ALBERT

Description: Domestic drones: the politics of verticality and the surveillance industrial complex Ciara Bracken-Roche Geogr. Helv., 71, 167-172, doi:10.5194/gh-71-167-2016, 2016 Drones are being introduced as innovative and cost-effective technologies for civil, commercial, and recreational purposes in the domestic realm. While the presence of these technologies is increasing, regulations are being introduced in order to ensure their safe and responsible use. As drones are adopted for a number of purposes, the “de facto practices settle around it, rendering change much more difficult” (Gersher, 2014), and so the policy debates must consider all contingencies and unintended consequences of their use. This paper discusses the background of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), their role as surveillance technologies, and how they reinforce asymmetries in power and visibility that contribute to a politics of verticality, ultimately arguing that surveillance concerns must become part of the discussion at the policy and regulatory level in order to mitigate any harms. Where drones are already used for care and control as technologies of surveillance, privileged use of drones by public and police agencies could further reinforce a politics of verticality (Weizman, 2002), resulting in specific types of space, risk, and population management.

Description: Assemblage of the vertical: commercial drones and algorithmic life Jeremy W. Crampton Geogr. Helv., 71, 137-146, doi:10.5194/gh-71-137-2016, 2016 This paper discusses the development of the market for small commercial drones in the USA. I suggest the market does not just develop by itself, but through a whole series of struggles by various people and institutions. Drones are also part of an increasing dependence by society on machine decision-making, which is replacing human decision-making. I was interested in examining these developments in the context of small drones and the possibility of new geographies of the sky.

Description: Avalanche fatalities in the European Alps: long-term trends and statistics Frank Techel, Frédéric Jarry, Georg Kronthaler, Susanna Mitterer, Patrick Nairz, Miha Pavšek, Mauro Valt, and Gian Darms Geogr. Helv., 71, 147-159, doi:10.5194/gh-71-147-2016, 2016 During the last 45 years, about 100 people lost their lives in avalanches in the European Alps each year. Avalanche fatalities in settlements and on transportation corridors have considerably decreased since the 1970s. In contrast, the number of avalanche fatalities during recreational activities away from avalanche-secured terrain doubled between the 1960s and 1980s and has remained relatively stable since, despite a continuing strong increase in winter backcountry recreational activities.

Description: Last Glacial Maximum precipitation pattern in the Alps inferred from glacier modelling Patrick Becker, Julien Seguinot, Guillaume Jouvet, and Martin Funk Geogr. Helv., 71, 173-187, doi:10.5194/gh-71-173-2016, 2016 During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), glaciers in the Alps reached a maximum extent, and broad sections of the foreland were covered by ice. In this study, we simulated the alpine ice cap using a glacier flow model to constrain the prevailing precipitation pattern with a geomorphological reconstruction of ice extent. For this purpose we forced the model using different temperature cooling and precipitation reduction factors. The use of the present-day precipitation pattern led to a systematic overestimation of the ice cover on the northern part of the Alps relative to the southern part. To reproduce the LGM ice cap, a more severe decrease in precipitation in the north than in the south was required. This result supports a southwesterly advection of atmospheric moisture to the Alps, sustained by a southward shift of the North Atlantic storm track during the LGM.

Description: Book review: Pas de la dynamite, mais du tabac – L'enquête de 1885 contre les anarchistes en Suisse romande Jean-Baptiste Bing Geogr. Helv., 71, 161-162, doi:10.5194/gh-71-161-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Book review: Konstruktion und Kontrolle. Zur Raumordnung sozialer Systeme Tilo Felgenhauer Geogr. Helv., 71, 163-165, doi:10.5194/gh-71-163-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Potentiale und Grenzen umweltbasierter Konflikttransformation: Erkenntnisse aus dem Arava Institute for Environmental Studies in Israel N. Fricke, P. Rodrian, and H.-M. Zademach Geogr. Helv., 71, 109-120, doi:10.5194/gh-71-109-2016, 2016 Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel des Arava Institute for Environmental Studies in Israel, wie Friedensbildungsmaßnahmen mit Bezug zu Umweltthemen die Sichtweisen auf einen Konflikt bei Akteuren auf Graswurzelebene verändern können. Ausgangsüberlegung ist dabei, Umwelt nicht nur als Teil des Konfliktes zu interpretieren, sondern als konfliktneutralen Katalysator einzusetzen. Die auf dieser Basis erreichte Veränderung der Wahrnehmung des Konflikts wird in Form von konstruierten Raumbildern konzeptualisiert. Die empirischen Einblicke zeigen zum einen die Bedeutung von physischen wie sozialen Orten und Räumen als Rahmen für die konstruktive Auseinandersetzung. Zum anderen lässt sich in Bezug auf die Konfliktwahrnehmung ein Bruch zwischen einer positiven Veränderung des Bildes der anderen Gruppe und der persistenten Konstruktion des Erbes ableiten.

