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  • Articles  (97,880)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (97,880)
  • Science  (13,519)
  • Science. 312(5774): 689-97; author reply 689-97.  (9)
  • Science. 258(5082): 530.  (5)
  • Science. 309(5737): 1012-7; author reply 1012-7.  (5)
  • Science. 240(4848): 19.  (4)
  • Science. 258(5089): 1717.  (4)
  • Science. 284(5421): 1773.  (4)
  • Science. 285(5428): 663.  (4)
  • Science. 288(5473): 1931.  (4)
  • Science. 289(5477): 245-6.  (4)
  • Science. 290(5492): 711-4.  (4)
  • Science. 292(5525): 2249-50.  (4)
  • Science. 294(5542): 519-20.  (4)
  • Science. 298(5602): 2328-9.  (4)
  • Science. 308(5727): 1409-12; author reply 1409-12.  (4)
  • Science. 308(5729): 1740-2; author reply 1740-2.  (4)
  • Science. 310(5755): 1767-8.  (4)
  • Science. 312(5781): 1746-8; author reply 1746-8.  (4)
  • Science. 226(4674): 521.  (3)
  • Science. 232(4748): 307.  (3)
  • 25
  • Physics  (97,880)
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  • Articles  (97,880)
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  • 101
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    [Report] Thermally stable single-atom platinum-on-ceria catalysts via atom trapping (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Catalysts based on single atoms of scarce precious metals can lead to more efficient use through enhanced reactivity and selectivity. However, single atoms on catalyst supports can be mobile and aggregate into nanoparticles when heated at elevated temperatures. High temperatures are detrimental to catalyst performance unless these mobile atoms can be trapped. We used ceria powders having similar surface areas but different exposed surface facets. When mixed with a platinum/aluminum oxide catalyst and aged in air at 800°C, the platinum transferred to the ceria and was trapped. Polyhedral ceria and nanorods were more effective than ceria cubes at anchoring the platinum. Performing synthesis at high temperatures ensures that only the most stable binding sites are occupied, yielding a sinter-resistant, atomically dispersed catalyst. Authors: John Jones, Haifeng Xiong, Andrew T. DeLaRiva, Eric J. Peterson, Hien Pham, Sivakumar R. Challa, Gongshin Qi, Se Oh, Michelle H. Wiebenga, Xavier Isidro Pereira Hernández, Yong Wang, Abhaya K. Datye
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 102
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    [Report] Tail use improves performance on soft substrates in models of early vertebrate land locomotors (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: In the evolutionary transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, early tetrapods faced the challenges of terrestrial locomotion on flowable substrates, such as sand and mud of variable stiffness and incline. The morphology and range of motion of appendages can be revealed in fossils; however, biological and robophysical studies of modern taxa have shown that movement on such substrates can be sensitive to small changes in appendage use. Using a biological model (the mudskipper), a physical robot model, granular drag measurements, and theoretical tools from geometric mechanics, we demonstrate how tail use can improve robustness to variable limb use and substrate conditions. We hypothesize that properly coordinated tail movements could have provided a substantial benefit for the earliest vertebrates to move on land. Authors: Benjamin McInroe, Henry C. Astley, Chaohui Gong, Sandy M. Kawano, Perrin E. Schiebel, Jennifer M. Rieser, Howie Choset, Richard W. Blob, Daniel I. Goldman
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 103
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    [Report] Higher-order organization of complex networks (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Networks are a fundamental tool for understanding and modeling complex systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, engineering, and social science. Many networks are known to exhibit rich, lower-order connectivity patterns that can be captured at the level of individual nodes and edges. However, higher-order organization of complex networks—at the level of small network subgraphs—remains largely unknown. Here, we develop a generalized framework for clustering networks on the basis of higher-order connectivity patterns. This framework provides mathematical guarantees on the optimality of obtained clusters and scales to networks with billions of edges. The framework reveals higher-order organization in a number of networks, including information propagation units in neuronal networks and hub structure in transportation networks. Results show that networks exhibit rich higher-order organizational structures that are exposed by clustering based on higher-order connectivity patterns. Authors: Austin R. Benson, David F. Gleich, Jure Leskovec
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 104
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    [Report] Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Ideally, therapy for autoimmune diseases should eliminate pathogenic autoimmune cells while sparing protective immunity, but feasible strategies for such an approach have been elusive. Here, we show that in the antibody-mediated autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), autoantigen-based chimeric immunoreceptors can direct T cells to kill autoreactive B lymphocytes through the specificity of the B cell receptor (BCR). We engineered human T cells to express a chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR), consisting of the PV autoantigen, desmoglein (Dsg) 3, fused to CD137-CD3ζ signaling domains. Dsg3 CAAR-T cells exhibit specific cytotoxicity against cells expressing anti-Dsg3 BCRs in vitro and expand, persist, and specifically eliminate Dsg3-specific B cells in vivo. CAAR-T cells may provide an effective and universal strategy for specific targeting of autoreactive B cells in antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Authors: Christoph T. Ellebrecht, Vijay G. Bhoj, Arben Nace, Eun Jung Choi, Xuming Mao, Michael Jeffrey Cho, Giovanni Di Zenzo, Antonio Lanzavecchia, John T. Seykora, George Cotsarelis, Michael C. Milone, Aimee S. Payne
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 105
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 106
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    [Report] Structural basis for membrane anchoring of HIV-1 envelope spike (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: HIV-1 envelope spike (Env) is a type I membrane protein that mediates viral entry. We used nuclear magnetic resonance to determine an atomic structure of the transmembrane (TM) domain of HIV-1 Env reconstituted in bicelles that mimic a lipid bilayer. The TM forms a well-ordered trimer that protects a conserved membrane-embedded arginine. An amino-terminal coiled-coil and a carboxyl-terminal hydrophilic core stabilize the trimer. Individual mutations of conserved residues did not disrupt the TM trimer and minimally affected membrane fusion and infectivity. Major changes in the hydrophilic core, however, altered the antibody sensitivity of Env. These results show how a TM domain anchors, stabilizes, and modulates a viral envelope spike and suggest that its influence on Env conformation is an important consideration for HIV-1 immunogen design. Authors: Jyoti Dev, Donghyun Park, Qingshan Fu, Jia Chen, Heather Jiwon Ha, Fadi Ghantous, Tobias Herrmann, Weiting Chang, Zhijun Liu, Gary Frey, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, James J. Chou
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 107
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    [Working Life] The questions that opened doors (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Carlos A. Aguilar-Trigueros
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
