oxidation states. The HSC evaluation of thermodynamic feasibility vis-à-vis x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy characterization of residues generated by leaching with hydrogen peroxide and sodium bisulfite substantiates the governing mechanism.
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    Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Spinels in Vanadium Slag with High CaO Content (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: This paper investigated the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the spinel crystals in vanadium slags containing high CaO content. Experiments were performed in combination with theoretical calculation to address this issue, and statistical analyses based on the Crystal Size Distribution theory. The results indicate that low cooling rate and high CaO content benefit the growth of spinel crystals. The growth mechanism is revealed to be controlled by interface reactions and diffusion at the cooling rates of 5 K/min and 15 K/min, respectively. However, at higher temperatures (〉1673 K), the growth of spinel crystals is controlled by nucleation. While the temperature is decreased to 1523 K at the cooling rate of 5 K/min, the mean diameter of spinel crystals could reach 36.44 μm. Experimental results combining with theoretical reveal that low cooling rate benefits spinels growth, especially for the interval of 1523 K–1200 K.
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    Tresa Pollock Looks to the Future of Metallurgical and Materials Transactions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
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    Mechanism of Mineral Phase Reconstruction for Improving the Beneficiation of Copper and Iron from Copper Slag (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: To maximize the recovery of iron and copper from copper slag, the modification process by adding a compound additive (a mixture of hematite, pyrite and manganous oxide) and optimizing the cooling of the slag was studied. The phase reconstruction mechanism of the slag modification process was revealed by thermodynamic calculations, x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the synergy between the burnt lime and the compound additive promotes the generation of target minerals, such as magnetite and copper matte. In addition, the multifunctional compound additive is able to improve the fluidity of the molten slag, which facilitates the coalescence and growth of fine particles of the target minerals. As a result, the percentage of iron distributed in the form of magnetite increased from 32.9% to 65.1%, and that of the copper exiting in the form of metallic copper and copper sulfide simultaneously increased from 80.0% to 90.3%. Meanwhile, the grains of the target minerals in the modified slag grew markedly to a mean size of over 50 μm after slow cooling. Ultimately, the beneficiation efficiency of copper and iron was improved because of the ease with which the target minerals could be liberated.
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    Vision for Data and Informatics in the Future Materials Innovation Ecosystem (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: The high cost and time typically expended in the successful deployment of new materials into high-performance commercial products is attributable to multiple factors. The most significant of these include the heavy reliance on experiments, the persisting disconnect between multiscale experiments and multiscale models, the lack of a broadly accessible data and knowledge infrastructure that can support the implementation of a holistic systems approach, and the lack of a suitable framework for facilitating and enhancing the critically needed cross-disciplinary collaborations. The emerging discipline of materials data science and informatics (MDSI) promises to address these key technology gaps. The potential benefits to the materials innovation enterprise that could accrue from an aggressive adoption of the novel concepts and toolsets offered by MDSI are examined. A specific vision is expounded for the role of MDSI in bridging the large gap that exists between the multiscale materials experiments and the multiscale materials models.
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    The 13th World Conference on Titanium (Ti-2015) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
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    Prediction of Low-Voltage Tetrafluoromethane Emissions Based on the Operating Conditions of an Aluminium Electrolysis Cell (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: Greenhouse gas (GHG) generation is inherent in the production of aluminium by a technology that uses carbon anodes. Most of those GHG are composed of CO 2 produced by redox reaction that occurs in the cell. However, a significant fraction of the annual GHG production is composed of perfluorocarbons (PFC) resulting from anode effects (AE). Multiple investigations have shown that tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) can be generated under low-voltage conditions in the electrolysis cells, without global anode effect. The aim of this paper is to find a quantitative relationship between monitored cell parameters and the emissions of CF 4 . To achieve this goal, a predictive algorithm has been developed using seven cell indicators. These indicators are based on the cell voltage, the noise level and other parameters calculated from individual anode current monitoring. The predictive algorithm is structured into three different steps. The first two steps give qualitative information while the third one quantitatively describes the expected CF 4 concentration at the duct end of the electrolysis cells. Validations after each step are presented and discussed. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the effect of each indicator on the onset of low-voltage PFC emissions. The standard deviation of individual anode currents was found to be the dominant variable. Cell voltage, noise level, and maximum individual anode current also showed a significant correlation with the presence of CF 4 in the output gas of an electrolysis cell.
