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  • Journals
  • Articles  (12,367)
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  • Springer  (11,215)
  • Elsevier  (1,152)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
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Years
Year
Journal
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  • 1
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    Physiological energetics of the zebra musselDreissena polymorpha in lakes I. Growth and reproductive effort (1995)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 1995-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Comparison of Rainfall-Runoff Relationship Modeling using Different Methods in a Forested Watershed (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: The daily rainfall-runoff relationship in an experimental watershed was modeled using a statistical method and an artificial neural network method. The estimations were examined and a performance evaluation was done. It was seen that the ANN method, FFBP (Feed Forward Back Propagation), provided closer flow estimations reproducing the shape of the observed hydrograph more realistic. The superiority of FFBP was reflected in the performance evaluation criteria. The extreme flows, i.e., high and low flows, were relatively better approximated by FFBP indicating its promise as a useful tool for hydrologic studies such as flood modeling. The Rational Method was also used, as a conventional tool, to predict the maximum discharge for selected return periods. It was found to be realistic for the forested watershed under consideration when the C coefficient was taken as 0.20 for the 10-year period.
    Print ISSN: 0920-4741
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1650
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 3
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    A New Procedure for Optimal Design of District Metered Areas Based on the Multilevel Balancing and Refinement Algorithm (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: A procedure for optimal design of District Metered Areas (DMAs) within a water distribution network based on a multilevel balancing and refinement algorithm to partition the network and determine the optimal meter positions, coupled with a pressure driven hydraulic simulator to quantify the hydraulic performance of the districtualized system, is presented. Unlike other procedures based on graph partitioning techniques proposed in the scientific literature, the two main issues involved in the design of the DMAs, namely a) how to partition the nodes into the required number of districts, and b) which pipes linking districts to leave open, and fitted with an assigned number of flow meters, and which to close, are simultaneously resolved. The application of this procedure to a real case shows that this approach provides design solutions well adapted to different numbers of measuring points, yielding superior performance indicator values to similar procedures reported in the literature and used here for comparative purposes.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1650
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 4
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    Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Arid Southwestern US: Coachella Valley, California (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Sustainable groundwater management requires approaches to assess the influence of climate and management actions on the evolution of groundwater systems. Traditional approaches that apply continuity to assess groundwater sustainability fail to capture the spatial variability of aquifer responses. To address this gap, our study evaluates groundwater elevation data from the Coachella Valley, California, within a groundwater sustainability framework given the adoption of integrative management strategies in the valley. Our study details an innovative approach employing traditional statistical methods to improve understanding of aquifer responses. In this analysis, we evaluate trends at individual groundwater observation wells and regional groundwater behaviors using field significance. Regional elevation trends identified no significant trends during periods of intense groundwater replenishment, active since 1973, despite spatial variability in individual well trends. Our results illustrate the spatially limited effects of groundwater replenishment occur against a setting of long-term groundwater depletion, raising concerns over the definition of sustainable groundwater management in aquifer systems employing integrative management strategies.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1650
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 5
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    Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Events in Victoria, Australia (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Extreme rainfall events are among the natural hazards with catastrophic impacts on human society. Trend analysis is important to understand the effects of climate change and variability on extreme rainfalls. In this study, extreme rainfall (i.e., annual maximums) trends were investigated in Victoria (Australia) using data from 23 stations for storm durations of 10 and 30 min, and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. The Mann-Kendal and Spearman’s Rho tests were employed for detection of temporal trends. Moreover, the spatial variability of extreme rainfall trends was investigated through interpolation of Theil-Sen’s estimator over Victoria. In general, increasing extreme rainfall trends were detected for short storm durations (i.e., 10 and 30 min, and 1 and 3 h), whereas decreasing extreme rainfall trends were found for long storm durations (i.e., 6, 12, 24 and 48 h). Increasing trends for short storm durations were mostly statistically significant, while decreasing trends for long storm durations were statistically insignificant. Trend analysis with respect to the four regions (i.e., Western, Northern, Central and Gippsland) in Victoria showed that increasing trends were present in general in the Northern and east Central Region, whereas decreasing trends were detected in the Western and west Gippsland Regions.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1650
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 6
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    Streamflow Forecast Errors and Their Impacts on Forecast-based Reservoir Flood Control (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: To make full use of water captured by reservoirs in flood seasons, methods such as forecast-based reservoir flood control (i.e., reservoir operation during flood periods based on precipitation or inflow forecasts) have been developed in China in the past few decades. The success of forecast-based reservoir flood control depends heavily on the precision of the precipitation or inflow forecasts. This study analyzes the sources of uncertainty and quantifies it in the process of reservoir flood control based on forecasts. First, flood inflow series is regarded as a random process with the forecasted flood inflows as its expectation process; the flood inflow error series, which is the difference between the observed inflow process and the forecasted inflow process, is obtained according to the statistical characteristics of the flood forecasts. Second, reservoir flood routing simulations are carried out using the Monte Carlo method with the flood inflow error series as an input to obtain output water level and discharge series. Finally, the frequency distributions of the maximum water level (MWL) reached during the passage of floods are used to evaluate the uncertainties and the corresponding risks associated with forecast-based flood control. These uncertainties and risks are what the operators of the reservoirs care about the most.
