ALBERT

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 153〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ayoub H. Jaafar, N.T. Kemp〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This paper reports on the first optically tunable graphene oxide memristor device. Modulation of resistive switching memory by light opens the route to new optoelectronic devices that can be switched optically and read electronically. Applications include integrated circuits with memory elements switchable by light and optically reconfigurable and tunable synaptic circuits for neuromorphic computing and brain-inspired, artificial intelligence systems. In this report, planar and vertical structured optical resistive switching memristors based on graphene oxide are reported. The device is switchable by either optical or electronic means, or by a combination of both. In addition the devices exhibit a unique wavelength dependence that produces reversible and irreversible properties depending on whether the irradiation is long or short wavelength light, respectively. For long wavelength light, the reversible photoconductance effect permits short-term dynamic modulation of the resistive switching properties of the light, which has application as short-term memory in neuromorphic computing. In contrast, short wavelength light induces both the reversible photoconductance effect and an irreversible change in the memristance due to reduction of the graphene oxide. This has important application in the fabrication of cloned neural networks with factory defined weights, enabling the fast replication of artificial intelligent chips with pre-trained information.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306943-fx1.jpg" width="485" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 153〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): C.M. Ramos-Castillo, M.E. Cifuentes-Quintal, E. Martínez-Guerra, R. de Coss〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Energy gap engineering in graphene nanostructures is one of the most important topics towards development of graphene-based electronics. In this work, based on the density functional theory, the role of the edge magnetism on the size dependence of Kohn-Sham gap and fundamental energy gap for 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.svg"〉〈mrow〉〈msub〉〈mrow〉〈mtext〉C〈/mtext〉〈/mrow〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉6〈/mn〉〈mtext〉nn〈/mtext〉〈/mrow〉〈/msub〉〈msub〉〈mrow〉〈mtext〉H〈/mtext〉〈/mrow〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉6〈/mn〉〈mtext〉n〈/mtext〉〈/mrow〉〈/msub〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 (〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.svg"〉〈mrow〉〈mtext〉n〈/mtext〉〈mo linebreak="badbreak"〉=〈/mo〉〈mn〉2〈/mn〉〈mo linebreak="goodbreak" linebreakstyle="after"〉−〈/mo〉〈mn〉16〈/mn〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉) hexagonal graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with zigzag edges is studied. We found a transition from a nonmagnetic to an antiferromagnetic state at a certain critical diameter (〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si3.svg"〉〈mrow〉〈mo〉∼〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 3 nm), characterized by the opening of a Kohn-Sham gap as a consequence of the exchange interaction between localized edge states. Furthermore, the fundamental gap is obtained from the difference between the calculated vertical ionization and electron affinity energies. Such approximation includes relaxation in the exchange correlation potential when the electron is added to the system, which might be useful for GQDs transport properties interpretation. We found a scaling rule for the fundamental gap dependence on quantum dot size, providing a practical way to predict this property for large GQDs with zigzag edges, which currently in most demanding approaches, such as GW, is unfeasible.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306876-fx1.jpg" width="500" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shuai Zhao, Wanfen Pu, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Chengdong Yuan, Shan Qin, Liangliang Wang, Dmitrii A. Emelianov, Artashes A. Khachatrian〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Because the thermal release correlates directly with the success of in-situ combustion (ISC) technology, this research performs a series of investigations concerning thermal behavior and kinetics of heavy crude oil during combustion using high pressure differential scanning calorimetry (HP-DSC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). The results obtained from HP-DSC profiles indicated that for oil alone and its mixtures with quartz sand/crushed core, the peak temperature was lowered, and the heat flow increased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. The heat enthalpy of low temperature oxidation (LTO) was higher than that of high temperature oxidation (HTO) under oxygen partial pressures of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 MPa, and the increase in heat enthalpy of LTO with oxygen partial pressure was more pronounced than that of HTO. Unlike the crushed core, the addition of quartz sand delayed exothermic oxidation reactions. Compared with oil only and oil + quartz sand, the LTO and HTO peak temperatures of oil + crushed core were considerably lowered, and the effect of crushed core on increasing heat release for LTO at oxygen partial pressure of 1.5 MPa was more prominent. It was observed that the heat enthalpy of LTO and HTO increased quasi-linearly with the oxygen partial pressure in both the presence and absence of quartz sand/crushed core. ISC might be considered as an appropriate candidate for Jiqi block, based on exothermic continuity of the ARC curves, with the near-wellbore zone of target block heated to 180 °C where the exothermic oxidation activity is notably intensified. The kinetic results showed that the LTO and HTO intervals were divided into 6 and 2 subintervals, respectively, which facilitated more precise modelling of the ISC process.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zan Chen, Menglu Lin, Shuhua Wang, Shengnan Chen, Linsong Cheng〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Studies have shown that the gas huff and puff injection potentially perform better than the continuous gas flooding in enhancing the hydrocarbon recovery in the liquid rich tight reservoirs. During the fracturing stimulation, only part of the induced hydraulic fractures is propped because proppants cannot be carried to the fracture tips. Moreover, some secondary and tertiary fractures may be too narrow to accommodate any proppants. The conductivity of the unpropped fractures is highly dependent on the variation of the in-situ pressure and may be open and close periodically during the huff-n-puff cycles. In this study, the stress-dependent fracture conductivity and its impact on the produced gas huff-n-puff performance are investigated in a liquid rich tight reservoir, considering the existence of the large amount of the unpropped fractures. The experimental data of stress-dependent fracture conductivity is employed first to simulate the dynamic conductivity during the depletion and the gas huff and puff cycles. A reservoir model is then constructed and history-matched based on the reservoir fluid samples and the field production data collected from the Montney liquid rich tight reservoir in Western Canada. Performance of the produced gas huff-n-puff is examined in the targeted reservoir and results show that contributions of the unpropped fractures cannot be ignored, which leads to 7.8% more condensate (i.e., oil) production and 2.8% higher in barrel of oil equivalent (BOE), compared to the case with propped fractures only. The effects of complex fracture geometry and the cluster completion are also investigated and results show that the unpropped fracture contributions towards the condensate production and BOE are even more pronounced in the complicated scenarios. The condensate oil and BOE are 42.0% and 22.9% higher in complex fracture geometry case and 12.4% and 5.6% higher in the fractures with multiple clusters than those scenarios with propped fractures only. This paper provides a better understanding on the potential performance of enhanced hydrocarbons recovery in liquid rich tight gas reservoirs via gas huff-n-puff operations.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Abdelrahman Elkhateeb, Reza Rezaee, Ali Kadkhodaie〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Traditionally, prediction of facies and permeability for a reservoir rock was one of many challenges in the industry that necessitates advanced and sophisticated evaluation for effective reservoir description. Three wells have been studied in the Perth Basin in Western Australia across the shaly sand of the Irwin River Coal Measures Formation, which contain a comprehensive suite of advanced and conventional logs. Due to the reservoir heterogeneity and the clay distribution, it is very challenging to resolve the effective pore volume, the reservoir facies and how the high permeability zones are distributed within the formation.〈/p〉 〈p〉In this paper, a new technique has been successfully tested on the Shaly Sand by integrating the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the conventional density log. The method allows the establishment of high-resolution facies classification for the reservoir using an Equivalent Flow Zone Indicator Index (EFZI). The studied core facies have been integrated with the EFZI into a new workflow to distribute facies on a larger scale in the uncored wells.〈/p〉 〈p〉Four hydraulic flow units (HFU) have been defined from one cored well using Flow Zone Indicator approach, with each has a unique FZI value and different permeability model based on core measurements. The EFZI-based high-resolution facies have been validated at several formation depths using the core thin sections to ensure the best calibration will be obtained for facies log, hence the permeability log-to-core match.〈/p〉 〈p〉The methodology will help running an advanced petrophysical analysis for the zone of interest and will reduce the parameters uncertainty. Application of this methodology in the uncored wells has shown very encouraging results, which is believed it can be used in the absence of any core data to resolve the rock typing from the well logs.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Atousa Heydari, Kiana Peyvandi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this work, the stainless steel mesh was used to study the effect of metallic porous media on the formation of methane hydrate and some parameters such as induction time, the kinetics growth and the mole of gas consumed have been investigated at a temperature of 3 °C (276.15 K) and a pressure of 760 psi (5.24Mpa). The metallic porous media was able to show better results on the methane hydrate formation relative to the silica gel. Hence the induction time and, eventually, the total time of the hydrate formation process decreased by about 60%. The kinetics growth and the amount of gas consumed increased significantly. Also, the effect of two types of anionic and nonionic surfactants as kinetics promoters studied in this porous media. The result of adding SDS and SDBS at a concentration near the CMC designated that the induction time lasted nearly zero and the total time of the process by SDBS was minimal. It should be noted that the non-ionic surfactant SPAN 80 could not have a positive effect on this porous media. In general, therefore, the results of this research attempts to show that the stainless steel mesh with SDBS possessed high potential in obtaining the industrial purpose of gas hydrate growth and also was significant in the field of energy storage and transport.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519306473-fx1.jpg" width="500" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shuaishuai Jiang, Xuehua Chen, Yingkai Qi, Wei Jiang, Jie Zhang, Zhenhua He〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The frequency-dependent attenuation and velocity dispersion of seismic responses are closely related to hydrocarbon reservoirs. To further investigate the characteristics of seismic responses caused by pore fluid-bearing reservoirs, the role of gas saturation is analyzed in seismic responses of sand reservoirs characterized by the patchy saturation model. To this end, a novel wave extrapolation method is developed based on the diffusive-viscous wave equation (DVWE) as well as a scheme for an extended local Rytov Fourier (ELRF) approximation within the extrapolation depth interval. Our proposed method considers the presence of fluid mixtures in the porous media, resulting in seismic attenuation and dispersion by the mechanism generally known as wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF). This method enables an accommodation for the lateral variations in slowness, diffusion coefficient and viscosity. Subsequently, the extrapolation is adopted to model the synthetic seismic data of a distributary channel model. During this modeling, a gas-water saturated sand reservoir embedded into one of the channels was used to comparatively analyze the distinct features on its seismic synthetic data. We exhibited the numerical simulation results using the proposed wave extrapolation method here and the traditional acoustic wave equation (AWE) method. A comparison of the simulation results, demonstrates that our proposed numerical method can depict the seismic dispersion and frequency-dependent attenuation as well as the phase delay effects associated with gas-water-saturated sand reservoirs. Furthermore, we compare the seismic responses by changing the gas saturations of the sand reservoir. The gas saturation of the reservoir has significant effects on the seismic characteristics of the numerical modeling data. The numerical modeling method improves our understanding of the mechanisms of seismic frequency-dependent characteristics associated with gas saturations and potentially contributes to better insights into gas reservoir indicators derived from seismic field data.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jingyi Zhu, Zhaozhong Yang, Xiaogang Li, Zhichao Song, Ziwei Liu, Shiyi Xie〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Liquid foam is an alternative to water-based fracturing fluid due to its great proppant suspension ability. In this work, theoretical and experimental investigations on the settling behavior of the proppants in viscoelastic foams were analyzed on bubble scale. Settling trajectory was captured over time by optical microscope to calculate proppant settling velocity. At room temperature, proppants kept suspended well, but noticeable changes in proppant position could be observed at 70 °C. We concluded that the sedimentation of the proppants at high temperature was divided into three stages, that were drainage-dominated, structure-dominated and fluid-dominated regimes. For the large proppants, quick settling velocity was seen at first due to fast drainage rate. Then bubble pressure force and network force served as drag force exerting on the proppants when the proppants stretched or squeezed the liquid films. During this regime, bubble distribution, the existence of nodes, the length and the orientation of Plateau border leaded to the fluctuation in settling velocity. Lastly, the proppants would also flow freely along Plateau border over time, and the properties of the foam fluid such as viscosity and elasticity provided the drag force to prevent the proppants from settling. It's more likely for small proppants to change to this stage called fluid-dominated regime, but elasticity also guaranteed their low settling velocity. Moreover, in the existence of proppants, the analysis into drainage rate and bubble structure demonstrated the high stability of viscoelastic foams. These results helped understand the sedimentation of proppants in wet foams and broadened the application of viscoelastic foams in hydraulic fracturing.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zhong-Zhen Chen, Hong-Ze Gang, Jin-Feng Liu, Bo-Zhong Mu, Shi-Zhong Yang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A thermal-stable and salt-tolerant biobased zwitterionic surfactant 〈em〉N, N〈/em〉-Dimethyl-〈em〉N〈/em〉-[2-hydroxy-3-sulfo-propyl]-〈em〉N〈/em〉′-phenyloctadecanoyl-1, 3-diaminopropane (SPODP) was successfully obtained from modification of oleic acids which can be regenerated from waste cooking oils, and its structure was characterized using GC-MS, ESI-MS and 〈sup〉1〈/sup〉H NMR approaches. The biobased zwitterionic surfactant demonstrated a strong interfacial activity at high salinity and high temperature conditions at a very low surfactant dosage in formation brine. The ultralow interfacial tension (≤10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 mN/m) between crude oil and brine was reached at 0.5 g/L in brine with a wide range compatibility of NaCl up to saturation, Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 up to 500 mg/L, and temperature up to 95 °C. Meanwhile, it also exhibited strong wetting ability and resistance against adsorption on sands. All the results from this study suggest that the biobased zwitterionic surfactant is promising over varieties of traditional surfactants in applications in alkali free systems in enhanced oil recovery (EOR).〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 153〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): A-Young Kim, Ryanda Enggar Anugrah Ardhi, Guicheng Liu, Ji Young Kim, Hyun-Jin Shin, Dongjin Byun, Joong Kee Lee〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A hierarchical hollow SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterostructure anode surrounded by a dual carbon layer (DCL@SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉), inner (host) and outer carbon layers, was successfully designed 〈em〉via〈/em〉 a simple hydrothermal method with a single Sn precursor to achieving high-performance Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and Li-ion capacitors (LICs). The carbon nanotube (CNT)-based inner carbon host and an ultrathin outer amorphous carbon layer introduced at the SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterostructure had good elasticity and high electrical properties to prevent volume change and ensure fast Li-ion transport during cycling, respectively. Meanwhile, the SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterostructure comprising p-type SnO and n-type SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 facilitated further fast interfacial Li-ion transfer within the p–n SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterojunction anode 〈em〉via〈/em〉 the acceleration effect induced by the built-in electric field (BEF). The resulting half cells LIBs consisting DCL@SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 anode shows a high reversible specific capacity of 902.1 mAh g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1400 mA g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. The specific capacity of 347.04 mAh g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 was still maintained even at a high current density of 10 000 mA g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Moreover, the maximum energy and power density of 125 W kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and 200 Wh kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, respectively, were achieved from the half cells LIC comprising DCL@SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 anode (LIC-DCL@SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉).〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A hierarchical hollow SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterostructure anode surrounded by a dual carbon layer (DCL@SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) is prepared by a simple hydrothermal method using a single Sn precursor. The CNT-based inner carbon host layer is equipped by a nanotail CNT to form a tadpole-like structure. The ultrathin elastic amorphous outer carbon layer buffers the cyclic volume change of the SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterostructure, while its natural properties could realize the formation of thin, instead of thick, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer to enhance e〈sup〉−〈/sup〉/Li〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 reversibility and transport kinetics during charge charge–discharge cycles. The p–n heterojunction created from SnO/SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 heterostructure facilitates the creation of the built-in electric field (BEF) to promote e〈sup〉−〈/sup〉/Li〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 transport rate during charge–discharge cycling and to maintain a reversible high capacity at a high current density.〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306888-fx1.jpg" width="288" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 153〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chen Han, Xiaoguang Duan, Mingjie Zhang, Wenzhao Fu, Xuezhi Duan, Wenjie Ma, Shaomin Liu, Shaobin Wang, Xinggui Zhou〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Nanocarbon-catalyzed advanced oxidation processes for wastewater remediation are green and state-of-the-art methods, nevertheless, the origins of carbocatalysis remain unresolved. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are employed as typical metal-free catalysts for catalytic peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and phenol oxidation. The surface chemistry and electronic properties of CNTs are deliberately tailored by liquid acid oxidation and subsequent thermal treatment. It is unveiled that the electron-rich carbon surface and carbonyl groups can affect organic adsorption capacity of the carbocatalysts and modulate persulfate activation in different catalytic manners. Furthermore, the relationship between the surface chemistry (oxygen functionality and electron density) and carbocatalysis is established, which is decisive to regulate the radical/nonradical pathways in the catalytic oxidation for water purification. This study provides new insights to carbon-catalyzed persulfate activation with manipulated reaction pathways and redox potentials.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306839-fx1.jpg" width="260" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zhihua Wang, Ye Bai, Hongqi Zhang, Yang Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Waxy crude oil emulsions exhibit gelation behavior, with nucleation observed within a certain temperature range. A kinetic model was developed and validated based on the thermal parameters obtained from differential scanning calorimetry cooling thermograms, and the nucleation rates of various water-in-waxy crude oil emulsions were determined in the temperature range in which gelation occurs. Although temperature had a dominant effect on the gelation and nucleation behavior of waxy crude oil emulsions, the nucleation rate also increased as the water volume fraction in the emulsion increased. Emulsified water droplets with smaller radii can be completely covered by wax particles, inducing a greater nucleation rate. Subjecting the emulsions to a greater shearing strength also increased the nucleation rate. This study provided new insights into the nucleation processes that occur during the formation of waxy crude oil emulsion gels and, in particular, the role of the emulsification properties.