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    Data-Enabled Quantification of Aluminum Microstructural Damage Under Tensile Loading (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: The study of material failure with digital analytics is in its infancy and offers a new perspective to advance our understanding of damage initiation and evolution in metals. In this article, we study the failure of aluminum using data-enabled methods, statistics and data mining. Through the use of tension tests, we establish a multivariate acoustic-data matrix of random damage events, which typically are not visible and are very difficult to measure due to their variability, diversity and interactivity during damage processes. Aluminium alloy 6061-T651 and single crystal aluminium with a (111) orientation were evaluated by comparing the collection of acoustic signals from damage events caused primarily by slip in the single crystal and multimode fracture of the alloy. We found the resulting acoustic damage-event data to be large semi-structured volumes of Big Data with the potential to be mined for information that describes the materials damage state under strain. Our data-enabled analyses has allowed us to determine statistical distributions of multiscale random damage that provide a means to quantify the material damage state.
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    Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of the Continuous Casting Bloom in the Heavy Reduction Process (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: A two-stage sequential heavy reduction (HR) method, in which the reduction amount was increased both before and after the solidification end, is presented to simultaneously improve the homogeneity and compactness of the continuous casting bloom. With bearing steel GCr15 chosen as the specific research steel, a three-dimensional thermal–mechanical finite element model was developed to simulate and analyze the thermal and mechanical behaviors of the continuous casting bloom during the HR process. In order to ensure the accuracy of the simulation, the constitutive model parameters were derived from the experimental results. The predicted temperature distribution and shell thickness were verified using a thermal infrared camera and nail shooting results, respectively. The real measured relationship between the HR pressure and amount were applied to verify the mechanical model. The explorative application results showed that the quality of the bloom center and compactness of rolled bars have both been significantly improved after the HR was applied.
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    Cradle-to-Gate Impact Assessment of a High-Pressure Die-Casting Safety-Relevant Automotive Component (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: The mass of automotive components has a direct influence on several aspects of vehicle performance, including both fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, but the real environmental benefit has to be evaluated considering the entire life of the products with a proper life cycle assessment. In this context, the present paper analyzes the environmental burden connected to the production of a safety-relevant aluminum high-pressure die-casting component for commercial vehicles (a suspension cross-beam) considering all the phases connected to its manufacture. The focus on aluminum high-pressure die casting reflects the current trend of the industry and its high energy consumption. This work shows a new method that deeply analyzes every single step of the component’s production through the implementation of a wide database of primary data collected thanks to collaborations of some automotive supplier companies. This energy analysis shows significant environmental benefits of aluminum recycling.
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    Recent Advances in Forest Products Research and Development (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
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    Structure–Property Characterization of the Crinkle-Leaf Peach Wood Phenotype: A Future Model System for Wood Properties Research? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: Nearly 400 million years of evolution and field-testing by the natural world has given humans thousands of wood types, each with unique structure–property relationships to study, exploit, and ideally, to manipulate, but the slow growth of trees makes them a recalcitrant experimental system. Variations in wood features of two genotypes of peach ( Prunus persica L.) trees, wild-type and crinkle-leaf, were examined to elucidate the nature of weak wood in crinkle-leaf trees. Crinkle-leaf is a naturally-occurring mutation in which wood strength is altered in conjunction with an easily observed ‘crinkling’ of the leaves’ surface. Trees from three vigor classes (low growth rate, average growth rate, and high growth rate) of each genotype were sampled. No meaningful tendency of dissimilarities among the different vigor classes was found, nor any pattern in features in a genotype-by-vigor analysis. Wild-type trees exhibited longer vessels and fibers, wider rays, and slightly higher specific gravity. Neither cell wall mechanical properties measured with nanoindentation nor cell wall histochemical properties were statistically or observably different between crinkle-leaf and wild-type wood. The crinkle-leaf mutant has the potential to be a useful model system for wood properties investigation and manipulation if it can serve as a field-observable vegetative marker for altered wood properties.