Description: Challenges and solutions for long-term permafrost borehole temperature monitoring and data interpretation Rachel Luethi and Marcia Phillips Geogr. Helv., 71, 121-131, doi:10.5194/gh-71-121-2016, 2016 Long-term borehole temperature monitoring in mountain permafrost environments is challenging under the hostile conditions reigning there. On the basis of data measured in the SLF borehole network we show situations where ground temperature data should be interpreted with caution. A selection of recently observed problems are discussed, and advantages and possible drawbacks of various solutions including data correction, measurement redundancy or alternate instrumentation are presented.

Description: Book review: The Illegal City: Space, Law and Gender in a Delhi Squatter Settlement Karen Coelho Geogr. Helv., 71, 133-135, doi:10.5194/gh-71-133-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Carpe noctem: Forschen auf dem Strich – Reflexion ethischer und methodologischer Hürden Sascha Finger Geogr. Helv., 71, 199-209, doi:10.5194/gh-71-199-2016, 2016 Wie sollen gesellschaftlich stigmatisierte und ausgegrenzte Personen in ihren Aktionsräumen erforscht werden ohne sie weiter zu diskriminieren? Dieser Artikel schaut auf die ethischen und methodologischen Hürden, die bei einer qualitativen Feldforschung auf dem Straßenstrich auftreten. Essentiell ist der Zugang zu den Akteurinnen, ohne den es keine Informationen gibt. Doch die Größe ihres Aktionsradius (ganz Europa) ist dabei genauso hinderlich wie die Stigmatisierung ihrer Aktionsräume.

Description: Rhetorics of possibility and inevitability in commercial drone tradescapes A. H. Jackman Geogr. Helv., 71, 1-6, doi:10.5194/gh-71-1-2016, 2016 This paper explores the commercial or civilian drone. In so doing, it focuses on the way in which the drone is rhetorically framed at trade shows. Drawing upon fieldwork experience at a number of industry and advocacy "expo" gatherings, the paper critically unpacks two dominant framings of the drone, namely those of possibility and inevitability. This paper thus responds to calls for further exploration of the non-military drone and to aspects of its "life course" prior to its "functioning".

Description: Der Kieler Geographentag 1969 – Modernisierungsschub, Mythos, Paradigmenwandel oder vergessene Geschichte? P. Weichhart Geogr. Helv., 71, 7-13, doi:10.5194/gh-71-7-2016, 2016 Geschichte kann man als die wertende Interpretation und Deutung der Vergangenheit aus der Sicht der jeweiligen Gegenwart ansehen. So kann ein bestimmtes Ereignis der Vergangenheit aus der Perspektive der Gegenwart als besonders bedeutsam, wirkmächtig und konsequenzenreich beurteilt werden oder aber zumindest für eine Zeit in Vergessenheit geraten. Auch in der Geschichte wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen gibt es immer wieder Geschehnisse und Konstellationen, die später als Schlüsselereignisse oder Tipping Points gedeutet werden – unabhängig davon, ob das auch die Zeitgenossen so gesehen haben. Im Falle des Kieler Geographentages war die Einstufung als Schlüsselereignis sowohl zur damaligen Zeit als auch für die Jahre danach durchaus gegeben. Dieser Geographentag – beziehungsweise die dort abgehaltene Diskussionsveranstaltung, die von den geographischen Fachschaften durchgeführt wurde, sowie die ausführlichen Erörterungen und Stellungnahmen im Gefolge dieses „Events" – wurde immer wieder als „Wende", „Umbruch", „Revolution" oder Symbol eines Paradigmenwandels interpretiert. Heute, 46 Jahre danach, lässt sich natürlich die Frage stellen, ob dieses lange Zeit als höchst bedeutsam eingestufte Ereignis für die aktuelle Entwicklung der Geographie immer noch relevant ist und den gegenwärtigen Status des Faches tatsächlich nachhaltig beeinflusst hat.