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519306424-fx1.jpg" width="496" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ulf Jakob F. Aarsnes, Nathan van de Wouw〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The present paper studies the effect of an axial elastic tool (known as a shock sub), mounted downhole in the drill-string, on the occurrence of axial and torsional self-excited vibrations. In particular, we evaluate the feasibility of stabilizing the axial dynamics, dominated by a bilateral (feedback) coupling between the bit-rock interaction and the drill-string wave-equations, through the insertion of a passive down-hole tool. We consider the problem of unwanted drill-string vibrations and explain how these vibrations relate to the so-called axial instability using a distributed parameter (infinite dimensional) model. The equations describing the feedback system causing this instability are derived and then extended to accommodate for the inclusion of the effect of the shock sub. Conditions for the design parameters of the shock sub needed to avoid axial instability are then derived and their practical feasibility are considered.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): S. Mohammadi, M. Papa, E. Pereyra, C. Sarica〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Mechanistic modeling is one of the most popular approaches for the prediction of flow pattern, pressure gradient and liquid holdup in multiphase flow problems. Mechanistic models utilize the mass and momentum conservative equations in combination with a set of closure relationships. These closures, which are developed based on specific experimental setups, considerably affect the performance of the mechanistic models. Moreover, new closure relationships continue to be developed to improve the current mechanistic models. Thus, there is a need for a tool that allows the selection of a set of closure relationships for a given set of conditions. In this direction, this paper presents a methodology that relies on a genetic algorithm to search and select a set of closure relationships for a given experimental (field data) that minimize the error between measured and predicted pressure gradient. The results show the applying the genetic algorithm can improve the performance of the mechanistic model by about 277% when compared to selections of closure relationships made by a subject matter expert for the given data set.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 257〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Dan Yang, Liyun Cao, Liangliang Feng, Jianfeng Huang, Koji Kajiyoshi, Yongqiang Feng, Qianqian Liu, Wenbin Li, Li Feng, Guojuan Hai〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The synergistic achievement of geometric optimization and surface/interfacial modulation of electrocatalysts for booting the overall efficiency of water splitting is highly desirable yet challenging. Herein, a novel hierarchical Ni〈sub〉3〈/sub〉S〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/VS〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 nanohorn array grown on nickel foam (NS-horn/NF) is prepared by a self-driven synthesis strategy. We demonstrate that 〈em〉in-situ〈/em〉 generation of VS〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 in the NS-horn/NF not only triggers the formation of such unique hierarchical architecture, but favors the graft of enriched active bridging S〈sub〉2〈/sub〉〈sup〉2−〈/sup〉 on the strong coupling interface between Ni〈sub〉3〈/sub〉S〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and VS〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, and thus the enhanced HER kinetics. More importantly, the abundant active nickel oxides for the OER availably form on the interface benefiting from the surface reconstruction of NS-horn/NF due to the partial leaching of vanadium (IV) of VS〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, which promotes the adsorption of OH〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 and leads to the fast OER rate-determining step in alkaline media. When employed to assemble an alkaline electrolyzer as both anode and cathode, NS-horn/NF electrode only needs a small voltage of 1.57 V to yield 10 mA cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 and retains this activity for at least 70 h. Our findings put forward fresh insights into the rational design of highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts toward water spitting for next-generation energy conversion and storage devices.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319306575-ga1.jpg" width="433" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 257〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Tao Zeng, Shuqi Li, Yi Shen, Haiyan Zhang, Hongru Feng, Xiaole Zhang, Lingxiangyu Li, Zongwei Cai, Shuang Song〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Herein, we designed a novel sodium-doped covalent triazine-based framework with a 3D honeycomb nanoarchitecture (H-CTF-Na) as visible-light-responsive organocatalyst to efficiently drive advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Experimental and theoretical findings reveal that Na doping narrows the band gap by elevating the band edges and the 3D hierarchical nanocellular morphology improves light harvesting and electron transfer. With these merits, H-CTF-Na showed a photoactivity enhancement of 4.9–6.0-fold for the degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) compared to those of pristine CTFs and g-C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉N〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under visible-light irradiation. The quenching and EPR results indicate that a synergistic effect between photooxidation (〈em〉h〈sup〉+〈/sup〉〈/em〉) and PMS activation (〈sup〉•〈/sup〉OH and SO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉•−〈/sup〉) derived from the vigorous capture of photogenerated e〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 by PMS is responsible for the marked efficacy of H-CTF-Na/vis/PMS system. Moreover, this system exhibited excellent versatility in degrading other organics (such as various phenols and dyes) and good reusability in terms of five high-efficiency recycled uses.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319306617-ga1.jpg" width="265" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 257〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zhihong Ye, Enric Brillas, Francesc Centellas, Pere Lluís Cabot, Ignasi Sirés〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The feasibility of destruction of organic pollutants in water at near-neutral pH by homogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) process employing a soluble Fe(III)–EDDS complex as catalyst is demonstrated for the first time. The performance of the Fe(III)–EDDS-assisted EF process with carbon-felt or air-diffusion cathodes was evaluated from the degradation of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in sulfate medium. The influence of applied current, pH and Fe(III):EDDS ratio and dosage on BHA decay and mineralization was related to the evolution of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and iron concentrations. Using Fe(III)–EDDS, up to 50% Fe(II) regeneration was achieved in 10 min, whereas only 23% was transformed using hydrated Fe〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉. Almost total removal of BHA was achieved thanks to homogenous Fenton, heterogeneous Fenton with cathodically adsorbed Fe(III), and electrocatalysis. The mineralization partly corresponded to the gradual destruction of EDDS by hydroxyl radical (〈em〉k〈/em〉〈sub〉abs〈/sub〉 = 5.22 × 10〈sup〉9〈/sup〉 M〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), and involved the formation of 5 oxidation and 6 dimerization or cyclization by-products.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319306538-ga1.jpg" width="327" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 257〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jiangyao Chen, Zhigui He, Yuemeng Ji, Guiying Li, Taicheng An, Wonyong Choi〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The photocatalytic transformation mechanisms of styrene, were compared in TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 system under ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiations. TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/VUV displayed higher photocatalytic degradation and mineralization efficiencies (100% and 51% within 8 min) than TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/UV (86% and 21% within 60 min), and the increased efficiencies were contributed from enhanced production of 〈sup〉〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"〉〈/sup〉OH through VUV photolysis of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O and O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. The addition reactions of these enhanced 〈sup〉〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"〉〈/sup〉OH converted styrene to benzaldehyde and other small molecular carbonyl compounds in TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/VUV gas system. Due to absence of atmospheric 〈sup〉〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"〉〈/sup〉OH in TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/UV system, styrene underwent cycloisomerisation to form a bicyclic byproduct, benzocyclobutene, which further transformed to benzocyclobutenone, benzocyclobutenol, phthalan, phthalide and phthalic anhydride on photocatalyst TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. Meanwhile, both systems shared same pathways from styrene to monoaromatic alcohols, ketones, aldehydes on TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 through 〈sup〉〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"〉〈/sup〉OH addition. Our results provide a deep insight into 〈sup〉〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"〉〈/sup〉OH-determined photocatalytic transformation mechanism of AHs and their final fate in atmospheric environment.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319306587-ga1.jpg" width="247" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 152〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hongtao Guan, D.D.L. Chung〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The effect of macroscale planar arrangement (planar coil, unidirectional and crossply arrangements, with a gap between tow segments) of continuous polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber (7.0-μm diameter) 12 K tow on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness for normal-incident unpolarized plane wave is reported at frequencies ranging from 200 to 2000 MHz. The planar coil configuration, which favors magnetic interaction, has not been previously reported for shielding with any material. For all arrangements, the total shielding effectiveness (〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉T〈/sub〉) is dominated by the absorption loss (〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉A〈/sub〉), whether the fiber is nickel-coated or not. The nickel coating (0.25-μm thick) increases 〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉T〈/sub〉 from 2‒6 dB to 13–26 dB for the planar coil configuration, but has little effect for the crossply/unidirectional configuration. Both 〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉T〈/sub〉 and 〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉A〈/sub〉 are greatly increased by the nickel coating, which also reduces 〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉A〈/sub〉's frequency dependence and increases the absorption's fractional contribution to shielding, particularly for the planar coil configuration below 1000 MHz (from 53%‒78% to 83%–94%). The advantage of the crossply configuration over the unidirectional configuration is greater without the nickel coating. Increasing the tow size from 12 K to 24 K (with the gap decreased from 3.0 to 2.0 mm) raises 〈em〉SE〈/em〉〈sub〉A〈/sub〉 for planar coil and unidirectional arrangements. The results agree essentially with electromagnetic theory.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S000862231930661X-fx1.jpg" width="262" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 152〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shang-Fa Pan, Jiang-Long Yin, Xue-Lian Zhu, Xiao-Jing Guo, Ping Hu, Xi Yan, Wan-Zhong Lang, Ya-Jun Guo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this work, a variety of microporous carbon nanospheres (MCNs) were synthesized by the in-situ approach, and used as metal-free catalysts for direct propane dehydrogenation (DPDH). Pristine MCNs showed excellent catalytic performances for DPDH with initial propane conversion of 26% and propylene selectivity of 87%–88%. Phosphorus (P) modifications with different P sources put different effects on the catalytic performances of MCNs in DPDH, i.e., triethyl phosphate exhibited a positive, while (NH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉HPO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 and H〈sub〉3〈/sub〉PO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 showed a negative effect on the catalytic performances for the in-situ doping carbon catalysts. The amount of surface oxygenic groups and the graphitization extent of carbon materials are two important factors influencing the catalytic performances of MCNs in DPDH. These results indicate that P modification is an effective way to adjust the catalytic performances of MCNs in DPDH. While, except the dopant itself, the interaction between the dopant and other materials during the synthesis process also influences the surface oxygenic groups and the graphitization degree of carbon materials.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306827-fx1.jpg" width="260" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 152〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jing-Yang You, Xing-Yu Ma, Zhen Zhang, Kuan-Rong Hao, Qing-Bo Yan, Xian-Lei Sheng, Gang Su〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A structurally stable carbon allotrope with plentiful topological properties is predicted by means of first-principles calculations. This novel carbon allotrope possesses the simple space group C2/m, and contains simultaneously 〈em〉sp〈/em〉, 〈em〉sp〈/em〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 and 〈em〉sp〈/em〉〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 hybridized bonds in one structure, which is thus coined as carboneyane. The calculations on geometrical, vibrational, and electronic properties reveal that carboneyane, with good ductility and a much lower density 1.43 g/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉, is a topological metal with a pair of nodal lines traversing the whole Brillouin zone, such that they can only be annihilated in a pair when symmetry is preserved. The symmetry and topological protections of the nodal lines as well as the associated surface states are discussed. By comparing its x-ray diffraction pattern with experimental results, we find that three peaks of carboneyane meet with the detonation soot. On account of the fluffy structure, carboneyane is shown to have potential applications in areas of storage, adsorption and electrode materials.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306360-fx1.jpg" width="314" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 257〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wei Gao, Bin Tian, Wenyan Zhang, Xuqiang Zhang, Yuqi Wu, Gongxuan Lu〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Solar irradiation spectrum on the earth consists of about 50% infrared energy, which has not used effectively in chemical storage and conversion into hydrogen via photocatalytic route. In this work, we reported the catalytic hydrogen generation over a photocatalyst consisting of semiconductor CdS and an up-conversion component NaYF〈sub〉4〈/sub〉-Yb〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉-Er〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉(NYF) under infrared light irradiation. Under 980 nm laser irradiation, the input infrared light was up-converted into visible light, which was used to excite CdS to produce hydrogen and oxygen. The isotope experiments confirmed both of hydrogen and oxygen were produced from water. The highest hydrogen evolution rate of 3.38 μmol g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 h〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 has been achieved. 0.008% of AQE under NIR light irradiation has been approached.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The NIR/visible-light driven over-all water splitting was achieved over Pt/CdS/NaYF〈sub〉4〈/sub〉-Yb〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉-Er〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 catalyst by taking advantages of the NIR-to-visible upconversion and the inhibition of the reverse H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 recombination reaction via transferring the photo-generated oxygen molecules away from the photocatalyst surface by PFDL. This method makes the most visible light-responsive semiconductor photocatalysts capable utilizing in overall split water by NIR/visible light irradiation.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S092633731930654X-ga1.jpg" width="275" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chinedu I. Ossai〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To advance the prognosis of progressing cavity Pumps (PCPs) used for artificial lifting, the pump-off need to be identified to forestall failure. This study developed a new technique for determining the Pump-off events Activation Times (PATs) of the PCPs using the transient Water Discharge Rates (WDRs) from coal seam gas producing wells. The Gaussian distribution function parameters of the rolling standard deviations of the water discharge rate (RSWR) and the transition probability of the rolling standard deviations of the water discharge rate (TP_RSWR) were used to build the model. By determining the anomalies in the RSWR signals with the bottom-up segmentation technique and computing the statistical characteristics at the changepoint locations, the steady-state of the WDR signals was established. This steady-state signal, which represents the Operation Transition Level (OTL) between the Normal Operation (NOP) and the Pump-off Event (POE) was used for monitoring the transition of the PCPs' operating status. An algorithm was developed in Python and tested it on field data from 36 coal seam gas wells. The performance of my technique was determined with precision, recall and F1 score, which gave an average value of 94.94%, 92.63%, and 93.56% respectively. It is expected that the implementation of this technique in the real-time estimation of PATs will be vital for reducing PCPs faults seeing that poor PATs detection results in PCPs running dry and consequently failures due to the extreme temperatures and abrasions.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 152〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xinfeng Zhou, Zirui Jia, Ailing Feng, Xiaoxiao Wang, Jiajia Liu, Meng Zhang, Haijie Cao, Guanglei Wu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The novel three-dimensional (3D) co-doped carbon foam was fabricated via a facile hydrothermal and subsequent pyrolysis process using fish skin as carbon precursor. The fish-derived carbon foam (CFs) obtained at 650 °C (CFs-650) possesses large specific surface area of 1369.3 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/g with natural inherited micropore-dominate porosity. Moreover, the heteroatoms O and N in the fish skin are uniformly planted into the carbon frameworks, which is highly advantageous for the attenuation of microwave energy. The unique architecture endows the 3D carbon foam with impressive microwave absorbing property. Especially, the broadest bandwidth (RL  〈  −10 dB) of CFs-650 can be up to 8.6 GHz (9.4–18 GHz) at 3 mm with the minimum reflection loss (RL) of −33.5 dB. The optimal RL of CFs-650 is −52.6 dB at 15.8 GHz with the matching thickness of 2.6 mm. The mechanism of the microwave absorption of the carbon foam is attributed to electric conductive loss, interfacial polarization relaxation, multiple reflections and scattering. The low-cost and eco-friendly carbon foam has great potential for application of microwave absorption.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319306566-fx1.jpg" width="291" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Fuwei Yu, Hanqiao Jiang, Fei Xu, Zhen Fan, Hang Su, Junjian Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this paper, a new fabrication method was reported for establishment of a 2.5D reservoir micromodel, which incorporated 3D geometry of porous media and visualization of 2D microfluidic chips. Flow physics such as imbibition, rison and rheon were visualized in the new 2.5D reservoir micromodel through water flooding experiments in water-wet and oil-wet 2.5D reservoir micromodels. Corresponding results demonstrated the strong capacity of the presented 2.5D reservoir micromodel to mimic the real 3D porous media. Besides, four theoretical patterns concerning residual oil distributions were obtained based on water flooding, surfactant flooding and polymer flooding experiments. Furthermore, imbibition of a Winsor I type surfactant system was investigated, accompanied by explanation and visualization of two major enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms, namely microemulsion imbibition and residual oil solubilization, which confirmed the assumptions made based on core imbibition experiments.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mohamed R. Shalaby, Liyana Nadiah Osli, Stavros Kalaitzidis, Md Aminul Islam〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Thermal maturity and palaeodepositional environment of the Taratu Formation has been studied by evaluating its geochemical properties and organic petrographical features. Geochemical properties of the Cretaceous-Palaeocene Taratu source rock that are identified through pyrolysis indicate that this formation has excellent organic matter quality, quantity and hydrocarbon generation potential. Only the Cretaceous-aged sequence from this formation is thermally mature, with Tmax values ranging from 429 °C to 459 °C, while Palaeocene samples are found to be thermally immature. Organic matter of the Taratu Formation comprises primarily of oil and gas prone kerogen type II-III and gas prone kerogen type III, which is reflected by high HI (165.0–327.5 mg HC/g TOC) and low OI (5.00–25.7 mg CO2/g TOC) values. Tissue Preservation Index (TPI) and Gelification Index (GI) indicates that the Taratu Formation was previously deposited in a limnic environment. Further assessment of the source rock's palaeodepositional environment through correlating cross-plots of various biomarker data and evaluation of organic petrography suggests that the formation was subjected to brackish water influx.