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    Harnessing the Big Data Paradigm for ICME: Shifting from Materials Selection to Materials Enabled Design (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: As the size of databases has significantly increased, whether through high throughput computation or through informatics-based modeling, the challenge of selecting the optimal material for specific design requirements has also arisen. Given the multiple, and often conflicting, design requirements, this selection process is not as trivial as sorting the database for a given property value. We suggest that the materials selection process should minimize selector bias, as well as take data uncertainty into account. For this reason, we discuss and apply decision theory for identifying chemical additions to Ni-base alloys. We demonstrate and compare results for both a computational array of chemistries and standard commercial superalloys. We demonstrate how we can use decision theory to select the best chemical additions for enhancing both property and processing, which would not otherwise be easily identifiable. This work is one of the first examples of introducing the mathematical framework of set theory and decision analysis into the domain of the materials selection process.
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    Effect of Mushy State Rolling on the Microstructure, Microhardness, and Microtexture in Al-4.5wt.%Cu-5wt.%TiB 2 In Situ Composite (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Al-4.5wt.%Cu-5wt.%TiB 2 in situ composite, fabricated by stir casting through a mixed salt reaction route process, needs further processing to exclude casting defects. Mushy state rolling has been developed as an easy and energy-efficient method for microstructural refinement and improvement in mechanical properties. It has been carried out at 621°C and 632°C with 20 vol.% and 30 vol.% of liquid, respectively, for up to 5% reduction in thickness. Mushy state rolling of the as-cast composite gives rise to a bimodal microstructure, which consists of very fine equiaxed grains adjacent to the rolled surface and comparatively larger elongated grains away from the rolled surface of the sample. Microhardness of the mushy state rolled sample has been observed to decrease gradually from edge to center of the rolled sample. The presence of the dislocation tangles and subgrains formed by dynamic recovery within solid-state deformed elongated grains and formation of recrystallized grains just adjacent to the second-phase particles have been examined with the help of electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis.
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    Applied Magnetism: A Supply-Driven Materials Challenge (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
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    Additive Manufacturing via Surface Engineering (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
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    Evaluation of Springback for DP980 S Rail Using Anisotropic Hardening Models (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: The effect of anisotropic hardening models on springback of an S-rail part was investigated. Two advanced constitutive models based on distortional and kinematic hardening, which captured the Bauschinger effect, transient hardening, and permanent softening during strain path change, were implemented in a finite element (FE) code. In-plane compression–tension tests were performed to identify the model parameters. The springback of the S-rail after forming a 980 MPa dual-phase steel sheet sample was measured and analyzed using different hardening models. The comparison between experimental and FE results demonstrated that the advanced anisotropic hardening models, which are particularly suitable for non-proportional loading, significantly improved the springback prediction capability of an advanced high strength steel.
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    A Market Model for Evaluating Technologies That Impact Critical‐Material Intensity (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: A recent Critical Materials Strategy report highlighted the supply chain risk associated with neodymium and dysprosium, which are used in the manufacturing of neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets (PM). In response, the Critical Materials Institute is developing innovative strategies to increase and diversify primary production, develop substitutes, reduce material intensity and recycle critical materials. Our goal in this paper is to propose an economic model to quantify the impact of one of these strategies, material intensity reduction. Technologies that reduce material intensity impact the economics of magnet manufacturing in multiple ways because of: (1) the lower quantity of critical material required per unit PM, (2) more efficient use of limited supply, and (3) the potential impact on manufacturing cost. However, the net benefit of these technologies to a magnet manufacturer is an outcome of an internal production decision subject to market demand characteristics, availability and resource constraints. Our contribution in this paper shows how a manufacturer’s production economics moves from a region of being supply-constrained, to a region enabling the market optimal production quantity, to a region being constrained by resources other than critical materials, as the critical material intensity changes. Key insights for engineers and material scientists are: (1) material intensity reduction can have a significant market impact, (2) benefits to manufacturers are non-linear in the material intensity reduction, (3) there exists a threshold value for material intensity reduction that can be calculated for any target PM application, and (4) there is value for new intellectual property (IP) when existing manufacturing technology is IP-protected.