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    [Editorial] Fast horses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Those who know me well appreciate my passion for fast horses—those with spirit and stamina, as well as speed. And thus I devote my final words as editor-in-chief of the Science journals to the incredible team of thoroughbreds who accomplished more in a short time than I ever thought was possible. The changes that have come to the publishing enterprise at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science journals) have touched all facets of what we do and how we deliver it to our readers. Author: Marcia McNutt
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 109
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    [In Depth] High-profile cancer reviews trigger controversy (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: On 15 June, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), released a statement concluding there isn't enough evidence to say that coffee causes cancer, but that very hot beverages are probably carcinogenic. IARC, the cancer research arm of the World Health Organization, has released verdicts on the human carcinogenicity of almost a thousand products and environmental factors since 1972, from plutonium and shift work to coffee and processed meat. The reviews, produced primarily for regulatory agencies, have come under fire from scientists who say that they are confusing and of little help to consumers, and that IARC's focus on cancer hazards instead of risks is outdated. Author: Kai Kupferschmidt
    Keywords: Epidemiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    [In Depth] Step aside, E. coli (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Escherichia coli has long been the bacterium of choice for laboratory experiments, but geneticist George Church and his team are hoping to save scientists time by getting them to use a faster-reproducing model organism. Vibrio natriegens is a salt marsh organism with a doubling time of as little as 10 minutes—twice the fastest time for E. coli. Church's team has released the first complete genome of V. natriegens, and hope to make it a "drop-in, turnkey alternative" to E. coli for future research. Biologists see questions still to be resolved about V. natriegens, but are cautiously optimistic about its potential. Author: Ben Panko
    Keywords: Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
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    [In Depth] Beleaguered phage therapy trial presses on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: In the face of rising antibiotic resistance, many researchers hope that bacteria-killing viruses known as phages—long available to patients in Eastern Europe—will offer patients in the West with dangerous infections an alternative treatment. A European clinical trial envisioned as the first large-scale test of phages under modern regulatory standards was expected to have results this summer. But after a series of delays, the trial, known as PhagoBurn, has been forced to shrink in size and scope. Now, it's racing to recruit patients and produce results by early next year. The project may blaze a path for future products to seek market approval, but it also illustrates some of the many obstacles they'll face in demonstrating that phages are safe and effective. Author: Kelly Servick
    Keywords: Drug Development
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 112
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    [Feature] Polar explorer (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: It is now widely accepted that many animals sense Earth's magnetic field and use it for navigation, and researchers are getting ever closer to the cellular foundations of magnetoreception. But what about humans? Researchers in Tokyo and Pasadena, California, think they have found glimmers of a vestigial sense. Screening out electromagnetic noise, and applying weak magnetic fields on human subjects in a dark, metal box, the researchers think they have found brain waves that signal a passive response to the fields. But as with many things in the colorful history of magnetoreception research, only time will tell if the results hold up. Author: Eric Hand
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 113
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    [Perspective] Our driverless dilemma (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Suppose that a driverless car is headed toward five pedestrians. It can stay on course and kill them or swerve into a concrete wall, killing its passenger. On page 1573 of this issue, Bonnefon et al. (1) explore this social dilemma in a series of clever survey experiments. They show that people generally approve of cars programmed to minimize the total amount of harm, even at the expense of their passengers, but are not enthusiastic about riding in such “utilitarian” cars—that is, autonomous vehicles that are, in certain emergency situations, programmed to sacrifice their passengers for the greater good. Such dilemmas may arise infrequently, but once millions of autonomous vehicles are on the road, the improbable becomes probable, perhaps even inevitable. And even if such cases never arise, autonomous vehicles must be programmed to handle them. How should they be programmed? And who should decide? Author: Joshua D. Greene
    Keywords: Ethics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 114
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    [Perspective] Corals' microbial sentinels (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: In 2005, Pandolfi et al. (1) asked whether U.S. coral reefs would in the future be overgrown and dominated by algae as a result of rapid change in the marine environment. Over a decade later, an increasing number of reefs worldwide have declined, and severe and lasting environmental changes are altering the composition of coral reefs that were once pristine and resilient. In the past 2 years, many reefs around the world have suffered from repeated bleaching (see the photo) as a result of high water temperatures caused by a strong El Niño event combined with climate change. Corals that survive the multiple impacts of climate change and local disturbance will form the basis of future reefs that will differ in fundamental ways from those considered healthy today (2). Changes to the coral microbiome on these reefs will play a vital part in future coral reef health (see the figure). Authors: Tracy D. Ainsworth, Ruth D. Gates
    Keywords: Ocean Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 115
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    [Perspective] When the universe became dusty (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Observations of the most distant galaxies known are now reaching into the epoch when the first generations of stars were being formed. As stars are the main factories of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, one also expects to see a reduced abundance of these heavy elements and of the dust that condenses out of them. Recent observations of galaxies within 1 billion years of the Big Bang have shown that the far-infrared (far-IR) emission from dust in these galaxies indeed becomes fainter. Also, the usually strong far-IR emission line from ionized carbon remains undetected in an increasing number of galaxies of redshift z 〉 7 (1–3). Hence, it has been assumed that detailed studies of the interstellar medium (ISM) in these galaxies will be very challenging, even with the powerful Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). On page 1559 of this issue, Inoue et al. (4) detect doubly ionized oxygen at a rest wavelength of 88 µm from a galaxy at z = 7.2, where neither dust nor ionized carbon was detected. The oxygen to far-ultraviolet luminosity ratio in this galaxy is similar to nearby dwarf galaxies with an oxygen abundance of 10 to 60% that of the Sun (5), which suggests that some substantial chemical enrichment has already occurred. However, the similarities stop there; in dwarf galaxies, the dust and ionized carbon lines are not as faint. It appears that the dust in this young galaxy may not have formed yet, or that it was destroyed, for example, by supernova shock waves. Author: Carlos De Breuck