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 180〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zulong Zhao, Yu Shi, Daoyong Yang, Na Jia〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A novel and pragmatic technique has been developed and validated to quantify gas exsolution of alkane solvent(s)–CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–heavy oil systems with consideration of interface mass transfer for each gas component under nonequilibrium conditions. Experimentally, constant composition expansion (CCE) tests of three alkane solvent(s)–CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–heavy oil systems are conducted with a visualized PVT cell under equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions. The liquid height and pressure of the system are continuously monitored and recorded during experiments to measure, respectively, the bubblepoint pressure, pseudo-bubblepoint pressure, and the entrained gas volume. With the assumption of instantaneous nucleation, a mathematical model which integrates Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS), Fick's second law, and nonequilibrium boundary condition has been developed to quantify not only the amount of the evolved gas and entrained gas, but also the dynamic composition of gas phase as a function of time. Once the deviations between the measured gas volumes and the calculated ones have been minimized, the mass transfer Biot number, individual diffusion coefficient, and interface mass transfer coefficient of each gas component as well as the gas bubble number are determined. Increases in experimental temperature and pressure are found to impose opposite effects on diffusion coefficient during gas exsolution processes. The diffusion of each gas component is found to be faster when the temperature becomes higher or the initial pressure becomes lower. Either CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 or C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉H〈sub〉8〈/sub〉 diffuses faster than CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 in the liquid phase under the same condition. In addition, the interface mass transfer coefficients, with an order of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 〉 CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 〉 C〈sub〉3〈/sub〉H〈sub〉8〈/sub〉, obtained in this study are much higher than those collected in the literature since the nonequilibrium conditions greatly facilitate gas exsolution. The determined mass transfer Biot numbers in this study are large, indicating that the bulk resistance due to molecular diffusion inside the heavy oil dominates the gas exsolution process compared to the interfacial resistance.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jingdong Liu, Tao Liu, Youlu Jiang, Tao Wan, Ruining Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The distribution, origin, and evolution of overpressure in the petroliferous basin are important problems that need to be addressed for oil and gas exploration. The distribution and origin of overpressure in the Shahejie Formation in the northern Dongpu Depression are analyzed based on geological studies, logs, and pressure data. The contribution ratios of different overpressure origins are quantified, and the evolutionary stages of overpressures of different origins are further divided. The results show that the formation pressure coefficients of Shahejie Formation in the Dongpu Depression are mainly within the range of 0.9–1.5. The overpressures are mainly distributed in the Sha-3 and Sha-4 Members of the Haitongji sag, the Central uplift belt and the Qianliyuan sag. From the sag to its surrounding area, the formation pressure coefficient gradually decreases. The high deposition rate and strong hydrocarbon generation are the main causes of overpressure formation in the Shahejie Formation in the Dongpu Depression. Based on the stress–strain characteristics of different origin overpressures and the log response parameters, two models, acoustic travel time-effective vertical stress and electrical resistivity-effective vertical stress, are established to identify and quantify the different origin overpressures. The calculation results for the area from the Haitongji sag and Qianliyuan sag to the Central uplift belt show that the main cause of overpressure gradually changes from both disequilibrium compaction and hydrocarbon generation to disequilibrium compaction as the main factor, with the contribution of disequilibrium compaction to overpressure in the Central uplift belt at about 87%. The Sha-3 Members of the Shahejie Formation in the Haitongji sag and the Qianliyuan sag are more strongly affected by hydrocarbon generation, which accounts for 42% and 47.5% of overpressure origin, respectively. There are five stages in the evolution of overpressure in the Shahejie Formation in the northern Dongpu Depression: normal compaction (before 35 Ma), mixed pressurization (35-27 Ma), uplift and pressure release (27-17 Ma), disequilibrium compaction (17-11 Ma), and secondary mixed pressurization (12 Ma-present).〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zhiwei Zeng, Hongtao Zhu, Lianfu Mei, Jiayuan Du, Hongliu Zeng, Xinming Xu, Xiaoyun Dong〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Few studies have focused their attentions on the source-to-sink (S2S) system from a multiple-level perspective. We have proposed an effective multilevel S2S subdivision approach based on the integrated study of seismic geomorphology, well-based facies, seismic facies and multi-attribute. The inspiration of multilevel S2S subdivision method is drawn mainly from the modern Diancang Mountain- Lake Erhai S2S system with different-orders of drainage divides. The Paleogene Central Uplift system during the syn-rift stage in Xijiang Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea, provides a suitable example to test the approach and analyze the multilevel S2S characteristics of an ancient uplift system. The result shows that the Central Uplift system can be divided into three second-level sub-S2S systems (R-A, R-B and R-C), and can be further sub-divided into twelve third-level sub-S2S systems (A1∼A5, B1∼B5 and C1∼C2). Generally, the A1∼A5 and B1∼B4 systems are developed at the gentle slopes and deposited a series of narrow-shaped braided deltas with higher exploration potential, whereas the B5 and C1∼C2 systems are developed at the relatively steep slopes and deposited a series of lobate shaped turbidite and fan deltas with lower reservoir quality. Based on the multilevel S2S analysis, the ancient uplift can be scientifically sub-divided and compared with each sub-S2S system, including the sediment-transport type and distance, sedimentary facies characteristics and stacking relationship with the hydrocarbon source rocks. These in-depth and detailed studies have practical significance for the exploration of favorable reservoir sandbodies and stratigraphic-lithologic traps.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Nabil M. Al-Areeq, Abubakr F. Maky, Ahmed S. Abu-Elata, Mahmud A. Essa, Salem S. Bamumen, Gamal A. Al-Ramisy〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Masilah oilfields are rich-oil provinces in the Sayun-Masilah Basin. The petroleum system including essential elements and processes is a very important for understanding and development of oilfield to further explore hydrocarbons in the whole basin. Integrated geochemical, geological, petrological and petrophysical analyses were performed on the source and reservoir rocks in the Masilah oilfields to gives information about the complete petroleum system. The Masilah oilfields filled with syn- and post-rift sediments, including a self-contained source-reservoir system. The geochemical results indicate that the organic-rich shales of the Madbi Formation are considered as oil-source rocks, with high total organic carbon content of more than 5.0 wt% TOC and oil-prone kerogen Types II and I. The Madbi shales are currently characterized by thermally mature level, within the oil generation window. Geochemical biomarker correlations of oil-source rock indicate that there is a genetic link between the oils and the Late Jurassic Madbi shale source rock in the Masilah oilfields. Therefore, the geochemical characteristics of the Madbi source rock have been collaborated into basin models and illustrate that the Madbi source rock had passed the peak-oil generation window during the Late Cretaceous to present-day and that large amounts of oil were generated. The generated oil was expelled and migrated to the overlain Early Cretaceous Qishn clastic reservoir rocks through faults during the Oligocene-Middle Miocene. The oil was then accumulated and trapped into horst and tilted fault blocks that initial formed during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifting.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jeffrey O. Oseh, M.N.A. Mohd Norddin, Issham Ismail, Abdul R. Ismail, Afeez O. Gbadamosi, Augustine Agi, Shadrach O. Ogiriki〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉With increasing strict environmental laws, there is a need for operators to design a benign oil-based muds (OBMs). In this study, oil extracted from non-edible sweet almond seed (SASO) was used as the continuous phase to formulate biodiesel-based drilling mud (BBDM). Different properties of the BBDM including the economic viability were evaluated and compared with those of the diesel OBM to determine the applicability of these properties for drilling fluids and their level of toxicity to the environment. The results indicate that the rheology, filtration properties, electrical stability, thermal stability and shale swelling inhibition performance of the BBDM are comparable with those of the diesel OBM. The biodiesel has a significantly higher flash point of 169 °C than the diesel with 78 °C; demonstrating that it can supply better fire safety than the diesel. The data of the toxicity test indicate SASO to be safer and less harmful compared to diesel #2 type used. After the 28-day period of biodegradation tests, the BBDM and the diesel OBM showed 83% and 25.2% aerobic biodegradation with 〈em〉Penicillium〈/em〉 sp., respectively. The low branching degree and absence of aromatic compounds in the BBDM contributes for its higher biodegradation. The economic evaluation of the BBDM indicates low cost of formulation and waste management. The general outcome of the tests illustrates that SASO has the potentials of being one of the technically and environmentally feasible substitutes for the diesel OBM.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bao Jia, Jyun-Syung Tsau, Reza Barati〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Molecular diffusion is an important EOR mechanism in naturally fractured reservoirs. However, the laboratory-measured diffusion coefficient in the fractured porous media is still limited; and grid sensitivity analysis is missing in the literature when the single-porosity system is applied to history match the pressure decline curve. We aimed to fill the gaps using Radial Constant Volume Diffusion (RCVD) method experimentally to investigate diffusion coefficients at different pressures in hydrocarbon saturated porous media. A special in-house cell is designed to hold the core sample in the center with the annulus around simulating the fracture. The core is initially saturated with oil while the annulus is filled with CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 at the same pressure. During the measurements, the system pressure declines as gas diffuses into the oil phase until it reaches chemical equilibrium. The pressure decline curve is history matched to determine the diffusion coefficient. The initial pressure is 597 psi, and the diffusion coefficient is determined in numerical models accordingly. Molecular diffusion coefficients are estimated at different experiment periods to reveal the pressure-dependency. A workflow is proposed to obtain effective diffusion coefficients in dual-porosity models that could be extended to multi-component systems. Besides, flow characteristics in the RCVD system are characterized and capillary pressure effect is investigated in this study.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): R. Farajzadeh〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉To mitigate the negative impacts of hydrocarbon fuels on climate change complementary decision tools should be considered when selecting or evaluating the performance of a certain production scheme. The exergy analysis can give valuable information on the management of the oil and gas reservoirs. It can also be used to calculate the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 footprint of the different oil recovery mechanisms. We contend that the concept of exergy recovery factor can be used as a powerful sustainability indicator in the production of the hydrocarbon fields. The exergy-zero recovery factor is determined by considering exergy balance of full cycle of hydrocarbon-production systems and defines boundaries beyond which production of hydrocarbons is no longer sustainable. An example of the exergy analysis is presented in the paper.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ahmad Ghasemi, Hossein Jalalifar, Saeid Norouzi Apourvari, Mohammad Reza Sakebi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Wellbore instability is a big challenge in shale formations. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a natural additive as a shale inhibitor. The capability of this additive for reducing ion movement into shale and plugging its pore throats has been tested and compared with salts and nano particles. The ions and water movement into shale and resultant swelling was measured by modified gravimetric, swelling and modified immersion tests. The results showed that using Henna extract could reduce the ion and water movement into shale. In addition, the results of pore pressure tests showed that 3 wt % of Henna extract are more effective than nano particles and could completely plug the pore throats of shale while the mud rheological properties are still maintained. The findings of this study show that the Henna extract could be considered as a cost-effective and an environmentally-friendly shale inhibitor.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519306345-fx1.jpg" width="500" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 30 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yushun Zhao, Chao Wang, Hong-Hui Wu, Jianyang Wu, Xiaodong He〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Hierarchical helical structures extensively exist in both natural and artificial systems and hold remarkable mechanical properties. Here, tensile mechanical properties of metahelix designed by twisting multiply twisted helical carbon nanotube ropes are investigated by coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations. One-level metahelix are slightly mechanically strengthened with increasing twist angle 〈em〉α.〈/em〉 However, two-level ones are more sensitive to the twist operation angles 〈em〉α〈/em〉 and 〈em〉β〈/em〉, with maximum reduction in strength and Young's modulus by 64% and 87%, respectively. Three distinct failure modes are identified, although all metahelix show brittle failure under tension. For type I fracture mode, regardless the twist angle in metahelix, stress is uniformly distributed, resulting in simultaneous breakage of bonds at a cross-section. The type II and III failure modes are featured by stepwise localized failures, resulting from non-uniform stress distribution along each filament and identical cross-section of metahelix. This work provides molecular insights into optimal mechanical performance of CNT-based hierarchical helical yarns.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308954-fx1.jpg" width="87" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yongqiang Li, Jianfang Sun, Hehua Wei, Suihong Song〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Based on the analysis of the characteristics of modern karst and paleokarst outcrops, this study summarizes the features of subsurface reservoirs by using core, logging, seismic and production data, establishes the structural model of fault-controlled karst reservoirs, and points out the guiding significance of this structural model for development and production in the Tahe oilfield. Modern karst in southern China shows the three-component structural characteristics of fault-controlled karst which are fault core, damage zone, and host rock. The cavern is developed in the fault core and the fracture-vugs are fully developed. Paleokarst outcrops reveal the evolutionary process of fault-controlled karst reservoirs, the characteristics of caverns along the fault and the surrounding fracture-vuggy features. Seismic structure tensor attributes, ant-track attributes and amplitude spectrum gradient attributes are used to describe the external geometry, caverns, and large-scale fractures of fault-controlled karst reservoirs, and the small fractures and vugs can be described by using cores. According to the characteristics of modern karst, paleokarst and subsurface reservoirs, three architectural patterns of fault-controlled cavern complexes, fault-controlled caverns and fault-controlled vugs are summarized. Different architectural patterns of karst reservoirs lead to different production capacities. The architectural patterns have important guiding significance for new drilling and water or gas injection to improve oil recovery.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): M.E. Emetere〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Recently, significant reserves of oil were discovered off the coast of Lagos State, southwest Nigeria. The lateral situation or compositions of the oil-bearing deposits is not clear because these findings are based on a particular position of a single well. The conventional methods of oil exploration have shown a fundamental theoretical shortcoming that may not be resolved, hence scientists or professionals may have to keep modifying the theories to explore different geological terrain. In this study, the remote sensing technique was adopted. The dataset were adopted from MERRA, Landsat 8 OLI and ETM imagery. The temperature distributions (soil and geothermal temperature) over the research area were calculated using existing algorithms to compliment the satellite remote sensing results. A prospective hydrocarbon deposits was suggested for further research work.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): T.N. Phan, Y.M. Zapata, C.S. Kabir, J.D. Pigott, M.J. Pranter, Z.A. Reza〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Despite the recent growth in oil production from unconventional reservoirs, existing hydraulically-fractured horizontal wells face challenges of poor recovery with the rapid production decline over a short life span. Enhanced recovery techniques, such as cyclic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 injection can be a solution to this impending problem and lead to energy independence for the foreseeable future. However, mechanisms occurring around the hydraulically fractured wells are far from fully understood. The primary motivation of this study revolves around addressing this limitation. Specifically, we explored the evolution of various thermophysical properties occurring around hydraulically-fractured wells in liquid-rich unconventional reservoirs using a holistic, integrated modeling framework.〈/p〉 〈p〉Available well-logs and other data from Howard County in the Midland Basin formed the basis for constructing representative 3D structural models that capture the Midland Basin stratigraphy. We used a simulator to create multistage hydraulic fractures that allowed integration into numerical reservoir-flow simulation models. Then, both convective and diffusive flow within a multicomponent compositional simulation modeling paradigm is used to examine the role of molecular diffusion in performance under cyclic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 injections in hydraulically-fractured well.〈/p〉 〈p〉The simulation results indicate that molecular diffusion yields an incremental oil recovery of 6% compared to models that do not. Our analysis reveals different thermophysical properties transition from near wellbore regions to outer regions into the rock matrix. Changes in total mole fractions of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, methane, and hydrocarbons with C7+ fraction, pressure and saturation variation, viscosity reduction and the surface tension over 14 injection-soaking-production cycles are tracked. The analyses of the evolution of these thermophysical properties provide us with means to evaluate the efficiency of the solvent injection process. The simulation results explain how, when, and where CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 disperses into the reservoir.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: September 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 180〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wanderson Lambert〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In this work, we propose a technique to solve the system of equations of mass balance for the salt solution and mass balance for salt in the solid phase introduced in the paper “Mathematical model of dissolution of particles of NaCl in well drilling: Determination of mass transfer convective coefficient”. In that paper, authors claimed that there is no technique to solve analytically the provided system of equations (actually, authors claimed that is possible an analytical solution for the “steady state” solution), however, from the mathematical viewpoint, the system of equations modelling this transport is a linear hyperbolic system of equations and it is possible to obtain the solution of this system by using the technique of characteristic waves. Since the model proposed in the paper cited can be used for several different transport equation models, it worth to present the general technique and solution that can be applied in other models in the context of transport phenomena.