    Print ISSN: 0920-4741
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1650
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 7
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    Reservoir Design Optimization Incorporating Performance Indices (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: This paper introduces a reservoir design optimization model adapted to incorporate performance norms so that the active storage capacity can be determined assuming that failures may occur during the reservoir operation. The model is able to find the optimal reservoir capacity admitting either a predefined minimum number of failure periods or a maximum failure magnitude, or both. It is formulated as a mixed integer linear program that properly manages reservoir spills and includes evaporation losses. The procedure performs effectively for an example problem and Monte Carlo simulations and shows that lower accepted reliabilities and higher accepted vulnerabilities require less active storage.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1650
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 8
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    Comparison of different methods used for phosphorus determination in aquatic organisms (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: The reliable determination of the total phosphorus (P) content stored in aquatic biota is essential for studies on nutrient stoichiometry, as well as for effective lake management measures. However, a variety of methods are found in the literature for sample P content determination, which renders it necessary to assess whether the data reported in different studies are comparable. We used different combinations of combustion durations, acid types and acid concentrations for sample digestion, and measured P concentrations subsequently with the standard colorimetric method. In addition, P contents of samples were assayed by ICP–OES and MP–AES methods. Our results confirmed that the variability among studies using different methods may explain some of the reported intraspecific and interspecific variation. We found that duration of combustion exerted the most important influence on the P retrieval, while acid type and acidity of the hydrolysing solution did not substantially influence the efficiency of sample digestion. We recommend using 8 h of combustion and 0.3 N HCl for acid hydrolysis prior to the colorimetric P analysis, and urge standardisation in the P analyses of biotic samples so as to obtain reliable results and data comparable among different studies.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
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    Moving from Resource Development to Resource Management : Problems, Prospects and Policy Recommendations for Sustainable Groundwater Management in Bangladesh (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-14
    Description: Increased groundwater accessibility resulting from the expansion of deep and shallow tube wells helped Bangladesh attain near self-sufficiency in rice, with national output increasing over 15 million tons in the last two decades. However, problems associated with the excessive exploitation of groundwater notably declining water tables, deteriorating water quality, increasing energy costs and carbon emissions are threatening the sustainability of Bangladesh’s groundwater irrigated economy. The forefront challenge, therefore, is to shift the focus from development to management of this precious resource. To ease out pressure on groundwater resources, attention must be diverted to further develop surface water resources. In addition to increasing supplies, water demand also need to be curtailed by increasing water use efficiency through the adoption of water conserving practices such as reduced tillage, raised bed planting, and the right choices of crops. Decreasing water availability both in terms of quantity and quality suggest that the unchecked expansion of dry season boro rice cultivation may not be a long-term option for Bangladesh. Therefore less thirsty wheat and maize crops may be promoted as feasible alternatives to boro . In addition to technical solutions, strong linkage between different institutions will be needed to evaluation strategic options and effective implementation of national policies for the management of groundwater resources.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 10
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    Impact of reservoirs on zooplankton diversity and implications for the conservation of natural aquatic environments (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Reservoirs are intermediate ecosystems between rivers and lakes. These ecosystems break up the landscape by forming artificial lakes connected by rivers and change important ecological processes of lotic ecosystems (e.g. organic matter production and nutrient cycling) and thus have direct effects on aquatic biodiversity. We test the hypothesis that damming water courses exerts a negative effect on the zooplankton community by decreasing the alpha diversity. Samplings were conducted in 30 reservoirs and 29 natural lakes in the Neotropics, during two hydrological periods (dry and rainy) in 2001. The study analysed differences in alpha diversity, the number of rare, accessory and constant species, and species composition between the types of lakes. Alpha diversity was significantly higher in natural lakes and species composition differed between natural lakes and reservoirs. Zooplankton alpha diversity was positively related to total phosphorus (best model), indicating that productive environments (natural lakes) gather more species. Our results suggest that reservoirs have negative effect on community structure, whereas natural lakes have an important ecological function for biodiversity conservation because they are refuges for biodiversity.
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
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