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 116
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    [Book Review] Making babies (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Two authors have recently sought to enlighten readers on the topic of advances in reproductive technologies: Paul S. Knoepfler, a prolific blogger and well-known stem cell researcher at the University of California, Davis, and Henry T. Greely, professor of law at Stanford University and director of the Center for Law and the Biosciences. Knoepfler's GMO Sapiens is a down-to-earth introduction to the human use of new genetic technologies. An easy and enjoyable read, the book is targeted to an audience that has a general interest in, but perhaps a minimal understanding of, science. Readers looking for a more in-depth analysis of human genome modifications and reproductive technologies and their legal and ethical implications are encouraged to consider picking up Greely's The End of Sex and the Future of Human Reproduction. Greely's breezy first-person narrative belies the extraordinary depth and impressive quality of information provided, both scientific and legal. Author: Dov Greenbaum
    Keywords: Human Reproduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 117
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    [Feature] What and where are the body's magnetometers? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Exactly how animals—and maybe humans—sense Earth's magnetic field is still a mystery. There are two rival explanations, one based on the mineral magnetite working as a mechanical sensor, and another based on the protein cryptochrome as a chemical sensor. Magnetite has turned up in many animal tissues and would provide the sensitivity necessary to respond to minute changes in Earth's field strength, as some animals appear to do. But magnetite could also be a metabolic byproduct. Cryptochrome has been found in the retina and, through a complex series of quantum chemical reactions, it could be a magnetically sensitive neural gatekeeper. But questions remain about its ability to provide a refined, precise compass. Author: Eric Hand
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 118
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    [This Week in Science] Making error-free DNA from RNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Guy Riddihough
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 119
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    [This Week in Science] Mind the mobilities (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: Organic Devices
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 120
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    [This Week in Science] Nanoparticles restore tolerance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: John F. Foley
    Keywords: Immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 121
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    [This Week in Science] Bosons refusing to thermalize in 2D (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Quantum Simulation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 122
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    [This Week in Science] Simplifying DNA origami design (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: DNA Nanotechnology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 123
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    [Editors' Choice] Disease information-seeking behavior (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Caroline Ash
    Keywords: Infectious Disease
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 124
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    [This Week in Science] Single-nucleus gene expression (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Laura M. Zahn
    Keywords: Neurogenomics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 125
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    [Editors' Choice] Can a red dwarf host a habitable planet? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Keywords: Extrasolar Planets
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 126
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    [This Week in Science] Codes of conduct in autonomous vehicles (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Barbara R. Jasny
    Keywords: Driving Ethics
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    [Editors' Choice] From the green glow to the deep tunnel (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Biophysics
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    [Editors' Choice] Exploring the human proteome (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Valda Vinson
    Keywords: cell Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Research Article] Atomic structure of Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 reveals that Hsp90 traps and stabilizes an unfolded kinase (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: The Hsp90 molecular chaperone and its Cdc37 cochaperone help stabilize and activate more than half of the human kinome. However, both the mechanism by which these chaperones assist their “client” kinases and the reason why some kinases are addicted to Hsp90 while closely related family members are independent are unknown. Our structural understanding of these interactions is lacking, as no full-length structures of human Hsp90, Cdc37, or either of these proteins with a kinase have been elucidated. Here we report a 3.9 angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structure of the Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 kinase complex. Surprisingly, the two lobes of Cdk4 are completely separated with the β4-β5 sheet unfolded. Cdc37 mimics part of the kinase N lobe, stabilizing an open kinase conformation by wedging itself between the two lobes. Finally, Hsp90 clamps around the unfolded kinase β5 strand and interacts with exposed N- and C-lobe interfaces, protecting the kinase in a trapped unfolded state. On the basis of this structure and an extensive amount of previously collected data, we propose unifying conceptual and mechanistic models of chaperone-kinase interactions. Authors: Kliment A. Verba, Ray Yu-Ruei Wang, Akihiko Arakawa, Yanxin Liu, Mikako Shirouzu, Shigeyuki Yokoyama, David A. Agard
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Report] Identification of an NKX3.1-G9a-UTY transcriptional regulatory network that controls prostate differentiation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: The NKX3.1 homeobox gene plays essential roles in prostate differentiation and prostate cancer. We show that loss of function of Nkx3.1 in mouse prostate results in down-regulation of genes that are essential for prostate differentiation, as well as up-regulation of genes that are not normally expressed in prostate. Conversely, gain of function of Nkx3.1 in an otherwise fully differentiated nonprostatic mouse epithelium (seminal vesicle) is sufficient for respecification to prostate in renal grafts in vivo. In human prostate cells, these activities require the interaction of NKX3.1 with the G9a histone methyltransferase via the homeodomain and are mediated by activation of target genes such as UTY (KDM6c), the male-specific paralog of UTX (KDM6a). We propose that an NKX3.1-G9a-UTY transcriptional regulatory network is essential for prostate differentiation, and we speculate that disruption of such a network predisposes to prostate cancer. Authors: Aditya Dutta, Clémentine Le Magnen, Antonina Mitrofanova, Xuesong Ouyang, Andrea Califano, Cory Abate-Shen