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sheng Fu, Zhen Liu, Yi-ming Zhang, Xin Wang, Ning Tian, Ling Li, Hui-lai Wang, Tao Jiang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Wulan-Hua Sag in the south of Erlian Basin has large oil and gas resource, whereas the source rocks genetic potential and oil-rock correlation in its Aershan Formation (K1ba) and First member of Tengge'er Formation (K1bt1) are still unclear. We performed organic geochemistry analyses of oil and mudstone samples to divide crude oil types, evaluate source rock potential, and establish relatively accurate oil-source correlation. The results indicate that the source rocks in K1ba and the Lower interval in First member of Tengge'er Formation (LK1bt1) belong to good source rocks, characterized by high organic matter abundance, oil-prone kerogen type, and relatively high thermal maturity. K1ba and K1bt〈sub〉1〈/sub〉 crude oil samples were divided into two types sourced from different Wulan-Hua source rocks. Type A oil is distributed in the K1ba and LK1bt1 of Saiwusu uplift and Hongjing uplift, and featured by a low gammacerane amounts (the majority of gammacerane/C〈sub〉30〈/sub〉H 〈 0.30), and high Pr/Ph (ranging from 0.18 to 1.18, with mean value of 0.78). It has high mature organic matter mainly originated from terrestrial plant and dominant terrestrial plant. This type of oil was sourced from the K1ba source rocks in the Saiwusu uplift. Type B oil occurs in the LK1bt1 of the Tumuer Uplift and north sub-sag, and have high gammacerane abundance (the majority of gammacerane/(C〈sub〉30〈/sub〉 〉 0.3), and low Pr/Ph (ranging from 0.38 to 0.76, with mean value of 0.63). Its organic matter includes dominant terrestrial plant source, and this oil type should be sourced from the LK1bt1 source rocks in the Saiwusu uplift.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wei Liu, Wei David Liu, Jianwei Gu, Xinpu Shen〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The sedimentary rhythm of Chinese oilfields is complicated and the heterogeneity is extremely strong. Allocating water absorption of each sublayer by dividing coefficient or numeric simulation cannot accurately reflect the actual water injection of the reservoir. Calculation based on water absorption profile monitored on site is the most commonly used method in oil field. However, access to these type of data is limited due to its cost and time related to acquisition. In this study, a machine learning approach was adopted to predict water absorption in sublayer based on geologic and production parameters of injectors and producers. On the one hand, it can save test costs. On the other hand, it can continuously predict water absorption of sublayers, and make up for water injection wells with insufficient injection profiles. A handful of training observations are obtained from on-site monitoring. Interwell connectivity is first conducted to identify connected producers for injectors. Introducing interwell connectivity helps to constitute predictor variables and yield significant improvements in feature selection. Connectivities in the well group are represented by similarity between injection sequence and production sequence, which is computed by Dynamic Time Warping. Average importance of predictors are then measured based on Mean Decrease Impurity, Mean Decrease Accuracy, and Ridge regression. Some relative important features are selected to consist the final predictors. The Extreme Gradient Boosting model is developed and then trained for making predictions given any set of observations. The proposed approach is validated by using actual field case from SL oilfield, China. Results show a significant correlation between predictions and actual value from on-site monitoring.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Isty Adhitya Purwasena, Dea Indriani Astuti, Muhamad Syukron, Maghfirotul Amaniyah, Yuichi Sugai〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a proven tertiary recovery technique. Biosurfactant is a microbial bioproduct that plays an important role in MEOR applications. This study aimed to test biosurfactant stability using a design experiment based on response surface methodology. First, isolation and screening for potential biosurfactant-producing bacteria from crude oil samples was performed, followed by their characterization. A biosurfactant core flooding experiment was also conducted to examine bacterial activity on MEOR. Thirty-one sequential isolates of bacteria were screened based on qualitative and semi-qualitative parameters. One selected biosurfactant-producing bacterium was identified as 〈em〉Bacillus licheniformis〈/em〉 DS1 based on phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. This bacterium had the highest emulsification activity (E〈sub〉i24〈/sub〉 = 65.19%) in light crude oil and could reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water with an effective critical-micelle concentration of 157.5 mg/L. The biosurfactant was observed as a growth-associated metabolite type and the Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed that the biosurfactant produced belonged to a group of lipopeptides. The biosurfactant has good stability in maintaining emulsification activity at pH 4–10, high temperatures up to 120 °C, and with an NaCl concentration up to 10% (w/v). Based on response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken experimental design, the optimum condition for the most stable biosurfactant is pH 12, a 40 °C temperature and 10% salinity, with an E〈sub〉i24〈/sub〉 value of 94.28%. Core flooding experiments with biosurfactant resulted in 5.4% additional oil recovery. Therefore, this biosurfactant shows a high potential application for MEOR.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jiangfeng Cui〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The pre-Darcy flow phenomena in porous media is still not well understood, and the liquid slip mechanism in shales is controversial. Both issues need more exploration. In the field of microfluidic research, the concept of the slip length is widely employed to characterize the deviation from the no-slip flow, and it is recognized that the slip is rate-dependent. For the first time, the rate-dependent slip is proposed as an explanation for the pre-Darcy flow phenomena in porous media and the compromise between existing controversial views with regard to the liquid slip flow in shales based on careful analysis, and then such slip is incorporated in the one-dimension unsteady diffusion equation for liquids. The finite difference method is employed to numerically solve the equation, and detailed sensitivity analysis is conducted for the critical shear stress, the pore radius and the slip length. The results are summarized, and suggestions for future research are provided. This work can provide new insight into the pre-Darcy flow phenomena in the nanoporous media, and can compromise between existing controversial views regarding the liquid slip mechanism in shales. More importantly, this subject is also significant to research and develop EOR methods in shale reservoirs.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yongfei Yang, Yingwen Li, Jun Yao, Kai Zhang, Stefan Iglauer, Linda Luquot, Zengbao Wang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The incompatibility between workover fluid and reservoir rock is one of the causes of formation damage. Fines migration and clay swelling are considered as the major mechanisms responsible for formation damage, which results in declining productivity. However, there has been limited visualized evidence of pore structural changes during formation damage. This paper establishes a formation damage evaluation method for sandstone reservoirs based on X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis. We presented conclusive evidence for clay swelling and fines migration during workover fluid flooding and formation liquid flooding. Water sensitivity and flow rate sensitivity tests were performed on a Dongying sandstone (heterogeneous argillaceous sandstone) plug. In addition, the plug was micro-CT imaged before and after flooding with workover fluid and formation liquid at medium resolution (24 μm voxel size); the changes in core permeability and the associated changes in 2D and 3D pore space were analyzed. We found that the sandstone pore space was partially blocked by clay minerals and moving particles, leading to significantly decreased porosity (5.17%–4.19% for sample 1, 5.38%–2.76% for sample 2) and permeability (3.38 × 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 μm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 to 1.28 × 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 μm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 for sample 1, 13.30 × 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 μm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 to 3.15 × 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 μm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 for sample 2). This permeability decrease was caused by a decrease in the average pore radius and coordination number. Moreover, increased micro-CT intensity was measured by comparison of initial and final tomogram images, representing clay swelling & blockage of pores during the displacement and a generally lower porosity. This work visualized microscale formation damage, which reminds that incompatibility between workover fluid and reservoir rock damages formation seriously and the fluid injection rate should be lower than the critical flow rate when developing a reservoir with a strong water sensitivity and flow rate sensitivity.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519307776-fx1.jpg" width="245" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xin Li, Deli Gao, Baoping Lu, Yijin Zeng, Jincheng Zhang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Maximum extension length prediction model for horizontal wells can be used to evaluate the horizontal well's extension capability and predict its maximum measured depth, which is of great significance to the production and economic benefits of horizontal wells. However, the differential sticking is not considered in previous prediction model. To overcome this shortcoming, a modified model considering differential sticking is established based on constraints of wellbore stability, differential pressure, and filtration loss simultaneously during the drilling, tripping processes and static state. Then a horizontal well is analyzed and its maximum extension length is predicted. Results show that within the conventional mud weight window, three ranges of drilling fluid density can be determined, including the first range, the second range and the reasonable range of drilling fluid density. However, only the reasonable range of drilling fluid density can satisfy all constraints of the modified prediction model, including the wellbore stability, differential pressure, and filtration loss simultaneously. Compared with the original model, the predicted well's maximum extension length decreases when the differential sticking is considered. However, it is more accurate, avoiding drilling hazards in actual drilling operation due to the excessive designed measured depth and unreasonable drilling parameters. Moreover, the maximum speeds of casing running down/pulling out are also determined and added to the modified model. Therefore, the modified model with reasonable drilling fluid density and adjusted running down/pulling out speed is the optimal modified model to predict maximum extension length and avoid differential sticking, which can also ensure that the horizontal well's designed measured depth can be successfully achieved. This study is of great significance to improve the prediction accuracy of horizontal well's maximum extension length and avoid drilling hazards, especially the differential sticking. Moreover, it also plays a guiding role in the selection of reasonable drilling fluid density during horizontal drilling.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Liang Mu, Hans Ramløv, T. Max M. Søgaard, Thomas Jørgensen, Willem A. de Jongh, Nicolas von Solms〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are characterized by their ability to protect organisms from subfreezing temperatures. They constitute a class of promising candidates as environmentally kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs). In this study, the effectiveness of an insect cell expressed novel monomeric streptavidin fusion protein version of 〈em〉Rhagium mordax〈/em〉 RmAFP1 antifreeze protein (mSA-RmAFP1), and four amino acids (histidine, lysine, tyrosine and proline), on CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 hydrate nucleation, growth and decomposition was investigated using a rocking cell apparatus, then compared with the commercial inhibitors Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Luvicap Bio. It was found that CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 hydrate nucleation and growth exhibited good repeatable results under experimental conditions. The results showed that 2250 ppm mSA-RmAFP1 can inhibit CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 hydrate nucleation as effectively as PVP at the same concentration. The histidine, lysine, tyrosine and proline exhibited weak inhibition effect on CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 hydrate nucleation. The mSA-RmAFP1 decreased CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 hydrate growth rate and production in the fresh and memory solutions. The CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 hydrate formed in the solutions containing various tested KHIs present slightly lower onset decomposition temperatures than the non-inhibited system under experimental conditions. The promising performance of the insect cell expressed mSA-RmAFP1 could promote the further development of green hydrate inhibitors. The production of this protein through insect cell line fermentation provides a platform for the future production and optimization of AFPs for hydrate inhibition.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chao Gan, Wei-Hua Cao, Min Wu, Xin Chen, Yu-Le Hu, Kang-Zhi Liu, Fa-Wen Wang, Suo-Bang Zhang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Rate of penetration (ROP) prediction is crucial for the optimization and control in drilling process due to its vital role in maximizing the drilling efficiency. This paper proposes a novel intelligent model to predict the drilling ROP considering the process characteristics. First, the geological background and the drilling process of the case study are described. Based on the mechanism and frequency spectrum analysis, the strong nonlinearity and different low-frequency and high-frequency data noises between the data variables are detected. After that, the intelligent model is established via three stages. In the first stage, a wavelet filtering method is introduced to reduce these noises in the drilling data. In the next stage, the model inputs are determined by the mutual information method, which significantly decreased the model redundancy. In the last stage, a hybrid bat algorithm is proposed to optimize the hyper-parameters of the support vector regression model. Finally, the proposed model is validated by using the data from a drilling site in the Shennongjia area, Central China. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms eight well-known methods and another three methods without different data preprocessing procedures in prediction accuracy.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zheng Sun, Keliu Wu, Juntai Shi, Yuanhong Li, Tianying Jin, Qingyang Li, Xiangfang Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A detailed study for production prediction methods under various drainage schedules for under-saturated coalbed methane wells is performed. In terms of the relationship between the value of average reservoir pressure and the critical desorption pressure, whole production life of under-saturated coalbed methane wells is divided into two periods, and the material balance equation in each period is derived respectively. Combining the two-period material balance equation and productivity equation under pseudo-steady state, a novel production prediction method is developed. Excellent agreements between predicted water/gas production rates from the proposed method and those from numerical simulator clarify the reliability successfully. Results demonstrate that (a) matrix shrinkage effect and effective permeable capability can significantly contribute to the production rise; (b) For the drainage schedule (FWFB), with the increase of the fixed water production rate, the drainage period will shorten; (c) For the drainage schedule (RDFB), sharp decrease of formation pressure will take place.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Matthew Morte, Berna Hascakir〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Candidacy of any reservoir as a microwave absorber is predicated on the complex permittivity of the sample. Modeling both the penetration and absorption dynamics of the electromagnetic wave in the reservoir is dependent on realistic estimation of this parameter. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand the inherent intricacies of complex permittivity in the reservoir. Reservoirs are comprised of both a void space represented by the porosity parameter as well as the rock matrix and can be treated as a binary mixture of the two. Mixing rules can then be introduced and have been shown to be a viable means of estimating the dielectric response. The behavior of the bulk material is considered to be an extension of the isolated contribution of the separate parts. Therefore, by characterizing the response of the individual components of the mixture, the overall response can be estimated. Utilization of mixing rules enables efficient estimation of the dielectric properties anywhere in the reservoir as a function of the rock matrix, fluid saturation, and porosity. The absorptive capacity of the reservoir can then be described which is used to screen the efficacy of the material for microwave introduction. Both the real and imaginary components of complex permittivity are measured on nine consolidated core samples of varying lithology and fluid saturation over the frequency range of 400 MHz to 6 GHz. Experimental data is compared to various mixing rules commonly implemented to determine validity and viability of the estimation of complex permittivity for consolidated samples.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Qingsong Cheng, Min Zhang, Hongbo Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Test analyses such as pyrolysis, soluble organic matter extraction, group component separation and GC-MS were conducted to 22 source rock samples and 28 crude oil samples from deep lacustrine facies of Funing Formation in Subei Basin. Source rocks stayed at the low maturity-mature stage (Ro:0.58%–0.71%), while crude oil stayed at the mature stage (Rc:0.71%–0.88%). The Pr/Ph values of samples in the research area ranged between 0.16 and 0.62. These samples could be classified as Sterane/Hopane〉1 and Sterane/Hopane〈1. For all the samples, the C〈sub〉29〈/sub〉 Steranes content was high; had inverse “L” distribution in ααα20RC〈sub〉27〈/sub〉-ααα20RC〈sub〉28〈/sub〉-ααα20RC〈sub〉29〈/sub〉 regular sterane; αα20R-Sterane played a dominant role; abundances of ββ- and 20S-Sterane were low. As for samples of Sterane/Hopane〉1, G/C〈sub〉30〈/sub〉H ranged between 0.63 and 2.56, and the Sterane isomerization was very low. As for samples with Sterane/Hopane〈1, G/C〈sub〉30〈/sub〉H ranged between 0.04 and 0.46 and the Sterane isomerization was higher than the former. Abnormal distribution of Sterane isomerization was rarely influenced by thermal dynamic effects and sources, but was mainly influenced by the sedimentary environment. A lot of references reported Sterane isomerization with abnormally high abundance under the high-salinity environment. However, the finding obtained by the research that the higher water salinity corresponded to the lower degree of Sterane isomerization was discovered for the first time. The C〈sub〉29〈/sub〉 Sterane abundance was high and the C〈sub〉29〈/sub〉/C〈sub〉27〈/sub〉 regular sterane ratio was constant and would not vary with changes of environmental parameters and biological source parameters. Sterane content was not correlated with tricyclic terpene of algae sources, but was positively correlated with ETR of the aquatic organism source, while it had very good positive correlation with Gammacerane. In addition, samples with the high Sterane content had high abundance in Carotene, C〈sub〉24〈/sub〉+alkyl-cyclohexane and C〈sub〉21〈/sub〉+isoprenoid alkanes. Through profound analysis and reference survey, it is found that the abnormally high abundance of C〈sub〉29〈/sub〉 Sterane of samples in the research area may be correlated with halophilic protozoon in salinized deepwater lakes.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ahmed Farid Ibrahim, Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉After hydraulically fracturing of shale gas wells, theoretical and experimental studies showed that over 75% of the injected water-based fracture fluids left unrecovered. The trapped water causes permeability damage and productivity impairment. The flowback water also tends to be highly saline, often with TDS contents of as much as 200,000 ppm. This study aims to investigate the effect of well shut-in before flowback stage (the soaking process) on the production of shale and tight sandstone formations.〈/p〉 〈p〉Shale and sandstone samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Marcellus shale and Kentucky sandstone cores were used. A modified core flood setup was used to allow porosity measurements by gas expansion method, then pulse decay permeability measurements, and fluid injection during the leak-off process. Nitrogen was used for gas expansion and permeability measurements, while 5 wt% KCl brine was used as representative of the leak-off fracturing fluid. The fracturing fluid was injected under a constant pressure gradient (300 in the case of sandstone cores and 1500 psi in the case of shale cores. After removing the pressure gradient, gas permeability was measured at different soaking times. Computed tomography (CT) was used to scan the cores during the experiment to observe the propagation of fracturing fluid in the core with time.〈/p〉 〈p〉The results show that the regained permeability for sandstone formation was 60% of its initial value directly after the leak-off stage. Then, the regained permeability decreased with increasing the soaking time 38% of its initial value after the core completely invaded with leak-off fluid. The propagation rate of water saturation front from CT-scan data decreased with time until reaching the core outlet. The regained permeability on shale cores was 15% of its initial value and decreased with soaking time, due to depressed relative permeability curve on this tight pore-space cores.〈/p〉 〈p〉This study addresses the mechanism of production enhancement or reduction as a result of the soaking process for shale and tight sandstone formations.