ALBERT

Beschreibung:    The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was determined in seawater, sediment, and Rock oyster Saccostrea cucullata collected from four sampling sites in the inter-tidal areas of Bushehr province. The total concentrations of 14 PAHs varied from 1.5 to 3.6 ng/L in seawater, 41.7 to 227.5 ng/g dry weight in surface sediment, and 126 to 226.1 ng/g dry weight in oyster tissue. In comparing PAH concentrations among the three matrices in Bushehr province, data showed that the pattern of individual PAHs in seawater, oyster, and sediment were different. The oysters tended to accumulate the lower molecular weight and the more water-soluble PAHs. Sediment samples were distinguished from the sea water and oyster samples by the presence of high molecular weight PAHs, especially six-ring PAHs. Three- and four-ring PAHs were the most abundant compounds among the 14 PAHs investigated in surface seawater, sediment, and oyster samples. As expected, differences in octanol/water partition coefficient among individual PAHs and the greater persistence of the higher molecular weight PAHs contributed to the accumulation patterns in oyster and sediment. The results of the study suggested that the main sources of PAHs in the seawater and sediment in the region were mixed pyrolitic and petrogenic inputs. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0850-5 Authors Roozbeh Mirza, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khoramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khoramshahr, Iran Mehdi Mohammadi, Department of Marine Biotechnology and Environment, Persian Gulf Research and Studies Center, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169 Iran Ali Dadolahi Sohrab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Khoramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khoramshahr, Iran Alireza Safahieh, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khoramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khoramshahr, Iran Ahmad Savari, Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khoramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khoramshahr, Iran Pavaneh Hajeb, Department of Fisheries, Persian Gulf Research and Studies Center, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169 Iran Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Red lead (Pb 3 O 4 ) has been used extensively in the past as an anti-corrosion paint for the protection of steel constructions. Prominent examples being some of the 200,000 high-voltage pylons in Germany which have been treated with red lead anti-corrosion paints until about 1970. Through weathering and maintenance work, paint compounds and particles are deposited on the soils beneath these constructions. In the present study, six such “pylon soils” were investigated in order to characterize the plant availability and plant uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn. For comparison, three urban soils with similar levels of heavy metal contamination were included. One phase extractions with 1 M NH 4 NO 3 , sequential extractions (seven steps), and extractions at different soil pH were used to evaluate the heavy metal binding forms in the soil and availability to plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine heavy metal uptake by Lolium multiflorum and Lactuca sativa var. crispa in untreated and limed red lead paint contaminated soils. Concentrations of Pb and Zn in the pylon soils were elevated with maximum values of 783 mg Pb kg −1 and 635 Zn mg kg −1 while the soil Cd content was similar to nearby reference soils. The pylon soils were characterized by exceptionally high proportions of NH 4 NO 3 -extractable Pb reaching up to 17% of total Pb. Even if the relatively low pH of the soils is considered (pH 4.3–4.9), this appears to be a specific feature of the red lead contamination since similarly contaminated urban soils have to be acidified to pH 2.5 to achieve a similarly high Pb extractability. The Pb content in L. multiflorum shoots reached maximum values of 73 mg kg −1 after a cultivation time of 4 weeks in pylon soil. Lime amendment reduced the plant uptake of Pb and Zn significantly by up to 91%. But L. sativa var. crispa cultivated on soils limed to neutral pH still contained critical Pb concentrations (up to 0.6 mg kg −1 fresh weight). Possible mechanisms for the exceptionally high plant availability of soil Pb derived from red lead paint are discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0851-4 Authors Marcel Brokbartold, Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Institute of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany Mareike Wischermann, Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Institute of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany Bernd Marschner, Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Institute of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Previous research in agricultural catchments showed that past inputs of nitrate continue to influence present observations and future characteristics of nitrate concentrations in stream water for a long period of time. This persistence manifests itself as a “memory effect” with a prolonged response of stream water nitrate levels to reductions of nitrate inputs on the catchment scale. The question we attempt to resolve is whether such a memory effect also exists in mountainous catchments with a snowmelt-dominated runoff regime. We analyzed long-term records (∼20 years) of nitrate-nitrogen concentrations measured in stream at three stations on the upper Váh River (Slovakia). Applying spectral analysis and detrended fluctuation analysis, we found a varying degree of persistence between the three analyzed sites. With increasing catchment area, the fluctuation scaling exponents generally increased from 0.77 to 0.93 (fluctuation exponents above 0.5 are usually considered as a proof of persistence while values close to 0.5 indicate “white” uncorrelated noise). The nitrate-nitrogen signals temporally scaled as a power-low function of frequency (1/ f noise) with a strong annual seasonality. This increase in persistence might be attributable to the catchment areas upstream the sampling sites. These results have important implications for water quality management. In areas where reduction of nitrate in surface waters is imposed by legislation and regulatory measures, two catchments with different persistence properties may not respond to the same reduction of sources of nitrogen at the same rate. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0854-1 Authors Milan Onderka, Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public—Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Lea Mrafková, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeséniova 17, Bratislava, 833 15 Slovakia Andreas Krein, Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public—Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Lucien Hoffmann, Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, Centre de Recherche Public—Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Lime was physically blended with Waste Activated Sludge (W.A.S) in various proportions. These blends were hydrated, dried, ground, and sieved to size of utmost 200 μm. The sorbents were then used in fixed-bed reactor for dry desulfurization tests. It was found that the blends had higher sorption capacities than lime alone which means that W.A.S augmented lime's sorption capacity. Higher surface area and porosity of the blended sorbents compared to lime was the main cause of the improved sorption capacity, a conclusion supported by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis (surface area increment with sorption capacity) and scanning electron microscopy imaging (rough morphology being formed). This higher surface area and porosity was caused by pozzolanic reaction between lime and the alumina silicate constituents of W.A.S. The products of this reaction are high surface area, complex calcium alumina silicates. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0856-z Authors Paul Maina, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O Box Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Makame Mbarawa, Tshwane University of Technology, P.O Box Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The sorption of four endocrine disruptors, bisphenol A (BPA), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in tropical sediment samples was studied in batch mode under different conditions of pH, time, and sediment amount. Data obtained from sorption experiments using the endocrine disruptors (EDs) and sediments containing different amounts of organic matter showed that there was a greater interaction between the EDs and organic matter (OM) present in the sediment, particularly at lower pH values. The pseudosecond order kinetics model successfully explained the interaction between the EDs and the sediment samples. The theoretical and experimentally obtained q e values were similar, and k values were smaller for higher SOM contents. The k F values, obtained from the Freundlich isotherms, varied in the ranges 4.2–7.4 × 10 −2 (higher OM sediment sample, S 2 ) and 1.7 × 10 −3 –3.1 × 10 −2 (lower OM sediment sample, S 1 ), the latter case indicating an interaction with the sediment that increased in the order: EE2 〉 〉 E2 〉 E1 〉 BPA. These results demonstrate that the availability of endocrine disruptors may be directly related to the presence of organic material in sediment samples. Studies of this kind provide an important means of understanding the mobility, transport, and/or reactivity of this type of emergent contaminant in aquatic systems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0861-2 Authors Bruno B. Cunha, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), CP 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil Wander Gustavo Botero, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), CP 61, 57309-005 Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil Luciana Camargo Oliveira, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 18052-780 Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil Viviane M. Carlos, Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Marcelo L. M. Pompêo, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508–900 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Leonardo F. Fraceto, Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil André H. Rosa, Department of Environmental Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Understanding the acid-base chemistry of soil and the soil processes related to the release or retention of sulfate and nitrate is important in order to predict watershed recovery from long-term acid deposition. Soils were sampled from the Noland Divide Watershed (NDW), a small, high-elevation watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park receiving high rates of acid deposition over several decades. Soil samples were measured for chemical properties related to acidification and used to conduct sulfate adsorption and nitrogen (N) incubation experiments. Shallow soil was higher in acidic and basic ions than deeper soils, and the mean effective cation exchange capacity was 8.07, 5.06, and 3.57 cmol c  kg −1 in the A, Bw, and Cb horizons, respectively. In all three soil horizons, the base saturation was equal to or below 7% and the ratio of Ca/Al was below 0.01, indicating that the NDW is very sensitive to acid deposition. Based on results from sulfate adsorption isotherms, the NDW has not reached its maximum sulfate adsorption saturation and is likely able to retain further additions of sulfate. Desorption of sulfate from NDW soils is expected if sulfate concentrations in soil solution drop below 50 μeq L −1 but is highly dependent on soil pH and organic carbon content. Total soil organic N was 500 times greater than inorganic N in the A soil horizon, and net N mineralization and nitrification remained constant during a 28-day incubation indicating a large reservoir of N substrate for soil microbes. Nitrogen experiment results suggest that nitrate export from the watershed is largely controlled by biological processes rather than by nitrate deposition flux. Soil data collected in this study contributes to our understanding of biogeochemical processes affecting the response of acid-impacted ecosystems such as the NDW to future changes in atmospheric deposition. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0858-x Authors Meijun Cai, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Amy M. Johnson, Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA John S. Schwartz, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA Steve E. Moore, US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN 37738, USA Matt A. Kulp, US Department of Interior, National Park Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN 37738, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The modification effects of hematite with aluminum hydroxide were investigated on the removal of fluoride ions from water using batch experiments. The effects of pH, contact time, fluoride concentration, and the dose of sorbent on the sorption of fluoride ions by a modified hematite were studied. Characterization of hematite before and after the modification with aluminum hydroxide was studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller. Equilibrium was reached in 48 h of contact time and the maximum sorption of fluoride was found in the pH eq range between 2.34 and 6.26. The Elovich model described the kinetic sorption processes and the Langmuir–Freundlich model, the sorption isotherm process. These results indicated that the sorption mechanism was chemisorption on a heterogeneous material. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0860-3 Authors A. Teutli-Sequeira, Departamento de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A. P. 18-1027, Col. Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11801 México, DF, Mexico Marcos Solache-Ríos, Departamento de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A. P. 18-1027, Col. Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11801 México, DF, Mexico P. Balderas-Hernández, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón y Tollocan s/n., C.P. 50000 Toluca Estado de México, Mexico Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Perchlorate (ClO 4 − ), a thyroid hormone disruptor, is both naturally occurring and a man-made contaminant increasingly found in a variety of terrestrial environments. The environmental presence of ClO 4 − is considered to be the result of atmospheric formation and deposition processes. The ultimate processes, particularly heterogeneous-based reactions, leading to natural ClO 4 − formation are not well understood. Oxidation of chlorine species by an energetic source such as lightning is considered to be one of the potential heterogeneous sources of natural ClO 4 − . Currently, there is very little information available on lightning-induced ClO 4 − . We designed a laboratory electrical discharge reactor capable of evaluating ClO 4 − formation by the oxidation of “dry” sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosols (relative humidity (RH) 〈70%) in electrical discharge plasma at voltages and energies up to 24 kV and 21 kJ, respectively. Similar to other non-electrochemical ClO 4 − production processes, the amount of ClO 4 − produced (0.5–4.8 μg) was 3 orders of magnitude lower than the input Cl − (7.1–60.1 mg). The amount of ClO 4 − generated increased with peak voltage (V) and theoretical maximum discharge energy with ΔClO 4 − /ΔV = 0.28 × 10 −3  μg V −1 ( R 2  = 0.94) and ΔClO 4 − /ΔE = 0.44 × 10 −3  μg J −1 ( R 2  = 0.83). The total ClO 4 − generated decreased with an increase in relative humidity from 2.8 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼46%) to 0.9 ± 0.1 μg (RH ∼62%) indicating that the presence of moisture inhibits the formation of ClO 4 − . Additional modifications to the reactor support the hypothesis of ClO 4 − formation due to the action of plasma on Cl − aerosols as opposed to direct oxidation on the surface of the electrodes. Finally, the contribution of lightning-induced ClO 4 − in North America is calculated to have a wide range from 0.006 × 10 5 to 5 × 10 5  kg/year and is within the range of the measured ClO 4 − depositional flux in precipitation samples obtained across the USA (0.09 × 10 5 –1.2 × 10 5  kg/y). Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0857-y Authors Balaji Rao, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA Suhas Mohan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA Andreas Neuber, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3102, USA William Andrew Jackson, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Elevated emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta and higher foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations in jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) needles close to major emission sources has led to concerns that the surrounding boreal forest may become N-saturated. Despite these concerns, N deposition and impacts on upland forests in the region is poorly quantified. The objective of this study was to characterize N cycling in five plots representing the two dominant upland forest types (jack pine and trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides ) close (〈30 km) to the largest mining operations in the region, during a 2-year period. Despite the high level of NO x emissions, bulk throughfall and deposition measured at both study sites were surprisingly very low (〈2 kg N ha −1  year −1 ). Internal N cycling was much greater in aspen stands; annual N input in litterfall was ten times greater, and net N mineralization rates were two to five times greater than in jack pine stands. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was much greater in jack pine when calculated based on N litterfall indices, but not when N pools in biomass were considered. Despite differences in internal cycling among forest types, nitrate leaching from mineral soil in both forest types was negligible (〈0.1 kg N ha −1  year −1 ) and patterns of 15 N in roots, foliage, and mineral soil were typical of N-limited ecosystems, and both sites show no evidence of N saturation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0833-6 Authors Dayna L. Laxton, Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada Shaun A. Watmough, Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada Julian Aherne, Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Alberta’s oil sands are located in the boreal forest where surface mining requires reconstruction of these landscapes using waste saline and sodic overburden (SSOB) piles. The impact of these SSOB materials, however, on root development of planted boreal species is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of SSOB material on the root distributions of planted boreal species. Root distributions for planted mixedwood stands were measured using soil cores and compared with soil physical and chemical properties on three reclaimed sites. Soil pH ranged from 6.1 to 7.5 across all three reclaimed sites. Sodium adsorption ratio ranged from 〈30 in the SSOB at the youngest site to 〈4 at the oldest site while soil electrical conductivity ranged from 〈12 and 〈4 dS m −1 in the SSOB at the youngest and oldest site, respectively. Root length distributions were concentrated in the upper 30 cm of the soil profile and ranged from 0.96 to 7.99 cm cm −3 . The roots were observed in the SSOB and accounted for 1.3% to 2.2% of the total root length in the profile. The root length density was also negatively correlated with Na and EC at all sites. The root distributions on these young reclaimed sites were similar to those from undisturbed boreal forest stands overlying saline soils, suggesting that root distributions on these reclaimed sites appear to be unaffected by the SSOB; however, further monitoring will be required as the stand matures to determine future impacts of the SSOB on forest productivity. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-17 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0852-3 Authors Heidi Lazorko, Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8 Ken C. J. Van Rees, Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5A8 Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Phosphorus (P) delivered by urban rainfall–runoff partitions and speciates during the transport process. This study examines transport and speciation of P in rainfall and runoff across 15 wet weather events from a paved source area dominated by biogenic loads and to a lesser degree, anthropogenic loads. The mean and median event-based source area total phosphorus is 3.6 and 3.5 mg/l, respectively. The mean and median event-based source area dissolved fraction ( f d ) are 0.31 and 0.32 illustrating that P is predominately bound to particulate matter fractions. The majority of events across the monitoring campaign produce a weak mass-limited transport of dissolved phosphorus (DP). With respect to the DP fraction in runoff (pH range of 6.4 to 8.6), the dominant species are orthophosphates (HPO 4 −2 and H 2 PO 4 − ) which account for more than 90% of DP mass. The order of species predominance is consistently HPO 4 −2  ≈ H 2 PO 4 −  〉〉 CaHPO 4  〉 MgHPO 4 . With rainfall pH ranging from 4.2 to 4.9 and a f d  ≈ 1.0, H 2 PO 4 − accounts for 95% to 99% of DP in rainfall. Despite the inherent variability of a large dataset (362 samples across 15 events) the speciation of DP is influenced primarily by pH, with a range from 4.2 (rainfall) up to 8.6 (runoff) that results in an order of magnitude change in P species concentration and determines the order between the dominant orthophosphate species. For this source area, the role of alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon and partitioning on DP speciation are minor compared to the influence of pH. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0829-2 Authors Christian Berretta, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, 114 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA John Sansalone, Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, 114 Black Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Arsenic occurs in the earth's crust in various chemical forms as a result of both natural and anthropogenic sources. Soil chemical extractions may help understand As availability, as well as the possibility of As entry into the food chain. Phytoextraction has been proposed as a technology for remediation of As-contaminated soils. The study was carried out to assess the bioavailability of As by extractants and to compare the performance of castor bean and sunflower for As removal from soils. Two soils were contaminated with Na 2 HAsO 4 .7H 2 O adding 35 and 150 mg As dm −3 soil. Arsenic availability was assessed using the following extractants: tri-distilled water, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium oxalate + oxalic acid, organic acids mixture, Mehlich-1, and United States Environmental Protection Agency 3051. The roots and shoots of 35-day-old plants were collected and dry matter yield as well as As concentration were determined. The accumulation of As in shoot was also calculated in order to evaluate the plants potential for As phytoextraction. The extractants tested were efficient to assess the concentration of available As in soil. Addition of As to the soils did not cause severe toxicity in plants, although the dose 150 mg As dm −3 soil decreased shoot and root yield in both species. Castor bean was less sensitive to As than sunflower, but none of the species had hyperaccumulation characteristics. These species can be used for revegetation of areas contaminated with As up to safe limit of 150 mg As dm −3 soil, as proposed by CONAMA for industrial areas in Brazil. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0853-2 Authors Évio E. C. Melo, Department of Engineering and the Environment, Federal University of Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil CEP-58297-000 Luiz R. G. Guilherme, Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil CEP 37200-000 Clistenes W. A. Nascimento, Department of Agronomy, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil CEP 52171-900 H. G. V. Penha, Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil CEP 37200-000 Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Emissions of methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from a forested watershed (160 ha) in South Carolina, USA, were estimated with a spatially explicit watershed-scale modeling framework that utilizes the spatial variations in physical and biogeochemical characteristics across watersheds. The target watershed (WS80) consisting of wetland (23%) and upland (77%) was divided into 675 grid cells, and each of the cells had unique combination of vegetation, hydrology, soil properties, and topography. Driven by local climate, topography, soil, and vegetation conditions, MIKE SHE was used to generate daily flows as well as water table depth for each grid cell across the watershed. Forest-DNDC was then run for each cell to calculate its biogeochemistry including daily fluxes of the three greenhouse gases (GHGs). The simulated daily average CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O flux from the watershed were 17.9 mg C, 1.3 g C and 0.7 mg N m −2 , respectively, during the period from 2003–2007. The average contributions of the wetlands to the CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O emissions were about 95%, 20% and 18%, respectively. The spatial and temporal variation in the modeled CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes were large, and closely related to hydrological conditions. To understand the impact of spatial heterogeneity in physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the target watershed on GHG emissions, we used Forest-DNDC in a coarse mode (field scale), in which the entire watershed was set as a single simulated unit, where all hydrological, biogeochemical, and biophysical conditions were considered uniform. The results from the field-scale model differed from those modeled with the watershed-scale model which considered the spatial differences in physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the catchment. This contrast demonstrates that the spatially averaged topographic or biophysical conditions which are inherent with field-scale simulations could mask “hot spots” or small source areas with inherently high GHGs flux rates. The spatial resolution in conjunction with coupled hydrological and biogeochemical models could play a crucial role in reducing uncertainty of modeled GHG emissions from wetland-involved watersheds. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0855-0 Authors Zhaohua Dai, CSRC, EOS, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Rd., Durham, NH 03824, USA Carl C. Trettin, CFWR, USDA Forest Service, 3734 Highway 402, Cordesville, SC 29434, USA Changsheng Li, CSRC, EOS, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Rd., Durham, NH 03824, USA Harbin Li, CFWR, USDA Forest Service, 3734 Highway 402, Cordesville, SC 29434, USA Ge Sun, EFETAC, SRS, USDA Forest Service, 920 Main Campus Dr., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA Devendra M. Amatya, CFWR, USDA Forest Service, 3734 Highway 402, Cordesville, SC 29434, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Air pollutants emissions from traffic are very closely connected to urban air quality, in a local scale, as well as to global problems like climate change, in a large scale. Road transport air pollutants emissions represent, in most cases, a critical parameter for a comprehensive and successful understanding of the mechanisms governing the air pollutants concentrations. Hence, reliable estimations and comprehension of road transport emissions are indispensable in order to set reliable strategies in the direction of air pollution abatement and management of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions. In this framework, in the present work, the emissions of air pollutants from road transport in Greece will be presented for the whole period 1990–2009 as it was found that a detailed, accurate and reliable emissions inventory was missing. The whole period emissions variation has clarified the impact of the change in the vehicle fleet, the engine technologies and the fuel quality. The calculated results have revealed that the age of the vehicles and the corresponding engine technology are the critical parameters determining the amount of the pollutants emitted. This was mainly observed in both passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles demonstrating the importance of a renewal programme of the old circulating vehicles in order to set an effective air pollution abatement strategy. Passenger cars were found to be responsible for the major part of most air pollutants emissions except from nitrogen oxides and particulates emissions. Heavy duty vehicles contribute more than 66% to nitrogen oxides and particulates emissions. For the whole time period, all calculated pollutants present a decreasing trend, with the exception of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide which increase constantly, ranging from −96% for sulphur dioxide to −1% for PM10. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0859-9 Authors Athena Progiou, AXON Enviro-Group Ltd, 18 Troias str, 11257 Athens, Greece Ioannis Ziomas, Laboratory of Process Analysis and Design, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytehneiou str., Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The clinoptilolite which was modified with sodium and potassium chloride was found to have adsorption capacity for rhodium. To evaluate the adsorption capacity and characteristics, the effects of solution pH, dose of clinoptilolite loading, contact time, temperature, and initial rhodium concentration were investigated in a batch mode. Adsorption was decreased with the increasing temperature for both modified clinoptilolites. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used for mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium. Equilibrium data were fitted to the Langmuir model in the concentrations of 2–60 mg l −1 at 293 and 313 K. Based on the Langmuir isotherm plots, the maximum adsorption capacity value was calculated to be 0.415 mg g −1 at 293 K. Various thermodynamic parameters such as ∆ G °, ∆ H °, and ∆ S ° were evaluated with results indicating that this system was an exothermic spontaneous reaction and kinetically suited to the pseudo-second-order model. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0869-7 Authors Ömer Saltabaş, Ceha Jewellery & Chemistry Co., Molla Fenari Mah., Gazi Sinan Paşa Sok, No: 18/1, Cağaloğlu-Fatih, 34420 Istanbul, Turkey Murat Teker, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54100 Sakarya, Turkey Aslı Döver, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54100 Sakarya, Turkey Eylem Serpil Atay, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54100 Sakarya, Turkey Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Since swine wastewater is used by farmers for soil fertilization, evaluation of toxic compounds or micro-contaminants of separate streams is required. This paper uses the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure for the physicochemical and ecotoxicological characterization of swine wastewater. To distinguish the most important toxic compounds, a physicochemical characterization and phase I-TIE procedure were performed. The acute toxic effect of swine wastewater and treated fractions (phase II-TIE) were evaluated using Daphnia magna determining 48-h LC 50 . Results show a high level of conductivity (23.5 μS cm −1 ), which is explained as due to the concentration of ions, such as ammonium (NH 4 + –N 1.6 g L −1 ), sulfate (SO 4 2−  397.3 mg L −1 ), and chlorine (Cl −  1,230.0 mg L −1 ). The acute toxicity of the swine wastewater was evaluated on D. magna (48-h LC 50  = 3.4%). Results of the different water treatments indicate that anionic exchange treatments could reduce 22.5% of swine wastewater’s acute toxicity by reducing chlorine (to around 51%) and conductivity (8.5%). On the other hand, cationic exchange treatment increased acute toxicity on D. magna (% RT = −624.4%), by reducing NH 4 + –N (around 100%) and total nitrogen (95.5%). This finding suggests that part of the toxicity comes from anionic compounds, such as chlorine. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0864-z Authors C. Alejandra Villamar, Engineering and Biotechnology Environmental Group, Environmental Science Center EULA—Chile, University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile Teresa Cañuta, Engineering and Biotechnology Environmental Group, Environmental Science Center EULA—Chile, University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile Marisol Belmonte, Engineering and Biotechnology Environmental Group, Environmental Science Center EULA—Chile, University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile Gladys Vidal, Engineering and Biotechnology Environmental Group, Environmental Science Center EULA—Chile, University of Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different rates of diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (DTPA) at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 5 mmol kg −1 ) and ethylenediamine disuccinate (EDDS) at 0, 5, 7.5, and 10 mmol kg −1 on the capacity of Brussels sprouts plants to take up Se from soils contaminated with 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg kg −1 NaSeO 4 , under a greenhouse conditions. Results indicated that the application of DTPA and EDDS to Se-contaminated soils significantly affect plant Se concentration, Se uptake, and dry matter yield of plants. Se concentration in the plant leaves, stems, and roots increased with increase in DTPA and EDDS application doses, but total Se uptake increased from 0 to 1.0 and 7.5 mmol kg −1 DTPA and EDDS application doses, respectively, and decreased after those levels due to toxic Se concentration for plant. Most plant available fractions and the carbonate, metal oxide, and organic matter-bound fractions increased linearly with Se application. At all DTPA and EDDS application rates, the Se concentrations in the leaves were about two to three times higher than those in the roots and about three to four times higher than those in the stems. This study suggests that the above-ground organs like leaf and shoots of Brussels sprouts can effectively be used in the removal of Se from soils contaminated with Se. Under the conditions in this experiment, Brussels sprouts were capable of removing 0.9–1.8 mg Se pot −1 when harvested at maturity without any chelating agent take into consideration one growing season per year. Based on the data of present experiment, it would be necessary to approximately 57–67 growing seasons without EDDS and EDTA to remove all total Se from polluted soil. Selenium removal can be further increased 12- to 20-fold with 7.5 mmol kg −1 EDDS and 1.0 mmol kg −1 DTPA application, respectively. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0863-0 Authors Aslıhan Esringü, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Turkey Metin Turan, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Turkey Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Field experiments were conducted to assess the influence of plant growth and amendment addition on phytostabilisation of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) along highway soil in southwest British Columbia, Canada. The plant species tested were Lolium perenne L (perennial rye grass), Festuca rubra L. (creeping red fescue) and Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky blue grass) and the amendments, lime and phosphate. The treatment efficiencies were assessed during different seasons as a completely randomized factorial experiment in split plot design. The research tasks involved: (1) quantifying the seasonal extent of metal accumulation in soil and assessing the seasonal impact on metal speciation for different soil amendments and plant species; (2) determining seasonal accumulation differences between sampling periods in plant parts; and (3) assessing the influence of root–soil interactions on metal dynamics. The amendments decreased the exchangeable fraction and plant uptake of all four metals. The lowest mobile fractions (exchangeable and carbonate bound) were found in soils growing Festuca for Cu, Lolium for Mn and a Lolium/Poa/Festuca combination for Pb and Zn. Metal accumulation and metal dynamics in the rhizosphere soil are compared with those of the bulk soil. The final outcome was the development of a remediation strategy for all four metals involving suitable plants and amendments and incorporating seasonal and rhizosphere influences. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-18 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0843-4 Authors Prabha K. Padmavathiamma, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Loretta Y. Li, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    One of the main environmental impacts of concentrated animal feeding operations is the soil degradation in vicinity with the livestock breeding facilities due to substances such as ammonia emitted from the various stages of the process. Owing to the high temperatures of the Mediterranean ecosystems, the evolution of gasses is more extensive and the soil degradation is consequently more severe than those obtained in northern Europe. In this research, the soil degradation effects of a large meat-producing, processing, and packaging unit have been investigated. The investigated intensive hog farming operation (IHFO) is located at a limestone soil coastal area with sea to the north and hills to the south. Soil samples of the upper mineral soil were taken in various distances and directions from the IHFO boundaries. Thirteen experimental cycles were carried out in the duration of 1.5 years starting in March 2009 until October 2010. The soil samples were analyzed on pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values as well as NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations. Significantly higher concentrations of the two nitrogen forms were observed on samples at increasing proximity downwind from the farm (south). Southern soil average NH 4 + and NO 3 − concentrations ranged between 0.4–118 μg NH 4 + -N g −1 soil and 6.1–88.4 μg NO 3 − -N g −1 soil, respectively. The variation of emitted gasses depositions was clearly reflected in the average pH and EC values. Average pH and EC values downwind from IHFO boundaries varied between 7.1–8.2 and 140–268 μS/cm, respectively. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0848-z Authors Stylianos Liodakis, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 80 Greece Charalampos Michalopoulos, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 80 Greece Elpida Efthymiou, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 80 Greece Georgios Katsigiannis, Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens (N.T.U.A.), 9 Iroon Polytechniou Street, Athens, 157 80 Greece Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Tributyltin (TBT) is a very effective biocide and an active ingredient in antifouling paints. Screening along the Indian coast yielded 49 bacterial isolates capable of TBT assimilation. The screening was done based on the ability of bacteria to grow in mineral salt medium (MSM) containing TBT as the sole source of carbon. All the isolates produced exopolysaccharides (biosurfactants) in the medium which aid in emulsification and thus ease bioavailability of TBT. Five isolates were identified as potent TBT degraders (namely, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes , Pseudomonas stutzeri , Pseudomonas mendocina , Pseudomonas putida , and Pseudomonas balearica ) based on their biomass production in MSM containing TBT as the sole source of carbon. In addition to evaluating the potential of individual bacterial strains, the study also focused on using a consortium of bacteria to explore their synergistic effect when grown on TBT. Further tests like growth profile, rhamnolipid secretion profile, extracellular protein secretion profile, and detection of siderophores were performed on these isolates when grown in MSM supplemented with 2 mM TBT concentration. Emulsification activity of the crude extracellular polysaccharides against kerosene was evaluated. It can be therefore inferred that TBT degradation by these marine pseudomonads is a two-step process: (a) dispersion of TBT in the aqueous phase and (b) tin–carbon bond cleavage by siderophores affecting debutylation of TBT. The consortium of bacteria may be effective in the treatment of TBT-contaminated waste water in dry docks. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0842-5 Authors Ramya Sampath, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100 India Harish Venkatakrishnan, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100 India Vijaya Ravichandran, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100 India Rajat Roy Chaudhury, National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600100 India Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Mercury bioaccumulation kinetics of two important macrobenthic species, the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the bivalve Scrobicularia plana , were evaluated following a dietary pathway (i.e. contaminated algae), through a mesocosm laboratory experiment. Both studied species presented a similar model of Hg bioaccumulation kinetics, a linear pattern of accumulation through time being the mercury accumulation in the organisms proportional to the mercury concentration in the food. Mercury bioaccumulation rates were higher in the polychaete H. diversicolor (reaching approximately 0.15 μg g −1 at the end of the experiment) than in the bivalve S. plana (≈0.07 μg g −1 ), which could be related to their feeding strategies, ingestion rates and assimilation efficiencies. Moreover, the mercury bioaccumulation revealed to be quite a fast process especially for the polychaete, and despite the fact that this species is not an edible organism, it is an important prey item, which can greatly contribute to the transport of contaminants to higher trophic levels. Therefore, the bioaccumulation of mercury by these important macrobenthic species, especially the bivalves, represents a non-negligible risk for humans. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0870-1 Authors Patricia G. Cardoso, IMAR–CMA–Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, PO Box 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal Eduarda Pereira, CESAM–Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Tiago F. Grilo, CFE–Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, PO Box 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal Armando C. Duarte, CESAM–Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Miguel A. Pardal, CFE–Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, PO Box 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    This study examined patterns of stream sediment granulometry, organic matter (OM) and metal concentration, and surface water characteristics in a catchment in the Brazilian Iron Quadrangle that is highly impacted by surface iron mining and gully erosion. Sediment granulometry indicated fine sediment deposition at impacted stream sites, i.e., tendencies towards bimodal particle size distributions with an additional peak in the sand fraction at impacted stream sites that did not occur at pristine reference sites, as well as towards smaller mean sediment particle sizes at impacted sites than at reference sites. Impacted sites also had significantly lower sediment OM contents than reference sites. Sediment heavy metal and arsenic concentrations did not differ between impacted and reference sites and were generally below published target or threshold effect concentrations. Impacts on surface water characteristics occurred only locally at a site that received tailings pond effluent from an iron mine and had very low pH and conductivity values. Sediment characteristics exhibited substantial spatial variability in the studied tropical catchment, showing that land use impacts can hardly be detected in routine monitoring and impact assessment studies that adopt a before–after control-impact approach and do not consider pristine reference streams. These results underline the importance of high-resolution and long-term sediment monitoring as well as integrated basin-scale sediment management programs. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0866-x Authors Francisco L. Nascimento, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Tancredo Neves, Av. Visconde do Rio Preto, 36301-160 São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil Iola G. Boëchat, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Tancredo Neves, Av. Visconde do Rio Preto, 36301-160 São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil Alexandre O. Teixeira, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Tancredo Neves, Av. Visconde do Rio Preto, 36301-160 São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil Björn Gücker, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Tancredo Neves, Av. Visconde do Rio Preto, 36301-160 São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In this study, Gonium sp. was investigated for possible usage in dye-containing wastewater treatment. Trials were performed in media including triacontanol hormone, Reactive Orange 14, Reactive Red 120, Reactive Black 5, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), and also hormone against the controls. Algae could remove RBBR with the highest dye removal percentage (56%) among the tested dyes. The optimum pH was 9 in removing 50 mg L −1 RBBR at a dye removal percentage of 47.1%. The role of laccase activity of Gonium sp. was also investigated. This first attempt in the literature showed the involvement of the enzyme in the algal growth and bioremoval process. In the presence of the plant growth hormone in the culture, the activity showed a steady and significant increase up to nearly sixfold between 5th and 14th days of incubation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0824-7 Authors Nur Koçberber Kılıç, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Sevgi Ertuğrul Karatay, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Ergin Duygu, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Gönül Dönmez, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy, combined with parallel factor analysis and measurements of UV absorption and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, was used to trace the footprints of industrial effluents discharged into the lower Kishon River (Israel). The lower Kishon River typifies streams that are affected by seawater tidal intrusion and represents an extreme case of severe long-term pollution caused mainly by a variety of industrial effluents. The industrial effluents may contribute about 90%, in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, of the total organic carbon discharged into the lower Kishon River. Water samples were collected along the river, including the points of effluent discharge from industrial plants, between November 2005 and September 2006. Two types of fluorescent components characterized the fluorescence of the lower Kishon River water: component I corresponded to humic-like matter and component II spectrally resembled material known to be associated with biological productivity, but different from typical tryptophan-like fluorophore. These fluorescent components and other substances that absorbed light at 254 nm contributed to the DOC pool that resisted riverine microbial degradation under laboratory conditions, and that constitutes up to 70% of the overall riverine DOC. The variations in DOC concentration, absorbance at 254 nm, and concentration of humic-like matter (characterized by component I) correlated with the distance from the sea and the water electrical conductivity, and were linked to seawater tidal intrusion. The increased concentration of component II, as well as its enlarged fraction in the overall riverine DOC pool, was found to be associated with the location of major inputs of the industrial effluents. These findings support the use of this fluorescent component as an indicator of industrial pollution in such severely contaminated riverine systems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0821-x Authors Mikhail Borisover, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel Yael Laor, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095 Israel Ibrahim Saadi, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095 Israel Marcos Lado, Area of Soil Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain Nadezhda Bukhanovsky, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture often cause nitrate leaching towards shallow groundwater, especially in lowland areas where the flat topography minimize the surface run off. In order to introduce good agricultural practices that reduce the amount of nitrate entering the groundwater system, it is important to quantify the kinetic control on nitrate attenuation capacity. With this aim, a series of anaerobic batch experiments, consisting of loamy soils and nitrate-contaminated groundwater, were carried out using acetate and natural dissolved organic matter as electron donors. Acetate was chosen because it is the main intermediate species in many biodegradation pathways of organic compounds, and it is a suitable carbon source for denitrification. Sorption of acetate was also determined, fitting a Langmuir isotherm in both natural and artificially depleted organic matter soils. Experiments were performed in quadruplicate to account for the spatial variability of soil parameters. The geochemical code PHREEQC (version 2) was used to simulate kinetic denitrification using Monod equation, equilibrium Langmuir sorption of acetate, and equilibrium reactions of gas and mineral phases (calcite). The reactive modeling results highlighted a rapid acetate and nitrate mineralization rate, suggesting that the main pathway of nitrate attenuation is through denitrification while calcite acted as a buffer for pH. However, in the absence of acetate, the natural content of organic matter did not allow to complete the denitrification process leading to nitrite accumulation. Reactive modeling is thought to be an efficient and robust tool to quantify the complex biogeochemical reactions which can take place in underground environments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0817-6 Authors Micòl Mastrocicco, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, Ferrara, 44100 Italy Nicolò Colombani, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, Ferrara, 44100 Italy Enzo Salemi, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat, 1, Ferrara, 44100 Italy Giuseppe Castaldelli, LT Terra&Acqua Tech, HTN Emilia-Romagna, Via L. Borsari, 46, Ferrara, 44100 Italy Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Concrete grinding residue (CGR) is a by-product created by concrete pavement maintenance operations. The application of CGR to roadside soils is not consistently regulated by state agencies across the USA, which is partially due to the lack of science-based information on its impacts to soils and plants. The objectives of this research were to determine the impact of CGR additions to soil on both smooth brome ( Bromus inermis L.) biomass and plant and soil chemical parameters. In a greenhouse study, two soils were treated with two CGR by-products at 8% and 25% by weight. Shoot biomass was significantly influenced by the main effects (Soil, CGR, and Rate) and by all two-way interactions, but not consistently positively or negatively correlated. Trace metal concentrations in the shoot biomass were variable, but 68% of these metals had the same concentration or lower in the 25% CGR treatments compared with the controls. Soil pH and electrical conductivity were significantly influenced by the main effects and two-way interactions of Soil × Rate and CGR × Rate, and soil pH was significantly greater in the CGR-treated soils. Calcium, Na, Mg, Al, and S concentrations in soils were all influenced by additions of CGR, but trace metal levels in the treatments were all within the range for uncontaminated soils. Ecosystem impact of applying CGR will be dependent upon the quality of CGR and soil characteristics. Controlling the liming potential of CGR should be considered a best management practice. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0816-7 Authors Tom DeSutter, Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, 214 Walster Hall, P.O. Box 7680, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA Patricia Goosen-Alix, Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, 214 Walster Hall, P.O. Box 7680, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA Lyle Prunty, Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, 214 Walster Hall, P.O. Box 7680, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA Paul White, Sugarcane Research Unit, USDA ARS, 5883 USDA Road, Houma, LA, USA 70360 Frank Casey, Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, 214 Walster Hall, P.O. Box 7680, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Surface coastal sediments (0–10 cm) collected from three natural environments on the Spanish Northern Atlantic Coast were analyzed so as to determine concentrations of 6 marker polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 12 dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and 17 polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). An analytical procedure based on Soxhlet extraction followed by an automated cleanup and final high-resolution gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied for the determination of the persistent organic pollutants. Marker PCB levels ranged from 385.5 to 4,060.9 pg/g dry weight (d.w.) showing a similar congener pattern in all sediments dominated by the less volatile congeners PCB 153 and PCB 138. Linear correlations were found between marker and dl-PCBs. Toxicity equivalent values were calculated for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs reaching its maximum at 0.52 pg WHO 1998 -TEQ/g d.w., with an average dl-PCBs contribution on the toxicity of the samples of 75%, and showing to be in good agreement with background levels in the North-East Atlantic Ocean Coasts of nearly 1 pg/g WHO 1998 -TEQ d.w. Dimensionless environmental quality criteria were much lower than 1 indicating the low probability to induce ecotoxicological impacts. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0790-0 Authors Sonia Gómez-Lavín, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Inorgánica, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain Daniel Gorri, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Inorgánica, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain Ángel Irabien, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Inorgánica, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Lead (Pb) is known as an important aquatic contaminant with different toxic effects on various organisms. Until now, only few quantitative investigations have been published comparing Pb content in different organs of adult freshwater crabs. Their capacity to bioaccumulate other heavy metals is already known, and they can potentially transfer Pb to the terrestrial systems, as they are frequent trophic items of reptiles and birds, even humans. The objectives of this study were to assess Pb accumulation in the gills, carapace, digestive gland, and quela muscle of the freshwater crab Zilchiopsis oronensis , and to correlate bioaccumulation with morphometric data and sex. The crabs were manually caught in unpolluted ponds of the middle Paraná River alluvial valley (Santa Fe, Argentina). After the acclimation period, they were individually and randomly exposed per quadruplicate to three Pb experimental doses: 20, 40, and 80 mg Pb/L, in plastic cages during 15 days. After dissecting the crabs, the tissues were analyzed for lead in a Perkin Elmer Analyst 800 atomic absorption spectrometer. We found significant differences ( p  〈 0.05) between the control and each one of the treatments but not between treatments ( p  〉 0.05) and highly significant differences ( p  〈 0.0001) between Pb concentration in organs. The Tukey posttest showed significant differences ( p  〈 0.05) between gills–carapace, gills–digestive gland, and gills–quela muscle. The weight of the crabs only showed a negative correlation with Pb in the quela muscle ( r  = −0.53; p  = 0.03). Pb in the carapace (but not in the other tissues) was positively correlated with the width ( p  = 0.571) and length ( p  = 0.616). Males accumulated more Pb than females, though not significantly. The present paper is aimed to contribute to our knowledge on Pb accumulation in freshwater crabs and select the better indicator organisms for biomonitoring. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0887-5 Authors Ana María Gagneten, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina Georgina Tumini, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina Alba Imhof, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina Susana Gervasio, INTEC–CONICET, Parque Tecnológico Litoral Centro, Ruta Nacional 168, Km 3.5, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Regional contamination by Pb and Zn in southern Moravia (south-east part of the Czech Republic) in the twentieth century was analysed in Brno Dam lake sediments and in floodplain sediments of the Morava River near Strážnice. The age model for the Brno Dam lake sediments has been obtained by 137 Cs (maxima corresponding to the nuclear tests in atmosphere and the 1986 Chernobyl accident) and the construction of the dam (1940); the time constraints for the Morava River sediments was the erection of flood defences (1930s) and 210 Pb dating. In the case of floodplain sediments, profiles exhibiting post-depositional mobilisation of heavy metals by pedogenic processes (gleying) must be excluded to reconstruct the history of contamination. There was a relatively fast joint onset of Pb and Zn load since the early stages of industrialisation in the first half of the twentieth century, but then the concentrations of these two metals developed in a different manner. Pb load only slightly increased till its peak in 1960s and 1970s. The increase of Zn load was rather stepwise: Soon before 1930s (Morava River floodplain) and in 1940s and 1950s (in Brno Lake), the relative contamination by Zn was much lower than during its peak in the 1970s to the present days. The offset of Pb and Zn contamination curves could have been caused by three different artificial sources of these heavy metals. The temporal shift of Pb and Zn loads can be used for dating sediments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0898-2 Authors Tomáš Matys Grygar, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic Jan Sedláček, Department of Geology, Palacký University, Tř. Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Ondřej Bábek, Department of Geology, Palacký University, Tř. Svobody 26, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic Tereza Nováková, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AS CR, v.v.i., 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic Ladislav Strnad, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic Martin Mihaljevič, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The connection between nutrient input and algal blooms for inland water productivity is well known but not the spatial pattern of water nutrient loading and algae concentration. Remote sensing provides an effective tool to monitor nutrient abundances via the association with algae concentration. Twenty-one field campaigns have been conducted with samples collected under a diverse range of algal bloom conditions for three central Indiana drinking water bodies, e.g., Eagle Creek Reservoir (ECR), Geist Reservoir (GR), and Morse Reservoir (MR) in 2005, 2006, and 2008, which are strongly influenced anthropogenic activities. Total phosphorus (TP) was estimated through hyperspectral remote sensing due to its close association with chlorophyll a (Chl-a), total suspended matter, Secchi disk transparency (SDT), and turbidity. Correlation analysis was performed to determine sensitive spectral variables for TP, Chl-a, and SDT. A hybrid model combining genetic algorithms and partial least square (GA-PLS) was established for remote estimation of TP, Chl-a, and SDT with selected sensitive spectral variables. The result indicates that TP has close association with diagnostic spectral variables with R 2 ranging from 0.55 to 0.72. However, GA-PLS has better performance with an average R 2 of 0.87 for aggregated dataset. GA-PLS was applied to the airborne imaging data (AISA) to map spatial distribution of TP, Chl-a, and SDT for MR and GR. The eutrophic status was evaluated with Carlson trophic state index using TP, Chl-a, and SDT maps derived from AISA images. Mapping results indicated that most MR belongs to mesotrophic (48.6%) and eutrophic (32.7%), while the situation was more severe for GR with 57.8% belongs to eutrophic class, and more than 40% to hypereutrophic class due to the high turbidity resulting from dredging practices. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0959-6 Authors Kaishan Song, Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Lin Li, Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Shuai Li, Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Lenore Tedesco, Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Bob Hall, Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Linhai Li, Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    This study reports on the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) atmospheric dynamics in the dense urban environment of downtown Paris (France). Eight PBDE congeners (BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-183 and BDE-209) were simultaneously analysed in bulk and wet atmospheric deposition, as well as in ambient air (gaseous/particulate phases), twice a month over a 12-month period (May 2008–May 2009). The total air concentration of Σ 8PBDEs ranged between 12 and 185 pg m −3 , and the seasonal variations of PBDE levels were controlled by air temperature (except for BDE-209). Regarding bulk deposition, Σ 8PBDE flux was in the range 5–94 ng m −2  day −1 , and it was positively correlated with atmospheric particulate phase PBDE concentrations. Meanwhile, the measured wet deposition flux of Σ 8PBDE ranged between 2 and 24 ng m −2  day −1 , and its median contribution to bulk deposition was 39% only, which highlights the importance of dry deposition. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0963-x Authors Khawla Tlili, UMR 7619 Sisyphe, CNRS/UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Pierre Labadie, UMR 7619 Sisyphe, CNRS/UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Fabrice Alliot, Laboratoire Hydrologie et Environnement EPHE, UMR 7619 Sisyphe, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Catherine Bourges, Laboratoire Hydrologie et Environnement EPHE, UMR 7619 Sisyphe, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Annie Desportes, Laboratoire Hydrologie et Environnement EPHE, UMR 7619 Sisyphe, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Marc Chevreuil, Laboratoire Hydrologie et Environnement EPHE, UMR 7619 Sisyphe, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 105, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Consumer demand for cleaned squid generates a substantial amount of waste that must be properly disposed of, creating an economic burden on processors. A potential solution to this problem involves converting squid by-products into an organic fertilizer, for which there is growing demand. Because fertilizer application to lawns can increase the risk of nutrient contamination of groundwater, we quantified leaching of NO 3 –N and PO 4 –P from perennial ryegrass turf ( Lolium perenne L.) amended with two types of fertilizer: squid-based (SQ) and synthetic (SY). Field plots were established on an Enfield silt loam, and liquid (L) and granular (G) fertilizer formulations of squid and synthetic fertilizers were applied at 0, 48, 146, and 292 kg N ha −1  year −1 . Levels of NO 3 –N and PO 4 –P in soil pore water from a depth of 60 cm were determined periodically during the growing season in 2008 and 2009. Pore water NO 3 –N levels were not significantly different among fertilizer type or formulation within an application rate throughout the course of the study. The concentration of NO 3 –N remained below the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg L −1 until midSeptember 2009, when values above the MCL were observed for SQG at all application rates, and for SYL at the high application rate. Annual mass losses of NO 3 –N were below the estimated inputs (10 kg N ha −1  year −1 ) from atmospheric deposition except for the SQG and SYL treatments applied at 292 kg N ha −1  year −1 , which had losses of 13.2 and 14.9 kg N ha −1  year −1 , respectively. Pore water PO 4 –P levels ranged from 0 to 1.5 mg P L −1 and were not significantly different among fertilizer type or formulation within an application rate. Our results indicate that N and P losses from turf amended with squid-based fertilizer do not differ from those amended with synthetic fertilizers or unfertilized turf. Although organic in nature, squid-based fertilizer does not appear to be more—or less—environmentally benign than synthetic fertilizers. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0962-y Authors Joseph C. Fetter, Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Rebecca N. Brown, Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Josef H. Görres, Department of Plant and Soil Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA Chong Lee, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA José A. Amador, Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Microbiology, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Two types of hydrogels with different functional groups, trimethylamine on quaternary ammonium and dimethylethoxyamine on quaternary ammonium, were synthesized. Type 1 and type 2 hydrogels were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and zeta potential analysis. The anion selectivity of these two hydrogels was investigated. The surface charges of the type 2 hydrogel were lower than those of type 1, probably because of the presence of the hydroxyl group in the ethoxy group. The Cr(VI) removal capacity of type 2 hydrogel was, therefore, less than that of type 1 hydrogel, although their adsorption rates were similar. The anion selectivity of the hydrogels was found to have a similar order: Cr(VI) 〉 sulphate 〉 bromide 〉 As(V). Under the co-presence of Cr(VI) and sulphate conditions, type 2 hydrogel shows a higher selectivity towards Cr(VI). The higher hydrophobicity was caused by the presence of the ethoxy group on the quaternary ammonium in type 2 hydrogel and thus increased in selectivity towards monovalent ions (i.e. HCrO 4 − ). In addition, the hydrogels have a high reusability. Compared with type 1 hydrogel, type 2 hydrogel has an advantage for applications in Cr(VI) removal and recovery processes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0977-4 Authors Samuel C. N. Tang, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China Irene M. C. Lo, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China Mark S. H. Mak, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Combinations of sequential anaerobic and aerobic process enhance the treatment of textile wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment of diazo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5)-containing wastewater using granular activated carbon (GAC)–biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an integration of aerobic and anaerobic process in a single reactor. The GAC–biofilm SBR system demonstrated higher removal of COD, RB5 and aromatic amines. It was observed that the RB5 removal efficiency improved as the concentration of co-substrate in the influent increased. The alternative aeration introduced into the bioreactor enhanced mineralization of aromatic amines. Degradation of RB5 and co-substrate followed second-order kinetic and the constant ( k 2 ) values for COD and RB5 decreased from 0.002 to 0.001 and 0.004 to 0.001 l/mg h, respectively, as the RB5 concentration increased from 100 to 200 mg/l in the GAC–biofilm SBR system. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0969-4 Authors Soon-An Ong, School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia Li-Ngee Ho, School of Material Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia Yee-Shian Wong, School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia Komalathevi Raman, School of Environmental Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The validity of the soil quality standard for copper (Cu) established by the Spanish legislation (Spanish Royal Decree 9/2005) is evaluated in representative agricultural Mediterranean soils under an accumulator crop ( Lactuca sativa L. var. Romaine cv. Long Green ), considering both the effect of the metal on crop growth (biomass production) and its accumulation in the edible part of the plant. For saline soils, such a soil quality standard seems not to be valid taking into account both of the aspects evaluated. For non-saline soils, the soil quality standard also seems not to be valid since, considering the metal accumulation in the edible part of the plant, the soil quality standard should be above such standard; but considering the productivity function of soil (biomass production), the standard should be much below, meaning that this function is being greatly affected by the presence of high concentrations of Cu. The soil quality standard for each soil considered should correspond to a value between its respective EC 50 and EC 10 values (effective concentrations of added Cu causing 50% and 10% inhibition on the biomass production), depending on the politicians and/or farmers' compromise with yield production and, therefore, with soil productivity. These threshold values were greater for the soil having more organic matter and clay content, showing that Cu toxicity also depends on these properties. Further research in other agricultural areas of the region would improve the basis for proposing adequate soil quality standards as highlighted by the European Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0960-0 Authors L. Recatalá, Departamento de Planificación Territorial, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación-CIDE, (CSIC-Universitat de València-Generalitat Valenciana), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain D. Sacristán, Departamento de Planificación Territorial, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación-CIDE, (CSIC-Universitat de València-Generalitat Valenciana), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain C. Arbelo, Departamento de Edafología y Geología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna (Tenerife), Islas Canarias, Spain J. Sánchez, Departamento de Planificación Territorial, Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación-CIDE, (CSIC-Universitat de València-Generalitat Valenciana), Carretera Moncada-Náquera km 4.5, 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A set of indices was developed in order to classify the vulnerability of agricultural land to water and nitrogen losses (LOS), setting a basis for the integrated water resources management in agricultural systems. To calibrate the indices using multiple regression analysis, the simulation results of Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS) model for combinations of different soil properties, topography, and climatic conditions of a reference field crop were used as “observed values.” GLEAMS quantified (1) the annual losses of the percolated water beneath the root zone, (2) the annual losses of the surface runoff, (3) the annual losses of the nitrogen leaching beneath the root zone, and (4) the annual losses of nitrogen through the surface runoff, which were used to calibrate the following indices LOSW-P, LOSW-R, LOSN-PN, and LOSN-RN, respectively. All the simulations to gain the LOS indices were carried out for the same reference field crop, the same nitrogen fertilization, and the same irrigation practice, in order to obtain the intrinsic vulnerability of agricultural land to water and nitrogen losses. The LOS indices were also combined to derive nitrogen concentrations in the percolated and in the runoff water. Finally, the connection of LOS indices with the groundwater was performed using an additional equation, which determines the minimum transit time of the percolated water to reach the groundwater table. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0968-5 Authors V. G. Aschonitis, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece M. Mastrocicco, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy N. Colombani, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy E. Salemi, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy N. Kazakis, Geology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece K. Voudouris, Geology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece G. Castaldelli, Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Despite the importance of periphyton–metal interactions in bioremediation schemes and in phosphorus (P) cycling, the processes controlling metal accumulation in periphytic mats are still poorly understood. Iron (Fe) accumulation in periphytic mats was examined across a Fe settlement lagoon receiving mine drainage in Scotland, UK, between March and June 2008. Quantification and mapping of intracellular and extracellular Fe concentrations in periphyton samples using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy suggested that Fe accumulation was dominated by the association of Fe-rich precipitates with the extracellular polymeric substances matrix, rather than biotic uptake. Intracellular Fe concentrations were significantly higher in periphyton samples exposed to the highest dissolved Fe concentrations. Neither intracellular nor extracellular Fe concentrations were significantly affected by light availability or cell density. While diatoms dominated the periphyton communities there was no significant association of diatom functional groups with Fe accumulation, indicating that community composition may not affect the function of periphytic mats with respect to Fe removal. Scale-up calculations based on the mean measured Fe accumulation rate by periphyton substrates of 0.021 g m −2  day −1 showed that exposure of large surface areas of periphyton substrate in the settlement lagoon would only increase the Fe removal efficiency of the lagoon by c.1%. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0961-z Authors Erin Letovsky, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN UK Kate V. Heal, School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN UK Laurence Carvalho, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB UK Bryan M. Spears, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB UK Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Natural clinoptilolite was modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, a cationic surfactant, and then melt-mixed with polypropylene hollow fibres to produce polymer composites with adsorptive properties. The performance of the fabricated composites was evaluated by optimizing experimental parameters such as surfactant loading, contact time, pH and initial concentration for the adsorptive removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and ortho -nitrophenol ( o -NP). Based on the fourier transmission infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy micrographs of as-received and surfactant-modified clinoptilolite, the modification of natural clinoptilolite was attained. The composites showed enhanced adsorption capability for TCP over o -NP with removal efficiencies of 84% and 46%. Loading the clinoptilolite with surfactant concentrations beyond 8 mM reduced the adsorption capacity. The removal of TCP and o -NP was found to depend critically on the pH of the solution, and the optimum ranges were 4–6 and 2–6 for compounds, respectively. The adsorption dynamics were determined with first- and second-order kinetics models, and the adsorption system for TCP and o -NP followed the first-order kinetics. Adsorption isotherm analysis revealed that the adsorption equilibrium data obeyed/fit the Freundlich isotherm. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0964-9 Authors Machawe M. Motsa, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa Justice M. Thwala, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa Titus A. M. Msagati, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa Bhekie B. Mamba, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Assessing multielement adsorption of trace metals on materials having potential to be used as soil amendments is an essential stage for the remediation success, as soil contamination rarely occurs with a single element. This study evaluated mono-/multielement adsorption of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb on aluminum (AMB) and iron mining by-products (IMB, used for comparison). Prior to adsorption, these products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, isoelectric point, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and microwave furnace digestion. Sorption experiments comprised: (1) pH adjustment (5.5, 6.5, and natural suspension pH), (2) mono- and multielement adsorption, and (3) desorption. Rising pH from 5.5 to natural suspension values (9.5) increased monoelement adsorption of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb on AMB up to 3.8-, 1.4-, 6.2-, and 1.1-fold, whereas multielement adsorption was increased up to 17.3-, 2.0-, 20.3-, and 1.2-fold, respectively. Zinc and Cd were less adsorbed than Cu and Pb and more affected by competition. Multielement adsorption at 5.5 pH in AMB resulted in smaller adsorption of Zn (up to 4.6-fold), Cu (1.4-fold), Cd (3.3-fold), and Pb (1.1-fold) when compared with monoelement adsorption. The lower the pH, the smaller the adsorption and the higher the desorption. The AMB showed higher capacity to maintain the elements adsorbed than the IMB. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0973-8 Authors Enio Tarso de Souza Costa, Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG CEP 37200-000, Brazil Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme, Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG CEP 37200-000, Brazil Guilherme Lopes, Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG CEP 37200-000, Brazil Nilton Curi, Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG CEP 37200-000, Brazil Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Over 5 days, Brassica juncea removed 54% of the highly toxic insecticide phorate from the medium with the formation of phorate sulfoxide in small quantity. The loss of phorate from the medium followed first-order kinetics. The half-life of phorate disappearance from water decreased by ~4.5-fold in the presence of B. juncea . Mild phorate phytotoxicity was evident from the elevated activities of the antioxidative enzymes like glutathione-disulfide reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase in the plants. Nevertheless, the ubiquitous antioxidative peroxidase was not significantly increased, nor the total glutathione content, due to phorate exposure. Phosphotriester bond hydrolysis and glutathione S-transferase-mediated conjugation seemed to be the key reactions for phorate metabolism by B. juncea . From the limited information available, for the first time, a tentative mapping of phytotransformation pathways was performed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0952-0 Authors Radha Rani, Eco-Restoration Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India Priyanka Padole, Eco-Restoration Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India Asha Juwarkar, Eco-Restoration Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India Tapan Chakrabarti, Eco-Restoration Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, India Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The soil mobility and dissipation of two pesticides with different physicochemical properties, namely mefenoxam, a systemic fungicide, and pendimethalin a selective herbicide, were determined in bare and tobacco tilled soil columns, which were installed in field conditions for over 125 days. Soil samples were collected at specific time intervals for a 125-day period and the rate of pesticide dissipation and leaching through the soil column was studied. The dissipation half-lives of mefenoxam from the top soil layer in tilled and bare soil columns were estimated at 10.3 and 13.1 days, respectively, while the corresponding half-lives for pendimethalin were 26.7 and 27.5 days, respectively. The dissipation of mefenoxam and pendimethalin from the top soil in tobacco cultivation was faster in comparison with bare soil; however, 120 days after their application, both pesticide residues were detected in the soil. Maximum concentrations of mefenoxam and pendimethalin were observed on the 15 th and 33 rd day, respectively, in the soil layer of 5–10 cm depth and on the 30 th day and 63 rd day, respectively, in the soil layer of 10–15 cm depth. Higher concentrations were observed in bare soil columns. The leaching of both pesticides was simulated with the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in series model. The simulated peak concentration and peak time for both pesticides fitted reasonably well to the experimental values. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0970-y Authors Vassilios Triantafyllidis, Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products Enterprises, University of Ioannina, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece Dimitra Hela, Department of Business Administration of Food and Agricultural Products Enterprises, University of Ioannina, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece Maria Papadaki, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece Dimitrios Bilalis, Department of Crop Production, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece Ioannis Konstantinou, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the capacities of cattail ( Typha latifolia L.) and reed ( Phragmites australis L.) for heavy metal storage in the phytomass. Samples were studied in the fourth of the four interconnected natural lagooning basins of a constructed treatment wetland, developed as an integrated pilot system for the treatment of leachates in a domestic landfill site at Etueffont (Territoire de Belfort, France). The efficiency of the lagooning system was evaluated through physical and chemical parameter measurements over a period of three seasons. Anion/cation and heavy metal concentrations were sampled and analyzed in water flowing into and out of the lagooning basin. Simultaneously, reed and cattail biomass samples (roots/rhizomes, shoots) were collected at both inflow and outflow, and the biomass characteristics were determined. The average above-ground biomass of T. latifolia and P. australis varied, respectively, from 0.41 to 1.81 kg DW m −2 in the fall, 0.31 to 1.34 kg DW m −2 in winter, and 0.38 to 1.68 kg DW m −2 in spring, with significant seasonal variations. The greatest mean concentrations of heavy metals were found in the below-ground plant parts of the two species during the spring season. The average standing stock of heavy metals was higher in the below-ground than in the above-ground phytomass, whatever the season. With the exception of nickel, heavy metal concentrations in the inflow were correlated to the plant content of both species. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-19 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0978-3 Authors Elise Grisey, Chrono-Environment Laboratory UMR UFC/CNRS 6249, University of Franche Comté, Place Leclerc, 1, 25030 Besançon cedex, France Xavier Laffray, Chrono-Environment Laboratory UMR UFC/CNRS 6249, University of Franche Comté, Place Leclerc, 1, 25030 Besançon cedex, France Océane Contoz, Chrono-Environment Laboratory UMR UFC/CNRS 6249, University of Franche Comté, Place Leclerc, 1, 25030 Besançon cedex, France Eric Cavalli, SERAC, University of Franche Comté, Building O Route de Gray, 16, 25030 Besançon cedex, France Jacque Mudry, Chrono-Environment Laboratory UMR UFC/CNRS 6249, University of Franche Comté, Place Leclerc, 1, 25030 Besançon cedex, France Lotfi Aleya, Chrono-Environment Laboratory UMR UFC/CNRS 6249, University of Franche Comté, Place Leclerc, 1, 25030 Besançon cedex, France Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Lead is a well-known pollutant with documented toxicity. Lead-containing weights used to balance motor vehicle wheels are regularly lost from vehicles and enter the environment. Lead weights deposited on roadways in the vicinity of Trenton, NJ were gathered and measured from February 2006 to January 2009. Measurements included loss of mass from specific weights exposed to traffic. Extrapolation of the results to the entire state suggests that approximately 12 tons per year of lead in the form of wheel weights are deposited on New Jersey roadways, and that approximately 40 kg of lead enters the environment in the form of small particles formed from the abrasion and grinding action of traffic on weights deposited on roadways. This quantity of small particles is much less than the approximately 60 tons per year of lead estimated by an earlier study to enter New Jersey in precipitation, some of which may result from the combustion of leaded aviation fuel. The quantity is also likely small compared with the fluxes of lead into the environment that still continue from leaded paint and with the residue of finely dispersed lead from historical uses of leaded gas in motor vehicles that remains in the environment. The quantity of lead released to the environment in the form of wheel weights appears likely to decline in the future because of legislation, voluntary phase-outs by manufacturers, and new trends in wheel technology Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0979-2 Authors Michael Aucott, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, USA Adriana Caldarelli, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In recent years, moving bed systems have been shown as an efficient technology in wastewater treatment and particularly in the treatment of urban effluents. This paper presents the results obtained for three different carriers in organic matter removal, analysing the influence of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the filling ratio, as well as the kinetic constants of each carrier used. During the research, differences in the organic matter removal were observed under different conditions studied as a result of physical and geometrical characteristics of each carrier and their hydraulic behaviour. Two of the three carriers studied in this research had similar yields compared to the third carrier that presented lower rates of organic matter removal and lower kinetic constants than the other two. Carriers 1 and 2 obtained removal rates of organic matter in the form of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) above 50% for intermediate and higher filling ratios with HRTs of 15, 10 and 15 h, respectively. The maximum values obtained for carrier 1, 2 and 3 were 56.97%, 58.92% and 46.13%, respectively, under 15 h of HRT and 50% of filling ratio. The kinetic constants obtained by respirometry showed a similar trend to the values obtained from sCOD removal. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0976-5 Authors J. Martín-Pascual, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain C. López-López, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain A. Cerdá, Superior Council of Scientific Research, 30080 Murcia, Spain J. González-López, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain E. Hontoria, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain J. M. Poyatos, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The presence of illicit drugs and their metabolites in surface waters has to be considered a new type of hazard, still unknown, for the aquatic ecosystem, due to the potent pharmacological activities of all the illicit drugs. Our research was therefore aimed at evaluating the impact of illicit drugs on the aquatic fauna, till now still undervalued. To this aim, we verified the ability of the European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ), a well-known biomonitor of environmental contamination, to bioaccumulate cocaine, one of the most abundant illicit drugs found in surface waters. Silver eels were exposed to a nominal cocaine concentration of 20 ng/l for 1 month; at the same time, control, carrier, and post-exposure recovery groups were made. Brains, gills, liver, kidney, muscle, gonads, spleen, digestive tract, and sections of dorsal skin were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Cocaine was found in the tissues of the treated eels and, at low concentrations, in almost all tissues of post-exposure recovery eels. These results indicate that cocaine is able to accumulate into the eel tissues; its presence suggests potential risks for eels since cocaine could affect their physiology and contribute to their decline, and for humans consuming contaminated fish. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1010-7 Authors Anna Capaldo, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy Flaminia Gay, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy Massimo Maddaloni, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy Salvatore Valiante, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy Maria De Falco, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy Mauro Lenzi, Lagoon Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory, OPL srl. Via G. Leopardi 9, 58015 Orbetello, GR, Italy Vincenza Laforgia, Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Evolutive and Comparative Biology, University Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in the biodegradation of natural and xenobiotic organic compounds in soil. They can also alter heavy metal bioavailability and contribute to phytoremediation in the presence or absence of synthetic metal chelating agents. In this study, the inhibitory effect of Cd 2+ and Ni 2+ at different concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and the influence of the widely used chelator EDTA on growth of the PGPR Pseudomonas brassicacearum in a mineral salt medium with a mixture of four main plant exudates (glucose, fructose, citrate, succinate) was investigated. Therefore, the bacteriostatic effect of Cd 2+ , Ni 2+ and EDTA on the maximum specific growth rate and the determination of EC50 values was used to quantify inhibitory impact. At high concentrations of Ca 2+ (800 μmol L -1 ) and Mg 2+ (1,250 μmol L -1 ), only a small inhibitory effect of Cd 2+ and Ni 2+ on growth of P. brassicacearum was observed (EC50 Cd 2+ , 18,849 ± 80 μmol L −1 ; EC50 Ni 2+ , 3,578 ± 1,002 μmol L −1 ). The inhibition was much greater at low concentrations of Ca 2+ (25 μmol L −1 ) and Mg 2+ (100 μmol L −1 ) (EC50 Cd 2+ , 85 ± 0.5 μmol L −1 and EC Ni 2+ , 62 ± 1.8 μmol L −1 ). For the chosen model system, a competitive effect of the ions Cd 2+ and Ca 2+ on the one hand and Ni 2+ and Mg 2+ on the other hand can be deduced. However, the toxicity of both, Cd 2+ and Ni 2+ , could be significantly reduced by addition of EDTA, but if this chelating agent was added in stoichiometric excess to the cations, it also exhibited an inhibitory effect on growth of P. brassicacearum . Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0944-0 Authors Felix Krujatz, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Andreas Haarstrick, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Bernd Nörtemann, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Tillman Greis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In this study, the role of Cyperus sp. was evaluated for removal of pollutants from swine wastewater. Vertical-flow pilot scale constructed wetlands (CWs) operating with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 72 h were monitored in a greenhouse, located in Viçosa, Brazil. Significant differences were observed for the following parameters: Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkalinity and electric conductivity, with averages removals of 37.5 and 28.5%, 55.9 and 44.4%, 30.2 and 25.6 and 26.1% and 22.9% (for planted and unplanted CWs, respectively). The rate of dry matter yield from Cyperu s sp. was 7.5 g m −2  day −1 , and the nutrient uptake capacities were 21.8, 2.1, 14.0 and 0.9 g m −2 of N, P, K and Na, respectively. Evapotranspiration (2.7 mm day −1 ) was statistically higher in the planted CWs. Plants in the CWs are important for achieving high nutrient removal. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0924-4 Authors Antover Panazzolo Sarmento, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Ave. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36.570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Alisson Carraro Borges, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Ave. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36.570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Antonio Teixeira Matos, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Ave. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, 36.570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A novel system for organic waste stabilization and reuse, combined with production of nitrate-rich liquid fertilizer was developed by manure digestion followed by volatilization of ammonia-rich gas (originating in manure extract) and its nitrification and recovery. This approach has several advantages, including biowaste stabilization and high recovery (over 60%) of manure N mainly as nitrate which is a better N form for many plants as compared to ammonium as the sole fertilizer N. Moreover, the potential utilization of different wastes as N sources in organic horticulture is possible as well as removal of suspended particles and microorganisms (including pathogens) that might otherwise clog the irrigation system and pose health risks, respectively. In a pilot-scale study, the system yielded several hundred liters of nitrate-rich (ca. 11 g N L −1 ) liquid fertilizer using guano as substrate. In a fertilization experiment, lettuce fertigated with the nitrate-rich extract exhibited better growth and quality compared to the common organic practice of fertigation with guano extract. The resulting stabilized biowaste was estimated as “low-risk” according to current guidelines and may be used for liming or land application. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0938-y Authors Amit Gross, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990 Israel Ofer Guy, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990 Israel Roy Posmanik, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990 Israel Pinchas Fine, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel Ali Nejidat, Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990 Israel Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The processing of natural resources in marine and freshwater ecosystems, directly operated by industries related to maritime sector, contributes annually to several million tons of waste. The reuse and economic recovery of this waste would be very desirable and profitable, either economically or environmentally. In this work, the remediation of hazardous divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using biological apatites derived from marine residues was addressed. The biological apatite (calcium phosphate particles) was produced by heat treatment of fish bones. Experimental sorption studies of kinetics and equilibrium of the metal ions as well as an evaluation of competitive sorption behavior for lead immobilization were carried out in batch operation mode. The efficiency and mechanisms of lead sorption on two different particle sizes of calcium phosphate from aqueous solution were investigated. The results showed a high adsorption capacity of the biosorbent for Pb 2+ (above 370 mg/g ads. ), in opposition to Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ . For the case of low initial concentrations of the metal ion, reducing the biosorbent particles size increases the sorption rate. It was possible to verify that lead immobilization proceeds with a rapid surface complexation of the lead on the sorption sites before partial dissolution of calcium phosphate and formation of pyromorphite-like compounds. By the selectivity experiments, performed using binary systems—Pb/Cd and Pb/Zn—it was evidenced a competitive process between the divalent ions, which leads to a considerable decrease on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent material for all the metals. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0918-2 Authors Eduardo A. Borges da Silva, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Carina A. E. Costa, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Vítor J. P. Vilar, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Cidália M. S. Botelho, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Mohamed B. Larosi, Department of Applied Physics, E.T.S.I Industrialis, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende 9, 36310 Vigo, Spain Juan M. P. Saracho, Department of Applied Physics, E.T.S.I Industrialis, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende 9, 36310 Vigo, Spain Rui A. R. Boaventura, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Total gaseous mercury (TGM) fluxes from the forest floor and a boreal wetland were measured by a flux chamber technique coupled with an automatic mercury vapour analyser. The fluxes were measured at three sampling sites in southern Finland, 61°14′ N, 25°04′ E in summer 2007, with additionally in situ TGM concentrations in the air at one of the sites and mercury bulk deposition at another. Most of the flux data were collected during the daytime. At one of the sites, diurnal flux behaviour was studied, and a clear cycle with an afternoon maximum and a night minimum was observed. The highest emissions (up to 3.5 ng m −2  h −1 ) were observed at the forest floor site having a moss and grass cover. At the wetland and litter-rich forest floor sites, the emissions were below 1 ng m −2  h −1 and sometimes negative (down to −1.0 ng m −2  h −1 ), indicating mercury uptake. The measured average fluxes in August were 0.9 ± 1.1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 ng m −2  h −1 for the forest floor sites and wetland sites, respectively. The flux data were compared with the mercury bulk deposition, which proved to be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. At the mossy forest floor site, the extrapolated TGM emissions were 130% of the Hg deposition in August 2007. Comparison with other studies showed that the fluxes in background areas are relatively uniform, regardless of measurement site location and method used. Airborne TGM remained at the background level during the study, with an average value of 1.3 ± 0.2 ng m −3 ; it frequently showed a diurnal cycle pattern. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0935-1 Authors Katriina Kyllönen, Air Quality Department, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Hannele Hakola, Air Quality Department, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Heidi Hellén, Air Quality Department, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland Markku Korhonen, Research Programme for Contaminants and Risks, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Matti Verta, Research Programme for Contaminants and Risks, Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Nitrate contamination of groundwater represents a threat to human health. Many researchers have studied zerovalent iron as a mean to remediate nitrate contamination. However, the application of such method is limited by ammonium production. This work investigates the use of microscale iron particles in association with zeolitite, a natural material containing zeolite, to remove nitrate and ammonium from groundwater. The association of the two materials is shown to lower the nitrate concentration in both deionized water and groundwater under the limit suggested by the European Union and to significantly reduce the ammonium concentration. The method is potentially applicable in water filtration. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0926-2 Authors Silvia Comba, DITAG—Dipartimento del Territorio, dell’Ambiente e delle Geotecnologie, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Maria Martin, Di.Va.P.R.A.—Dipartimento di Valorizzazione e Protezione delle Risorse Agroforestali, Facoltà di Agraria, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy Daniele Marchisio, DITAG—Dipartimento del Territorio, dell’Ambiente e delle Geotecnologie, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Rajandrea Sethi, DITAG—Dipartimento del Territorio, dell’Ambiente e delle Geotecnologie, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Elisabetta Barberis, Di.Va.P.R.A.—Dipartimento di Valorizzazione e Protezione delle Risorse Agroforestali, Facoltà di Agraria, Università di Torino, Turin, Italy Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A batch sorption method was used to study the removal of few toxic metals onto the Late Cretaceous clays of Aleg formation (Coniacian–Lower Campanian system), Tunisia, in single, binary and multi-component systems. The collected clay samples were used as adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. Results show that the natural clay samples were mainly composed of silica, alumina, iron and magnesium oxides. N 2 -adsorption measurements indicated mesoporous materials with modest specific surface area of 〈71 m 2 /g. Carbonate minerals were the most influencing parameters for heavy metal removal by natural clays in both single and multi-element systems. The affinity sequence was Pb(II)〉Cu(II)〉Zn(II)〉Cd(II) due to the variable physical properties of the studied metals. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 131.58 mg/g in single systems, but decreased to 〈50.10 mg/g in mixed systems. In single, binary and muti-element systems, the studied clay samples removed substantial amounts of heavy metals, showing better effectiveness than the relevant previous studies. These results suggest that the studied clay samples of the Late Cretaceous clays from Tunisia can be effectively used as natural adsorbents for the removal of toxic heavy metals in aqueous systems. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0937-z Authors Ali Sdiri, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan Teruo Higashi, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572 Japan Rochdi Chaabouni, Laboratory of Water, Energy and Environment (L3E), National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, 1173-3038 Tunisia Fakher Jamoussi, National Center for Material Sciences (CNRSM), Borj Cédria, Soliman, 273-8020 Tunisia Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    This study aimed at evaluating and comparing the removal of arsenic from solutions by a low-cost waste-based sorbent, produced by pyrolysing sewage sludge under appropriate conditions, and by a commercially activated carbon. Batch sorption experiments were performed under isothermal conditions (20°C), in order to evaluate the effect of pH on the arsenic sorption kinetics and on the equilibrium sorption capacity of the materials under study. Kinetic data revealed that the arsenic sorption was faster onto the activated carbon than onto the pyrolysed sludge. The sorption process was well described by both the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics equations for both materials. Changes in the initial solution pH have distinct effects on the removal of arsenic onto pyrolysed sludge and activated carbon. While for pyrolysed sludge, pH affects essentially the equilibrium time, for activated carbon it affects the sorption capacity. Equilibrium results were well described by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, although fittings corresponding to the Langmuir isotherm were slightly better. The Langmuir maximum sorption capacity determined for the pyrolysed sludge was 71 μg g −1 , while for activated carbon was 229 μg g −1 . Despite the relative lower capacity of the pyrolysed sludge, the considerable lower cost and the valorisation of the sludge may justify further research on its use for water decontamination. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1025-0 Authors Daniela S. Tavares, CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Cláudia B. Lopes, CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal João P. Coelho, CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Marta E. Sánchez, Institute of Natural Resources, University of León, Avenida de Portugal, 41, 24071 León, Spain Ana I. Garcia, Institute of Natural Resources, University of León, Avenida de Portugal, 41, 24071 León, Spain Armando C. Duarte, CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Marta Otero, CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Eduarda Pereira, CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A novel tannin-based coagulant has been synthesized at lab scale. A multiparameter optimization was performed on the production process, and up to five variables were studied according to the response surface methodology in a face-centered design of experiments which included two temperatures, two pH levels, and the reaction time in the chemical process. The coagulant involved diethanolamine, formaldehyde, and a tannin extract from Acacia mearnsii de Wild. The results revealed an average optimum combination for dye and surfactant removal which was able to remove either Alizarin Violet 3R and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate efficiently from water effluents. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1022-3 Authors Jesus Beltrán-Heredia, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain Jesus Sánchez-Martín, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain Leticia Martín-García, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The batch bioreduction of Cr(VI) by the cells of newly isolated chromium-resistant Acinetobacter sp. bacteria, immobilized on glass beads and Ca-alginate beads, was investigated. The rate of reduction and percentage reduction of Cr(VI) decrease with the increase in initial Cr(VI) concentration, indicating the inhibitory effect of Cr(VI). Efficiency of bioreduction can be improved by increasing the bioparticle loading or the initial biomass loading. Glass bioparticles have shown better performance as compared to Ca-alginate bioparticles in terms of batch Cr(VI) reduction achieved and the rate of reduction. Glass beads may be considered as better cell carrier particles for immobilization as compared to Ca-alginate beads. Around 90% reduction of 80 ppm Cr(VI) could be achieved after 24 h with initial biomass loading of 14.6 mg on glass beads. Artificial neural network-based models are developed for prediction of batch Cr(VI) bioreduction using the cells immobilized on glass and Ca-alginate beads. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-17 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0992-5 Authors Vidya Shetty K., Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Post-575025 India Namitha L., Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Post-575025 India Shama N. Rao, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Post-575025 India Narayani M., Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Post-575025 India Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Poultry litter leachate (PLL) is known to contain a variety of contaminants including endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). This study analyzed the presence of steroids and contaminants in samples of poultry litter from a broiler poultry operation in Maryland, USA. Litter samples were homogenized, hydrated, incubated for two time periods (4 and 24 h) at two temperatures (20°C and 37°C), filtered, and analyzed for steroids and anthropogenic contaminants. In addition, duplicate samples were spiked with 17‐β estradiol (E 2 ) and testosterone (T), and β-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase, to measure steroid recovery and the presence of conjugates, respectively. A steroid recovery rate of 71 and 73% was obtained from E 2 and T spiked samples, respectively. Increased incubation duration demonstrated an increased trend in E 2 and a decreased trend in androgen (T and/or dihydrotestosterone [DHT]) concentrations, regardless of temperature. In contrast, increased incubation temperature displayed different trends in E 2 and androgen concentrations. High temperature with a 4-h incubation resulted in an increased trend in androgen with no effect on E 2 . However, after 24 h of incubation at high temperature, an increased trend in E 2 was observed with no effect on androgen. The presence of de-conjugating enzymes resulted in a greatly increased trend in T concentrations with a slight increased trend of E 2 concentrations. Trace amounts of several metals and anthropogenic compounds were detected. Arsenic, barium, endosulfan, and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were detected at quantifiable levels. This study demonstrates that PLL contains potential EDCs and contaminants that can be toxic to, and bioaccumulate in, aquatic fauna. Determination of EDC concentrations in environmental samples is important to elucidate potential detrimental effects of agricultural runoff on aquatic wildlife. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-7 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1014-3 Authors James D. Salierno, Department of Biology and Allied Health, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA Sara J. Pollack, Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Peter A. Van Veld, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA Mary Ann Ottinger, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Lance T. Yonkos, Wye Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, Queenstown, MD 21658, USA Andrew S. Kane, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A simulation-based interval-fuzzy nonlinear programming (SIFNP) approach was developed for seasonal planning of stream water quality management. The techniques of inexact modeling, nonlinear programming, and interval-fuzzy optimization were incorporated within a general framework. Based on a multi-segment stream water quality simulation model, dynamic waste assimilative capacity of a river system within a multi-season context was considered in the optimization process. The method could not only address complexities of various system uncertainties but also tackle nonlinear environmental–economic interrelationships in water quality management problems. In addition, interval-fuzzy numbers were introduced to reflect the dual uncertainties, i.e., imprecision associated with fixing the lower and upper bounds of membership functions. The proposed method was applied to a case of water quality management in the Guoyang section of the Guo River in China. Interval solutions reflecting the inherent uncertainties were generated, and a spectrum of cost-effective schemes for seasonal water quality management could thus be obtained by adjusting different combinations of the decision variables within their solution intervals. The results indicated that SIFNP could effectively communicate dual uncertainties into the optimization process and help decision makers to identify desired options under various complexities of system components. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1004-5 Authors H. Zhu, Environmental Systems Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada S4S 0A2 G. H. Huang, Environmental Systems Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada S4S 0A2 P. Guo, College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100083 Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In epidemiological studies, ultrafine particle (UFP) data from a single monitoring site are generally used as a measure of population exposure potentially resulting in exposure misclassification. From August 2009 to October 2010, 1-week campaigns were conducted during each season. The temporal and spatial variations of UFP number size distributions were investigated at 12 monitoring sites distributed across a 9 × 9 km urban area in Rochester, New York using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer TM spectrometer. The overall average number concentrations of 5.6- to 560-nm particles in summer, winter, spring, and fall were 9,025, 10,939, 4,955, and 14,485 cm −3 , respectively. Coefficients of divergence and correlation coefficients were calculated between site pairs to assess the spatial heterogeneity in the particle number size distributions. Moderate spatial divergence and uniform temporal variation were found for the chosen sites. Elevated UFP number concentrations were observed near highways, off-road diesel engines, and residential wood combustion sources, indicating significant contributions to the UFP exposure of people living adjacent to these sources. Our results suggest that one stationary monitoring site may not represent the actual human UFP exposure over a whole urban area. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1018-z Authors Yungang Wang, Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA Philip K. Hopke, Center for Air Resource Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, 8 Clarkson Ave, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA Mark J. Utell, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The fate of 15 N-labeled potassium nitrate (8.5% 15 N excess) was determined in 3-year-old Valencia orange trees grown in 1-m 3 containers filled with different textured soils (sandy and loamy). The trees were fertilized either in spring (24 March) or summer (24 July). Spring fertilized trees gave higher fruit yields in sandy than in loamy soils, which exceeded summer fertilized trees in both cases. Summer fertilized trees had greater leaf biomass than spring fertilized trees. Fibrous root weight was 1.9-fold higher in sandy than in loamy soil. At the end of the cycle, tree N recovery from spring application was 45.7% for sandy and 37.7% for loamy soil; from summer fertilization, N recovery was 58.9% and 51.5% for sandy and loamy soils, respectively. The 15 N recovered in the inorganic soil fraction (0–90 cm) was higher for loamy (1.3%) than for sandy soil (0.4%). Fertilizer N immobilized in the organic matter was lower in sandy (2.5%) than in loamy soil (6.0%). Potential nitrate leaching from fertilizer ( 15 NO 3 − –N in the 90–110-cm soil layer plus 15 NO 3 − –N in drainage water) was 34.8% higher in sandy than in loamy soil. The low N levels in sandy soil resulted from both higher NO 3 − –N leaching losses and higher N uptake of plants grown in the former. The great root mass and higher soil temperatures could account for raised plant N uptake in sandy soil and in summer, respectively. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1017-0 Authors Ana Quiñones, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain Belén Martínez-Alcántara, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain J. Miguel Martínez, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain M. Ángeles Forner-Giner, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain Domingo J. Iglesias, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain Eduardo Primo-Millo, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain Francisco Legaz, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera km. 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Explosive compounds, including known toxicants 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), are loaded to soils during military training. Their fate in soils is ultimately controlled by soil mineralogical and biogeochemical processes. We detonated pure mineral phases with Composition B, a mixture of TNT and RDX, and investigated the fate of detonation residues in aqueous slurries constructed from the detonated minerals. The pure minerals included Ottawa sand (quartz and calcite), microcline feldspar, phlogopite mica, muscovite mica, vermiculite clay, beidellite (a representative of the smectite clay group), and nontronite clay. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and gas adsorption surface area measurements were made of the pristine and detonated minerals. Batch slurries of detonated minerals and deionized water were sampled for 141 days and TNT, RDX, and TNT transformation products were measured from the aqueous samples and from the mineral substrates at day 141. Detonated samples generally exhibited lower gas adsorption surface areas than pristine ones, likely from residue coating, shock-induced compaction, sintering, and/or partial fusion. TNT and RDX exhibited analyte loss in almost all batch solutions over time but loss was greater in vermiculite, beidellite, and phlogopite than in muscovite and quartz. This suggests common phyllosilicate mineral substrates could be used on military training ranges to minimize off-site migration of explosive residues. We present a conceptual model to represent the physical and chemical processes that occurred in our aqueous batches over time. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1015-2 Authors Thomas A. Douglas, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, P.O. Box 35170, Fort Wainwright, AK 99703, USA Marianne E. Walsh, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA Charles A. Weiss, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA Christian J. McGrath, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA Thomas P. Trainor, Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    This paper presents a comprehensive study on the quality of surface and groundwater in an environmentally sensitive karstic watershed strongly pressed by urban growth. The objective of the study was to assess the integrated effects of human activities and natural characteristics of karstic environments on the quality of surface and groundwater using multivariate statistical techniques. Data from 18 physical, chemical, and microbiological water quality variables obtained throughout a hydrological year were analyzed using principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The PCA was carried out individually for surface water and groundwater. Our goal was to study the behavior of the water quality variables at each of these systems, as well as to infer the importance of these variables on the dynamics of the water resources in the region. Our results for surface water showed that the 18 original variables could be reduced to five principal components which together accounted for 69% of the total variation in the data, whereas for groundwater, 70% of the total variation in the data was explained by five principal components. In order to evaluate the impacts of anthropic activities on the water quality at the monitoring locations, the cluster analysis was applied to the ten sampling points. The analysis identified five clusters, two of which are formed by points with low contamination levels and three where the anthropic interference is noticeable. The results suggest the existence of specific contamination sources in many points, including in the groundwater, and highlight the natural vulnerability of the karstic environments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1012-5 Authors Maria Lúcia Calijuri, Department of Civil Engineering, LABSIGEO, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Campus Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Eduardo de Aguiar do Couto, Department of Civil Engineering, LABSIGEO, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Campus Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Aníbal da Fonseca Santiago, Department of Civil Engineering, LABSIGEO, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Campus Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Rodrigo de Arruda Camargo, Department of Civil Engineering, LABSIGEO, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Campus Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Marcos D. F. M. e Silva, Department of Civil Engineering, LABSIGEO, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Campus Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Increasing environmental pollution is connected with broad applications of dyes and imperfection of dyeing technology. Decolourization of triphenylmethane brilliant green and disazo Evans blue by bacterial and fungal strains and toxicity (phyto- and zootoxicity) of degradation by-products were investigated. Influence of incubation method on dyes removal was evaluated (static, semi-static, shaken). Dead biomass was used for sorption estimation. Toxicity of treated dyes was measured to estimate possible influence on aquatic ecosystems. The zootoxicity test was done with Daphnia magna and phytotoxicity with Lemna minor . Samples were classified according to ACE 89/BE 2/D3 Final Report Commission EC. The best results of removal for all tested strains were reached in shaken samples. In opposite to fungi, bacterial strains decolourized brilliant green more effectively than Evans blue. The most effective bacterial strain was Erwinia spp. (s12) and fungal strains were Polyporus picipes (RWP17) and Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH and MB). Decolourization of brilliant green was connected with decrease of zootoxicity ( D. magna ) and phytotoxicity ( L. minor ). Removal of Evans blue was connected with no changes in zootoxicity and decrease of phytotoxicity in most of samples. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0966-7 Authors Wioletta Przystaś, Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland Ewa Zabłocka-Godlewska, Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland Elżbieta Grabińska-Sota, Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The biomass characteristics, the process performance, and the microbial community for a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a submerged membrane SBR (MSBR) were evaluated. A synthetic wastewater containing only 4-chlorophenol (4CP) was used as the sole source of carbon and energy. Degradation efficiencies of 4CP were higher than 99% for both reactors, and no significant differences on the 4CP degradation rates were observed for the SBR (116.9 ± 0.9 mg 4CP g VSS −1  h −1 ) as well as for the MSBR (117.3 ± 0.5 mg 4CP g VSS −1  h −1 ). Despite the similar results obtained for the physicochemical parameters, it was found that the biomass characteristics were different considering the sludge volumetric index, settling velocity, protein content in the mixer liquor, and total suspended solids in the effluent. The settling velocity was three times higher in the SBR than in the MSBR; however, a better quality, considering suspended solids, was observed for the MSBR. The protein concentration in the mixed liquor was higher in the MSBR than in the SBR, generating foaming problems in the MSBR. A similarity analysis was made with the Ochiai–Barkman index. Even though the reactors were inoculated with the same biomass, significant differences in the composition and populations dynamics were observed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1006-3 Authors Iván Moreno-Andrade, Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingenieria, Unidad Académica de Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230 Mexico Germán Buitrón, Laboratory for Research on Advanced Processes for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingenieria, Unidad Académica de Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, 76230 Mexico Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of metal concentrations in clam organs to monitor metal contamination in coastal sediments. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were measured in the kidneys, gonads, mantles, gills, digestive gland, and hearts of the infaunal clam Amiantis umbonella collected from a contaminated site near desalination and power plant discharges, and a reference site in Kuwait Bay. Metal concentrations in sediment and sediment pore water were also measured at the collection sites of individual clams at the contaminated site. The concentrations of all metals in all organs (except Zn in the digestive gland) were significantly higher in clams from the contaminated site than from the reference site. Metal concentrations in several organs in A. umbonella from the contaminated site were correlated with those in the sediments and pore waters to which they were exposed. However, fresh weights of gonads, gills, and mantles were significantly lower in clams from the contaminated site compared to the reference site, indicating that the observed elevated concentrations of metals in the organs of clams from the contaminated site largely reflect lower organ weights, rather than higher metal loads, and that these organs in A. umbonella and perhaps other clams are not appropriate for use as biomonitors of metal contamination. Metal concentrations in clam kidneys showed a wide dynamic range with respect to environmental contamination and kidney weight was not variable. Therefore, metal concentrations in clam kidneys provide a reliable biomonitor of contaminant metals in coastal marine sediments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1009-0 Authors Qaiser Tarique, Division of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA Joanna Burger, Division of Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA John R. Reinfelder, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8551, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Groundwater and surface water contamination have been linked to inadequate or failing on-site residential wastewater treatment and disposal systems. The potential for groundwater contamination in coastal areas with shallow water tables is higher; subsequently the ability of soil, microorganisms, and vegetation to mitigate pollutants may be reduced. This study evaluated the performance of the four types of on-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems predominantly used on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. One type of system was deemed inappropriate for this region as none of the dozens of installations examined were functioning acceptably. Of the remaining three types, subsurface water samples were collected from representative sites using lysimeters and monitoring wells. Apart from general performance evaluation of these systems, seasonal changes translating into possible variation in disposal efficiencies and groundwater contamination were investigated. Statistical analysis of variations in organics (COD and BOD 5 ), nitrogen (TKN and NH 4 + –N), and fecal coliform concentrations was used to identify probable deficiencies in systems tested and to recommend changes to governing standards. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1011-6 Authors Ayanangshu Dey, Water and Wastewater Engineering, JB Enviro Consultants Private Limited, 10B, Lake East 5th Road, Santoshpur, Calcutta, 700 075 India Dennis D. Truax, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Mechanistic models of enteric bacteria fate and transport in surface waters are important tools for research and management. The existing modeling approach typically assumes that bacteria die in a first-order fashion, but a recent study suggests that bacteria can mutate relatively rapidly to a strain better adapted to the surface water environment. We built an agent-based model that simulates individual wild-type and mutant Escherichia coli cells. The bacteria die, grow on the natural assimilable organic carbon available to E. coli , divide and mutate. We apply the model to laboratory experiments (from the literature and new ones) and the Charles River in Boston. Laboratory applications include decay, growth, and competition (between wild-type and mutant) in various types of surface water. For decay experiments, the stochastic mutation process in the model can produce both first-order and biphasic decay patterns, which is consistent with observations in the literature. For the Charles River, the model can reproduce the main patterns observed in the field data. The model applications provide evidence in support of the mutation mechanism. However, the mutation model does not produce better predictions for the Charles River than a previous model based on labile and resistant subpopulations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1003-6 Authors Vanni Bucci, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA Stewart Hoover, Department of Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA Ferdi L. Hellweger, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A series of aluminum oxyhydroxide-incorporated titania composites were prepared by a one-pot synthetic procedure using aluminum tri- sec -butoxide as a precursor. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, nitrogen physisorption, and scanning electron microscopy. It was identified that aluminum oxyhydroxide (γ-AlOOH, or boehmite) was produced as aluminum matrix into which titania, commercially available P25, was incorporated. Photocatalytic activity of all nanocomposites was evaluated with respect to the photodecolorization of methyl orange under UV irradiation and almost complete decolorization was eventually achieved under optimum experimental conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1005-4 Authors Fei Chang, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 People’s Republic of China Min Zhang, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 People’s Republic of China Gang Wang, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 People’s Republic of China Wenjian Shi, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 People’s Republic of China Xuefeng Hu, Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003 People’s Republic of China Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )–silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) thin films were synthesized using the peroxo titanic acid approach (PTA) combined with the sol–gel method at low temperature around 100°C. The effects of type and amount of dopants of ferric (Fe 3+ ) or thiourea (N-S) and co-dopants of Fe 3+ and N-S on the films physicochemical properties and on the photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue and formaldehyde under UV and visible light irradiation were investigated. Physicochemical properties of photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the TiO 2 crystal phases obtained from this method were exclusively anatase and the needle-like crystals have an average diameter of 10–25 nm. Compared with the single dopant of 1.0 wt.% Fe 3+ or 0.125 wt.% N-S that was the optimal concentration for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and formaldehyde, the co-dopants of 0.125 wt.% N-S + 1.0 wt.% Fe 3+ furthermore increased the degradation efficiency. Co-dopants of 0.125 wt.% N-S + 1.0 wt.% Fe 3+ in TiO 2 –SiO 2 films were considered to play synergistic roles in narrowing TiO 2 band gap resulting in the higher methylene blue and formaldehyde degradation efficiency. Since the crystal grain size of TiO 2 –SiO 2 films synthesized by the PTA method is small, in the visible light region, the high transmittance was attainable to 80% with no-doped and dropped to 50–60% with doped thin films. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0957-8 Authors Charuwan Kaewtip, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand Pornpimon Chadpunyanun, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand Virote Boonamnuayvitaya, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140 Thailand Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    An experiment was conducted under simulated condition to study the influence of vermicompost on growth, yield and heavy metal accumulation by chamomile ( Matricaria chamomilla ), an important essential oil bearing crop grown under simulated condition. Nickel and Cadmium applied at 20 mg kg −1 soil significantly enhanced the dry matter yield of the crop as compared to the control (no heavy metal). The results also revealed that addition of vermicompost (at 2.5 g kg −1 soil) enhanced the heavy metal accumulation by chamomile in metal-treated soil. Although a sizeable amount of metals were being translocated to flowers, the essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation of flowers did not contain any heavy metal. Similarly, chemical constituents of the oil of chamomile were within the range of those obtained from chamomile grown under normal soil condition. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-6 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1020-5 Authors Sukhmal Chand, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), PO-CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015 Uttar Pradesh, India Ankit Pandey, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), PO-CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015 Uttar Pradesh, India D. D. Patra, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), PO-CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015 Uttar Pradesh, India Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The aim of the study was to determine whether the application of superphosphate fertiliser to soils contaminated with mine wastes can inhibit metal and metalloid mobility (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, As, Sb) in the long term. Contaminated soils contained sulfide- and sulfate-rich waste materials from the Broken Hill and Mt Isa mining centres. Results of long-term (10 months) column experiments demonstrate that fertiliser amendment had highly variable effects on the degree of metal and metalloid mobilisation and capture. Rapid release of metals from a sulfate-rich soil showed that phosphate amendment was ineffective in stabilising highly soluble metal-bearing phases. In a sulfide-rich soil with abundant organic matter, complexing of metals with soluble organic acids led to pronounced metal (mainly Cd, Cu and Zn) release from fertiliser-amended soils. The abundance of pyrite, as well as the addition of fertiliser, caused persistent acid production over time, which prevented the formation of insoluble metal phosphate phases and instead fostered an increased mobility of both metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cu, Sb, Zn). By contrast, fertiliser application to a sulfide-rich soil with low organic carbon content and a sufficient acid buffering capacity to maintain near-neutral pH resulted in the immobilisation of Pb in the form of newly precipitated Pb phosphate phases. Thus, phosphate stabilisation was ineffective in suppressing metal and metalloid mobility from soils that were rich in organic matter, contained abundant pyrite and had a low acid buffering capacity. Phosphate stabilisation appears to be more effective for the in situ treatment of sulfide-rich soils that are distinctly enriched in Pb and contain insignificant concentrations of organic matter and other metals and metalloids. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-19 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1019-y Authors Niels C. Munksgaard, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia Bernd G. Lottermoser, School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Kevin Blake, Advanced Analytical Centre, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The shell of a gastropod ( Achatina Achatina ) was used as a precursor for the synthesis of nano calcium oxide (NC) via the sol–gel technique. The NC was characterized and the performance evaluation in chromium (Cr) (VI) abstraction was assessed in a fixed bed. The operating characteristics of the NC-Cr (VI) system were analysed with the mass transfer model and the mass transfer zone parameters were found to fluctuate with changes in the initial Cr (VI) concentration. The evaluation of the equilibrium data, generated from the fixed bed studies, showed that the sorption of Cr (VI) occurred via monolayer adsorption mechanism, and the monolayer sorption capacity was 833.33 mg/g. Different kinetic models (i.e., Adams–Bohart, Thomas, Wolborska, and Yoon–Nelson models) were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the parameters of the column useful for process design. The kinetic analysis showed that the Yoon and Nelson model had the best fitting of the experimental data. The data obtained for Cr (VI) removal, when the NC bed height was optimized, were well described by bed depth service time model. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-16 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0990-7 Authors N. A. Oladoja, Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria I. A. Ololade, Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria V. O. Olatujoye, Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria T. A. Akinnifesi, Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTSs) were designed and built to decrease concentrations of constituents of concern in water simulated to match characteristics of water produced from specific oilfields in sub-Saharan Africa. The oilfield produced water has low ionic strength (704–1,370 mg L −1 total dissolved solids) and contains Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, and oil and grease (O&G). To treat these constituents, biogeochemical pathways were targeted in the design of two subsurface flow (SSF) CWTS series planted with Phragmites australis and a free-water surface (FWS) series planted with Typha latifolia. These systems were designed for prevailing conditions at the sub-Saharan site studied. Concentrations of O&G, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in outflow from the SSF series met use criteria for irrigation and livestock watering. For the FWS series, outflow concentrations of O&G, Fe, and Mn met use criteria for irrigation and livestock watering, and Ni concentrations met use criteria for livestock watering. Both SSF and FWS series were effective in reducing concentrations of O&G in the produced water investigated with 〉98% efficiency. The high-removal efficiency is attributed to achieving aerobic conditions in the wetland cells. Both SSF and FWS series reduced concentrations of Fe and Mn but with a wider range of efficiency compared with O&G removal. The removal of Ni and Zn could be increased by the addition of organic matter, such as plant detritus, to wetland cells to promote reducing conditions and dissimilatory sulfate reduction. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0996-1 Authors Jennifer E. Horner, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 340 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA James W. Castle, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 340 Brackett Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA John H. Rodgers, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA Cynthia Murray Gulde, Chevron Energy Technology Company, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX 77042, USA James E. Myers, Chevron Energy Technology Company, 3901 Briarpark, Houston, TX 77042, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Atmospheric pollution is known to induce corrosion effects on various materials. For Greece, stone deterioration could emerge severe costs in the case of damaging cultural monuments. This work aims to investigate the corrosion process on materials of archaeological importance (marble, limestone, and sandstone) in the Greater Athens Area (GAA) by using sophisticated geoanalytical methods together with dose–response functions for selected materials, in order to derive corrosion maps for GAA in the period 2000–2009. Also, a corrosion trend analysis is performed, which can be a very helpful tool for the prediction of potential risks to monuments of cultural heritage due to atmospheric pollution. The corrosion effects on the selected materials are generally weak. Nevertheless, increasing corrosion trends are found in the eastern regions of GAA for all sheltered materials and in the northern parts of GAA for unsheltered marble. The technique is finally applied to 12 locations in GAA, which include some of the most important archaeological monuments of Athens, and provides comprehensive results for the estimation of the impact of atmospheric corrosion on the structural materials of these archaeological sites. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1013-4 Authors Harry D. Kambezidis, Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymphon, 11810 Athens, Greece George Kalliampakos, Directorate for Research Support, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Nymphon, 11810 Athens, Greece Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Polyporus sp. S133 fungi were selected based on their ability to degrade anthracene in liquid media. The degradation efficiency of anthracene increased by adding 0.5% Tween 80 to reach 71%; agitation at 120 rev/min increased the degradation to 92% after 30 days of incubation. Enzymes such as manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP), laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxgenase were produced by Polyporus sp. S133 during incubation, and the highest enzyme activity was 182.3 U l −1 by 1,2-dioxygenase after 20 days of incubation. These results indicate that ligninolytic and dioxygenase enzymes secreted from Polyporus sp. S133 could play an important role in anthracene degradation efficiency. The metabolites detected through the degradation pathway were anthraquinone, phthalic acid, benzoic acid and catechol. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1016-1 Authors Tony Hadibarata, Institute of Environmental and Water Research Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Ameer Badr Khudhair, Institute of Environmental and Water Research Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Mohd Razman Salim, Institute of Environmental and Water Research Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Rare earth mineral based adsorbent viz. lanthanum oxide was investigated for potential application in defluoridation of drinking water for isolated and rural communities. Results of batch experiments indicated about 90% removal in 30 min from a 4 mg L −1 synthetic fluoride solution. The effects of various parameters like contact time, pH, initial concentration, and sorbent dose on sorption efficiency were investigated. Adsorption efficiency was dependent on initial fluoride concentration and the sorption process followed BET model. Variation of pH up to 9.5 has insignificant effect on sorption and beyond a pH of 9.5, the effect was drastic. Among anions investigated, carbonates exhibited high detrimental effect on fluoride adsorption while anions like bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates did not seriously affect the process. Adsorbent showed negligible desorption of fluoride in distilled water. Alum was more effective regenerant than HCl and NaOH. Results of cyclic regeneration with alum indicated that the sorbent could be regenerated for ten cycles without significant loss of sorption capacity. Studies with upflow fixed-bed continuous flow columns indicated the usefulness of sorbent for fluoride removal in continuous flow process. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0928-0 Authors C. R. Nagendra Rao, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (Chennai), Hyderabad Extension Centre, S. V. Bhavan, Masab Tank, Hyderabad, 500 028. A. P India Janakiraman Karthikeyan, Department of Civil Engineering, SVU College of Engineering, Tirupati, 517 502 Andhra Pradesh, India Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Fluvial mine tailing deposition has caused extensive riparian damage throughout the western USA. Willows are often used for fluvial mine tailing revegetation, but some accumulate excessive metal concentrations potentially detrimental to browsers. This greenhouse experiment evaluated growth and metal accumulation of Geyer willow ( Salix geyeriana Andersson), Drummond’s willow ( Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook.), diamondleaf willow ( Salix planifolia Pursh), Bebb willow ( Salix bebbiana Sarg.), thinleaf alder [ Alnus incana (L.) Moench spp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung], water birch ( Betula occidentalis Hook.), red-osier dogwood ( Cornus sericea L. spp. sericea ), and shrubby cinquefoil [( Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Kartesz)]. Bare-root shrubs were grown in tailings collected from three acidic, metal-contaminated (i.e., Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) fluvial deposits near Leadville, Colorado, USA. Tailings were amended with only lime to raise the soil pH to 7 s.u., or with lime and composted biosolids (224 Mg ha −1 ). All shrubs survived in the amended tailings; composted biosolids had little effect on plant biomass. Aboveground and belowground biomass increased during the 2-month greenhouse study by 3–9 and 1.5–5 times initial values, respectively. Most shrubs accumulated Pb and Cu in roots, and belowground Pb concentrations in all shrubs were significantly reduced by the addition of composted biosolids. Compared to other species, alder and cinquefoil accumulated Pb in aboveground growth, and concentrations exceeded animal toxicity thresholds, but these shrubs normally comprise a small proportion of animal diets. Dogwood, alder, and cinquefoil contained low Cd concentrations in aboveground new growth, whereas Bebb and Geyer willow contained zootoxic concentrations. Dogwood, alder, and cinquefoil are three good candidates for mine tailing revegetation, especially in fluvial deposits with elevated Cd concentrations. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-14 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0986-3 Authors P. J. Meiman, Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA N. R. Davis, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver, CO, USA J. E. Brummer, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA J. A. Ippolito, USDA-ARS Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, Kimberly, ID, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Direct ultraviolet (UV) photolysis coupled with modification of solution pH was explored as a method for the removal of organic micropollutants from groundwater. Photodegradation rates of most of the investigated compounds were pH dependent, however, its correlation with photodegradation rate varied among compounds. The potential of the pH modification during photolysis was determined for removal of a mixture of two pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and triclosan (TCS) in groundwater. The treatment included initial photolysis of the mixture at the optimal pH for TCS (i.e., 7.5–7.9), followed by pH modification to the optimal pH for SMX (i.e., 5), prior to a second irradiation period. The described procedure dramatically increased the removal efficiency (up to threefold) of the treated mixture compared to UV treatment at constant pH. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0971-x Authors Yaal Lester, The Hydrochemistry Laboratory, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel Hadas Mamane, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel Dror Avisar, The Hydrochemistry Laboratory, Geography and the Environment, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The effects of one of the most toxic heavy metals, lead (Pb), applied in two different concentrations and combined with chelate application were investigated on the water macrophyte ( Pistia stratiotes L.) physiology. The influences were observed by the chlorophyll and free amino acid content determination. Also the lead accumulation in macrophyte biomass was investigated to assess the potential efficiency of this plant for rhizofiltration of highly Pb-polluted water. Na EDTA and Na citrate were used as chelates and Pb(NO 3 ) 2 as lead supplement. The application of organic chelates simulated conditions of an induced phytoextraction process. Statistical analyses were performed as a one-way ANOVA with a subsequent Tukey HSD test at a level of P  〈 0.05. Pb contents in both root and leaf tissues gradually increased with increasing Pb concentrations in the nutrient solution. More lead was accumulated in leaves than in roots within all treatments. The total chlorophyll content decreased with increased Pb concentration and with a higher content of chelates. The chelate addition increased the total amino acid content in leaves but decreased the total amino acid content in roots. The addition of lead with chelates decreased the dry biomass weight. However, water macrophyte showed extremely high lead accumulation in biomass in the short term (up to 8 days) and this accumulation potential could be used for relatively fast and effective decrease of high concentration of this risk element in contaminated water or sewage. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0989-0 Authors Tomas Vesely, Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic Marek Neuberg, Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic Lukas Trakal, Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic Jiřina Szakova, Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic Pavel Tlustoa, Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Alpine areas in north-western Italy are subject to high deposition of atmospheric pollutants. Chemical investigations on high-altitude lakes indicate that most of them are recovering from acidification; however, they are still affected by the deposition of pollutants from the atmosphere, especially of heavy metals. This study compares the concentrations of heavy metals in alpine lake waters with those found in atmospheric depositions, to identify the possible contribution of deposition inputs to surface water ecosystems. The results were analysed by multivariate statistical techniques to identify the main emission sources of the various metals. Levels of trace metals in alpine lakes are generally low, and bedrock and surficial geology proved to be a major factor controlling metal concentrations in lake water. In fact, terrigenous elements show a wide range of concentrations while metals of anthropogenic origin, such as lead and cadmium, are often below the detection limits of the method; chrome and nickel are also present in very low concentrations. The median values of heavy metals in Italian alpine lakes are similar to those found in other lake surveys performed in remote areas, especially as regards metals of anthropogenic origin. The Visual MINTEQ model was applied to long-term chemical data of selected alpine lakes, to calculate aluminium speciation and to simulate its change in response to gradual modifications in a unit of pH. The ultimate aim of the modelling was to evaluate the possible threat to aquatic organisms of these highly toxic compounds. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0993-4 Authors Ombretta Tornimbeni, CNR Institute for Ecosystem Study, Largo Tonolli 50, Verbania Pallanza, Italy Michela Rogora, CNR Institute for Ecosystem Study, Largo Tonolli 50, Verbania Pallanza, Italy Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A central wastewater treatment facility was built in 1997 for the town of Suwannee that eliminated 850 inadequately operating on-site sewage treatment and disposal systems. During a study in 1989–1990, Salmonella were detected in Suwannee River water samples upstream and downstream of the town of Suwannee. This study presents the findings of fecal coliform distribution between the years 1996 and 2009 in canals and the main stem of Suwannee River near the town of Suwannee, a coastal area in southeastern USA. Fecal coliforms were measured and assessed to evaluate the water quality before and after the installation of the central wastewater treatment facility. In the canals nearby the town of Suwannee, significant differences in fecal coliform concentrations were detected between the samples collected before and after the operation of the central wastewater treatment facility. Average fecal coliform of 537 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml in the canals in 1996 was reduced to 218 MPN/100 ml after the operation of wastewater treatment facility. The fecal coliform levels in canals decreased significantly in the last 13 years. Even though the average fecal coliform levels in the river was reduced from 170 to 86 MPN/100 ml before and after the installation of the wastewater treatment facility, respectively, the difference was not statistically significant. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0991-6 Authors Shirish Bhat, Environmental Consulting and Technology, Inc., Gainesville, FL 32606, USA Larry J. Danek, Environmental Consulting and Technology, Inc., Gainesville, FL 32606, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The objectives of this study were to characterize and map the spatial distribution of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in topsoil at Rayong Province, a rapidly developing city, and to evaluate the associated health risks. A total of 130 soil samples were collected by a stratified random sampling technique. The soil samples were digested by HNO 3 , HCl and H 2 O 2 , and heavy metals were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used to analyze the data, and the kriging method was used for data interpolation. The results show that the mean values of most heavy metals in the soil, except for As, were lower than Thailand's soil quality standard for habitat and agriculture purposes and the worldwide background level. Highly significant correlations were found for As/Cd, As/Cu, As/Pb, As/Zn, Cd/Cu, Cd/Pb, Cd/Zn, Cu/Pb, Cu/Zn, and Pb/Zn. In addition, most heavy metals showed significantly positive correlations with the reference element (Fe). Spherical, Gaussian and exponential models were selected for the semivariogram analysis of the heavy metals in the Rayong soil. As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were fitted with the spherical model, and Zn was fitted with the exponential model. The total hazard index (HIs) from the heavy metals in the Rayong soil found in both children and adults were in the order of As 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. The hazard index of As in the children was higher than 1. The major health risk areas are mainly located in the eastern part of the study area where the land is used for agriculture and in the southwestern areas where industrial activities take place. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0995-2 Authors B. Simasuwannarong, Environmental Science and Technology Graduate Program, Department of Environmental Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand T. Satapanajaru, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand S. Khuntong, Faculty of Resources and Environment, Kasetsart University, Si Racha Campus, Chonburi, 20230 Thailand P. Pengthamkeerati, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Contact time, pH, fluoride concentration, and sorbent dose effects on the removal of fluoride ions by a carbonaceous material obtained from pyrolysis of sewage sludge (CM) were evaluated. Equilibrium was reached after 18 h of contact time and the maximum sorption was found at pH eq  = 7.06 ± 0.08, which corresponds to the zero charge point of the CM. The highest efficiency in the sorption system for fluoride removal (2.84 ± 0.03 mg F −   g CM - 1 ) was found with 0.4 g CM  L −1 and with 20 g CM  L −1 , 82.2 ± 0.5% of fluoride was removed. The kinetic data of the process could be fitted to the pseudosecond order and the intraparticle mass transfer diffusion models, whereas isotherm to the Langmuir–Freundlich equation. These results indicate that the mechanism is chemisorption on a heterogeneous material. Fluoride ions were best partially desorbed using a bicarbonate ions solution and the material was partially regenerated by using a solution of HCl (pH = 1). Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0997-0 Authors S. Márquez-Mendoza, Depto. de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Apdo. Postal 18–1027, 11801 México, DF, Mexico M. Jiménez-Reyes, Depto. de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Apdo. Postal 18–1027, 11801 México, DF, Mexico M. Solache-Ríos, Depto. de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Apdo. Postal 18–1027, 11801 México, DF, Mexico E. Gutiérrez-Segura, Depto. de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Apdo. Postal 18–1027, 11801 México, DF, Mexico Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In this study, the N 2 O emission from an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor (IASBR-1) treating the separated liquid fraction of anaerobically digested pig manure (SLAP) was investigated. The wastewater had chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of 11,540 ± 860 mg l −1 , 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) concentrations of 2,900 ± 200 mg l −1 and total nitrogen concentrations of 4,041 ± 59 mg l −1 , with low COD:N ratios (2.9, on average) and BOD 5 :N ratios (0.72, on average). Synthetic wastewater, simulating the SLAP with similar COD and nitrogen concentrations but with higher BOD 5 concentrations of up to 11,500 ± 100 mg l −1 , was treated in another identical reactor (IASBR-2) to compare the effects of carbon source on nutrient removals and N 2 O emissions. In steady-state, soluble N 2 O accumulated in the non-aeration periods, with the highest N 2 O concentrations measured at the end of the non-aeration periods. There was a significant reduction in N 2 O concentrations during the aeration periods with reductions occurring immediately on commencement of aeration. The mean N 2 O emissions in an operational cycle were 253.6 and 205.3 mg for IASBR-1 and IASBR-2, respectively. During the non-aeration periods, only 8.3% and 8.4% of total N 2 O emissions occurred in IASBR-1 and IASBR-2, respectively; while during the aeration periods, 91.7% and 91.6% of N 2 O emissions took place in IASBR-1 and IASBR-2, respectively. The mean specific N 2 O generation rates were 0.010 and 0.005 mg (g VSS·min) −1 in the aeration periods, 0.024 and 0.021 mg (g VSS·min) −1 in the non-aeration periods for IASBR-1 and IABSR-2, respectively. Mean nitrogen removal via N 2 O emissions was 15.6% and 10.1% for IASBR-1 and IASBR-2, respectively. The IASBR-1 with low influent BOD 5 concentrations emitted and generated more N 2 O. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0998-z Authors Mingchuan Zhang, Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Peadar G. Lawlor, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, the Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland Jianping Li, Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Xinmin Zhan, Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    A new speciation model developed and implemented in Polymath was found to be successful in predicting struvite precipitation in soils. Struvite (NH 4 MgPO 4 ) has been identified as a mineral for the recovery of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Predicting struvite precipitation potential in soil is important for optimal quantification of nutrient species. Polymath and Visual Minteq models were used for prediction of several solid phases in the soil. One approach to immobilize P for solid-phase formation is by co-blending. Immobilization was achieved through the blending of an Al-based water treatment residual (Al-WTR) and with Ca–Mg-based materials [slag and magnesium oxide (MgO)]. The results suggest that Polymath model revealed solid Phases of dicalcium phosphate pentahydrate (DCPP), magnesium hydroxide (MHO), magnesium orthophosphate (v) docosahydrate (MP22), magnesium orthophosphate (v) octahydrate (MP8), and struvite, which were lacking in the modeling from Visual Minteq. Residual leachate from the co-blended amendments; Soil+WTR+Slag, Soil+WTR+MgO, Soil+MgO, Soil+Slag, Soil+WTR, and the control (without amendment) had struvite of 353, 199, 119, 90, 37, and 12 mg l -1 , respectively. This implies that struvite, a phosphate mineral can be precipitated in the soil and could be released as nutrients for plant uptake. Struvite precipitation in soil and for reuse may reduce cost and may be a safe practice for sustainable environmental nutrient management. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-1000-9 Authors Michael K. Miyittah, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA Sachin Gadekar, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Pratap Pullammanappallil, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Craig D. Stanley, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA Jean-Claude Bonzongo, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Black Hall, P.O. Box, 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Jack E. Rechcigl, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, IFAS, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    We performed a 2-year microcosm study to assess the effectiveness of red mud, a by-product of bauxite processing, in stabilizing contaminated mine waste and agricultural soil. Our study used red mud from a long-term disposal area in Almásfüzitő, Hungary with a pH of 9.0. A 5% (by weight) red mud addition decreased the highly mobile, water-extractable amount of Cd and Zn by 57% and 87%, respectively, in the agricultural soil and by 73% and 79%, respectively, in the mine waste. In a laboratory lysimeter study, the addition of red mud reduced the concentration of Cd and Zn in the leachate by about two third of the original. The metal content of the leachate was below the Maximum Effect Based Quality Criteria for surface water as determined by a risk assessment in the metal-contaminated area of the Toka valley near Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary. The addition of red mud did not increase the toxicity of the treated mine waste and soil and decreased the Cd and Zn uptake of Sinapis alba test plants by 18–29%. These results indicate that red mud applied to agricultural soil has no negative effects on plants and soil microbes and decreases the amounts of mobile metals, thus indicating its value for soil remediation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0940-4 Authors Viktória Feigl, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary Attila Anton, Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Herman Ottó u. 15, Budapest, Hungary Nikolett Uzigner, Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Herman Ottó u. 15, Budapest, Hungary Katalin Gruiz, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Szent Gellért tér 4, Budapest, Hungary Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Incidental losses of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) to a surface waterbody originate from direct losses during land application of fertilizer, or where a rainfall event occurs immediately thereafter. Another source is the soil. One way of immobilising DRP in runoff before discharge to a surface waterbody, is to amend soil within the edge of field area with a high phosphorus (P) sequestration material. One such amendment is iron ochre, a by-product of acid mine drainage. Batch experiments utilising two grassland soils at two depths (topsoil and sub-soil), six ochre amendment rates (0, 0.15, 1.5, 7.5, 15 and 30 g kg −1 mass per dry weight of soil) and five P concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L −1 ) were carried out. A proportional equation, which incorporated P sources and losses, was developed and used to form a statistical model. Back calculation identified optimal rates of ochre amendment to soil to ameliorate a specific DRP concentration in runoff. Ochre amendment of soils (with no further P inputs) was effective at decreasing DRP concentrations to acceptable levels. A rate of 30 g ochre kg −1 soil was needed to decrease DRP concentrations to acceptable levels for P inputs of ≤10 mg L −1 , which represents the vast majority of cases in grassland runoff experiments. However, although very quick and sustained metal release above environmental limits occurred, which makes it unfeasible for use as a soil amendment to control P release to a waterbody, the methodology developed within this paper may be used to test the effectiveness and feasibility of other amendments. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0941-3 Authors Owen Fenton, Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland Laura Kirwan, Waterford Institute of Technology, County Waterford, Ireland Daire Ó hUallacháin, Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland Mark Gerard Healy, Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, County Galway, Ireland Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    More than 30 epiphytic lichens, collected in Agadir (Morroco) and along a 150-km transect from the Atlantic Ocean eastward, were analyzed for their metal content and lead isotopic composition. This dataset was used to evaluate atmospheric metal contamination and the impact of the city on the surrounding area. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn (average ± 1 SD) were 20.9 ± 15.2 μg g −1 , 13.8 ± 9.0 μg g −1 , and 56.6 ± 26.6 μg g −1 , respectively, with the highest values observed in lichens collected within the urban area. The 206 Pb/ 207 Pb and 208 Pb/ 207 Pb ratios in the lichens varied from 1.146 to 1.186 and from 2.423 to 2.460, respectively. Alkyllead-gasoline sold in Morocco by the major petrol companies gave isotopic ratios of 206 Pb/ 207 Pb = 1.076–1.081 and 208 Pb/ 207 Pb = 2.348–2.360. These new, homogeneous values for gasoline-derived lead improve and update the scarce isotopic database of potential lead sources in Morocco, and may be of great value to future environmental surveys on the presence of lead in natural reservoirs, where it persists over time (e.g., soils and sediments). The interest of normalizing metal concentrations in lichens to concentrations of a lithogenic element is demonstrated by the consistency of the results thus obtained with lead isotopic ratios. Leaded gasoline contributed less than 50% of the total amount of lead accumulated in lichens, even in areas subject to high vehicular traffic. This strongly suggests that the recent banishment of leaded gasoline in Morocco will not trigger a drastic improvement in air quality, at least in Agadir. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-12 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0942-2 Authors Fabrice Monna, ARTéHIS, UMR 5594, Université de Bourgogne–CNRS-Culture, Bât. Gabriel, 6, Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France Lhoussaine Bouchaou, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Géologie Appliquée et Géo-Environnement (LAGAGE), Université Ibn Zohr, BP 8106, Hay Dakhla, 80000 Agadir, Morocco Claire Rambeau, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Geoscience Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 277, Reading, RG6 6AB UK Rémi Losno, LISA, Paris 12, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Universités Paris 7, 61 av. du Gal de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France Olivier Bruguier, Géosciences Montpellier, UMR 5243 CNRS-Université Montpellier 2, CC 60, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France Gaetano Dongarrà, Dip. Chimica e Fisica della Terra (CFTA), Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy Stuart Black, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Geoscience Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 277, Reading, RG6 6AB UK Carmela Chateau, Université de Bourgogne, UFR SVTE, 6 bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Redox stratification, especially hypolimnetic anoxia resulting from eutrophication, and salinization resulting from application of salts for road deicing is investigated in three kettle lakes in southwest Michigan. Two of the lakes (Asylum and Woods Lakes) are located in urban Kalamazoo, Michigan, and the third (Brewster Lake) is located in rural Hastings, Michigan. In summer, the water columns of all three lakes are distinctly redox stratified, with anoxic hypolimnia and significant accumulation of reduced solutes (e.g., Mn(II), Fe(II), ammonia) in the lake bottom waters. Extremely elevated conductivity, chloride, sodium, and potassium levels are observed in the urban Asylum and Woods Lakes compared to the rural Brewster Lake, presumably due to runoff of road salt deicers applied in the surrounding watershed. These significant changes in water quality are of concern because they may detrimentally impact lake mixing, biodiversity, and ecosystem function in the urban lakes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0954-y Authors Carla M. Koretsky, Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA Andrew MacLeod, Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA Ryan J. Sibert, Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA Christine Snyder, Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Volcanic rock is a potential adsorbent for metallic ions from wastewater. This study determined the capacity of Gisenyi volcanic rock found in Northern Rwanda to adsorb Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn using laboratory scale batch experiments under a variety of experimental conditions (initial metal concentration varied from 1 to 50 mg/L, adsorbent dosage 4 g/L, solid/liquid ratio of 1:250, contact time 120 h, particle size 250–900 μm). The adsorbent had a surface area of 3 m 2 /g. The adsorption process was optimal at near-neutral pH 6. The maximal adsorption capacity was 6.23, 10.87, 9.52 and 4.46 mg/g for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively. The adsorption process proceeded via a fast initial metal uptake during the first 6 h, followed by slow uptake and equilibrium after 24 h. Data fitted well the pseudo second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium experiments showed that the adsorbent has a high affinity for Cu and Pb followed by Cd and Zn. Furthermore, the rock is a stable sorbent that can be reused in multiple sorption–desorption–regeneration cycles. Therefore, the Gisenyi volcanic rock was found to be a promising adsorbent for heavy metal removal from industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-15 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0880-z Authors Christian B. Sekomo, Department of Chemistry, National University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 117, Butare, Rwanda Diederik P. L. Rousseau, Department of Environmental Resources, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601DA Delft, The Netherlands Piet N. L. Lens, Department of Environmental Resources, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601DA Delft, The Netherlands Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Water quantity and quality were monitored for 3 years in a 360-m-long wetland with riparian fences and plants in a pastoral dairy farming catchment. Concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and Escherichia coli were 210–75,200 g N m −3 , 12–58,200 g P m −3 and 2–20,000 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml, respectively. Average retentions (±standard error) for the wetland over 3 years were 5 ± 1%, 93 ± 13% and 65 ± 9% for TN, TP and E. coli , respectively. Retentions for nitrate–N, ammonium–N, filterable reactive P and particulate C were respectively −29 ± 5%, 32 ± 10%, −53 ± 24% and 96 ± 19%. Aerobic conditions within the wetland supported nitrification but not denitrification and it is likely that there was a high conversion rate from dissolved inputs of N and P in groundwater, to particulate N and P and refractory dissolved forms in the wetland. The wetland was notable for its capacity to promote the formation of particulate forms and retain them or to provide conditions suitable for retention (e.g. binding of phosphate to cations). Nitrogen retention was generally low because about 60% was in dissolved forms (DON and NO X –N) that were not readily trapped or removed. Specific yields for N, P and E. coli were c. 10–11 kg N ha −1  year −1 , 0.2 kg P ha −1  year −1 and ≤10 9 MPN ha −1  year −1 , respectively, and generally much less than ranges for typical dairy pasture catchments in New Zealand. Further mitigation of catchment runoff losses might be achieved if the upland wetland was coupled with a downslope wetland in which anoxic conditions would promote denitrification. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0876-8 Authors Robert John Wilcock, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited, PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, 3251 New Zealand Karin Müller, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3230, Hamilton, New Zealand Gareth B. van Assema, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited, PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, 3251 New Zealand Margaret A. Bellingham, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited, PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, 3251 New Zealand Ron Ovenden, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Limited, PO Box 11-115, Hamilton, 3251 New Zealand Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The adsorption of Brilliant Blue FCF from aqueous solution was evaluated using a Fe-zeolitic tuff. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Sorption kinetic, isotherms, dose and pH effects were determined and the adsorption behavior was analyzed. Kinetic pseudo-first order and linear isotherm models were successfully applied to the experimental results, indicating that the sorption mechanism is physisorption. Experiments in columns were performed and breakpoint was found in 100 min using a concentration of 5 mg/l. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-9 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0877-7 Authors S. Pinedo-Hernández, Departamento de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, Col. Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11801 México, D. F., Mexico C. Díaz-Nava, División de Estudios del Posgrado, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Av. Tecnológico s/n, Ex Rancho La Virgen, C.P. 52140 Metepec, Estado de México, Mexico M. Solache-Ríos, Departamento de Química, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, A.P. 18-1027, Col. Escandón, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, C.P. 11801 México, D. F., Mexico Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The ForSAFE-VEG model was used to estimate atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climate effects on soil chemistry and ground vegetation in alpine and subalpine zones of the northern and central Rocky Mountains region in the USA from 1750 to 2500. Model simulations for a generalized site illustrated how the critical load of atmospheric nitrogen deposition could be estimated to protect plant biodiversity. The results appear reasonable compared with past model applications in northern Europe. Atmospheric N deposition critical loads estimated to protect plant biodiversity were 1 to 2 kg N/ha/year. This range could be greater, depending on the values selected for critical site-specific parameters (precipitation, temperature, soil chemistry, plant nutrient uptake, and any eventual harvest of biomass) and the amount of biodiversity change allowed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-17 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0865-y Authors Harald Sverdrup, Biogeochemistry and Systems Analysis, Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Todd C. McDonnell, E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA Timothy J. Sullivan, E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis, OR, USA Bengt Nihlgård, Biogeochemistry and Systems Analysis, Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Salim Belyazid, Biogeochemistry and Systems Analysis, Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Beat Rihm, Meteotest AG, 8001 Bern, Switzerland Ellen Porter, National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Denver, CO, USA William D. Bowman, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Linda Geiser, U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Air Resources Management Program, Corvallis, OR, USA Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In the transition from a fossil to a bio-based economy, it has become an important challenge to maximally recuperate and recycle valuable nutrients coming from manure and digestate processing. Membrane filtration is a suitable technology to separate valuable nutrients in easily transportable concentrates which could potentially be re-used as green fertilizers, in the meantime producing high quality water. However, traditional membrane filtration systems often suffer technical problems in waste stream treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of vibratory shear enhanced processing (VSEP) in the removal of macronutrients (N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg) from the liquid fraction of digestates, reducing their concentrations down to dischargeable/re-usable water. In addition, the re-use potential of VSEP-concentrates as sustainable substitutes for fossil-based mineral fertilizers was evaluated. Removal efficiencies for N and P by two VSEP filtration steps were high, though not sufficient to continuously reach the Flemish legislation criteria for discharge into surface waters (15 mg N l −1 and 2 mg P l −1 ). Additional purification can occur in a subsequent lagoon, yet further optimization of the VSEP filtration system is advised. Furthermore, concentrates produced by one membrane filtration step showed potential as N–K fertilizer with an economic value of €6.3 ± 1.1 t −1 fresh weight (FW). Further research is, however, required to evaluate the impact on crop production and soil quality by application of these new potential green fertilizers. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-11 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0967-6 Authors C. Vaneeckhaute, Laboratory of Analytical and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium E. Meers, Laboratory of Analytical and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium E. Michels, Laboratory of Analytical and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium P. Christiaens, Eco-Projects, Tiengemeten 15, 8730 Beernem, Belgium F. M. G. Tack, Laboratory of Analytical and Applied Ecochemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The aim was to study the influence of soil properties on the leaching of nitrate, phosphate and organic matter (OM) following the application of sewage sludge to contrasting soils. Seventy agricultural soils from different parts of Spain were amended with sewage sludge (50 t dry weight ha −1 ), and a controlled column study was developed. After 2, 4 and 6 months of incubation, distilled water, equivalent to an autumn rainfall event of 25 l m −2 in Mediterranean environments, was applied and leachates collected and analysed: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate and nitrate. The mean values of pH in the leachates after 2, 4 and 6 months were similar and close to the neutrality. The highest concentrations for the rest of the parameters analysed were found after 2 months of incubation and diminished for 4 and 6 months, especially COD. Soil pH and texture were the most relevant soil properties controlling the leaching of the analysed parameters. The OM mineralization seemed to be enhanced at high values of soil pH, thus increasing the nitrate and reducing the COD leaching. However, phosphate levels were reduced at high values of soil pH. In addition, leaching was promoted in sandy soils. Other soil properties influenced phosphate leaching being the equivalent calcium carbonate soil content as the most relevant. Soil organic carbon was negatively related to the EC and nitrate concentration in the leachates but resulting in a weak contribution compared with soil pH and texture. Concerns about nitrate pollution have been confirmed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0983-6 Authors J. M. Soriano-Disla, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain I. Gómez, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain J. Navarro-Pedreño, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202 Elche, Spain Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    The mechanisms for translocation of heavy metals from soil to epigeal mosses were investigated. The first mechanism was demonstrated for 137 Cs and involved the uplifting of the pollutant-containing dust from the soil, followed by the local secondary deposition on surfaces of epigeal mosses and epiphytic lichens. The second mechanism involved the diffusion of metal cations from the soil through water wetting the moss into the gametophyte. The mechanism was demonstrated by measuring the electric conductance of wetted gametophytes with single ends immersed in solutions of Cu and Na salts. In addition, the concentrations of Cu and Cd were compared in moss samples exposed to the natural soil and to the soil contaminated with the metals. The exposition to the contaminated soil resulted in the statistically significant increase of metal concentrations in the gametophytes. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-8 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0987-2 Authors Andrzej Kłos, Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland Marcin Czora, Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland Małgorzata Rajfur, Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland Maria Wacławek, Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University of Opole, 4 kard. B. Kominka Str., 45-032 Opole, Poland Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    An environmentally friendly procedure suitable to restore a protected area was evaluated at laboratory scale. Soil contaminated by high molecular weight (C 〉 10) aliphatic hydrocarbons and by chromium was withdrawn from the study site and a qualitative study of soil hydrocarbon components was first performed in order to assess the potential source of contamination. To this aim, a number of characteristic diagnostic ratios of hydrocarbon components were derived by processing chromatographic data, and were used as indicators for distinguishing anthropogenic from natural hydrocarbons. Then, the efficiency of landfarming for soil remediation was tested by comparing the effect of a few selected amendments and by monitoring the fate of chromium. Soil microbial abundance and activity were also evaluated. Results showed that soil hydrocarbons were mainly of anthropogenic origin and land treatment allowed effective degradation by native microbial populations even in the absence of amendments. The investigated procedures had no effect on the mobilisation of chromium that remained in its stable form of Cr(III). Conventional land treatment may therefore be an effective and safe procedure for the removal of hydrocarbons even in the presence of chromium, and may be applied to areas where low-impact procedures are strictly required. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0982-7 Authors Angela Volpe, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy Stefania D’Arpa, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy Guido Del Moro, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy Simona Rossetti, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Area della Ricerca Roma 1 Montelibretti, Via Salaria km. 29300, 00016 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy Valter Tandoi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Area della Ricerca Roma 1 Montelibretti, Via Salaria km. 29300, 00016 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy Vito Felice Uricchio, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque, Viale De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    In the present paper, the Eulerian–Lagrangian localized adjoint method (ELLAM) formulation developed by Younes et al. (Advances in Water Resources 29:1056–1074, 2006 ) is combined with the sequential noniterative approach to accurately simulate 2D multicomponent reactive transport in saturated/unsaturated porous media. The performance and accuracy of the developed model, named ELLAM_REACT, are compared against those of an existing numerical model based on a combination of discontinuous Galerkin and multipoint flux approximation methods (DGMPFA_REACT). Three studied test cases, dealing with reactive transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media and involving chemical reactions with only aqueous species or both fixed and aqueous species, show the superiority of the ELLAM_REACT model compared to the DGMPFA_REACT model. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0985-4 Authors F. Ramasomanana, Laboratoire d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, UMR 7517, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, France A. Younes, Laboratoire d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, UMR 7517, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, France M. Fahs, Laboratoire d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, UMR 7517, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg, France Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Fulvic acids (FA) were immobilized on alumina particles in order to evaluate their catalytic effect as solid-phase redox mediator (RM) during the reductive dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by anaerobic sludge. FA were extracted from three different soil samples and two commercial composts. Electron carrying capacity (ECC) was determined in all FA samples in order to select the appropriate source of redox-mediating compounds for CT dechlorination. TiO 2 , Al(OH) 3 , and γ-Al 2 O 3 particles were tested as immobilizing materials for the extracted FA. FA extracted from a temperate pine forest soil showed the highest ECC (291.72 μmol g −1 ). The highest adsorption capacity of FA, measured as total organic carbon (TOC), was achieved by alumina (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) particles (12 mg TOC-FA g −1 ). Results suggest that the transfer of electrons rather than their microbial generation through glucose fermentation was the rate-limiting factor during dechlorination of CT. Immobilized FA increase up to 10.4-fold the rate of CT dechlorination as compared with the control lacking FA. Immobilization of FA on alumina particles was very stable, and spectrophotometric screening did not detect any detachment of FA during dechlorination of CT, thus confirming that the enhanced dechlorination achieved could exclusively be linked to the redox-mediating capacity of immobilized FA. The present study constitutes the first demonstration that immobilized FA on alumina particles could serve as a solid-phase RM in dechlorination reactions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-10 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0994-3 Authors Luis H. Alvarez, División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico Laura Jimenez-Bermudez, División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico Virginia Hernandez-Montoya, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos No 1801 Ote. Fracc. Bona Gens, C.P. 20256 Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico Francisco J. Cervantes, División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICyT), Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Benzo[ a ]pyrene (BaP) has been proven to be toxic and carcinogenic. Since 2010, the European Union officially established target values for BaP concentrations in ambient air. In this study BaP concentrations over Europe have been modelled using a modified version of the chemistry transport model Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) which includes the relevant reactions of BaP. CMAQ has been run using different emission datasets for the years 1980, 2000, and 2020 as input data. In this study, the changes in BaP concentrations between 1980 and 2020 are evaluated and regions which exceed the European annual target value of 1 ng/m 3 are identified, i.e. the Po Valley, the Paris metropolitan area, the Rhine-Ruhr area, Vienna, Madrid, and Moscow. Additionally, the impact of emission reductions on atmospheric concentrations of BaP is investigated. Between 1980 and 2000, half of the BaP emission reductions are due to lower emissions from industrial sources. These emission reductions, however, only contribute to one third of the total ground-level BaP concentration reduction. Further findings are that between 2000 and 2020, a large part (40%) of the BaP concentration reduction is not due to changes in BaP emissions but caused by changes in emissions of criteria pollutants which have an impact on the formation of ozone. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-22 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0953-z Authors Johannes Bieser, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Armin Aulinger, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Volker Matthias, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Markus Quante, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979

Beschreibung:    Chemical composition of soil solution provides information on the availability of nutrients and potentially toxic substances to plant roots and mycorrhizas. It is therefore used to monitor impacts of air pollutants on soils. In this study we examined two soil solution parameters, base cations/aluminium ratio (Bc/Al tot ratio) and inorganic nitrogen concentration (N), in samples collected at 300 intensive monitoring plots of the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) from the early 1990s to 2006 in order to detect possible critical limit exceedances (CLimE). CLimE for Bc/Al tot ratio indicating negative effects for tree growth were only rarely detected. Quite the contrary was observed in CLimE for inorganic N concentrations where the safety limits were frequently exceeded in parts of Europe. Especially noteworthy is the number of the plots where leaching of N from forest soils occurred over the studied period. With ongoing high atmospheric N input into forest soils, we expect critical limits to be exceeded in the future as well. Content Type Journal Article Pages 1-13 DOI 10.1007/s11270-011-0958-7 Authors Susanne Iost, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute for World Forestry, Leuschnerstr. 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany Pasi Rautio, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 16, 96301 Rovaniemi, Finland Antti-Jussi Lindroos, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, 01301 Vantaa, Finland Journal Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Online ISSN 1573-2932 Print ISSN 0049-6979