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    [Editors' Choice] Macrophages moonlight in brain bleeds (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Vascular Repair
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    [Research Article] Designer nanoscale DNA assemblies programmed from the top down (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Scaffolded DNA origami is a versatile means of synthesizing complex molecular architectures. However, the approach is limited by the need to forward-design specific Watson-Crick base pairing manually for any given target structure. Here, we report a general, top-down strategy to design nearly arbitrary DNA architectures autonomously based only on target shape. Objects are represented as closed surfaces rendered as polyhedral networks of parallel DNA duplexes, which enables complete DNA scaffold routing with a spanning tree algorithm. The asymmetric polymerase chain reaction is applied to produce stable, monodisperse assemblies with custom scaffold length and sequence that are verified structurally in three dimensions to be high fidelity by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Their long-term stability in serum and low-salt buffer confirms their utility for biological as well as nonbiological applications. Authors: Rémi Veneziano, Sakul Ratanalert, Kaiming Zhang, Fei Zhang, Hao Yan, Wah Chiu, Mark Bathe
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    [Report] Synthetic evolutionary origin of a proofreading reverse transcriptase (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Most reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes belong to a single protein family of ancient evolutionary origin. These polymerases are inherently error prone, owing to their lack of a proofreading (3′- 5′ exonuclease) domain. To determine if the lack of proofreading is a historical coincidence or a functional limitation of reverse transcription, we attempted to evolve a high-fidelity, thermostable DNA polymerase to use RNA templates efficiently. The evolutionarily distinct reverse transcription xenopolymerase (RTX) actively proofreads on DNA and RNA templates, which greatly improves RT fidelity. In addition, RTX enables applications such as single-enzyme reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and direct RNA sequencing without complementary DNA isolation. The creation of RTX confirms that proofreading is compatible with reverse transcription. Authors: Jared W. Ellefson, Jimmy Gollihar, Raghav Shroff, Haridha Shivram, Vishwanath R. Iyer, Andrew D. Ellington
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    [Research Article] A sentinel goblet cell guards the colonic crypt by triggering Nlrp6-dependent Muc2 secretion (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Innate immune signaling pathways contribute to the protection of host tissue when bacterially challenged. Colonic goblet cells are responsible for generating the two mucus layers that physically separate the luminal microbiota from the host epithelium. Analysis of colonic tissues from multiple mouse strains allowed us to identify a “sentinel” goblet cell (senGC) localized to the colonic crypt entrance. This cell nonspecifically endocytoses and reacts to the TLR2/1, TLR4, and TLR5 ligands by activating the Nlrp6 inflammasome downstream of TLR- and MyD88-dependent Nox/Duox reactive oxygen species synthesis. This triggers calcium ion–dependent compound exocytosis of Muc2 mucin from the senGC and generates an intercellular gap junction signal; in turn, this signal induces Muc2 secretion from adjacent goblet cells in the upper crypt, which expels bacteria. Thus, senGCs guard and protect the colonic crypt from bacterial intruders that have penetrated the inner mucus layer. Authors: George M. H. Birchenough, Elisabeth E. L. Nyström, Malin E. V. Johansson, Gunnar C. Hansson
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    [Report] Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: The human brain has enormously complex cellular diversity and connectivities fundamental to our neural functions, yet difficulties in interrogating individual neurons has impeded understanding of the underlying transcriptional landscape. We developed a scalable approach to sequence and quantify RNA molecules in isolated neuronal nuclei from a postmortem brain, generating 3227 sets of single-neuron data from six distinct regions of the cerebral cortex. Using an iterative clustering and classification approach, we identified 16 neuronal subtypes that were further annotated on the basis of known markers and cortical cytoarchitecture. These data demonstrate a robust and scalable method for identifying and categorizing single nuclear transcriptomes, revealing shared genes sufficient to distinguish previously unknown and orthologous neuronal subtypes as well as regional identity and transcriptomic heterogeneity within the human brain. Authors: Blue B. Lake, Rizi Ai, Gwendolyn E. Kaeser, Neeraj S. Salathia, Yun C. Yung, Rui Liu, Andre Wildberg, Derek Gao, Ho-Lim Fung, Song Chen, Raakhee Vijayaraghavan, Julian Wong, Allison Chen, Xiaoyan Sheng, Fiona Kaper, Richard Shen, Mostafa Ronaghi, Jian-Bing Fan, Wei Wang, Jerold Chun, Kun Zhang
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Working Life] A winding path to satisfaction (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Sarah Fankhauser
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: In science news around the world, scientists working off the coast of Mexico have drilled into the crater of a dinosaur-killing asteroid, an ExoMars mission to put a rover on the Red Planet has been delayed to 2020, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency announces that its x-ray observatory Hitomi cannot be recovered, Italy's troubled geophysics institute gets a new boss, a crowdfunding effort to support a Swedish trial of a prostate cancer drug to treat pedophiles falls short of its target, and more. Also, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers concludes that the 9000-year-old Kennewick Man was Native American. And a Science survey finds that 88% of respondents think it's not wrong to download pirated papers from repositories such as Sci-Hub.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [Feature] The power of personality (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: To a birdwatcher or pet owner, it may be obvious that individual animals have distinct personalities. However, that idea has been slow to penetrate biology. Yet now researchers are learning that just as human quirks and temperaments shape our lives and the world around us, the behavior patterns of individual animals affect their role in their ecosystem, their prospects for survival, and, ultimately, their evolution. Researchers have figured out how to quantify personality and are showing in studies of great tits, salamanders, stickleback fish, lizards, and social spiders why different personalities persist, how they might lead to speciation, and the role they might play in the spread of information and disease. Author: Elizabeth Pennisi
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    [In Depth] Why humans are the high-energy apes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: We may not be raring to go on a Monday morning, but humans are the Energizer Bunnies of the primate world. That's the conclusion of a new study that for the first time measures precisely how many calories humans and apes burn each day. Compared with chimpanzees and other apes, our revved-up internal engines burn calories 27% faster, according to a paper in Nature this week. This higher metabolic rate equips us to quickly fuel energy-hungry brain cells, paving the way for our bigger brains. And lest we run out of gas when food is short, the study also found that humans are fatter than other primates, giving us energy stores to draw on in lean times. Author: Ann Gibbons
    Keywords: Human Evolution