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    China’s Rare Earth Supply Chain: Illegal Production, and Response to new Cerium Demand (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: As the demand for personal electronic devices, wind turbines, and electric vehicles increases, the world becomes more dependent on rare earth elements. Given the volatile, Chinese-concentrated supply chain, global attempts have been made to diversify supply of these materials. However, the overall effect of supply diversification on the entire supply chain, including increasing low-value rare earth demand, is not fully understood. This paper is the first attempt to shed some light on China’s supply chain from both demand and supply perspectives, taking into account different Chinese policies such as mining quotas, separation quotas, export quotas, and resource taxes. We constructed a simulation model using Powersim Studio that analyzes production (both legal and illegal), production costs, Chinese and rest-of-world demand, and market dynamics. We also simulated new demand of an automotive aluminum-cerium alloy in the US market starting from 2018. Results showed that market share of the illegal sector has grown since 2007–2015, ranging between 22% and 25% of China’s rare earth supply, translating into 59–65% illegal heavy rare earths and 14–16% illegal light rare earths. There will be a shortage in certain light and heavy rare earths given three production quota scenarios and constant demand growth rate from 2015 to 2030. The new simulated Ce demand would require supply beyond that produced in China. Finally, we illustrate revenue streams for different ore compositions in China in 2015.
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    Quantum materials: Kitaev's exact solution approximated (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 701 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4667 Author: N. Peter Armitage For 25 years of condensed matter science, physicists have searched for a material that realizes a macroscopic quantum state of matter: the quantum spin liquid. Recent experiments show that a necessary interaction may be found in a family of hexagonal ruthenium-based materials.
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    Microscopy sparks development (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 695 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4656 Authors: Ze Zhang & Xiaodong Han Electron microscopy has seen a massive boom in China. Ze Zhang and Xiaodong Han discuss what this could mean for materials research and development.
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    Organic photovoltaics: Strong absorption in stiff polymers (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 705 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4666 Author: John Grey Greater rigidity of conjugated polymer backbones increases their light-harvesting ability, making them better performers in solar-cell applications.
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    Metallurgy is key (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 699 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4657 Author: John Plummer Metallurgy has been crucial to the development of China and its economy. Ke Lu, director of the Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, talks to Nature Materials about the outlook for metallurgy and materials science in China.
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    Thermoelectric materials step up (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 691 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4643 Authors: Xun Shi & Lidong Chen Xun Shi and Lidong Chen summarize recent progress in the field of thermoelectric materials in China, and discuss steps towards the realization of commercially viable devices.
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    Polymer membranes: Contorted separation (2016)
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    Description: Nature Materials 15, 706 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4680 Author: Neil B. McKeown A thin, porous polymer membrane fabricated using kinked monomers shows high solvent permeance while selectively blocking larger molecules.
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    Material witness: This season's colours (2016)
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    Description: Nature Materials 15, 709 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4681 Author: Philip Ball
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    High pressure presses ahead (2016)
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    Description: Nature Materials 15, 694 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4642 Author: Ho-kwang Mao Ho-kwang Mao discusses the history of high-pressure research in China, and recent developments to ensure further success.
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    Proton conduction in crystalline and porous covalent organic frameworks (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 722 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4611 Authors: Hong Xu, Shanshan Tao & Donglin Jiang Progress over the past decades in proton-conducting materials has generated a variety of polyelectrolytes and microporous polymers. However, most studies are still based on a preconception that large pores eventually cause simply flow of proton carriers rather than efficient conduction of proton ions, which precludes the exploration of large-pore polymers for proton transport. Here, we demonstrate proton conduction across mesoporous channels in a crystalline covalent organic framework. The frameworks are designed to constitute hexagonally aligned, dense, mesoporous channels that allow for loading of N-heterocyclic proton carriers. The frameworks achieve proton conductivities that are 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those of microporous and non-porous polymers. Temperature-dependent and isotopic experiments revealed that the proton transport in these channels is controlled by a low-energy-barrier hopping mechanism. Our results reveal a platform based on porous covalent organic frameworks for proton conduction.
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    Quantum chaos and breaking of all anti-unitary symmetries in Rydberg excitons (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 741 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4622 Authors: Marc Aßmann, Johannes Thewes, Dietmar Fröhlich & Manfred Bayer
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    Observation of Aubry-type transition in finite atom chains via friction (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 717 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4601 Authors: Alexei Bylinskii, Dorian Gangloff, Ian Counts & Vladan Vuletić The highly nonlinear many-body physics of a chain of mutually interacting atoms in contact with a periodic substrate gives rise to complex static and dynamical phenomena, such as structural phase transitions and friction. In the limit of an infinite chain incommensurate with the substrate, Aubry predicted a transition with increasing substrate potential, from the chain’s intrinsic arrangement free to slide on the substrate, to a pinned arrangement favouring the substrate pattern. So far, the Aubry transition has not been observed. Here, using spatially resolved position and friction measurements of cold trapped ions in an optical lattice, we observed a finite version of the Aubry transition and the onset of its hallmark fractal atomic arrangement. Notably, the observed critical lattice depth for few-ion chains agrees well with the infinite-chain prediction. Our results elucidate the connection between competing ordering patterns and superlubricity in nanocontacts—the elementary building blocks of friction.