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Arash Azamifard, Fariborz Rashidi, Mohammad Ahmadi, Mohammadreza Pourfard, Bahram Dabir〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Different sources of data are used to construct a reliable model of reservoir for oil/gas production. This model ought to be matched with the production history of reservoir and also show reliable predictions for future performance. To this end, permeability modeling (characterization of heterogeneity) is crucially important which is proved to be done by Multiple Point Statistics (MPS) recently. Furthermore, deep learning methods are massively used as a promising tool for regression applications. In this study, one MPS method is employed for generating the reservoir realizations. Realizations, alongside their simulation outputs, are utilized for training a convolutional deep network. In this manner, MPS is joined with deep learning to find the most appropriate realization(s) of the reservoir based on the fluid flow simulation. Moreover, unseen MPS realizations as well as another MPS realizations are used to verify the selection ability of trained network. The detailed architecture of convolutional network is illustrated in this study.〈/p〉 〈p〉The purpose of training this network and combination with MPS is to generate the matched realization(s) in history period that also show acceptable reservoir behavior in the future times of reservoir simulation. After training, the actual production data of selected realizations are obtained by simulation the reservoir for history and also future times. The results show that selected realizations efficiently capture the trend of reference behavior. Although these realizations lack identical permeability values, they have same texture of permeability (permeability heterogeneity). Meanwhile, they show acceptable match in reservoir simulation outputs. By proposed workflow, the uncertainty of permeability modeling is considered more exhaustively. It is done by selecting the realizations from enormous possible realizations dataset and providing a deep learning tool which is capable for screening quite large number of realizations. Interesting finding is satisfactory behavior of realization(s) in both history and future periods of reservoir performance.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519305467-fx1.jpg" width="351" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chean Xing Liew, Raoof Gholami, Mehdi Safari, Arshad Raza, Minou Rabiei, Nikoo Fakhari, Vamegh Rasouli, Jose Varghese Vettaparambil〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Certain polymers are often used during water based mud (WBM) drilling to reduce the filtration loss in permeable intervals. Although they often provide a good performance but cannot totally stop the fluid loss and mud invasion into the reservoir may cause significant formation damage including unfavourable changes of surface wettability. As a result, the two phase relative permeability of the near wellbore region changes and production may face difficulties in the later stages. In this paper, a new mud design is proposed to reduce the surface wettability alteration posed by WBM in sandstone reservoirs. The results obtained from performing a series of contact angle measurements indicated that clean and dirty sandstones are strongly water wet systems but mud invasion can make them a weakly water wet surface. It was also found that Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as a cationic surfactant, prevents surface alteration of rocks and reduce the formation damage, but it may isolate the clay and creates a huge mud cake around the borehole. It was also observed that the salinity of the mud has a great impact on the surface wettability and adding CaCl〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 can reduce the formation damage in the reservoir intervals during drilling, although caution must be taken to maintain the cost of the mud.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519306333-fx1.jpg" width="134" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ning Li, Yushi Zou, Shicheng Zhang, Xinfang Ma, Xingwang Zhu, Sihai Li, Tong Cao〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Evaluating the brittleness of rock is significant for strategy determination of hydraulic fracturing, such as candidate selection and parameter optimization. A series of definitions and indices of brittleness have been proposed to characterize the mechanical behavior rock failure. However, these existing indices failed to consider the residual state and the confinement effect. Based on the analysis of energy evolution during the whole process of rock failure, the brittleness was redefined in this study as the comprehensive capability of dissipating little energy during the pre-peak stage and self-sustaining complete failure during the post-peak stage. Accordingly, a new energy-based brittleness index 〈em〉B〈/em〉 was proposed in terms of the complete stress-strain curve to quantify this capability from following three aspects: the ratio of accumulated elastic strain energy and total absorbed energy during the pre-peak stage (〈em〉B〈/em〉〈sub〉1〈/sub〉); the proportion of elastic strain energy in all energy source consumed for sustaining rock failure (〈em〉B〈/em〉〈sub〉2〈/sub〉); and the dissipation extent of accumulated elastic strain energy during the post-peak stage (〈em〉B〈/em〉〈sub〉3〈/sub〉). To verify the reliability of the new method, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests were performed on different types of rock samples. The application and comparison of various indices showed that the new brittleness index precisely characterized the stress-strain curves and failure behavior of rock samples under different confinement levels. The variation trends of brittleness with confining pressure were obviously distinct among different rock types. Three independent brittleness indices 〈em〉B〈/em〉〈sub〉1〈/sub〉, 〈em〉B〈/em〉〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, and 〈em〉B〈/em〉〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 were helpful for analyzing sensitivity difference of brittleness to confining pressure among different rock types. Accordingly, this new energy-based method can provide reliable evaluation of rock brittleness.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xin Sun, Zhibin Gao, Mingwei Zhao, Mingwei Gao, Mingyong Du, Caili Dai〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Based on the situation of the freshwater shortage during the large scale hydraulic fracturing on offshore-platform, a novel seawater-based viscoelastic fracturing fluid system was developed. The system was composed with a commercial anionic – nonionic viscoelastic surfactant named Fatty Methyl Ester Sulfonates (FMES) with the concentration of 60 mmol/L, the South China Sea simulated seawater with the TDS of 32500 mg/L and Na〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 with the concentration of 1320 mmol/L. On the basis of this fracturing fluid system, a series of performances have been evaluated through extensive experiments. Analysis of laboratory tests indicated that the new fluid has good viscosity stability, low fluid loss and high proppant suspending ability under 75 °C. This fluid always appeared as a pseudoplastic fluid at various shearing speeds. After high speed shearing, the viscosity recovered quickly which means the fluid has remarkable self-repairability. This fluid breaks rapidly once oil injected. The observed permeability return rate achieved through core flooding experiment was over 70%, which indicated low formation damage after fracturing. Furthermore, the vermicular micelle and microstructure of fluid system has been discovered through Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscope (cryo-TEM), which well explained the mechanism of excellent performances of fluid system.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Iman Nowrouzi, Abbas Khaksar Manshad, Amir H. Mohammadi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Using smart nano-fluids with respect to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is an emerging technology, which is normally studied in combination with other methods. Nano-fluid performance depends on type, size and concentration of the dispersed nano-particles in it. In the current work, effects of size and concentration of seawater-based nano-fluid of TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 in different salinities (resulted from dilution) on enhanced oil recovery parameters including contact angle, wettability and interfacial tension (IFT) have been investigated using the pendant drop method. Eventually, effect of TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nano-particles in nano-fluids on recovered quantity has been investigated using imbibition experiment mechanism, which is one of the most important mechanisms in oil production from fractured reservoirs. Results of the experiments show that using higher concentration and smaller particle sizes of TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 would decrease the IFT and contact angle. Higher concentration and larger particle sizes of TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 in nano-fluid would increase the viscosity. Imbibition experiments show that the nanofluids containing smaller TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanoparticles are more efficient.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519307788-fx1.jpg" width="273" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Gene Mask, Xingru Wu, Kegang Ling〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The determination of flow patterns is a fundamental problem in two-phase flow analysis, and an accurate model for gas-liquid flow pattern prediction is critical for any multiphase flow characterization as the model is used in many applications in petroleum engineering. We developed a new model based on machine learning techniques via dimensionally analyzing more than 8000 laboratory multi-phase flow tests. As shown in the test results, the flow pattern is affected by fluid properties, in-situ flow rates of liquid and gas, flow conduit geometry and mechanical properties. Applying hydraulic fundamentals and dimensional analysis, three upscaling numbers are developed to reduce the number of freedom dimensions. These dimensionless variables are easy to use for upscaling and have physical meanings. Machine learning techniques on the dimensionless variables significantly improved their predictive accuracy. Until now the best matching on these laboratory data was approximately 80% using the most recently developed semi-analytical models. The quality of the matching is improved to 90% or greater on the experimental data using machine learning techniques.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Richard O. Afolabi, Esther O. Yusuf, Chude V. Okonji, Shalom C. Nwobodo〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Modelling the flow of nanoparticle modified drilling mud (or nano-drilling muds) requires the use of existing generic time-independent models with the addition of nanoparticle terms having a number of parameters incorporated. These parameters quantify the uncertainties surrounding nanoparticle contributions to drilling mud rheology. However, when the parameters in the overall model become too large, the tuning of each parameter for proper flow description can be challenging and time-consuming. In addition, the predictive capability of known models for the different regimes associated with the flow of nano-drilling muds is limited in scope and application. For example, computational analysis involving nano-drilling muds have been described using Herschel-Buckley, Power-Law, Bingham Plastic, Robertson-Stiff, Casson, Sisko, and Prandtl-Eyring. However, these models have been shown over time to have limited predictive capability in accurately describing the flow behavior over the full spectrum of shear rates. Recently, a new rheological model, the Vipulanandan model, has gained attraction due to its extensive predictive capability compared to known generic time-independent models. In this work, a rheological and computational analysis of the Vipulanandan model was carried out with specific emphasis on its modification to account for the effects of nanoparticles on drilling muds. The outcome of this novel approach is that the Vipulanandan model can be modified to account for the effect of interaction between nanoparticles and clay particles. The modified Vipulanandan show better prediction for a 6.3 wt% mud with 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.svg"〉〈mrow〉〈msup〉〈mrow〉〈mtext〉R〈/mtext〉〈/mrow〉〈mrow〉〈mn〉2〈/mn〉〈/mrow〉〈/msup〉〈/mrow〉〈/math〉 of 0.999 compared to 0.962 for Power law and 0.991 for Bingham. However, the R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 value was the same with Herschel Buckley model but the RMSE value show better prediction for the Vipulanandan model with a value of 0.377 Pa compared to the 0.433 Pa for Herschel Buckley model.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yizhong Zhang, Maolin Zhang, Haiyan Mei, Fanhua Zeng〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉For the tight gas reservoir with high salinity formation water, the flow of formation brine may cause salt precipitation and thus promote scale formation. Salt deposition and the accompanying scale formation as well as swelling and shrinkage of clay minerals may cause blockage of the pore and throats, which will significantly reduce permeability and the subsequent gas production rate. In this study, the influence of salt precipitation/dissolution on the physical properties of a tight gas reservoir is studied. Core analyses, core flooding tests, core evaporation tests, and microscopic visual flooding inspections are carried out on core samples extracted from the Shahejie Formation. To simulate the depletion production process in the subsurface, brine flow characteristics are studied by core flooding tests with pressure reduction at a formation temperature of 115 °C and with the change of pressure ranging from 30 to 1 MPa. The potential changes in physical properties including permeability, porosity, pore radius, pore size distribution, and surface area are analyzed by core evaporation tests. To show the brine flow and geometry of salt deposits in the pore structure, visual brine flooding is observed under high magnification microscope. Photos of the pore structure at different stages of salt precipitation are recorded. The results reveal that salt dissolution/precipitation has a significant impact on flow-through characteristics, and it can be divided into three stages during the depletion process. The damage of salt to the core permeability could reach more than 90%, and it increases gradually with the reduction of porosity and initial permeability and the increase of specific area. The maximum formation damage caused by salt precipitation is realized when the salt crystal size and pore throat diameter are close in size. The semi-empirical Carman-Kozeny equation together with porosity and grain diameter is used to estimate the permeability after precipitation.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mohammad Reza Mahdiani, Ehsan Khamehchi, Amir Abolfazl Suratgar〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In the gas lift, gas injection rate has an optimum value and increasing or decreasing its amount decreases the oil production rate. This optimum point changes in production time and creates an optimum trajectory. There has previously been much research in this area, but none have used a powerful tool in a dynamic model to find a good optimal path for maximizing the production or NPV in a gas-lifted field. In addition, gas allocation in a time step changes the production of different wells and the pattern of fluid flow and also reservoir pressure decline in the reservoir. This can affect the optimum gas allocation of the next time step, but this has not been analyzed in any of the previous works. In this paper, first, a model of reservoir and well of a gas lift well is developed and using some experimental data points the best-fitted correlations are selected. Then, two common and famous heuristic algorithms (genetic algorithm, simulated annealing), and two recently introduced optimization algorithms (Moth Swarm Algorithm and Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm) are used to find the optimal path of the injection lift gas rates of the wells. Finally, the results of these four algorithms are compared with each other and some other allocation scenarios. In addition, different aspects of the injection and production rates of the different wells and their cumulative rates and NPV paths are analyzed. The results illustrated that using MSA has an optimum point with higher production. In addition, MSA finds a specific control path with a need for lower lift gas and also a smaller compressor. It also has a really different control path with other optimization algorithm paths. In addition, in this paper, a new long term instability in flow is observed, which was explained by the drainage area of each well. This control path of each well was discussed and it was concluded that GA can find the most stable path.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shaobin Guo, Wenjing Mao〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉This research analyzed the pore evolution and diagenesis in a Permian Shanxi shale from the Ordos Basin. Thermal simulation method simulated the thermal evolution of organic matter in a sample from mature (R〈sub〉o〈/sub〉 = 0.96%) to overmature (R〈sub〉o〈/sub〉 = 3.05%). Gas adsorption and mercury intrusion capillary pressure techniques were used to analyze pore-size distribution across a maturation gradient. X-ray diffraction, Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy and rock pyrolysis techniques were used to divide the stages of diagenesis and pore evolution. Results showed that mesopores and macropores dominate pore volume while micropores and mesopores dominate surface area. Pore volume and surface area initially decreased and then increased with maturity. Kaolinite is converted to illite and illite-smectite mixedlayer in the middle to late diagenesis stage. Pore evolution and diagenesis can be divided into four stages in a sample from mature to overmature. Factors influencing pore-size distribution are different in four stages.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Feng Tian, Xiaodong Wang, Wenli Xu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Most gas reservoirs are not homogeneous in practice. Due to the influences of the nonlinearity and heterogeneity, little work has focused on the behavior of multiple-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) in heterogeneous gas reservoirs. In this study, a semi-analytical model based on a detailed analytical method for MFHWs in heterogeneous gas reservoirs is established. The source functions, boundary element method and Green's solution are used to build the model in Laplace space. To solve the problem that the combination of the pseudo-function approach with the material balance equation describing homogeneous gas reservoirs cannot be effectively linearize the nonlinearity in heterogeneous gas reservoirs, a multi-region material balance equation for heterogeneous gas reservoirs is derived. Then, the performance of an MFHW in a two-block gas reservoir is calculated. The pressure behavior and the flux distribution are influenced by the crossflow coefficient, fracture conductivity, size of the gas reservoir, fracture half-length and storage ratio. A high crossflow coefficient increases the flux of the interface and the difference in flux between fractures in different blocks. The effects of the crossflow can be weakened by a high fracture conductivity and large fracture half-length. This study provides a theoretical basis for MFHWs in heterogeneous gas reservoirs.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jinming Zhang, Xiaosen Li, Zhaoyang Chen, Qingping Li, Gang Li, Tao Lv〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Gas production from low-permeability hydrate reservoirs is characterized by very low efficiency. In this work, the enlarged well wall with good permeability was first proposed to improve the gas production performance from low-permeability hydrate reservoir in Liwan 3 area of the South China Sea. The gas-water production behaviors, the spatial distributions and evolutions of hydrate reservoir parameters and gas-water flow characteristics, induced by constant-depressurization, were investigated and evaluated by numerical simulations under different radius of permeable well wall. Results show that the enlarged well wall provides a high-permeability channel around the production interval and increases the contact area between the production interval and hydrate layer, so the pressure drop propagation speed and distance, i.e. the depressurization efficiency in the hydrate-bearing sediments is increased. Both gas and water production performances are significantly improved, and the gas and water production rates, cumulates and gas to water ratio increase with the increase in permeable well wall radius. The cumulative CH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 and water produced increase by 〈em〉ca.〈/em〉 4 and 3 times, respectively, when the permeable well wall radius increases from 0 to 5 m. However, the heat supply by heat convection of geothermal water is still limited.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Herson Oliveira da Rocha, Jéssica Lia Santos da Costa, Antonio Abel Gonzaléz Carrasquilla, Alfredo Moisés Vallejos Carrasco〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉One of the most significant problems in the characterization and recovery of Aptian carbonate reservoirs, especially the Brazilian pre-salt, has been the lack of precise estimates of permeability. The heterogeneity of the permeability of the carbonate reservoirs occurs owed great different of the pore form occurred mainly by diagenetic processes. In this study, propose a joint and integrated methodology to estimate the permeability in the reservoir. To achieve this goal, porosity-permeability core data, image logs, applying the Rock Types concepts, analysis of the results of well log Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), modeling the well logs resistivity (laterolog and induction), as well as estimating the specific surface of the rock using images of section 2D from the pugs, to quantitatively estimate the permeability of the reservoir based on the petrophysical properties of the rocks. In the study it was possible to identify different pore systems distributed in eight Hydraulic Flow Units (HFU) determined from the pore groove radii. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) log it served to separate area of the spectrum corresponding to the small pores from the area corresponding to the large pores. The resistivity logs were analyzed with the purpose of estimating the direction (vertical, horizontal and dipping) and thickness of the fractures, which were also modeled with the purpose of identifying the invasion of the drilling fluid. The specific surface area was obtained by image processing algorithms. The results showed an acceptable precision of this methodology to estimate the permeability in carbonate reservoirs that have in their composition fragments of stromatolites and associated bioclastics, found partially or totally dolomitized.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Haiyuan Zou, Ge Li, Lele Duan, Zongkui Kou, John Wang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Herein, we report a new type of efficient trifunctional electrocatalyst by in situ coupling amorphous cobalt nitride (CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉) nanoparticles within three-dimensional (3D) nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel (NGA). The CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉/NGA nanohybrid with hierarchical porous strucuture guarantees the superior activities toward ORR, OER and HER, due to abundant dual active CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉 and N〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉C sites. Impressively, it also exhibits a long lifetime and exceptionally high electrochemical performances as a cathode and an anode in a two-electrode overall water splitting electrolyzer, and also as an air-cathode in a rechargeable Zn-air battery. In addition, the CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉/NGA-based water splitting electrolyzer and two Zn-air batteries can be integrated together to effectively self-drive electrochemical water splitting device with high gas evolution rates of 186 and 372 μmol h〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, respectively. This work paves a way for designing advanced non-noble multifunctional catalysts, aiming for the real application of energy storage and conversion devices.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉A trifunctional catalyst, denoted as CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉/NGA, is sucessufully constructed based on MOF derived amorphous CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉 on nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel. This CoN〈em〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉〈/em〉/NGA nanohybrid effectively catalyzes water oxidation, proton reduction and oxygen reduction reactions, and thereby promises the real application of integrated rechargable zinc-air battery to self-drive water splitting device.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319308471-ga1.jpg" width="219" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jiří Henych, Štěpán Stehlík, Karel Mazanec, Jakub Tolasz, Jan Čermák, Bohuslav Rezek, Andreas Mattsson, Lars Österlund〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉We report on the synthesis and characterization of TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/Nanodiamond (ND) nanocomposites for rapid decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWA) and toxic industrial compounds prepared by a simple water-based, low-temperature method using urea as a homogeneous precipitating agent. The excellent water-compatibility of NDs promoted their good dispersion within the TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 matrix resulting in intergrown TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/ND nanostructures. NDs with an abundance of oxygen-containing surface moieties increased the porosity of the composites resulting in their three times more efficient spontaneous degradation of the CWA soman in solution compared to pure TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. In situ DRIFT spectroscopy revealed the enhanced reactive adsorption and solar light photodecomposition of dimethyl methyl phosphonate vapor on TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/ND. The charge transfer across TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/ND interfaces that hinder recombination of photo-excited electron-hole pairs was inferred from surface potential measurements. The results indicate that well-dispersed NDs forming heterojunctions together with their high porosity contribute to the reactive properties of the nanocomposites.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319308446-ga1.jpg" width="369" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Qing He, Tian Dong, Sheng He, Gangyi Zhai〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Factors influencing the methane adsorption capacity (MAC) of marine-continental transitional facies shales have been identified applying a variety of techniques (e.g., total organic carbon (TOC) content, X-ray diffraction mineralogy, low-pressure CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 adsorption, and methane adsorption analyses) on samples from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation, northern Guizhou Province, Southwest China. The TOC contents of the Longtan shale samples ranged between 1.2 and 9.9 wt% (average = 3.5 wt%). The results of the bulk XRD analysis suggested that the mineralogical composition of the studied samples was different from that of typical marine shales: the samples primarily consisted of clay minerals, followed by quartz and feldspar. The Langmuir volumes (V〈sub〉L〈/sub〉) of the 14 shale samples ranged from 1.02 ml/g to 5.25 ml/g (average = 2.52 ml/g); moreover, their MAC was positively correlated with the pore volume, surface area, and TOC content, suggesting that organic matter and pore structure were the most critical factors influencing the adsorption capacity of these transitional shales. Our results showed that the MAC was not positively with the clay content; additionally, the MAC tended to increase with increasing pressure, but to decrease with increasing temperature. The presence of moisture greatly reduced the MAC. Overall, the MAC of the transitional Longtan Formation shales resulted to be quite different from that of typical marine shales (e.g., the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin) in terms of mineralogical component and abundance of organic pores. The particularly high abundance of (hydrophilic) clay minerals in the Longtan Formation transitional shales resulted in a higher number of adsorption sites occupied by water molecules than in the Longmaxi Formation and a lower MAC. Finally, the abundance of organic pores in marine shales resulted in a higher MAC than that of transitional shales.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kaibo Zhou, Shuo Zhang, Zhen Huang, Jianyu Zhang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Reservoir porosity obtained from time-domain induced polarization (TDIP) well logging plays a vital role in estimating the hydraulic properties and obtain the reservoir parameters in a water-flood oil-field. Improving the inversion accuracy of the reservoir porosity can enhance the oil recovery in the water-flood oil-filed. Evaluating reservoir pore size distribution through induced polarization decay curve is confronted with the problems of poor applicability of data pre-processing, low accuracy and lacking of evaluation criteria for inversion results of pore size distribution. The basic principles of TDIP are introduced and the relationship between pore relaxation time and pore diameter is given. Combining the mathematical characteristics of polarization decay curve data, the performance and the limitations of existing pre-processing algorithms are analyzed and pointed out, respectively. An improved data pre-processing algorithm using the spatial characteristics of linear transformation based on migration Hankel matrix is proposed, and this method improves the inversion accuracy of pore size distribution greatly. In the engineering application, 2-logarithmic sampling method is proposed to sample the polarization decay data for more efficient petroleum exploration with less sample points. The different regularization methods, regularization matrix and regularization parameter determination methods are compared and analyzed for the inversion of the pore size distribution. The numerical simulation experimental results show that the stability and accuracy of Truncated Singular Value Decomposition - Generalized Cross Validation (TSVD-GCV), Truncated Singular Value Decomposition - L Curve (TSVD-L) and Tikhonov-I-L are appropriate for the inversion of pore size distribution. Because of the truth that the pore size distribution of rock is unknown, Backus-Gilbert (BG) theory is introduced to evaluate the inversion results of rock polarization decay curve data of a mining area in Jilin Province. The rock sample experiment shows that the TSVD-GCV inversion algorithm has the best performance.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Refaat G. Hashish, Mehdi Zeidouni〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Injection profiling in multilayer (stratified) reservoirs is essential for successful water flooding and effective reservoir management. When possible, injection profiling may be achieved via production logging tools (PLT). An alternative approach is to utilize real-time temperature obtained e.g. via fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to obtain the injection profiles. Development of modelling tools is required to enable analyzing temperature data to obtain the injection profiling.〈/p〉 〈p〉In this work, an analytical solution is developed to determine the transient temperature distribution in the reservoir during the warm-back period that follows cold fluid injection. The analytical model is used to introduce a temperature inversion approach to obtain the injection profile. The analytical solution is developed for single- and multi-layer reservoirs considering single-phase flow at constant rate over the injection period. The solution considers heat transfer by conduction and convection during the injection period. Warm-back is attained during the subsequent shut-in period through heat transfer by conduction in the reservoir (thermal equilibration) as well as the heat exchange between the completed layers and the surroundings. Heat transfer with the surrounding layers affects the warm-back rate the most for relatively thin layers. The analytical solution is verified through comparison against numerical simulation results obtained using a thermally coupled numerical simulator for single- and multi-layer reservoir cases. Graphical interpretation techniques are introduced by recasting the analytical solution into convenient forms. The graphical techniques are applied to synthetic warm-back data to illustrate their reliability and accuracy in obtaining the injection profile and the thermal front extent (per layer) during the injection period.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Licong Jin, Lei Tao, Decai Li〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Petrocedeño is located in the southeast of Venezuela, which is an onshore heavy oil field with average viscosity about 5000 cP. In order to increase the oil recovery, polymer injection is planning in the pilot. The fall-off test, one approach to analyse the polymer properties in reservoirs directly, is also planned after polymer injection. In order to investigate whether fall-off test could provide sensible data for injection of Non-Newtonian fluids in horizontal wells and hence establish an optimal strategy for implementing such test, simulation work and analytical studies have been performed in this paper. The aim of this paper has been to analyse polymer fall-off interpretation method in Petrocedeño, and then to provide feasible suggestion or guidance for polymer fall-off implementation in the real pilot where the injection wells are horizontal.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Qi Chu, Ling Lin, Yukun Zhao〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Hyperbranched polyethylenimine modified with a silane coupling agent (Si-HPEI) as a shale inhibitor was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction of hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The structure of Si-HPEI was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The inhibitory properties of Si-HPEI in comparison with currently available inhibitors were evaluated using linear swelling tests, cuttings dispersion tests, and bentonite inhibition tests. The inhibitory mechanism was investigated via X-ray diffraction measurements, adsorption measurements, and atomic force microscopy observations. The results indicated that Si-HPEI effectively inhibited the hydration and expansion of shale and exhibited excellent temperature resistance in comparison with HPEI and traditional shale inhibitors. The shale cuttings recovery in the case of Si-HPEI remained above 68% up to a hot rolling aging temperature of 140 °C, which demonstrated an excellent ability to inhibit hydration and dispersion that was significantly less affected by the hot rolling aging temperature than in the cases of other inhibitors. In addition, Si-HPEI inhibited the formation of a bentonite slurry more effectively at high temperatures. A mechanistic analysis showed that the siloxane groups present in the molecular chains of Si-HPEI caused strong and stable chemical adsorption of Si-HPEI on water-sensitive clay minerals, which thus hindered the penetration of water molecules and ultimately inhibited the hydration expansion and dispersion of water-sensitive clay minerals. In field application, Si-HPEI was successfully applied on Su 4-4HF well.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 21 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Hao Chen, Yi Hu, Yong Kang, Can Cai, Jiawei Liu, Yiwei Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) fracturing has attracted considerable attention on exploiting shale gas and tight gas. This study investigated the influence of the perforation orientation on fracture initiation and propagation induced by SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing through a series of laboratory fracturing experiments under tri-axial stress states and water was also used as a fracturing fluid to compare with SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉. It was found that breakdown pressure increases with the increase of perforation angle according to the pressure curves in SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing and hydraulic fracturing. AE energy characteristic has shown that AE energy release rate of SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing is larger than that of hydraulic fracturing, indicating that fractures induced by SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing are more complex. Fracture geometry and energy surges verified that there were more fractures induced by SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing with increase of the perforation orientation angle. It was observed that hydraulic fracturing mainly induced a bi-wing fracture while SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing induced bi-wing and tri-wing fracture. At low perforation angle (〈em〉α〈/em〉 ≤ 45°), perforation orientation has little influence on fracture propagation direction and fracture extends along the direction of the maximum principle direction in SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing. At high perforation angle (〈em〉α〈/em〉 ≥ 60°), fracture propagation shows an independence of loading stress, fractures may extend in three directions. The findings are beneficial for further understanding the mechanism of SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 fracturing and optimizing perforation parameters in SC-CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 field fracturing.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 21 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Pengju Chen, Meng Meng, Rui Ren, Stefan Miska, Mengjiao Yu, Evren Ozbayoglu, Nicholas Takach〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉When cutting a saturated rock under pressure, the PDC cutter is not only fragmenting the rock matrix, but also driving the pore fluid ahead of it. Because of the solid-fluid coupling in rock, different pore pressures induced by cutter will affect rock failure and lead to different MSE. The fact that cutting process is influenced by the pore pressure response in the rock is referred to as 〈em〉poroelastic effects〈/em〉 in this paper.〈/p〉 〈p〉This paper continues the research in our previous work (Chen et al., 2018) and gives more insights into the poroelastic effects during rock cutting process. The influences of rock diffusivity coefficient and cutter speed are studied. The results show that the two parameters will affect pore pressure response in rock and further affect rock failure and MSE during cutting process. Based on the results, the cutting process can be identified as three conditions: undrained, drained and a transition zone between undrained and drained condition. In undrained and drained condition, MSE will be independent of cutter speed; while in transition condition, MSE decreases with increasing cutter speed. The transition boundaries for the three conditions are given. Cavitation in intact rock during cutting process is also studied. The results show that cavitation is easy to occur when cutting a hard rock with low original pore pressure.〈/p〉 〈p〉Cutting tests were conducted on Torrey Buff sandstone and Carthage marble to verify the poroelastic effects in cutting process. A good agreement between the model results and experiments is found. In general, the results in this paper can give a good understanding on the combined influence of formation permeability, depth of cut and RPM on cutting rock during drilling.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bona Prakasa, Khafiz Muradov, David Davies〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Forecasts of the performance of waterflooded oil-field have been prepared for many years using fractional flow models, such as those by (Buckley-Leverett, 1942) (BL), (Welge, 1952) and (Dykstra-Parsons, 1950) (DP), to estimate the vertical sweep efficiency between wells. These methods, and their later modifications, formed the theoretical basis for designing a water-flooded oil-field. Advanced Well Completions (AWC) incorporating downhole flow control device (FCD) technology have become a proven method for modifying a production well's inflow profile, delaying water breakthrough, improving sweep efficiency and enhancing recovery.〈/p〉 〈p〉This manuscript extends the fractional flow model describing the performance of a waterflooded, stratified-reservoir with an AWC installed in the production well. The piston-like behaviour of the water-front described by previous, semi-analytical models is extended here to the linear and radial flow modelling of more realistic displacement profiles.〈/p〉 〈p〉This paper describes the theoretical basis and application workflow along with several case studies illustrating their performance and value. The accuracy of the new, semi-analytical models are verified by comparison against the results from a numerical reservoir simulator. Model limitations and possible future extension are also discussed.〈/p〉 〈p〉The workflow can be implemented as either a production forecast or a diagnostic tool for an AWC well in a waterflooded oil-field. It provides one missing link between today's AWC design workflows and the long-term value evaluation of a specific AWC design when a commercial numerical simulation software is either not available or too time consuming.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Olujide S. Sanni, Ogbemi Bukuaghangin, Thibaut V.J. Charpentier, Anne Neville〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Injecting chemical inhibitors is the most common method to mitigate mineral scaling in the oil industry. As such, the effectiveness of the techniques employed to evaluate performance of chemical scale inhibitors and apply the appropriate dosage is a very important aspect to be considered during the design of a scale prevention treatment. In this paper, the kinetics of scale formation and its inhibition are studied using a conventional bottle test, a dynamic tube blocking rig and a recently developed 〈em〉in-situ〈/em〉 flow visualization rig. Calcium carbonate scaling brine was prepared at two saturation indices (SI) of 2.1 and 2.8 at 50 °C and run through the rigs at flow rate of 20 ml/min. The conventional polphosphinocarboxylic acid (PPCA) inhibitor was used for the inhibition study at concentration ranging between 0.5 and 10 ppm. The MIC〈sub〉bulk〈/sub〉 determined from bottle test and supported with the 〈em〉in-situ〈/em〉 turbidity MIC〈sub〉bulk〈/sub〉 for SI of 2.1 and 2.8 are 1 ppm and 8 ppm respectively. For the same SI values, a considerably lower concentration of PPCA, 0.5 ppm and 4 ppm for the surface inhibition test using the capillary rig were obtained compared to MIC〈sub〉surface〈/sub〉 of 4 ppm and 8 ppm from the 〈em〉in-situ〈/em〉 visualization technique. The surface visualization technique enables the range of concentration of inhibitors at which both bulk and surface scaling are completely controlled to be determined. The different techniques are shown to give complementary information for different stages of crystallization process and inhibition.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: October 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 181〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Siyamak Moradi, Saeed Amirjahadi, Iman Danaee, Bahram Soltani〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Asphaltene deposition in the wellbore during natural depletion and EOR processes causes severe problems and increases the cost of the incremental oil recovery. Investigation of coatings as a preventive approach for operational problems during well production seems mandatory due to economic, environmental and technical limitations involved in mechanical and chemical treatment approaches. In this work, the anti-asphaltene performance of different coatings namely epoxy resin, polyurethane, phosphate, and two fluoropolymers (PTFE and PFA) was investigated by using a flow loop experimental setup. The wettability characteristics of the coated coupons were also studied by contact angle measurements to explore the correlation between asphaltene adherence tendency and wettability of the treated surfaces. Experimental results showed that despite the hydrophilicity of carbon steel, an intense increasing trend in asphaltene deposition occurred due to intrinsically high surface energy of carbon steel. An anti-asphaltene deposition ratio (R〈sub〉aa〈/sub〉) was defined to describe the anti-stick performance of different coatings compared to the uncoated carbon steel. It was observed that hydrophobic polyurethane and epoxy resin coatings showed weak anti-asphaltene performance with low R〈sub〉aa〈/sub〉 values where they have reduced asphaltene deposition 10% and 48.34%, respectively. Super-hydrophilic phosphate coating reduced the asphaltene deposition by 91.25% via formation of a water film on the coated surface. Finally, the fluoropolymer coatings showed the best performance among investigated samples by anti-asphaltene deposition ratios of 99.89% and 99.94%. The low surface energy of these coatings introduces them as non-reactive surfaces compared to other coatings, hence accepting much less asphaltene deposition.