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    [Perspective] Hope for America's next generation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: A deluge of recent studies has shown that poorer communities suffer worse health outcomes. Among low-income Americans, life expectancy at age 40 in the poorest areas of the U.S. is 4.5 years lower than in the highest-income areas (1). In 2010, infant mortality rates in the poorest U.S. communities were over 70% higher than those in the most affluent ones [see tables S3 and S4 in (2)]. On page 708 of this issue, Currie and Schwandt paint a more complicated but encouraging picture (2). They show that, despite rising inequality in almost every dimension of American life, the child mortality gap between the poorest and the richest counties has shrunk in recent decades. Authors: Martha J. Bailey, Brenden Timpe
    Keywords: Child Health
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    [Perspective] Inspired by nature (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Over the past decade, scientists have made exciting progress in designing protein folds entirely on the computer and then successfully synthesizing them in the laboratory (1–5). These designer proteins had the same structure in experiment as in the model and were very stable; however, they lacked important structural features seen in protein interfaces and enzyme active sites. In two reports on pages 680 and 687 of this issue, Boyken et al. (6) and Jacobs et al. (7) use the Rosetta biomolecular modeling software to design proteins that include some of these features. Experiments show that these new designs retain high structural precision and stability. Authors: Ravit Netzer, Sarel J. Fleishman
    Keywords: Protein Design
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    [Feature] An oasis for orcas (2016)
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    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: How do you retire a 5-ton whale? That's a question some advocates and scientists have been asking themselves in the wake of SeaWorld's historic decision in March to stop breeding the 29 orcas in its care. Now, a new organization of about three dozen scientists, marine veterinarians, and engineers called the Whale Sanctuary Project has begun developing plans for an orca sanctuary, including coves and small groups of islands that could be cordoned off. But critics say that placing an orca that has spent its entire life in a sterile, concrete tank into an ocean filled with creatures and conditions it has never encountered before could be dangerous not just for the whale, but for the previously whale-free ecosystem. Plus, the costs are mammoth—perhaps tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Author: David Grimm
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    [Technical Comment] Comment on “Cycling Li-O2 batteries via LiOH formation and decomposition” (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Liu et al. (Research Article, 30 October 2015, p. 530) described a lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery based on lithium iodide (LiI)–assisted lithium hydroxide (LiOH) formation and decomposition. We argue that LiOH cannot be oxidized by triiodide (I3–). The charge capacity is from the oxidation of I– instead of LiOH. The limited-capacity cycling test is misleading when the electrolyte contributes considerable parasitic reaction capacity. Authors: Yue Shen, Wang Zhang, Shu-Lei Chou, Shi-Xue Dou
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    [This Week in Science] Building new proteins from the old (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Author: Valda Vinson
    Keywords: Protein Design
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Rapid mixing to race past rearrangement (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Microfluidics
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    [This Week in Science] Visualizing a response to light (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Author: Valda Vinson
    Keywords: Protein Structure
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    [This Week in Science] Faulty channels, not faulty synapses (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: Author: Stella M. Hurtley
    Keywords: Neuroscience
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    [Report] Microtubule doublets are double-track railways for intraflagellar transport trains (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: The cilium is a large macromolecular machine that is vital for motility, signaling, and sensing in most eukaryotic cells. Its conserved core structure, the axoneme, contains nine microtubule doublets, each comprising a full A-microtubule and an incomplete B-microtubule. However, thus far, the function of this doublet geometry has not been understood. We developed a time-resolved correlative fluorescence and three-dimensional electron microscopy approach to investigate the dynamics of intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains, which carry ciliary building blocks along microtubules during the assembly and disassembly of the cilium. Using this method, we showed that each microtubule doublet is used as a bidirectional double-track railway: Anterograde IFT trains move along B-microtubules, and retrograde trains move along A-microtubules. Thus, the microtubule doublet geometry provides direction-specific rails to coordinate bidirectional transport of ciliary components. Authors: Ludek Stepanek, Gaia Pigino
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    [New Products] New Products (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers.
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [Business Office Feature] Webinar | CRISPR/Cas9 in drug discovery: Applications in target discovery, validation, and hit screening (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-06
    Description: The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows for unprecedented ease and control when editing the genome. Its potential impact on drug discovery is vast, including enabling gene and cell replacement therapies, identifying novel drug targets through functional genomic screens, and simplifying the production of disease models using permanent knockouts for validating therapy targets and testing drug efficacy. But in practical terms, how is CRISPR/Cas9 currently being applied, and where might the future challenges and pitfalls be? Furthermore, how do assays based on the new CRISPR/Cas9 technology compare with current screening methodologies, particularly those using small interfering RNA (siRNA)?View the Webinar Authors: Lorenz Mayr, Ralph Garippa
    Keywords: Science Webinar Series
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    [In Brief] News at a glance (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: In science news around the world, a new U.S. labor law would require more pay for postdocs—or that they receive overtime pay, the World Health Organization determines that yellow fever outbreaks in urban regions of Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo do not yet constitute an international health emergency, South Africa plans to launch a new trial of an HIV vaccine approach that showed modest efficacy 7 years ago in Thailand, the French government is tightening clinical trial rules in the aftermath of the final report about a study that killed one person and landed five others in the hospital earlier this year, U.S. President Barack Obama contends that funding proposals from the Senate and House of Representatives are both insufficient to effectively combat the Zika epidemic, and more. Also, just weeks after the announcement of the privately funded Breakthrough Starshot project to send tiny spacecraft to Alpha Centauri, a U.S. lawmaker urges NASA to develop its own interstellar probes bound for our nearest star neighbor. And dog lovers are flocking to a citizen science project that aims to study the genetic basis of canine behavior.
