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  • Articles  (8,617)
  • Springer  (8,617)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2010-2014  (8,617)
  • Hydrobiologia  (1,328)
  • Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology  (1,277)
  • 2276
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  • Articles  (8,617)
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  • Springer  (8,617)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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  • 1
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    Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for enhanced production of butyric acid (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-08
    Description: Clostridium acetobutylicum has been considered as an attractive platform host for biorefinery due to its metabolic diversity. Considering its capability to overproduce butanol through butyrate, it was thought that butyric acid can also be efficiently produced by this bacterium through metabolic engineering. The pta-ctfB -deficient C. acetobutylicum CEKW, in which genes encoding phosphotransacetylase and CoA-transferase were knocked out, was assessed for its potential as a butyric acid producer in fermentations with four controlled pH values at 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.4. Butyric acid could be best produced by fermentation of the CEKW at pH 6.0, resulting in the highest titer of 26.6 g/l, which is 6.4 times higher than that obtained with the wild type. However, due to the remaining solventogenic ability of the CEKW, 3.6 g/l solvents were also produced. Thus, the CEKW was further engineered by knocking out the adhE1 -encoding aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase to prevent solvent production. Batch fermentation of the resulting C. acetobutylicum HCEKW at pH 6.0 showed increased butyric acid production to 30.8 g/l with a ratio of butyric-to-acetic acid (BA/AA) of 6.6 g/g and a productivity of 0.72 g/l/h from 86.9 g/l glucose, while negligible solvent (0.8 g/l ethanol only) was produced. The butyric acid titer, BA/AA ratio, and productivity obtained in this study were the highest values reported for C. acetobutylicum , and the BA/AA ratio and productivity were also comparable to those of native butyric acid producer Clostridium tyrobutyricum . These results suggested that the simultaneous deletion of the pta-ctfB-adhE1 in C. acetobutylicum resulted in metabolic switch from biphasic to acidogenic fermentation, which enhanced butyric acid production.
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    TRAIL and microRNAs in the treatment of prostate cancer: therapeutic potential and role of nanotechnology (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-15
    Description: Disruption of spatiotemporal behavior of intracellular signaling cascades including tumor necrosis factor alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated signaling in prostate cancer has gained tremendous attention in the past few years. There is an increasing effort in translating the emerging information about TRAIL-mediated signaling obtained through experimental and preclinical data to clinic. Fascinatingly, novel targeting approaches are being developed to enhance the tissue- or subcellular-specific delivery of drugs with considerable focus on prostate cancer. These applications have the potential to revolutionize prostate cancer therapeutic strategies and include the accumulation of drugs in target tissue as well as the selection of internalizing ligands for enhanced receptor-mediated uptake of drugs. In this mini-review, we outline outstanding developments in therapeutic strategies based on the regulation and/or targeting of TRAIL pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs), with potential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, will be presented for their potential in prostate cancer treatment. Emphasis has been given to the use of delivery approaches, especially based on nanotechnology. Considerably, enhanced information regarding miRNA regulation of TRAIL-mediated signaling in prostate cancer cells may provide potential biomarkers for the characterization of patients as responders and nonresponders of TRAIL-based therapy and could provide rationalized basis for combination therapies with TRAIL death receptor-targeting drugs.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 3
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    A useful method integrating production and immobilization of recombinant cellulase (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Description: The development of cellulase-based bioprocess is afflicted by the processing efficiency of enzymes. To address this issue, a method based on artificial oil bodies (AOBs) was proposed to integrate production and immobilization of recombinant cellulase. First, the heterologous endoglucanase ( celA ), cellobiohydrolase ( celK ), and β-glucosidase ( gls ) genes were individually fused with oleosin, a structural protein of plant seed oils. After expression in Escherichia coli , each fusion protein of insolubility was mixed together with plant oils. AOBs were assembled by subjecting the mixture to sonication. Consequently, active CelA, CelK, and Gls were resumed and co-immobilized on AOBs surface. Finally, the assembly condition (including the protein ratio) and the reaction condition were further optimized by response surface methodology. The resulting AOBs-bound cellulase remained stable for 4 cycles of cellulose–hydrolyzed reactions. Overall, the result shows a promise of this proposed approach for processing recombinant cellulase, which may provide a facile method to investigate optimum combination of cellulase components towards various cellulosic materials.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 4