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    Morphology selection via geometric frustration in chiral filament bundles (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 727 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4598 Authors: Douglas M. Hall, Isaac R. Bruss, Justin R. Barone & Gregory M. Grason In assemblies, the geometric frustration of a locally preferred packing motif leads to anomalous behaviours, from self-limiting growth to defects in the ground state. Here, we demonstrate that geometric frustration selects the equilibrium morphology of cohesive bundles of chiral filaments, an assembly motif critical to a broad range of biological and synthetic nanomaterials. Frustration of inter-filament spacing leads to optimal shapes of self-twisting bundles that break the symmetries of packing and of the underlying inter-filament forces, paralleling a morphological instability in spherical two-dimensional crystals. Equilibrium bundle morphology is controlled by a parameter that characterizes the relative costs of filament bending and the straining of cohesive bonds between filaments. This parameter delineates the boundaries between stable, isotropic cylindrical bundles and anisotropic, twisted-tape bundles. We also show how the mechanical and interaction properties of constituent amyloid fibrils may be extracted from the mesoscale dimensions of the anisotropic bundles that they form.
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    Chiral bundles: Frustrated shapes (2016)
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    Description: Nature Materials 15, 707 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4678 Authors: Eran Sharon & Hillel Aharoni Geometric frustration governs shape selection in fibrous materials.
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    Polymer nanofilms with enhanced microporosity by interfacial polymerization (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 760 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4638 Authors: Maria F. Jimenez-Solomon, Qilei Song, Kim E. Jelfs, Marta Munoz-Ibanez & Andrew G. Livingston
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    Strong interfacial exchange field in the graphene/EuS heterostructure (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 711 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4603 Authors: Peng Wei, Sunwoo Lee, Florian Lemaitre, Lucas Pinel, Davide Cutaia, Wujoon Cha, Ferhat Katmis, Yu Zhu, Donald Heiman, James Hone, Jagadeesh S. Moodera & Ching-Tzu Chen Exploiting 2D materials for spintronic applications can potentially realize next-generation devices featuring low power consumption and quantum operation capability. The magnetic exchange field (MEF) induced by an adjacent magnetic insulator enables efficient control of local spin generation and spin modulation in 2D devices without compromising the delicate material structures. Using graphene as a prototypical 2D system, we demonstrate that its coupling to the model magnetic insulator (EuS) produces a substantial MEF (〉14 T) with the potential to reach hundreds of tesla, which leads to orders-of-magnitude enhancement of the spin signal originating from the Zeeman spin Hall effect. Furthermore, the new ferromagnetic ground state of Dirac electrons resulting from the strong MEF may give rise to quantized spin-polarized edge transport. The MEF effect shown in our graphene/EuS devices therefore provides a key functionality for future spin logic and memory devices based on emerging 2D materials in classical and quantum information processing.
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    Exploring the origin of high optical absorption in conjugated polymers (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 746 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4645 Authors: Michelle S. Vezie, Sheridan Few, Iain Meager, Galatia Pieridou, Bernhard Dörling, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Alejandro R. Goñi, Hugo Bronstein, Iain McCulloch, Sophia C. Hayes, Mariano Campoy-Quiles & Jenny Nelson
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    Proton transfer dynamics control the mechanism of O2 reduction by a non-precious metal electrocatalyst (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 754 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4636 Authors: Edmund C. M. Tse, Christopher J. Barile, Nicholas A. Kirchschlager, Ying Li, John P. Gewargis, Steven C. Zimmerman, Ali Hosseini & Andrew A. Gewirth
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    Metal and Polymer Matrix Composites II (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
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    China's mark on materials (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 688 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4690
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    Giant Rydberg excitons: Probing quantum chaos (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 702 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4670 Authors: Elena A. Ostrovskaya & Franco Nori Giant Rydberg excitons reveal signatures of quantum chaotic behaviour in the presence of time-reversal symmetry breaking enforced by the background solid-state lattice, and they provide a new mesoscopic platform for fundamental studies of quantum chaos.