    Keywords: SCI COMMUN
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    [In Depth] Near miss at Fukushima is a warning for U.S (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Japan's chief cabinet secretary called it “the devil's scenario.” Two weeks after the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami devastated the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, causing three nuclear reactors to melt down and release radioactive plumes, officials were bracing for even worse. They feared that spent fuel stored in pools in the reactor halls would catch fire and might send radioactive smoke across a much wider swath of eastern Japan, including Tokyo. Thanks to a lucky break detailed in a report released last week by the U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, Japan dodged that bullet. But the report warns that spent fuel accumulating at U.S. nuclear plants is also vulnerable. Unpublished modeling presents chilling scenarios for a hypothetical spent fuel fire at the Peach Bottom nuclear power plant in southeastern Pennsylvania. Author: Richard Stone
    Keywords: Nuclear Safety
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    [In Depth] Government ‘nudges’ prove their worth (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Over the past 5 years, on behalf of state governments, nearly 100,000 Americans were gently manipulated by a team of social scientists. In 15 randomized, controlled trials, people in need of social services either encountered the standard application process or received a psychological nudge, in which the information was presented slightly differently—a postcard reminded them of deadlines, for example, or one choice was made easier than another. In 11 of the trials, the nudge modestly increased a person's response rate or influenced them to make financially smarter choices. The results, presented this week at a meeting in Chicago, add to the growing evidence that nudges developed by psychologists can make a real difference in the success of government programs. Author: John Bohannon
    Keywords: Social Sciences
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    [In Depth] India nears putting GM mustard on the table (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Six years after it backed down from approving cultivation of a transgenic food crop, India's government is trying again. But it is encountering stiff headwinds as it mulls whether to approve what would be India's first such crop, a genetically modified (GM) mustard. Environmentalists argue that the mustard, grown for its edible leaves and for cooking oil, could harm local varieties and that the toxicity tests being carried out to evaluate GM mustard's safety as a food are inadequate. Heightening suspicion, regulators have repeatedly spurned calls to release biosafety data. But India's environment minister, Prakash Javadekar, is determined to open the door to GM food technologies, saying they can help ensure food security and that rejecting them is like "saying 'no' to science." Author: Priyanka Pulla
    Keywords: Transgenic Crops
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    [Editorial] Implicit bias (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: We all have it. Implicit bias was the shorthand that allowed our distant ancestors to make split-second decisions (friend or foe?) based on incomplete information. It provided a razor-thin reaction-time advantage that could mean life or death. But today, we no longer need to assume that people who do not look or sound like us pose an immediate threat. Instead, successful organizations and people welcome those who do not necessarily look, think, and act like they do. They must overcome that implicit bias wired into the human DNA if they are to reap the benefits of diversity. To explore the extent of implicit bias in peer review, and what can be done to counter it, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS, the publisher of Science) recently convened a day-long forum of editors, publishers, funders, and experts on implicit bias in Washington, DC (see p. 1067). Author: Marcia McNutt
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    [In Depth] Shooting for a star (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Last month, Russian internet billionaire Yuri Milner announced plans to send thousands of tiny spacecraft to visit Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to Earth. In order to cover the vast distance—41 trillion kilometres—in a reasonable time, the proposed spacecraft will each weigh less than a gram and will unfurl lightweight sails to catch laser beams shot from Earth, accelerating them to one-fifth the speed of light. But the proposal has polarized opinion: Some are enthused by its ambition, whereas others say it is costly and unnecessary, isn't feasible, or is downright dangerous. Milner speaks with Science about the challenges facing the project and how he answers his critics. Author: Zeeya Merali
    Keywords: Q&A
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    [Feature] The battery builder (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Yi Cui, a materials scientist at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, is trying to take lithium-ion batteries to the next level. He's not alone: Massive corporations are also attempting to make batteries smaller, lighter, and more powerful. But unlike others who focus on tweaking the chemical composition of a battery's electrodes or its charge-conducting electrolyte, Cui—and his startup, Amprius—are marrying battery chemistry with nanotechnology. He is building intricately structured battery electrodes that can soak up and release charge-carrying ions in greater quantities, and faster, than standard electrodes can, without producing troublesome side reactions. The nanoscale architectures he is exploring have already led to phone batteries that store 10% more energy than the best conventional lithium-ion batteries on the market, and better ones are in the works. If the technologies live up to their promise, Amprius could one day supply car batteries able to store up to 10 times more energy than today's top performers. Author: Robert F. Service
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    [In Depth] Brazilian crisis threatens science and environment (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: In the midst of Brazil's political turmoil, scientists and environmentalists are wondering whether they have an enemy in Interim President Michel Temer, who came to power after Dilma Rousseff was removed on 12 May. Days after Temer assumed office, the government merged the science ministry with the communications ministry, leaving researchers fearing for what's left of their already diminished budgets. Meanwhile, pro-development forces are moving ahead on a constitutional amendment that could speed approval for dams, highways, mines, and other megaprojects. The measure has alarmed scientists, environmentalists, and indigenous rights advocates, who fear it would gut the country's environmental licensing process. Author: Lizzie Wade
    Keywords: Latin America
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    [Perspective] A metal shuttle keeps pathogens well fed (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of life-threatening infections in humans. Knowledge of how this pathogen colonizes the human host and causes disease is crucial for the development of strategies to prevent and treat S. aureus infections (see the image, next page). On page 1105 of this issue, Ghssein et al. report the discovery, isolation, and functional evaluation of staphylopine (see the figure), a compound biosynthesized by S. aureus that captures metal ions from the pathogen's surroundings and thereby enables it to grow (1). Author: Elizabeth M. Nolan
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    [Perspective] The cancer predisposition revolution (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Studies of rare cancer predisposition syndromes often lead to the identification of genes critical to carcinogenesis. In 1969, Li and Fraumeni described a constellation of various cancers in the family members of four unrelated children who were diagnosed with soft tissue sarcomas (1). They posited that the cancers best fit an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, attributable to a genetic defect. At that time, cancer was not generally thought of as a genetic disease. Their hypothesis set the stage for establishing germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 as the underlying genetic event in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) families (2) (see the figure). It also foreshadowed dozens of discoveries, still ongoing, that associate mutations in tumor suppressor genes, activated oncogenes, mitochondrial genes, and DNA repair genes with cancer predisposition phenotypes in which multiple different neoplasms occur across generations. Authors: David Malkin, Judy E. Garber, Louise C. Strong, Stephen H. Friend