Description: De la géographie à la philosophie – aller et retour! C. Raffestin Geogr. Helv., 71, 15-18, doi:10.5194/gh-71-15-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Raumverträglicher Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien – ein alternativer Standortplanungsansatz für eine nachhaltige Energiewende Stephan Bosch, Joachim Rathmann, and Florian Simetsreiter Geogr. Helv., 71, 29-45, doi:10.5194/gh-71-29-2016, 2016 By now, there are numerous high-quality studies discussing the incompatibility of the development of renewable energies with the preservation of landscape. However, no further insight is provided as to how a holistic spatial integration of renewable energies may be achieved. Therefore, this study aims to critically investigate the currently established paradigm of site planning for renewable energies using GIS analysis.

Description: Expanding spaces of participation: insights from an infrastructural project in rural Nepal O. Cima Geogr. Helv., 70, 353-361, doi:10.5194/gh-70-353-2015, 2015 Participatory development has multiplied opportunities to engage in development activities. Building on the investigation of an infrastructural project in Nepal, this paper suggests that participatory development has expanded opportunities for social mobility also for traditionally marginalised groups, though these opportunities are not necessarily open to everyone. When failing to reflect on complex power relations, participatory practices risk missing their transformational promises.

Description: Landscapes of memory: a practice theory approach to geographies of memory G. Maus Geogr. Helv., 70, 215-223, doi:10.5194/gh-70-215-2015, 2015 Conceptualised from a practice theory perspective, "landscape" can be employed as an overarching term encompassing otherwise divergent perspectives within geographies of memory: landscape of memory can denote social practice, meaningful materiality, individual experience, and collective imaginations as constituent of localised memory. Using Theodore Schatzki's practice theory, landscapes of memory are described as a social phenomenon: practices of memory contextualise certain places as meaningful in relation to the past. In turning to small Cold War munitions bunkers, by way of example, it is demonstrated how this perspective broadens the scope of geographies of memory to include everyday practices and their relation to collective memories.

Description: Geographien zwischen Diskurs und Praxis – Mit Wittgenstein Anknüpfungspunkte von Diskurs- und Praxistheorie denken C. Baumann, A. Tijé-Dra, and J. Winkler Geogr. Helv., 70, 225-237, doi:10.5194/gh-70-225-2015, 2015 In this paper, we discuss connections between two important concepts in human geography: discourse and practice. Focussing on the discourse theory of Laclau/Mouffe and the practice theory of Schatzki, we show how both theories are informed by the philosophy of Wittgenstein. After highlighting similarities and differences within their basis interests, we introduce an integrative approach ‘between discourse and practice’ that is illustrated by two empirical examples.

Description: Praxis ist mehr als Praktiken – Warum moderne Ärzte und spirituelle Heiler im Prinzip das Gleiche tun K. Geiselhart Geogr. Helv., 70, 205-214, doi:10.5194/gh-70-205-2015, 2015 The pragmatist concept of praxis involves more than conventionalised practices. It also regards performative dynamics which derive from the fact that practices actually never are enacted in an exemplary manner. Each and every execution of a practice always bears the chance of success but also the risk of failure. Furthermore, the execution of a practice can be fractured in many ways. As situations are always unique, a variety of different dynamics can evolve, each of which might lead to further events which in turn might even result in an alteration of the convention of the practice. Due to such performative dynamics, individuals might experience diverse qualities of emotions, insights, and practical skills that are not inherent to the practices. Those individuals who are engaged in practices thus develop not only an understanding of conventionalised practices (unversalities) but also personal attitudes towards and opinions about these practices (singularities). The example of medical practices in Botswana can function as a role model to illustrate this notion of praxis. A juxtaposition of modern and traditional medicine shows that analysing the way how such fields of practice are epistemologically founded helps us to understand why they are incommensurable.