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    Erratum to: Purification and characterization of heterologously expressed nitrilases from filamentous fungi (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-17
    Print ISSN: 0175-7598
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0614
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
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    Clonal integration facilitates invasiveness of the alien aquatic plant Myriophyllum aquaticum L. under heterogeneous water availability (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Clonal plants benefit from the ability to translocate resources among interconnected ramets through clonal integration to colonise ubiquitous heterogeneous habitats, which may contribute to the invasiveness of exotic clonal plants. To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of clonal integration on a non-native clonal plant, Myriophyllum aquaticum , subjected to spatial and temporal heterogeneity of water supply. The daughter ramets were grown with stolon connections either severed from or connected to the mother plant and subjected to different amounts or frequencies of water supply. Clonal integration significantly improved growth and photosynthetic performance of daughter ramets that were exposed to spatial and temporal heterogeneity of water supply. Biomass allocation to roots of offspring ramets changed with water supply to enhance the capacity for water uptake. The decrease of the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II ( F v / F m ) as a function of reduced water supply was greatly alleviated by stolon connection. Moreover, clonal integration facilitated stabilisation of foliar N concentration and C/N ratio to support healthy growth of the ramets. These results suggest that clonal integration may facilitate invasion of M. aquaticum when subjected to heterogeneity in resource supply under ever-changing environments.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
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    Nutrient enrichment of a heterotrophic stream alters leaf litter nutritional quality and shredder physiological condition via the microbial pathway (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Streams receiving agricultural runoff are typically enriched with nutrients, which variously impact stream communities. We examined the effects of phosphate and nitrate enrichment on leaf litter breakdown, microbial biomass and the nutrition of an invertebrate shredder to determine how nutrients are transferred through the stream detrital food web. Using artificial streams, individuals of Anisocentropus kirramus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) were fed leaves of Apodytes brachystylus (Icacinaceae) under different nutrient regimes. We measured the amount of leaf material consumed or decomposed and the microbial biomass colonising the leaves. The dry mass, and protein, lipid and carbohydrate composition of A. kirramus larvae were determined after 28-day feeding on the leaves. Supplements of phosphorus, but not nitrogen, enhanced leaf breakdown, microbial growth and growth of larvae. Microbial biomass and dry mass of larvae increased with nutrient enrichment and they were significantly correlated. Thus, the phosphorus supplement was transmitted through the detrital food web via the microbial pathway, resulting in higher nutritional quality of leaves and enhanced physiological condition of the shredder. Understanding such subtle relationships is important in determining the impacts of anthropogenic contaminants on freshwater ecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
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    Implications of water column ammonium uptake and regeneration for the nitrogen budget in temperate, eutrophic Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain (Canada/USA) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Assessing ammonium (NH 4 + ) availability in aquatic systems requires accurate concentration and turnover rate data. Water column NH 4 + regeneration, potential NH 4 + uptake, and nitrogen (N) fixation rates were measured in Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, to help constrain internal N dynamics affecting phytoplankton community structure and cyanobacteria (Cy) blooms. Cyanobacteria dominated phytoplankton biomass during occasional summer bloom periods, but low or undetectable N 2 fixation rates and low heterocyte abundances suggested that N fixing cyanobacteria did not rely on atmospheric N 2 . Light/dark incubations revealed that photosynthetic and dark NH 4 + uptake generally were balanced, highlighting the importance of bacterial uptake. Our results suggest that phytoplankton were not controlled by nutrients from the “bottom-up”; rather, water column N dynamics responded to phytoplankton patterns. Basin-scale water column NH 4 + regeneration rates were about 700,000 mol N day −1 (9.8 t N day −1 ), which is almost twice the estimated N load from tributaries, and suggests a primary role for water column N regeneration in supporting primary production. Comparisons of basin-scale NH 4 + regeneration and demand imply that primary production is not sustained fully by combined water column regeneration and tributary N inputs; thus, future research should constrain additional sources and sinks affecting N balance in this and other aquatic systems.