    Keywords: Cancer
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    [Perspective] How to break down crystalline cellulose (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Biomass-degrading microorganisms use lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes to help digest cellulose, chitin, and starch. By cleaving otherwise inaccessible crystalline cellulose chains, these enzymes provide access to hydrolytic enzymes. LPMOs are of interest to biotechnology because efficient depolymerization of cellulose is a major bottleneck for the production of biologically based chemicals and fuels. On page 1098 of this issue, Kracher et al. (1) compare LPMO-reducing substrates in fungi from different taxonomic groups and lifestyles, based on both biochemical and genomic evidence. The results provide insights into reductive activation of LPMO that are important for developing more efficient industrial enzymes for lignocellulose biorefineries. Author: Angel T. Martínez
    Keywords: Chemistry
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    [Perspective] Organic photocatalysts for cleaner polymer synthesis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The material properties of synthetic polymers can be tuned by changing their chain length and branching and the way in which monomer units repeat. For example, high-density polyethylene, which has little chain branching, is a stiff polymer used for food containers and drain pipes, whereas low-density polyethylene, which has more chain branching, is flexible and used to make grocery bags and bottles for chemicals. Polymers are usually made through thermal polymerization, but recent efforts focusing on green chemistry have led to a push toward using solar energy to drive chemical reactions. On page 1082 of this issue, Theriot et al. (1) report on metal-free visible-light photocatalysts that produce well-defined polymers free of metal contamination through radical polymerization. Authors: Sivaprakash Shanmugam, Cyrille Boyer
    Keywords: Polymer Synthesis
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    [Policy Forum] Paying for future success in gene therapy (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Imagine a young man with hemophilia A who no longer has to self-administer factor VIII replacement; an individual with sickle cell disease who is free of chronic pain and intermittent crises; a girl functionally blind since the age of 5 who can now see; or a baby rescued from a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disease. For decades, gene therapy has tantalized us with such futuristic scenarios. However, these goals are now coming into focus, and it is the time to consider some of the consequences of success. Authors: Stuart H. Orkin, Philip Reilly
    Keywords: Medicine
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    [Perspective] Unwinding inducible gene expression (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The inflammatory response is coordinated by hundreds of genes that promote host defense against infection and injury. Inducible expression of these genes is mediated by distinct mechanisms, including transcriptional elongation, histone modifications, and nucleosome remodeling. On page 1074 of this issue, Rialdi et al. (1) report that a subset of the genes activated by viral infections depends on topoisomerase 1 (Top1) for induced expression. Pharmacological targeting of specific gene subsets has many clinical applications in inflammatory diseases. Because Top1 inhibition primarily affects genes dependent on nucleosome remodeling, many of which are key drivers of inflammation, it holds promise for gene-specific manipulation of the inflammatory response. Authors: Scott D. Pope, Ruslan Medzhitov
    Keywords: Gene Expression
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    [Perspective] Matching markets in the digital age (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Recent advances in information technology are enabling new markets and revolutionizing many existing markets. For example, taxicabs used to find passengers through chance drive-bys or slow central dispatching (see the photo). Location tracking, computer navigation, and dynamic pricing now enable ride-sharing services such as Uber to offer low and consistent delay times of only a few minutes. In a recent study, Cramer and Krueger (1) show that ride-sharing has dramatically increased the usage of drivers and their cars, cutting costs for riders. The results highlight the opportunities provided by digital markets. Further efficiency gains may come from academia-industry collaborations, which could also help to ensure that the markets develop in ways that further the public interest. Authors: Eduardo M. Azevedo, E. Glen Weyl
    Keywords: Economics
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    [Letter] Public participation in China's project plans (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Authors: Guoyou Qi, Yanhong Jia, Saixing Zeng, Jonathan J. Shi
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    [Book Review] Like. Share. Retweet (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Tom Vanderbilt's You May Also Like: Taste in an Age of Endless Choice sets out to understand this mysterious phenomenon of how our preferences change and come to be. Jockeying between the various definitions of taste (what one likes; what our society sanctions as good or bad standards of judgment; the sensory experience itself), the book moves on a whirlwind tour of taste across its many domains, from food and music to color and even cats. Author: Sheena Iyengar
    Keywords: Psychology
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    [Book Review] Navigating the cascades of circumstance (2016)
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    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: In his new book, Serendipity, eminent ecologist James A. Estes deftly weaves rigorous science with personal reflection to create an absorbing and introspective read that is equal parts memoir, ecological textbook, and motivational guidebook for young ecologists. Emphasizing the role of chance encounters in creating career opportunities, the book serves as a revitalizing reminder of the self-doubt and exhilaration that go hand-in-hand with scientific discovery. Authors: Elizabeth Forbes, Ana Miller ter Kuile, Devyn Orr, Georgia Titcomb
    Keywords: Autobiography
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    [This Week in Science] Rhythm remodeling traced to tiny RNA (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Megan Frisk
    Keywords: Cardiovascular Disease
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    [This Week in Science] Designing better estrogens (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Wei Wong
    Keywords: Pharmacology
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    [This Week in Science] Calcium signals the making of symbiosis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Pamela J. Hines
    Keywords: Plant Science
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    [Letter] Infection and the first eukaryotes (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Sven B. Gould
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    [This Week in Science] Genes and microbes converge in colitis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Mucosal Immunology
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    [Association Affairs] Journals and funders confront implicit bias in peer review (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Experts brainstorm ways to allow a more diverse community of science and technology innovators Author: Ginger Pinholster
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    [This Week in Science] Narrowing down genetic loci of interest (2016)
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    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Laura M. Zahn
    Keywords: Genetic Mapping
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    [This Week in Science] Forcing the spindle to the cell center (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Cell Division
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    [This Week in Science] Quantum cats here and there (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Ian S. Osborne
    Keywords: Quantum Physics
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    [Letter] Infection and the first eukaryotes—Response (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Authors: Steven G. Ball, Debashish Bhattacharya, Andreas P. M. Weber
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    [This Week in Science] Precise control from a metal-free catalyst (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Polymer Chemistry