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519305005-fx1.jpg" width="500" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wei Tian, Peichao Li, Yan Dong, Zhiwei Lu, Detang Lu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉With the large-scale commercial exploitation of shale gas around the world, the multi-interval fracturing technique in horizontal well has played an important role to stimulate shale gas reservoirs. The commonly used fracturing methods in reservoir stimulation are the sequential fracturing, the alternate fracturing, and the latest proposed modified zipper fracturing (MZF), which has improved the shale gas production significantly. However, the mechanism of stimulation has not been well understood yet. This paper presents some numerical simulation results for the three different fracturing patterns by use of extended finite element method (XFEM). The numerical solution mainly considers the influences of the in-situ stress difference and the fracturing spacing on fracture propagation. The analytical parameters include the maximum principal stress, the principal stress direction and the fracture width distribution. The numerical results indicate that the induced stress from adjacent fractures is the key factor affecting the fracture configuration. And the stress interference becomes significantly serious when fracture spacing decreases or fracture number increases. Moreover, the in-situ stress difference can counteract the effect of stress interference on the fracture deviation and reduce the extent of deviation. Compared with the other two fracturing techniques, MZF generates larger maximum induced stress, but less change of the principal stress direction, which ensures a desired propagation path. Therefore, the optimal fracture spacing of MZF is smaller than that of sequential fracturing and alternate fracturing. Under the same stress difference and fracture spacing, MZF generally achieves better formation fracturing effects. The results obtained in this paper are of benefit to guide the high-efficient practices of hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 28 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Guangbo Liu, Zhonghua Li, Jianjian Shi, Kun Sun, Yujin Ji, Zhiguo Wang, Yunfeng Qiu, Yuanyue Liu, Zhijiang Wang, PingAn Hu〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The great bottleneck that lies in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 reduction reaction (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉RR) electrocatalysts is to simultaneously enhance their conductivity and density of active sites. Herein, we developed a black reduced porous SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanosheets electrocatalyst that enabled possessing both metallic conductivity and high density of active sites via vacancy engineering. The black reduced porous SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanosheets showed high activity and selectivity for CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉RR to formate, with maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 92.4% at the low overpotential of 0.51 V and stable FE of 90 ± 2% in the large potential range from -0.6 to -1.1 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the introduction of oxygen vacancy increased carrier density and lowered the adsorption of 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.svg"〉〈msup〉〈mtext〉 HCOO〈/mtext〉〈mo〉-〈/mo〉〈/msup〉〈/math〉 * and HCOOH by 0.29 and 0.17 eV, respectively, accounting for the improved CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉RR to formate performance.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319308811-ga1.jpg" width="301" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈p〉Vertically aligned black reduced porous SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 nanosheets were succesfully developed via vacancy engineering for the first time, which simultaneously realized the promoted conductivity and active sites, hence leading to the efficient and durable CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉RR to formate.〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shengbo Zhang, Mei Li, Wenjun Qiu, Jinyu Han, Hua Wang, Xiao Liu〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The effective molecular-catalyst-based device that converts CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 to value-added products is of significance but challenging. Herein, utilizing organosilica nanotubes as the solid chelating ligands, we successfully construct heterogeneous molecular rhenium catalysts for efficient CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 photoreduction to CO. The nanotube framework compositions and the microenvironment of the rhenium catalysts are finely regulated, aiming to enhance the catalytic selectivity and activity in water-containing systems. By adjusting bipyridine amounts and capping the surface silanols, the preferential adsorption for CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 over H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O around the active sites is realized. Relative to that of the unmodified catalyst, the CO selectivity increased greatly from 53% to 94% in water/acetonitrile. Furthermore, the heterogeneous molecular catalysts exhibit a total turnover number that is nine times higher than the corresponding homogeneous one (134 〈em〉versus〈/em〉 15). Using 〈em〉in situ〈/em〉 infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, a reasonable mechanism for high CO selectivity in the presence of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O is demonstrated.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The heterogeneous molecular rhenium catalysts were constructed based on porous organosilica nanotubes for the photoreduction of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 to CO. The microenvironment around the active sites was modulated to realize the preferential adsorption of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 over H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O in water containing systems, resulting in the high CO selectivity of 94%.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319308604-ga1.jpg" width="339" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yogesh B. Singh, Kim C. Ng〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Scale deposition in the thermal process for desalination is quite inevitable. This study is about scale formation, crystal modification, and prevention mechanism of a tetrapolymer based antiscalant on Red Seawater. Red seawater at concentration factors (CF) of 1.5 and 2.5 was studied under reflux condition at 70 °C and 98 °C respectively for seven hours with 1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 4 ppm concentration of the antiscalant. Eventually, the mechanism of inhibitory action of the antiscalant has been reconnoitered after seawater analysis and imaging the morphological changes in the crystal formation patterns with Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The changes in the values of pH, turbidity and alkalinity (both phenolphthalein alkalinity (PA) and total alkalinity (TA)) were measured to apprehend various fluctuations happening as a result of the addition of antiscalant. The variations in the pH of seawater with antiscalant were in concurrence with the changes in alkalinity and was also reflected in turbidity. These changes explicitly demonstrated the threshold mechanism of scale inhibition. SEM micrographs exhibited distorted round shaped depositions supporting crystal modification mechanism as well. The efficiency and dominance of inhibitory mechanism varied from 2 h to 6 h for the antiscalant and was observed to be directly related to CF of seawater used, the temperature applied, and a dose of antiscalant added.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519308010-fx1.jpg" width="409" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yang Su, Ming Zha, Xiujian Ding, Jiangxiu Qu, Changhai Gao, Jiehua Jin, Stefan Iglauer〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The Lucaogou Formation contains significant amount of shale oil and tight oil resources in China, and the target strata studied here is located in the Jimsar Sag, Junggar Basin. A combination of mudstone, silty mudstone, dolomite mudstone and limy mudstone from this formation was investigated for the organic petrology and organic geochemistry and thus organic matter origin, thermal maturity and depositional condition were evaluated. Source rocks indicate good potential in hydrocarbon generation, which were featured by high TOC, S〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and HI. T〈sub〉max〈/sub〉 and biomarker ratios reveal that source rocks are mature and have enter oil generation window. Microscopical analyses reveal that liptinitic organic matter are dominant components, especially the amorphous components, which are commonly accompanied with advanced plant fragments. Organic matter assemblages indicate organic materials originated from aquatic organisms and terrestrial plants, which is evidenced from the discrimination diagrams of Pr/nC〈sub〉17〈/sub〉-Ph/nC〈sub〉18〈/sub〉 and C〈sub〉27〈/sub〉–C〈sub〉29〈/sub〉 regular steranes. Vertical variations in the abundance of organic matter from the bottom up reflect the changes of the depositional conditions, which are consistent with the indications of organic geochemical parameters. In the lower Lucaogou (LLF), the depositional conditions varied from the relatively shallow water, moderate-energy, proximal suboxic/dysoxic-anoxic condition to the deeper, low-energy, distal suboxic-anoxic condition, as endorsed by the enhanced OM degradation and the preservation of palynomorphs. In the upper Lucaogou (ULF), the conditions changed gradually from a brackish, stratified, suboxic-anoxic condition to fresh, aerobic condition, followed by a stratified oxygen-depleted setting with a relatively higher saline upwards, as supported by the variation in the organic components. Overall, the conditions of LLF are more reducing than that of ULF, which is demonstrated by Pr/Ph ratios, gammacerane index and ETR. The understanding of the redox conditions and their evolution of the Lucaogou Formation is crucial to expound the formation of source rocks and evaluate the hydrocarbon-generating potential.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Luís Felipe F.M. Barbosa, Andreas Nascimento, Mauro Hugo Mathias, João Andrade de Carvalho〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Drilling wells in challenging oil/gas environments implies in large capital expenditure on wellbore's construction. In order to optimize the drilling related operation, real-time decisions making have been put in place, so that prediction of rate of penetration (ROP) with accuracy is essential. Despite many efforts (theoretical and experimental) throughout the years, modeling the ROP as a mathematical function of some key variables is not so trivial, due to the highly non-linearity behavior experienced. Therefore, several researches in the recent years have been proposing to use data-driven models from artificial intelligence field for ROP prediction and optimization.〈/p〉 〈p〉This paper presents an extensive review of the literature on ROP prediction, especially, with machine learning techniques, as well as how these models can be used to optimize the drilling activities. The ROP models are classified as traditional models (based on physics-models), statistical models (e.g. multiple regression), or machine learning methods. This review enables to see that machine learning techniques can potentially outperform in terms of ROP-prediction accuracy on top of traditional or statistical models. Throughout this work, an extensive analysis of different ways of obtaining ROP models is carried out, concluding with different strategies adopted in literature to perform data-driven model optimization.〈/p〉 〈p〉Despite the saving potential which can be achieved with real-time optimization based on data-driven ROP models, it is noticeable that there is a lack of implementation of those techniques in the industry, as per literature review. To take a step forward in real implementations, the petroleum industry must be aware that yet no rule of thumb already exists on this specific area, but still, good and very reasonable results can be achieved by following the best practices identified in this review. In addition, the modern practices of machine learning provide promising guidelines for implementing projects in oil and gas industry.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 154〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Balaram Thakur, Surakanti Srinivas Reddy, U.P. Deshpande, G. Amarendra, Sujay Chakravarty〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The origin of magnetism in RF magnetron sputtered deposited carbon thin films is reported. Three different carbon thin films were deposited using RF magnetron sputtering of carbon target by Ar ions at RF power of 50 W, 100 W and 150 W, respectively. Microstructural characterization of films using Raman spectroscopy confirms the presence of graphitic crystallites in all three films and the crystallite edges are terminated with the sp〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 bonding. However, increasing RF power results in an increase in graphitic crystallite size as well as the sp〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/sp〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 hybridization ratio, while the average density of the films decreases. The observed magnetization (measured using SQUID-VSM) in all the three-carbon films has a contribution from both superparamagnetic (SPM) particles (due to the interaction between unpaired spins) and the paramagnetic term due to isolated unpaired spins distributed throughout the film. The origin of experimentally observed magnetization in the carbon thin films and their correlation with the change in density and sp〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/sp〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 hybridization ratio due to variation in RF power is discussed.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308322-fx1.jpg" width="259" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Arjun Janamatti, Yingda Lu, Sriram Ravichandran, Cem Sarica, Nagu Daraboina〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Operating temperatures have major impacts on wax deposition. Although significant research efforts have been expended on this topic, no satisfactory agreement has been achieved in the available literature. In the present work, we conducted cold-flow flow-loop wax deposition experiments using a waxy condensate with 9.5% wax content to investigate the influence of operating temperatures on wax deposition. To achieve a closer representation of field operation, we varied the oil temperature while keeping the initial wall temperature constant and conducted the tests up to 72 h. It was observed that the deposit forms more slowly but contains higher wax content as the difference between oil temperature and wall temperature increases, and these trends hold at both 48 and 72 h. Moreover, we calculated the diffusive mass flux at different operating conditions using the prevailing theory of molecular diffusion and found that the predicted trends are opposite to experimental observations. These results, along with findings from recent publications, collectively suggest that the long-standing modeling approach based on molecular diffusion is insufficient to completely describe wax deposition phenomenon, and that wax deposit morphology and other deposition mechanisms deserve further attention to close this knowledge gap.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 183〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Xin Li, Xuehai Fu, Jijun Tian, Weiming Guan, Xueliang Liu, Yanyan Ge, P.G. Ranjith, Wenfeng Wang, Meng Wang, Shun Liang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉High volatile bituminous coal (HVBC) reservoirs are now regarded as one of the most important targets for coalbed methane (CBM) exploration and development in northwestern China. Water invasion during coalbed methane reservoir fracturing can induce water blockage damage, leading to decreased relative permeability of gas and reduced production of CBM well. To study the influences of heterogeneities of seepage pore and fracture on water invasion degree (WID), water flooding experiment using HVBC core was conducted to simulate water invasion; magnetic resonance imaging and gray calculation were applied to quantitatively determine WID; heterogeneous parameters of seepage pore and fracture were extracted based on micro-CT and fractal characterization; finally implications of seepage pore and fracture heterogeneities on WID were discussed, and water invasion mechanism was analyzed.〈/p〉 〈p〉The results show that fracture porosity, connected fracture porosity, minerals’ filling porosity, displacement pressure, efficiency of mercury withdrawal, and fractal dimension as well as tortuosity of seepage pore, are closely correlated with WID. As fracture porosity increases, WID initially increases then tends to be unchanged. Minerals’ filling can be dominated factor resisting water invasion when severe filling occurs. Seepage pores with good connection and permeability are beneficial for water invasion, while those with complex structure and tortuosity are detrimental to water invasion. Reservoirs developing connected fractures and homogeneous seepage pores are not only beneficial for water invasion, but also beneficial for water elimination. Reservoirs developing unconnected fractures and homogeneous seepage pores are beneficial for water invasion while detrimental to water elimination. Reservoirs lacking fractures’ development but developing complex structural seepage pores are detrimental to both water invasion and elimination.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Milinkumar T. Shah, Harisinh B. Parmar, Lee D. Rhyne, Chris Kalli, Ranjeet P. Utikar, Vishnu K. Pareek〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Removal of solids is a critical step in the treatment of produced water generated by offshore hydrocarbon exploration. Present work evaluates a new design of a settling tank that can be used for continuous separation of fine particles from produced water. The novelty of the design lies in its ability generate swirling flow that promotes the settling of fine particles. The tank was investigated by conducting CFD simulations and experiments. The CFD model was initially validated using the experimental data measured in a lab-scale replica of the tank by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The validated model was then used to investigate flow patterns and settling behavior of different sized particles at varying operating flow rates and with different inlet-outlet configurations. Simulations revealed that the angled entry of water in to the bulk of the tank caused rotational flow that transported the suspended particles towards wall, where downward axial velocity resulted in the settling of particles. The flow patterns showed inward flow at the bottom, which caused the accumulation of settled particles near the center hatch. The flow patterns also indicated an upward flow and the lifting of the settled particles near the hatch at the bottom. The impact of the lifting of particles was mitigated by adjusting the size of inlet openings and operating flowrate. For inlet openings of 40 × 20 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉, simulations predicted capture of more than 80% of particles having a size range of 30–1000 μm at 30000 barrels per day operating flow rate. The settling tank has no moving element, rotating part or filtering medium; and its settling ability is solely governed by the induced hydrodynamics. Due to its simplicity and high efficiency, the settling tank could be used in continuous operation with high operating flowrate, and for both onshore and offshore operations.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519307739-fx1.jpg" width="415" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 20 August 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Alexander Anya〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Thirty-five cement samples were tested in an Ultrasonic Cement Analyzer (UCA) at varying curing conditions and for varying curing times, and then uniaxially compressed to failure in a hydraulic press. An attempt was made, using the ultrasonic transit time data measured with a UCA and the uniaxial compressive strength data measured using a hydraulic press, to derive an empirical model capable of accurately predicting uniaxial compressive strength from the ultrasonic transit time. Using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, the experimental data was fit to two models. In addition to the transit time dependence, the first model presented incorporates a term that accounts for the curing time while the second model contains terms that account for both the curing time and cement composition. The results obtained illustrate the complexity of deriving a correlation with general applicability to all well cements. The best performing model based on both curve fit error and prediction performance for the samples tested was the model that accounted only for the curing time dependency of the cement strength development rate in addition to the measured transit time, indicating that the transit time measurement history is sufficient as a tool for characterizing well cement strength development.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): A. Chunduri, S. Gupta, O. Bapat, A. Bhide, R. Fernandes, M.K. Patel, V. Bambole, A. Miotello, N. Patel〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A unique cobalt-phosphide-boride (Co-P-B) catalyst was synthesized via simple chemical-reduction route. The obtained catalyst was amorphous in nature, resembling the spherical morphology of Co-B nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that B loses electrons to Co while P gains electrons from Co. This unique electron transfer mechanism in Co-P-B is a combination of the characteristics showcased by Co-B and Co-P catalysts individually. The optimized catalyst (Co-P-B-5) showed overpotentials of 145 mV and 290 mV to achieve the benchmark current density of 10 mA/cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 for HER and OER, respectively, in 1 M NaOH. From theoretical calculations, it was observed that addition of P modulates the electron density at Co sites, thereby optimizing the H-adsorption capability, leading to higher HER rate. During anodic polarization, Co-P-B-5 shows formation of large number of CoOOH species on its surface, facilitating OER. Finally, stability, recyclability and wide-pH suitability of Co-P-B-5 was established to demonstrate its industrial viability.