Description: Betraying the own-most: Heidegger and pitfalls of being-there M. Joronen and R. Imre Geogr. Helv., 70, 199-203, doi:10.5194/gh-70-199-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: Une représentation du risque à l'intersection de l'aléa et de la vulnérabilité: cartographies des inondations lyonnaises F. Renard and D. Soto Geogr. Helv., 70, 333-348, doi:10.5194/gh-70-333-2015, 2015 Vulnerability analysis is essential to risk studies. Starting with the key concepts of risk, this work provides a procedure which allows precise knowledge of the local vulnerability, available to all types of hazards and applicable to all areas. Finally, in order to get an overall perspective of risk, assets vulnerabilities are crossed with the hazards areas, in accordance to the spatial distribution of both components and using innovative geomatics operations.

Description: A propos du génie du lieu: les leçons du Monte Verità J.-B. Racine Geogr. Helv., 70, 349-351, doi:10.5194/gh-70-349-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: Enzyklopädie zum gestalteten Raum im Spannungsfeld zwischen Stadt und Landschaft Werner Bätzing Geogr. Helv., 71, 47-49, doi:10.5194/gh-71-47-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Räume – Konzepte, Wahrnehmungen, Nutzungen Melanie Salvisberg Geogr. Helv., 71, 57-59, doi:10.5194/gh-71-57-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Export(t)räume – Bruchzonen marokkanischer Landwirtschaft Steffen Wippel Geogr. Helv., 71, 61-63, doi:10.5194/gh-71-61-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Eiszeitalter – Kalt-/Warmzeit-Zyklen und Eistransport im alpinen und voralpinen Raum Samuel Wyder Geogr. Helv., 71, 65-65, doi:10.5194/gh-71-65-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Kritik der symbolischen Formen I – Symbolische Form und Funktion Peter Dirksmeier Geogr. Helv., 71, 51-52, doi:10.5194/gh-71-51-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Kapitalismus und Raum – Die Territorialität kapitalistischer Gesellschaft Stephan Hochleithner Geogr. Helv., 71, 53-55, doi:10.5194/gh-71-53-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: „The Rest“: Geographien des Alltäglichen zwischen Affekt, Emotion und Repräsentation Carolin Schurr and Anke Strüver Geogr. Helv., 71, 87-97, doi:10.5194/gh-71-87-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Drone city – power, design and aerial mobility in the age of “smart cities” Ole B. Jensen Geogr. Helv., 71, 67-75, doi:10.5194/gh-71-67-2016, 2016 This paper address the phenomenon of drones and their potential relationship with the city from the point of view of the so-called “mobilities turn”. This is done in such a way that turns attention to a recent re-development of the “turn” towards design; so the emerging perspective of “mobilities design” will be used as a background perspective to reflect upon the future of drones in cities. The other perspective used to frame the phenomenon is the emerging discourse of the “smart city”. A city of proliferating digital information and data communication may be termed a smart city as shorthand for a new urban condition where cities are networked and connected (as well as disconnected) from the local block to global digital spheres. In the midst of many of the well-known data-creating devices (e.g. Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), GPS, smartphone applications) there is a “new kid on the block” that will potentially be a game-changer for urban governance, economics and everyday life. Here we are thinking of the unmanned aerial vehicle or drone as the popular term has it. Therefore, the paper asks how life in “drone city” may play out. Drones may alter the notion of surveillance by means of being mobile, as well as profoundly altering the process and perspective of data collection and feedback to governments, businesses and citizens.

Description: KIEL 1969 – eine Mythanalyse zur Epistemologiegeschichte der deutschen Nachkriegsgeographie Wolf-Dietrich Sahr Geogr. Helv., 71, 77-85, doi:10.5194/gh-71-77-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: The Urbanization of drone warfare: policing surplus populations in the dronepolis Ian G. R. Shaw Geogr. Helv., 71, 19-28, doi:10.5194/gh-71-19-2016, 2016 This paper explores the urbanization of drone warfare and the targeting of the surplus population. Increasingly, the security threats generated by replacing masses of workers with nonhumans is managed by policing them with robots, drones, and other technical apparatuses. This paper looks at the theoretical implications of using police drones across a post-9/11 battlespace in the cities in Europe and North America. It contends we are witnessing the rise of the dronepolis, the city of the drone.