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    [Association Affairs] Research shows gun owners support gun-violence prevention (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: With federal funding of firearm injury prevention stalled, a top scientist says policies to reduce gun violence not as polarizing as politicians may think Author: Kathleen O'Neil
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    [This Week in Science] A radical route to ophiobolin rings (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
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    [This Week in Science] Unwinding DNA and unleasing inflammation (2016)
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    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Kristen L. Mueller
    Keywords: Inflammation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Evidence for ice ages on Mars (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Keith T. Smith
    Keywords: Martian Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 185
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    [This Week in Science] From neutral to new (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Atmospheric Particles
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 186
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    [This Week in Science] The fuel for fungal enzymes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Nicolas S. Wigginton
    Keywords: Biochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 187
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    [This Week in Science] Cold atoms do geometry (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Quantum Simulation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 188
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    [Editors' Choice] Pluripotency factor opens chromatin (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Beverly A. Purnell
    Keywords: Pluripotency
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 189
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    [This Week in Science] The promise of digital markets (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Economics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 190
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    [This Week in Science] Phosphorylation cues exit from mitosis (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: L. Bryan Ray
    Keywords: Cell Cycle
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 191
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    [Editors' Choice] Lupus: subdivide in order to conquer? (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Paula A. Kiberstis
    Keywords: Autoimmune Disease
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 192
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    [Editors' Choice] Killing promotes killing (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Sacha Vignieri
    Keywords: Conservation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 193
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    [Editors' Choice] Watching phonons propagate (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jelena Stajic
    Keywords: Physics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 194
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    [This Week in Science] A new metal scavenger for bacteria (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Nicolas S. Wigginton
    Keywords: Metal Acquisition
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 195
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    [Editors' Choice] The wet and the dry (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Global Fresh Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 196
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    [Editors' Choice] Crowd-sourcing craters on the Moon (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: H. Jesse Smith
    Keywords: Citizen Science
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  • 197
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    [Report] Organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization driven by visible light (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has become one of the most implemented methods for polymer synthesis, owing to impressive control over polymer composition and associated properties. However, contamination of the polymer by the metal catalyst remains a major limitation. Organic ATRP photoredox catalysts have been sought to address this difficult challenge but have not achieved the precision performance of metal catalysts. Here, we introduce diaryl dihydrophenazines, identified through computationally directed discovery, as a class of strongly reducing photoredox catalysts. These catalysts achieve high initiator efficiencies through activation by visible light to synthesize polymers with tunable molecular weights and low dispersities. Authors: Jordan C. Theriot, Chern-Hooi Lim, Haishen Yang, Matthew D. Ryan, Charles B. Musgrave, Garret M. Miyake
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  • 198
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    [Report] A Schrödinger cat living in two boxes (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Quantum superpositions of distinct coherent states in a single-mode harmonic oscillator, known as “cat states,” have been an elegant demonstration of Schrödinger’s famous cat paradox. Here, we realize a two-mode cat state of electromagnetic fields in two microwave cavities bridged by a superconducting artificial atom, which can also be viewed as an entangled pair of single-cavity cat states. We present full quantum state tomography of this complex cat state over a Hilbert space exceeding 100 dimensions via quantum nondemolition measurements of the joint photon number parity. The ability to manipulate such multicavity quantum states paves the way for logical operations between redundantly encoded qubits for fault-tolerant quantum computation and communication. Authors: Chen Wang, Yvonne Y. Gao, Philip Reinhold, R. W. Heeres, Nissim Ofek, Kevin Chou, Christopher Axline, Matthew Reagor, Jacob Blumoff, K. M. Sliwa, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, Liang Jiang, M. Mirrahimi, M. H. Devoret, R. J. Schoelkopf
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 199
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    [Report] Enantioselective synthesis of an ophiobolin sesterterpene via a programmed radical cascade (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Cyclase enzymes weave simple polyprenyl chains into the elaborate polycyclic ring systems of terpenes, a sequence that is often difficult to emulate under abiotic conditions. Here we report a disparate synthetic approach to complex terpenes whereby simple prenyl-derived chains are cyclized using radical, rather than cationic, reaction pathways. This strategy allowed us to efficiently forge the intricate 5-8-5 fused ring systems found in numerous complex natural product classes and also enabled a nine-step total synthesis of (–)-6-epi-ophiobolin N, a member of the large family of cytotoxic ophiobolin sesterterpenes. A small-molecule thiol catalyst was found to override the inherent diastereoselectivity observed during a reductive radical cascade cyclization process. This work lays the foundation for efficient synthesis of terpenoid ring systems of interest in medicinal research, particularly those that have been historically challenging to access. Authors: Zachary G. Brill, Huck K. Grover, Thomas J. Maimone
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  • 200
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    [Report] Extracellular electron transfer systems fuel cellulose oxidative degradation (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Ninety percent of lignocellulose-degrading fungi contain genes encoding lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). These enzymes catalyze the initial oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides after activation by an electron donor. Understanding the source of electrons is fundamental to fungal physiology and will also help with the exploitation of LPMOs for biomass processing. Using genome data and biochemical methods, we characterized and compared different extracellular electron sources for LPMOs: cellobiose dehydrogenase, phenols procured from plant biomass or produced by fungi, and glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductases that regenerate LPMO-reducing diphenols. Our data demonstrate that all three of these electron transfer systems are functional and that their relative importance during cellulose degradation depends on fungal lifestyle. The availability of extracellular electron donors is required to activate fungal oxidative attack on polysaccharides. Authors: Daniel Kracher, Stefan Scheiblbrandner, Alfons K. G. Felice, Erik Breslmayr, Marita Preims, Karolina Ludwicka, Dietmar Haltrich, Vincent G. H. Eijsink, Roland Ludwig
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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