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307970-ga1.jpg" width="294" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bin Chen, Zhuo Zhang, Sangkuk Kim, Minki Baek, Dokyoung Kim, Kijung Yong〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key process in various advanced technologies for renewable energy conversion, such as water splitting and metal-air batteries. However, as a four-electron coupled reaction, the OER is kinetically sluggish and limited by its high overpotential and low efficiency. The design of novel nanostructured electrocatalysts is highly desirable to promote OER kinetics. Herein, a bio-inspired nanoleaf electrocatalyst has been successfully achieved for the first time by 〈em〉in situ〈/em〉 growing ultrathin NiCo layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets on CuO nanowires. Attributed to the mechanical support of CuO nanowire veins, the NiCo LDH lamina presents a large lateral size (more than 10 μm) and unique hierarchical structure that consisted of ultrathin nanosheets with numerous exposed edges. The CuO veins distributed across the LDH lamina can serve as the fast path for charge transfer and significantly promote the LDH conductivity. Compared to the conventional NiCo LDH nanosheets, the novel nanoleaves with enlarged electrochemical surface area, edge-rich active sites, and improved conductivity exhibit greatly enhanced OER performances with an impressive 9.3 fold enhanced activity, much lower overpotential of 262 mV at 10 mA cm〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉, as well as good stability and flexibility. The biomimetic nanoleaf structures and the corresponding design strategy can be broadly applied to other functional 2D materials for advanced applications.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉〈strong〉A biomimetic nanoleaf electrocatalyst〈/strong〉 is achieved for the first time by combining ultrathin NiCo layered double hydroxide (LDH) lamina with CuO nanowire veins. The CuO veins support the LDH lamina and serve as fast path for charge transfer. The hierarchical nanoleaves with large surface area, edge-rich active sites, and improved conductivity exhibit superior electrochemical performances for oxygen evolution reaction.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307635-ga1.jpg" width="387" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lei Qin, Zhuotong Zeng, Guangming Zeng, Cui Lai, Abing Duan, Rong Xiao, Danlian Huang, Yukui Fu, Huan Yi, Bisheng Li, Xigui Liu, Shiyu Liu, Mingming Zhang, Danni Jiang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉HNO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-modified carbon black supported Ni-Au bimetallic nanocatalysts (HCB-Ni-Au) with different Ni/Au molar ratio were synthesized for hydrogenation of nitroaromatics. The synergistic effect between bimetallic nanoparticles and HCB, Ni and Au nanoparticles improved the catalytic efficiency. The reaction mechanism and pathway investigation exhibited that nitroaromatics were reduced by cleavage of 〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉N〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/dbnd"〉O bond and azo linkage (〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉N〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/dbnd"〉N〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉) and uptake of H from Ni〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉H and Au〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/sbnd"〉H bonds. Density functional theory theoretical calculation showed 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with higher free energy was easier to be catalyzed. The activation of enthalpy for MO was 65.7 kcal mol〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, which displayed the highest catalytic rate of 2.1055 min〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Meanwhile, the reaction rate of 4-NP hydrogenation catalyzed by HCB-Ni〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-Au〈sub〉1〈/sub〉 reached 1.9617 min〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, which was 15 and 38 times higher than that of Ni and Au monometallic nanocatalyst, respectively. HCB-Ni〈sub〉6〈/sub〉-Au〈sub〉1〈/sub〉 with good structural stability could be well reused and applied in tap, distilled, river, and lake water samples.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307817-ga1.jpg" width="212" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wei Ni, Congxin Li, Xiaogang Zang, Min Xu, Silu Huo, Mingquan Liu, Zhiyu Yang, Yi-Ming Yan〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Copper oxides have been used as efficient electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉). However, understanding the catalytic mechanism of copper oxides electrocatalysts based on identifying their active species is difficult due to the presence of multivalent Cu, such as Cu(0), Cu(I) and Cu(II) species, during the reaction. Also, developing copper oxides electrocatalysts with high selectivity and long durability for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉RR) is highly desired. Herein, we report the preparation of Cu〈sub〉x〈/sub〉O decorated graphene oxides (G-Cu〈sub〉x〈/sub〉O-T) electrocatalyst by a controllable chemical reduction method. The G-Cu〈sub〉x〈/sub〉O-2 h electrocatalyst exhibits high selectivity towards HCOOH (81%) with a current density of 19.3 mA cm〈sup〉-2〈/sup〉 at -0.8 V vs RHE, as well as good durability (retaining 87.2% of initial activity after 9 hours continuous operation). Our study reveals that the observed high performance of G-Cu〈sub〉x〈/sub〉O-2 h electrocatalyst should not only benefit from the stabilized 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈msubsup〉〈mtext〉CO〈/mtext〉〈mn〉2〈/mn〉〈mrow〉〈mo〉•〈/mo〉〈mo〉-〈/mo〉〈/mrow〉〈/msubsup〉〈/math〉 intermediate, but also contribute from the facilitated rate-limiting step of 〈math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll"〉〈msup〉〈mtext〉HCOO〈/mtext〉〈mo〉-〈/mo〉〈/msup〉〈/math〉 desorption, which are both closely related to an optimized Cu(I) content in the electrocatalyst. Moreover, a 〈em〉“buffering effect”〈/em〉 is proposed to explain the promising durability of G-Cu〈sub〉x〈/sub〉O-2 h, where Cu(II) species should serve as sacrificial sources to supply Cu(I) from the thick subsurface layers, thereby balancing the content of Cu(I) at the surface and maintaining the activity of the electrocatalyst during the reaction. Our work provides crucial insights into the role of multivalent Cu in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 reduction reaction, which are important for designing and preparing copper oxides based electrocatalysts with high selectivity and durability for electrochemical reduction of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 into liquid fuels.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307908-ga1.jpg" width="352" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Can Ma, Shuo Feng, Jinming Zhou, Rufen Chen, Yu Wei, Hui Liu, Sen Wang〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The greatest problem in the homogeneous Fenton reaction is the low production of HO〈sup〉〈img src="https://sdfestaticassets-eu-west-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/16/entities/rad"〉〈/sup〉 owing to the slow Fe〈sup〉III〈/sup〉/Fe〈sup〉II〈/sup〉 cycle. In this study, we demonstrate a new co-catalyst of FeP and trace Fe〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 that can greatly enhance the decomposition efficiency of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and accelerate the degradation of methylene blue (MB). This co-catalyst is applicable in a broad pH range (pH = 3.0−9.0) and capable of degrading 95.74% and 89.01% of MB with 100 ppm in concentration within 30 s at pH 3 and 5, and 99.65% and 90.06% within 3 min at pH 7 and 9. The coexistence of FeP with Fe〈sup〉II〈/sup〉 accelerates the Fe〈sup〉III〈/sup〉/Fe〈sup〉II〈/sup〉 cycle by electron transfer between Fe〈sup〉δ+〈/sup〉 in FeP and Fe〈sup〉III〈/sup〉. Mössbauer spectra and density functional theory calculations indicate that the unique structure of FeP plays an important role in accelerating the Fe〈sup〉III〈/sup〉/Fe〈sup〉II〈/sup〉 cycle.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉The Fe〈sup〉III〈/sup〉/Fe〈sup〉II〈/sup〉 cycle in Fenton-like reaction was accelerated by the electron transfer within FeP. Mossbauer spectra and DFT calculation confirmed the existence of electron transfer.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307611-ga1.jpg" width="348" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): D. Ishutenko, Yu. Anashkin, P. Nikulshin〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉K-CoMo/〈em〉Sup〈/em〉 (where 〈em〉Sup〈/em〉 = Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and ZrO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) catalysts were synthesized using H〈sub〉3〈/sub〉PMo〈sub〉12〈/sub〉O〈sub〉40〈/sub〉, CoCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, KOH and citric acid. The catalysts were characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed desorption of NH〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy. Samples were tested in hydrotreating of model fluid catalytic cracking gasoline and in selective hydrogenation of 1,5-hexadiene and 〈em〉n〈/em〉-heptene-1. The type of used carrier significantly affected the morphology of active phase and catalytic properties. Active sites productivity of K-CoMo/〈em〉Sup〈/em〉 catalysts in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and olefin hydrogenation (HYDO) reactions as well as HDS/HYDO selectivity correlated with active phase morphology excepting TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉-supported sample. Productivity of active sites in reactions of selective hydrogenation of diolefin depended on maximum peak reduction obtained from TPR, which in turn was a function of acidity of using supports. The highest HDS/HYDO selectivity was obtained at catalyst which possessed the lowest selectivity towards partial hydrogenation of diolefine compared to complete hydrogenation.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307878-ga1.jpg" width="500" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: November 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Volume 182〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Denis Orlov, Dmitry Koroteev〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉One of the most significant issues of petroleum engineering nowadays is a decline in productivity and injectivity of wells due to formation damage, which is typically associated with the migration and retention of fines. The prediction of formation damage is a challenging problem due to the lack of information about concentrations and localizations of potential mobile fines in the reservoir. To solve this problem different algorithms of machine learning and data mining were tested: linear regressions, decision trees, random forest, gradient boosting and artificial neural networks. We developed the predictive model of permeability reduction in Vendian deposits (Russia) based on the analysis of rock properties and flooding conditions. This model allowed to describe the dynamic of permeability reduction as a multi-parametric function of injected pore volumes of water. Three defining parameters in the model were unique colmatation characteristics which have been predicted for each core sample. All the features of the self-colmatation process were studied and arranged by their importance. To build the model of permeability reduction we used two approaches. The first one was to discover all possible 2D cross-plot correlations between colmatation characteristics and features (manual analysis). The second is applying machine learning algorithms where all features were taken into account simultaneously. The benefits and disadvantages of both approaches were discussed in details.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0920410519307272-fx1.jpg" width="272" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: 15 December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Volume 259〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Yunxiang Li, Jian Ren, Shuxin Ouyang, Weishu Hou, Tristan Petit, Hui Song, Huayu Chen, Davin Philo, Tetsuya Kako, Jinhua Ye〈/p〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Atomic structure tailoring towards high electron mobility is an essential approach to maximizing the solar energy-conversion efficiency of polymeric carbon nitride (CN) but still presents a significant challenge. Here we construct a smooth carrier channel in the basal plane of CN by filling the rich defects in layer with various kinds of short carbon chains, whereby the light-induced carriers transfer kinetics is boosted distinctly. Consequently, the optimal carbon chains-planted CN delivers a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance, achieving a 13.2 and 29.2-fold improvement in H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 evolution and CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 reduction, respectively. This study provides an in-depth insight into the modulation of in-plane electrical conductivity at molecular scale over CN and offers new opportunities for reinforcing the reaction kinetics of organic-based photocatalysts.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉This study demonstrates a novel approach to tailor electronical conductivity of polymeric carbon nitride (CN) by constructing molecule-level carbon chains in the defect-rich layers of CN, whereby the light-induced carriers transfer kinetics is boosted dramatically.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0926337319307738-ga1.jpg" width="299" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 154〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Shizheng Wen, Shiwu Gao, ChiYung Yam〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Our previous work demonstrated that graphene devices with monovacancy defects possess spin filtering effect which offers potential applications in spintronics. Here, using first-principles calculations, we further study the spin-dependent electron transport properties and spin filtering efficiency of graphene devices with double vacancies that are arrayed in parallel and serial connections. It is found that devices with vacancies in parallel connection follow classical Kirchhoff circuit law. Both spin-up and spin-down currents are amplified while spin filtering efficiency remains the same as compared to the monovacancy devices. In contrast, amplification of spin filtering efficiency is realized in devices with serially connected double vacancies. In addition, it is shown that the spin current can be flipped reversibly by nanomechanical deformation as we observed in devices with monovacancy. Our findings demonstrate the possibility to engineer the spin filtering effect for vacancy based spintronic devices.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Amplification of spin-filtering effect in serial and parallel spin circuits designed with two-atomic-vacancies in graphene.〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308334-fx1.jpg" width="287" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 154〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wenchao Jiang, Junqing Pan, Jing Wang, Jiaqi Cai, Xu Gang, Xiaoguang Liu, Yanzhi Sun〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A coin-shaped porous carbon is produced by carbonization of Al-based metal-organic frameworks and followed by the removal of Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 though dissolving in NaOH solution. The hierarchically porous carbon has a large surface area (1,508 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) with suitable size of mesopores (6.35 nm). The material exhibits an increased specific capacitance of 323 F g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at 1 mV s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. It also has excellent high current discharge performance and superior stability with 97.9% retention at an ultra-high current density of 100 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 during 15 × 10〈sup〉4〈/sup〉 cycles. The constructed symmetric solid supercapacitor shows an appreciably large capacitance of up to 117.2 F g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 at 0.2 A g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, corresponding to the high energy density of 36.5 W h kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 within a voltage window of 1.5 V. In addition, it offers satisfied durability with 11.5% decay rate after 20,000 cycles. The carbon with improved electrochemical properties is most likely attributed to its special coin shape and hierarchically porous pores. It is a new potential strategy to configure unique structure porous carbon materials for power supercapacitors via metal-organic frameworks serving as precursors.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308395-fx1.jpg" width="460" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 154〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mengmeng Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Naisheng Jiang, Don N. Futaba, Ming Xu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The amount and uniformity of carbon nanotubes (CNT) interfacial surface area are one of the key aspects limiting the usage of CNT in composite materials. We report a simple methodology to quantitatively determine the amount and uniformity of CNT interfacial surface area (i.e. level of space filling) using fractal dimension calculation based on scanning electron microscopy images. In this way, we clarified the relationship between the level of space filling of CNT interfacial surface area (fractal dimension) and the properties of rubber and plastic composites to directly relate the dispersion to the composite properties. Our results showed that the electrical conductivity and the tensile strength of composites increased exponentially and linearly with the increased level of space filling of CNT interfacial surface area, respectively within our experimental range. Importantly, these relationships were general, that is, independent of dispersion methods, CNT concentration, CNT types and kinds of matrix (such as rubber, plastic). Taken together, these results serve as a general map to increase the level of space filling of interfacial surface area through controlling various dispersion conditions during CNT dispersion, which is of great significance to the fabrication of CNT composites.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308140-fx1.jpg" width="500" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 154〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jun Young Cheong, Lothar Benker, Jian Zhu, Doo-Young Youn, Haoqing Hou, Seema Agarwal, Il-Doo Kim, Andreas Greiner〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉For the last two decades, nanostructured carbon materials have attracted significant attention, as they exhibit unusual physicochemical properties different from their bulk counterpart. Nevertheless, agglomeration and re-stacking of carbon nanostructures have always limited optimal performance, with larger loading amount. To solve this issue, porous and compressible carbon-based sponges have been researched, but most of the previously suggested carbon foams were either not very porous, synthesized at high temperature heat treatment, and/or not applicable for carbon nanoparticles. In this work, we have successfully fabricated ultra-porous (porosity about 98–99%), polyimide-carbon nanoparticle (PI–C) composites by combining Ketjen black nanoparticles with PI short fibers, by simple freeze-drying and subsequent heat treatments at low temperature (240 °C). Based on the analysis, it has been discovered that the fabricated PI-C sponges not only exhibit highly robust mechanical properties but also retain low thermal conductivity even in comparison with pristine PI sponges. This work provides a milestone in fabricating a number of C-electrospun polymeric sponges by freeze drying and subsequent heat treatments, which are expected to be utilized in various fields of research.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308188-fx1.jpg" width="282" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Description: 〈p〉Publication date: December 2019〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Carbon, Volume 154〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Zeyu Li, Xiao Liang, Qiuming Gao, Hang Zhang, Hong Xiao, Peng Xu, Tengfei Zhang, Zhengping Liu〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A novel kind of non-precious metal nanohybrid FeNC-900 is synthesized by hard-template with pyrolysis method using Fe-doped ZIF-8 as the precursor. The FeNC-900 has a superstructure of Fe, N co-doped carbonaceous hollow spheres crosslinked by some self-grown carbon nanotubes. The Fe, N co-doped carbonaceous matrix provides the binary electrocatalytic active sites of Fe–N–C and N-doped carbon as the electrocatalytic active sites. And the microstructure of carbonaceous hollow spheres as well as the crosslinked carbon nanotubes not only lead to the large surface area exposing the electrocatalytic active sites but also benefit the transport of the electrons and electrolyte ions and the stability of the microstructure of the nanocomposite. Thus, FeNC-900 shows the comparable electrocatalyst activities with that of state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C for ORR and RuO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 for OER respectively in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes due to the synergetic binary electrocatalytic active sites as well as the hierarchical porous texture. More importantly, the low ΔE (= E〈sub〉10 mA cm〈/sub〉〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 - E〈sub〉-3 mA cm〈/sub〉〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉) of 0.691 and 0.784 V in 0.1 M KOH and 0.1 M HClO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉 electrolytes for FeNC-900, respectively, indicating its fascinating bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for ORR and OER in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0008622319308401-fx1.jpg" width="461" alt="Image 1" title="Image 1"〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