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  • Articles  (4,521)
  • Springer  (4,521)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2010-2014  (4,470)
  • 1945-1949  (51)
  • Hydrobiologia  (1,328)
  • Biology and Fertility of Soils  (488)
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  • Biology  (4,521)
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  • Articles  (4,521)
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  • Springer  (4,521)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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  • 1
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    Barley roots are not constrained to large-sized biopores in the subsoil of a deep Haplic Luvisol (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: Using the profile wall method, we determined the root-length density (RLD) of barley roots growing in large-sized biopores (diameter 〉2 mm) and in the bulk soil of a Haplic Luvisol down to 200 cm of soil depth. The maximum bulk density in the soil profile (1.52 g cm −3 ) was recorded in the Bt horizon (41–115 cm of soil depth). The proportion of RLD in biopores over the total RLD increased with increasing soil depth down to the 45–75 or 75–105 cm of soil layer but then decreased again in deeper soil. In contrast to earlier investigations, the maximum percentage of RLD in biopores recorded in this study was only 25 %. Root sampling from individually dissected biopores confirmed that roots did not predominantly grow in biopores. Results suggest that roots can use biopores as preferred pathways for growth through rather compact soil layers, whereas they can possibly leave the biopore and re-enter the bulk soil in deeper, less compact layers.
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    nif gene sequence and arrangement in the endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa strain P2b-2R (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: We characterized nif gene structure of Paenibacillus polymyxa strain P2b-2R, an endophytic diazotroph that can provide up to 79 % of foliar N in lodgepole pine through biological nitrogen fixation. We amplified a 388-bp internal nif H gene fragment from P2b-2R using the single specific primer–polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) and performed a Southern blot analysis of Pst I/ Hin dIII-digested genomic DNA to evaluate the sequence, copy number, and location in the nif gene operon. This strain was found to possess a single copy of the nif H gene with nif B located directly upstream of nif H and D. Phylogenetic analyses of the full nif H, partial nif B, and nif D, and 16s rDNA ( rrs ) gene sequences indicated that P2b-2R was part of a monophyletic cluster with other members of the genus Paenibacillus and suggest that nif H is transmitted horizontally while nif D is transmitted vertically. Our results provide the first full nif H sequence from a P . polymyxa strain and indicate that arrangement of genes in the P2b-2R nif operon is consistent with those observed in other species of the genus Paenibacillus .
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
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    Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS 1 , NPK plus crop straw; NPKS 2 , NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure ( P  〈 0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 4
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    Soil microbial mechanisms of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) residue returning increasing crop yield and quality (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: Due to the ever-increasing worldwide plantation of sweet leaf Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni), how to efficiently and effectively utilize the huge amounts of leaf residues that contain abundant nutrients after sweetener extraction becomes an eminent issue. One option is to return these residues into soil, as organic manure in the fresh or composted form, in order to both sustain soil fertility and avoid potential environmental pollution. In a field experiment, we studied if the Stevia leaf residue returning affected both plant and soil microbial growths as well as the possible change of soil microbial community composition. In doing so, four treatments were employed: (1) no chemical fertilization and no Stevia residue returning (no-fertilization control); (2) chemical N, P, and K fertilization (NPK); (3) fresh Stevia residue plus NPK (FS + NPK); and (4) composted Stevia residue plus NPK (CS + NPK). Responses of plant and soil microbial communities to Stevia residue input after 1-year fertilizations were investigated by multiple approaches, including soil enzyme assay, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that compared to the sole NPK and no-fertilization control, returning Stevia residues to soil stimulated the enzyme activities of dehydrogenase, invertase, and urease, except neutral phosphomonoesterase; thereby, both the Stevia leaf biomass and sweet glycoside of rebaudioside A were increased. The soil microbial community abundance was increased by the returning of Stevia residues, and their composition was shifted, evidenced by an increase of relative abundance of some genotypic groups, such as Bacillales . Further molecular analysis of Bacillus confirmed that this guild composition was positively influenced by Stevia residue returning, especially for Bacillaceae . Our results demonstrated an effective use of Stevia residues as organic manure for promoting Stevia yield and quality through stimulating soil microbial growth and enzyme activities.
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
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    Tree species identity has little impact on the structure of soil bacterial communities in a 10-year-old tropical tree plantation (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: We investigated whether tree species identity has a significant impact on the structure of soil bacterial communities in a tropical tree plantation (Sardinilla, Panama). The experimental site contains tree species native to Panama, planted in both monoculture and mixed-species plots. Using a DNA fingerprinting approach (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis [ARISA]), we identified significant differences in the community structure of abundant bacterial taxa in the bulk soil among all monoculture plots. We similarly found differences among plots containing five, three, one or no tree species. While distance-based gradients in bacterial community structure were detected across the plantation, further investigation revealed that the observed heterogeneity was, in fact, poorly related to the tree species in a given plot. We provide evidence that site related features (e.g., variability in soil pH) play a more important role in regulating the structure of bacterial communities within the bulk soil than tree species identity or richness.
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 6
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    Influence of long-term fertilisation and crop rotation on changes in fungal and bacterial residues in a tropical rice-field soil (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: Amino sugars, as a microbial residue biomarker, are highly involved in microbial-mediated soil organic matter formation. However, accumulation of microbial biomass and responses of bacterial and fungal residues to the management practices are different and poorly characterized in rice soils. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of mineral fertiliser (MIN), farmyard manure (FYM) and groundnut oil cake (GOC) on crop yield and co-accumulation of microbial residues and microbial biomass under rice-monoculture (RRR) and rice–legume–rice (RLR) systems. In the organic fertiliser treatments and RLR, rice grain yield and stocks of soil and microbial nutrients were significantly higher than those of the MIN treatment and RRR, respectively. The increased presence of saprotrophic fungi in the organic fertiliser treatments and RRR was indicated by significantly increased ergosterol/C mic ratio and extractable sulphur. In both crop rotation systems, the long-term application of FYM and GOC led to increased bacterial residues as indicated by greater accumulation of muramic acid. In contrast, the higher fungal C/bacterial C ratio and lower ergosterol/C mic ratio in the MIN treatment, is likely caused by a shift within the fungal community structure towards ergosterol-free arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The organic fertiliser treatments contributed 22 % more microbial residual C to soil organic C compared to the MIN treatment. Our results suggest that the negative relationship between the ratios ergosterol/C mic and fungal C/bacterial C encourages studying responses of both saprotrophic fungi and AMF when assessing management effects on the soil microbial community.