Description: Book review: Zwischen Wildnis und Freizeitpark. Eine Streitschrift zur Zukunft der Alpen Ernst Steinicke Geogr. Helv., 71, 217-219, doi:10.5194/gh-71-217-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Politische Ökologie des Postsozialismus Matthias Schmidt Geogr. Helv., 71, 259-270, doi:10.5194/gh-71-259-2016, 2016 The consequences and effects of the socialist experiment are still felt today, a quarter century after the system change in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The political, economic and social transformation processes which occurred in this period have only partially led to a convergence with the West. The former socialist societies show, to this day, striking differences and specific paths, which is why "postsocialism" as an explanatory category is still of relevance. Although political ecology was established decades ago, its research activities touching various fields and resulting in numerous studies conducted in rural and urban contexts around the world, there are hardly any political-ecological studies that deal with the post-socialist reality of Eurasia. A central field of political ecology stems from questions about the relationships between political and socio-economic transformation processes, on the one hand, and poverty, vulnerability and environmental change, on the other. Such problems occur in a particularly striking manner in the former "Second World" countries. Here, the spatial and temporal multiscalar approach of political ecology appears well suited to analyse the transformations of human-environment relationships. Political-ecological studies in the post-socialist sphere must take into account some special features, such as the legacy of socialist modernization, the disastrous environmental damages of the planned economy or the reconfiguration of institutions. This article discusses the conceptual particularities and challenges for a political ecology of post-socialism.

Description: Immer Ärger mit der Materialität? – Politische Ökologie und das Dispositiv der Dürre im Nordosten Brasiliens Tobias Schmitt Geogr. Helv., 71, 229-244, doi:10.5194/gh-71-229-2016, 2016 The article examines the relationship between the social and the material sphere and how they can be thought and analysed. Presenting different concepts of materiality in political ecology studies, the concept of a dispositive analysis is introduced to integrate both social and material conditions. By using the example of water and water infrastructure in the semi-arid region in Northeastern Brazil, the papers provides an empirical case study to show the advantages of an integrative approach.

Description: Book review: Zwischen Wildnis und Freizeitpark. Eine Streitschrift zur Zukunft der Alpen Ernst Steinicke Geogr. Helv., 71, 217-219, doi:10.5194/gh-71-217-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Land als Ressource, Boden und Landschaft: Materialität, Relationalität und neue Agrarfragen in der Politischen Ökologie Daniel Münster and Julia Poerting Geogr. Helv., 71, 245-257, doi:10.5194/gh-71-245-2016, 2016 The Anthropocene reorients the agrarian question as an ecological question of planetary scale. Rather than resolving the inherent tension between political economy and the biophysical environment by moving political ecology closer to the natural sciences, we propose an active engagement with impulses from the environmental humanities and anthropological engagements with alternative ontologies. The relational political ecology of agriculture that we outline in this article draws on feminist science studies, multispecies ethnography, new materialism and critical geography. We show the relevance of a relational approach to agriculture as a natureculture entanglement by reviewing three conceptualisations of land in political ecology in relation to our anthropological research in South India (Münster) and geographical research in Northern Pakistan (Poerting). Notions of land as resource, land as soil and land as landscape respectively exemplify shifts in theoretical and political engagements with agriculture in the Anthropocene. A relational political ecology of agriculture incorporates these theoretical sensibilities and brings them in conversation with ontological politics of agro-ecological movements who respond to the variegated crises of the anthropocene. We suggest a perspective on agrarian landscape assemblages as coproduced by histories of capitalist transformations and the (affective) relations between humans, other species and materials.

Description: Last Glacial Maximum precipitation pattern in the Alps inferred from glacier modelling Patrick Becker, Julien Seguinot, Guillaume Jouvet, and Martin Funk Geogr. Helv., 71, 173-187, doi:10.5194/gh-71-173-2016, 2016 During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), glaciers in the Alps reached a maximum extent, and broad sections of the foreland were covered by ice. In this study, we simulated the alpine ice cap using a glacier flow model to constrain the prevailing precipitation pattern with a geomorphological reconstruction of ice extent. For this purpose we forced the model using different temperature cooling and precipitation reduction factors. The use of the present-day precipitation pattern led to a systematic overestimation of the ice cover on the northern part of the Alps relative to the southern part. To reproduce the LGM ice cap, a more severe decrease in precipitation in the north than in the south was required. This result supports a southwesterly advection of atmospheric moisture to the Alps, sustained by a southward shift of the North Atlantic storm track during the LGM.