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    Obituary: Walter Kohn (1923–2016) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 704 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4669 Authors: Matthias Scheffler & Dieter Hoffmann
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    China's first pulsed neutron source (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 689 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4655 Authors: Hesheng Chen & Xun-Li Wang The China Spallation Neutron Source is expected to produce its first beam in 2017. Hesheng Chen and Xun-Li Wang provide an overview of this user facility and what it means for science in China and elsewhere.
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    Unearthing new physics (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 688 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4679 Author: Qi-Kun Xue Condensed-matter physics is one of the most active research topics in China. Qi-Kun Xue considers the reasons underpinning its success.
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    Boosting computational capabilities (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 693 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4675 Author: Hai-Qing Lin Computational materials science has grown in China in recent times. Hai-Qing Lin gives an overview of China's efforts towards a Materials Genome Initiative and the challenges faced.
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    Driving a materials economy (2016)
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    Description: Nature Materials 15, 687 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4688 Materials research has long been highly active in China and could offer advanced technologies to boost the economy.
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    Graphene commercialization (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 697 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4665 Authors: Xiaoyue Xiao, Yichun Li & Zhaoping Liu Graphene is extensively researched in China. Xiaoyue Xiao, Yichun Li and Zhaoping Liu illustrate how the China Innovation Alliance of the Graphene Industry aims to harness this for commercial opportunities.
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    Reconstructing solute-induced phase transformations within individual nanocrystals (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 768 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4620 Authors: Tarun C. Narayan, Andrea Baldi, Ai Leen Koh, Robert Sinclair & Jennifer A. Dionne
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    Proximate Kitaev quantum spin liquid behaviour in a honeycomb magnet (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 733 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4604 Authors: A. Banerjee, C. A. Bridges, J.-Q. Yan, A. A. Aczel, L. Li, M. B. Stone, G. E. Granroth, M. D. Lumsden, Y. Yiu, J. Knolle, S. Bhattacharjee, D. L. Kovrizhin, R. Moessner, D. A. Tennant, D. G. Mandrus & S. E. Nagler
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    Kinetics of the self-assembly of nanocrystal superlattices measured by real-time in situ X-ray scattering (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 775 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4600 Authors: Mark C. Weidman, Detlef-M. Smilgies & William A. Tisdale
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    Directed migration of cancer cells guided by the graded texture of the underlying matrix (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 792 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4586 Authors: JinSeok Park, Deok-Ho Kim, Hong-Nam Kim, Chiaochun Joanne Wang, Moon Kyu Kwak, Eunmi Hur, Kahp-Yang Suh, Steven S. An & Andre Levchenko
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    Bioresorbable silicon electronics for transient spatiotemporal mapping of electrical activity from the cerebral cortex (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-23
    Description: Nature Materials 15, 782 (2016). doi:10.1038/nmat4624 Authors: Ki Jun Yu, Duygu Kuzum, Suk-Won Hwang, Bong Hoon Kim, Halvor Juul, Nam Heon Kim, Sang Min Won, Ken Chiang, Michael Trumpis, Andrew G. Richardson, Huanyu Cheng, Hui Fang, Marissa Thompson, Hank Bink, Delia Talos, Kyung Jin Seo, Hee Nam Lee, Seung-Kyun Kang, Jae-Hwan Kim, Jung Yup Lee, Younggang Huang, Frances E. Jensen, Marc A. Dichter, Timothy H. Lucas, Jonathan Viventi, Brian Litt & John A. Rogers
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    Effect of Microstructure on the Electro-Mechanical Behaviour of Cu Films on Polyimide (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Metal films on polymer substrates are commonly used in flexible electronic devices and may be exposed to large deformations during application. For flexible electronics, the main requirement is to remain conductive while stretching and compressing. Therefore, the electro-mechanical behaviour of 200-nm-thick Cu films on polyimide with two different microstructures (as-deposited and annealed) were studied by executing in situ fragmentation experiments with x-ray diffraction, under an atomic force microscope, and with 4-point probe resistance measurements in order to correlate the plastic deformation with the electrical behaviour. The three in situ techniques clearly demonstrate different behaviours controlled by the microstructure. Interestingly, the as-deposited film with a bi-modal microstructure is more suited for flexible electronic applications than an annealed film with homogenous 1- µ m-sized grains. The as-deposited film reaches a higher yield stress, with unchanged electrical conductivity, and does not show extensive surface deformation during straining.
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    Remembering a Member (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
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