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    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
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    Mycorrhizal activity and diversity in a long-term organic Mediterranean agroecosystem (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-14
    Description: In organic agriculture, soil fertility and productivity rely on biological processes carried out by soil microbes, which represent the key elements of agroecosystem functioning. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), fundamental microorganisms for soil fertility, plant nutrition and health, may play an important role in organic agriculture by compensating for the reduced use of fertilizers and pesticides. Though, AMF activity and diversity following conversion from conventional to organic farming are poorly investigated. Here we studied AMF abundance, diversity and activity in short- and long-term organically and conventionally managed Mediterranean arable agroecosystems. Our results show that both AMF population activity, as assessed by the mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) assay, the percentage of colonized root length of the field crop (maize) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content were higher in organically managed fields and increased with time since transition to organic farming. Here, we showed an increase of GRSP content in arable organic systems and a strong correlation with soil MIP values. The analysis of AMF spores showed differences among communities of the three microagroecosystems in terms of species richness and composition as suggested by a multivariate analysis. All our data indicate that AMF respond positively to the transition to organic farming by a progressive enhancement of their activity that seems independent from the species richness of the AMF communities. Our study contributes to the understanding of the effects of agricultural managements on AMF, which represent a promising tool for the implementation of sustainable agriculture.
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    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
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    Clonal integration facilitates invasiveness of the alien aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum L. under heterogeneous water availability (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Clonal plants benefit from the ability to translocate resources among interconnected ramets through clonal integration to colonise ubiquitous heterogeneous habitats, which may contribute to the invasiveness of exotic clonal plants. To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of clonal integration on a non-native clonal plant, Myriophyllum aquaticum , subjected to spatial and temporal heterogeneity of water supply. The daughter ramets were grown with stolon connections either severed from or connected to the mother plant and subjected to different amounts or frequencies of water supply. Clonal integration significantly improved growth and photosynthetic performance of daughter ramets that were exposed to spatial and temporal heterogeneity of water supply. Biomass allocation to roots of offspring ramets changed with water supply to enhance the capacity for water uptake. The decrease of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II ( F v / F m ) as a function of reduced water supply was greatly alleviated by stolon connection. Moreover, clonal integration facilitated stabilisation of foliar N concentration and C/N ratio to support healthy growth of the ramets. These results suggest that clonal integration may facilitate invasion of M. aquaticum when subjected to heterogeneity in resource supply under ever-changing environments.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
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    Nutrient enrichment of a heterotrophic stream alters leaf litter nutritional quality and shredder physiological condition via the microbial pathway (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Streams receiving agricultural runoff are typically enriched with nutrients, which variously impact stream communities. We examined the effects of phosphate and nitrate enrichment on leaf litter breakdown, microbial biomass and the nutrition of an invertebrate shredder to determine how nutrients are transferred through the stream detrital food web. Using artificial streams, individuals of Anisocentropus kirramus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) were fed leaves of Apodytes brachystylus (Icacinaceae) under different nutrient regimes. We measured the amount of leaf material consumed or decomposed and the microbial biomass colonising the leaves. The dry mass, and protein, lipid and carbohydrate composition of A. kirramus larvae were determined after 28-day feeding on the leaves. Supplements of phosphorus, but not nitrogen, enhanced leaf breakdown, microbial growth and growth of larvae. Microbial biomass and dry mass of larvae increased with nutrient enrichment and they were significantly correlated. Thus, the phosphorus supplement was transmitted through the detrital food web via the microbial pathway, resulting in higher nutritional quality of leaves and enhanced physiological condition of the shredder. Understanding such subtle relationships is important in determining the impacts of anthropogenic contaminants on freshwater ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
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    Implications of water column ammonium uptake and regeneration for the nitrogen budget in temperate, eutrophic Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain (Canada/USA) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Assessing ammonium (NH 4 + ) availability in aquatic systems requires accurate concentration and turnover rate data. Water column NH 4 + regeneration, potential NH 4 + uptake, and nitrogen (N) fixation rates were measured in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, to help constrain internal N dynamics affecting phytoplankton community structure and cyanobacteria (Cy) blooms. Cyanobacteria dominated phytoplankton biomass during occasional summer bloom periods, but low or undetectable N 2 fixation rates and low heterocyte abundances suggested that N fixing cyanobacteria did not rely on atmospheric N 2 . Light/dark incubations revealed that photosynthetic and dark NH 4 + uptake generally were balanced, highlighting the importance of bacterial uptake. Our results suggest that phytoplankton were not controlled by nutrients from the “bottom-up”; rather, water column N dynamics responded to phytoplankton patterns. Basin-scale water column NH 4 + regeneration rates were about 700,000 mol N day −1 (9.8 t N day −1 ), which is almost twice the estimated N load from tributaries, and suggests a primary role for water column N regeneration in supporting primary production. Comparisons of basin-scale NH 4 + regeneration and demand imply that primary production is not sustained fully by combined water column regeneration and tributary N inputs; thus, future research should constrain additional sources and sinks affecting N balance in this and other aquatic systems.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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