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  • Articles  (9)
  • Other Sources
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)  (9)
  • Copernicus
  • Public Library of Science
  • 2015-2019  (9)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939
  • GeoHealth  (9)
  • 268576
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (9)
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  • Articles  (9)
  • Other Sources
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  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)  (9)
  • Copernicus
  • Public Library of Science
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  • 2015-2019  (9)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939
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  • 1
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    Cost Effectiveness of Environmental Lead Risk Mitigation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Environmental remediation efforts in low- and middle-income countries have yet to be evaluated for their cost effectiveness. To address this gap we calculate a cost per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted following the environmental remediation of the former lead smelter and adjoining residential areas in Paraiso de Dios, Haina, the Dominican Republic, executed from 2009 to 2010. The remediation had the effect of lowering surface soil lead concentrations to below 100 mg/kg and measured geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) from 20.6 μg/dL to 5.34 ug/dL. Because BLLs for the entire impacted population were not available, we use environmental data to calculate the resulting disease burden. We find that before the intervention 176 people were exposed to elevated environmental lead levels at Paraiso de Dios resulting in mean BLLs of 24.97 (95% CI: 24.45–25.5) in children (0–7 years old) and 13.98 μg/dL (95% CI: 13.03–15) in adults. We calculate that without the intervention these exposures would have resulted in 133 to 1,096 DALYs and that all of these were averted at a cost of USD 392 to 3,238, depending on assumptions made. We use a societal perspective, meaning that we include all costs regardless of by whom they were incurred and estimate costs in 2009 USD. Lead remediation in low- and middle-income countries is cost effective according to World Health Organization thresholds. Further research is required to compare the approach detailed here with other public health interventions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 2
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    Quantification of Rotavirus Diarrheal Risk Due to Hydroclimatic Extremes Over South Asia: Prospects of Satellite-Based Observations in Detecting Outbreaks (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrheal disease among children under 5. Especially in South Asia, rotavirus remains the leading cause of mortality in children due to diarrhea. As climatic extremes and safe water availability significantly influence diarrheal disease impacts in human populations, hydroclimatic information can be a potential tool for disease preparedness. In this study, we conducted a multivariate temporal and spatial assessment of 34 climate indices calculated from ground and satellite Earth observations to examine the role of temperature and rainfall extremes on the seasonality of rotavirus transmission in Bangladesh. We extracted rainfall data from the Global Precipitation Measurement and temperature data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensors to validate the analyses and explore the potential of a satellite-based seasonal forecasting model. Our analyses found that the number of rainy days and nighttime temperature range from 16°C to 21°C are particularly influential on the winter transmission cycle of rotavirus. The lower number of wet days with suitable cold temperatures for an extended time accelerates the onset and intensity of the outbreaks. Temporal analysis over Dhaka also suggested that water logging during monsoon precipitation influences rotavirus outbreaks during a summer transmission cycle. The proposed model shows lag components, which allowed us to forecast the disease outbreaks 1 to 2 months in advance. The satellite data-driven forecasts also effectively captured the increased vulnerability of dry-cold regions of the country, compared to the wet-warm regions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 3
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    Environmental determinants of malaria transmission around the Koka Reservoir in Ethiopia (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: New dam construction is known to exacerbate malaria transmission in Africa as the vectors of malaria— Anopheles mosquitoes—use bodies of water as breeding sites. Precise environmental mechanisms of how reservoirs exacerbate malaria transmission are yet to be identified. Understanding of these mechanisms should lead to a better assessment of the impacts of dam construction and to new prevention strategies. Combining extensive multi-year field surveys around the Koka Reservoir in Ethiopia and rigorous model development and simulation studies, environmental mechanisms of malaria transmission around the reservoir were examined. Most comprehensive and detailed malaria transmission model, HYDREMATS, was applied to a village adjacent to the reservoir. Significant contributions to the dynamics of malaria transmission are shaped by wind profile, marginal pools, temperature, and shoreline locations. Wind speed and wind direction influence Anopheles populations and malaria transmission during the major and secondary mosquito seasons. During the secondary mosquito season, a noticeable influence was also attributed to marginal pools. Temperature was found to play an important role, not so much in Anopheles population dynamics, but in malaria transmission dynamics. Change in shoreline locations drives malaria transmission dynamics, with closer shoreline locations to the village making malaria transmission more likely. Identified environmental mechanisms help in predicting malaria transmission seasons and in developing village relocation strategies upon dam construction to minimize the risk of malaria.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 4
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    Issue Information (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: No abstract is available for this article.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 5
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    Coccidioidomycosis Dynamics in Relation to Climate in the Southwestern United States (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Valley fever is endemic to the southwestern United States. Humans contract this fungal disease by inhaling spores of Coccidioides spp. Changes in the environment can influence the abundance and dispersal of Coccidioides spp., causing fluctuations in valley fever incidence. We combined county-level case records from state health agencies to create a regional valley fever database for the southwestern United States, including Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. We used this data set to explore how environmental factors influenced the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of valley fever incidence during 2000–2015. We compiled climate and environmental geospatial data sets from multiple sources to compare with valley fever incidence. These variables included air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, surface dust concentration, normalized difference vegetation index, and cropland area. We found that valley fever incidence was greater in areas with warmer air temperatures and drier soils. The mean annual cycle of incidence varied throughout the southwestern United States and peaked following periods of low precipitation and soil moisture. From year-to-year, however, autumn incidence was higher following cooler, wetter, and productive springs in the San Joaquin Valley of California. In southcentral Arizona, incidence increased significantly through time. By 2015, incidence in this region was more than double the rate in the San Joaquin Valley. Our analysis provides a framework for interpreting the influence of climate change on valley fever incidence dynamics. Our results may allow the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to improve their estimates of the spatial pattern and intensity of valley fever endemicity.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 6