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
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    Harmful and parasitic unicellular eukaryotes persist in a shallow lake under reconstruction (L. Karla, Greece) (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: The reconstructed Lake Karla, Greece, has been undergoing its water-filling period since November 2009. In this paper, we aimed at investigating whether the unicellular eukaryotes, including the toxic/parasitic ones, that have been found during mass fish kills in the lake (March–April 2010), persist during the first warm period of the lake (May, August, November 2010). Given that microscopic characterization of some of these eukaryotes is not adequate for their identification, we analysed the 18S rRNA gene diversity of plankton samples. All the found phylotypes belonged to the phyla of Mesomycetazoa, Chlorophyta, Fungi, Alveolata, Cercozoa, Cryptophyta and Stramenopiles. Some members of these groups seem to persist in Lake Karla as they have been found in early spring as well. These microscopic eukaryotes are either ichthyotoxic/parasitic (e.g. Pfiesteria sp./ Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae , some Fungi, Mesomycetazoa, Lagenidium sp., Cercozoa) or indicative of hyper-eutrophic conditions (e.g. Oocystis sp., Scenedesmus spp.) and were rather abundant during the first spring–autumn period of the lake’s refilling process. These complex microscopic communities are expected to shape highly dynamic and variable food webs with the risk of repeated fish kills.
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
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    Twentieth century human and climate impacts on a large mountain lake in southwest China (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: Subfossil chironomid and sediment geochemistry data from Lugu Lake, a large high-elevation lake in southwest China, were used to assess the influences of climate warming and direct human impacts on the lake through time. A 95-year-long sediment record was recovered from the lake. Principal components analysis (PCA) and redundancy analysis of fossil chironomid data were performed to determine the controlling factors on the chironomid community. The four prominent environmental controls were summer air temperature, organic matter C:N ratio (C org :N), dry mass accumulation rate (DMAR), and total nitrogen. C org :N proved to be the most important controlling factor through time. However, C org :N and summer air temperature were highly co-linear, possibly due to temperature directly impacting lake productivity (and thus C:N ratios) through increased stratification and a longer growing season. PCA Axis 1 scores were a strong predictor of summer temperatures even after DMAR was factored out to account for direct human influences. The strong temperature–chironomid relationship over the last 50 years could be due to the lake becoming more responsive to climate warming after cultural eutrophication of the 1950s, as lakes with higher nutrient loads are shown to be more responsive to the effects of climate warming.
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
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    Long-term trends and causal factors associated with Microcystis abundance and toxicity in San Francisco Estuary and implications for climate change impacts (2013)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-19
    Description: The impacts of climate change on Microcystis blooms in San Francisco Estuary are uncertain because factors associated with the abundance and distribution of Microcystis blooms since their inception in 1999 are poorly understood. Discrete and continuous data collected between 2004 and 2008 were used to assess what factors controlled bloom initiation and persistence, if there was an impact of the bloom on mesozooplankton abundance and toxicity or dissolved organic carbon concentration, and how these might vary with climate change. Microcystis abundance was greater in dry years than wet years and both total microcystins concentration and the microcystins content of mesozooplankton tissue increased with abundance. The bloom began in the upstream portions of the estuary and spread farther west during dry years. Bloom initiation required water temperature above 19°C and surface irradiance in the visible range above 100 W m −2 . The bloom persisted during a wide range of water quality conditions but was closely correlated with low turbidity. The intensity of Microcystis blooms will likely increase with climate change due to increased water temperature and low streamflow during droughts. Elevated water temperature earlier in the spring could also extend the duration of Microcystis blooms by up to 3 months.
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    Topics: Biology
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