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    Half-Century Ammonia Emissions From Agricultural Systems in Southern Asia: Magnitude, Spatiotemporal Patterns, and Implications for Human Health (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Much concern has been raised about the increasing threat to air quality and human health due to ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions from agricultural systems, which is associated with the enrichment of reactive nitrogen (N) in southern Asia (SA), home of more than 60% the world's population (i.e., the people of West, central, East, South, and Southeast Asia). Southern Asia consumed more than half of the global synthetic N fertilizer and was the dominant region for livestock waste production since 2004. Excessive N application could lead to a rapid increase of NH 3 in the atmosphere, resulting in severe air and water pollution in this region. However, there is still a lack of accurate estimates of NH 3 emissions from agricultural systems. In this study, we simulated the agricultural NH 3 fluxes in SA by coupling the Bidirectional NH 3 exchange module (Bi-NH 3 ) from the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model with the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model. Our results indicated that NH 3 emissions were 21.3 ± 3.9 Tg N yr −1 from SA agricultural systems with a rapidly increasing rate of ~0.3 Tg N yr −2 during 1961−2014. Among the emission sources, 10.8 Tg N yr −1 was released from synthetic N fertilizer use, and 10.4 ± 3.9 Tg N yr −1 was released from manure production in 2014. Ammonia emissions from China and India together accounted for 64% of the total amount in SA during 2000−2014. Our results imply that the increased NH 3 emissions associated with high N inputs to croplands would likely be a significant threat to the environment and human health unless mitigation efforts are applied to reduce these emissions.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 7
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    Quantifying the Contribution to Uncertainty in Mortality Attributed to Household, Ambient, and Joint Exposure to PM2.5 From Residential Solid Fuel Use (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: While there have been substantial efforts to quantify the health burden of exposure to PM 2.5 from solid fuel use (SFU), the sensitivity of mortality estimates to uncertainties in input parameters has not been quantified. Moreover, previous studies separate mortality from household and ambient air pollution. In this study, we develop a new estimate of mortality attributable to SFU due to the joint exposure from household and ambient PM 2.5 pollution and perform a variance-based sensitivity analysis on mortality attributable to SFU. In the joint exposure calculation, we estimate 2.81 (95% confidence interval: 2.48–3.28) million premature deaths in 2015 attributed to PM 2.5 from SFU, which is 580,000 (18%) fewer deaths than would be calculated by summing separate household and ambient mortality calculations. Regarding the sources of uncertainties in these estimates, in China, India, and Latin America, we find that 53–56% of the uncertainty in mortality attributable to SFU is due to uncertainty in the percent of the population using solid fuels and 42–50% from the concentration-response function. In sub-Saharan Africa, baseline mortality rate (72%) and the concentration-response function (33%) dominate the uncertainty space. Conversely, the sum of the variance contributed by ambient and household PM 2.5 exposure ranges between 15 and 38% across all regions (the percentages do not sum to 100% as some uncertainty is shared between parameters). Our findings suggest that future studies should focus on more precise quantification of solid fuel use and the concentration-response relationship to PM 2.5 , as well as mortality rates in Africa.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 8
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    Addressing Pollution-Related Global Environmental Health Burdens (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: New analyses are revealing the scale of pollution on global health, with a disproportionate share of the impact borne by lower-income nations, minority and marginalized individuals. Common themes emerge on the drivers of this pollution impact, including a lack of regulation and its enforcement, research and expertise development, and innovative funding mechanisms for mitigation. Creative approaches need to be developed and applied to address and overcome these obstacles. The existing “business as usual” modus operandi continues to externalize human health costs related to pollution, which exerts a negative influence on global environmental health.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 9
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    Patterns of Urban Housing Shape Dengue Distribution in Singapore at Neighborhood and Country Scales (2018)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In: GeoHealth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: Dengue is the most important human arboviral disease in Singapore. We classified residential areas into low-rise and high-rise housing and investigated the influence of urban drainage on the distribution of dengue incidence and outdoor breeding at neighborhood and country scales. In Geylang area (August 2014 to August 2015), dengue incidence was higher in a subarea of low-rise housing compared to high-rise one, averaging 26.7 (standard error, SE = 4.83) versus 2.43 (SE = 0.67) per 1,000 people. Outdoor breeding drains of Aedes aegypti have clustered in the low-rise housing subarea. The pupal density per population was higher in the low-rise blocks versus high-rise ones, 246 (SE = 69.08) and 35.4 (SE = 25.49) per 1,000 people, respectively. The density of urban drainage network in the low-rise blocks is double that in the high-rise ones, averaging 0.05 (SE = 0.0032) versus 0.025 (SE = 0.00245) per meter. Further, a holistic analysis at a country-scale has confirmed the role of urban hydrology in shaping dengue distribution in Singapore. Dengue incidence (2013–2015) is proportional to the fractions of the area (or population) of low-rise housing. The drainage density in low-rise housing is 4 times that corresponding estimate in high-rise areas, 2.59 and 0.68 per meter, respectively. Public housing in agglomerations of high-rise buildings could have a positive impact on dengue if this urban planning comes at the expense of low-rise housing. City planners in endemic regions should consider the density of drainage networks for both the prevention of flooding and the breeding of mosquitoes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2471-1403
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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