Description: Book review: Pas de la dynamite, mais du tabac – L'enquête de 1885 contre les anarchistes en Suisse romande Jean-Baptiste Bing Geogr. Helv., 71, 161-162, doi:10.5194/gh-71-161-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Assemblage of the vertical: commercial drones and algorithmic life Jeremy W. Crampton Geogr. Helv., 71, 137-146, doi:10.5194/gh-71-137-2016, 2016 This paper discusses the development of the market for small commercial drones in the USA. I suggest the market does not just develop by itself, but through a whole series of struggles by various people and institutions. Drones are also part of an increasing dependence by society on machine decision-making, which is replacing human decision-making. I was interested in examining these developments in the context of small drones and the possibility of new geographies of the sky.

Description: Challenges and solutions for long-term permafrost borehole temperature monitoring and data interpretation Rachel Luethi and Marcia Phillips Geogr. Helv., 71, 121-131, doi:10.5194/gh-71-121-2016, 2016 Long-term borehole temperature monitoring in mountain permafrost environments is challenging under the hostile conditions reigning there. On the basis of data measured in the SLF borehole network we show situations where ground temperature data should be interpreted with caution. A selection of recently observed problems are discussed, and advantages and possible drawbacks of various solutions including data correction, measurement redundancy or alternate instrumentation are presented.

Description: Book review: Im Raume lesen wir die Spuren der Gewalt Benedikt Korf Geogr. Helv., 71, 215-216, doi:10.5194/gh-71-215-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Editorial: Natur, Gesellschaft, Materialität: aktuelle Herausforderungen der Politischen Ökologie Sören Becker and Antje Otto Geogr. Helv., 71, 221-227, doi:10.5194/gh-71-221-2016, 2016 This editorial introduces different theoretical strands in political ecology both in English and German speaking contexts. Comparing Marxist with more relational and "new materialist" approaches, it is argued that the various theoretical approaches chosen induce different ways of how the relationship between society and nature, between material and culture is conceptualized. The dialectical perspective derived from Marxism is thereby contrasted with the more emergent, and relativist understandings of actor network theory and assemblage thinking. Besides, the six single contributions in this Special Issue are introduced and five areas for further research are laid out: (1) the multiplicity of materiality, (2) the opposition between dialectic and relativist thinking, (3) the tension between elements and entire socio-material configurations, (4) materiality in the production of space and (5) issues of materiality and power.

Description: Migration and post-university transition. Why do university graduates not return to their rural home region? Patrick Rérat Geogr. Helv., 71, 271-282, doi:10.5194/gh-71-271-2016, 2016 This paper addresses migrations taking place during the transition from higher education to the labour market. It analyses the reasons why graduates do not return to their rural home region after university, with a case study in Switzerland. The analysis of the motives reported by graduates indicates that migration decisions cannot be reduced to a single dimension (although job opportunities are central), are diverse (even within a homogeneous group) and depend on a variety of constraints.

Description: Domestic drones: the politics of verticality and the surveillance industrial complex Ciara Bracken-Roche Geogr. Helv., 71, 167-172, doi:10.5194/gh-71-167-2016, 2016 Drones are being introduced as innovative and cost-effective technologies for civil, commercial, and recreational purposes in the domestic realm. While the presence of these technologies is increasing, regulations are being introduced in order to ensure their safe and responsible use. As drones are adopted for a number of purposes, the “de facto practices settle around it, rendering change much more difficult” (Gersher, 2014), and so the policy debates must consider all contingencies and unintended consequences of their use. This paper discusses the background of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), their role as surveillance technologies, and how they reinforce asymmetries in power and visibility that contribute to a politics of verticality, ultimately arguing that surveillance concerns must become part of the discussion at the policy and regulatory level in order to mitigate any harms. Where drones are already used for care and control as technologies of surveillance, privileged use of drones by public and police agencies could further reinforce a politics of verticality (Weizman, 2002), resulting in specific types of space, risk, and population management.

Description: Avalanche fatalities in the European Alps: long-term trends and statistics Frank Techel, Frédéric Jarry, Georg Kronthaler, Susanna Mitterer, Patrick Nairz, Miha Pavšek, Mauro Valt, and Gian Darms Geogr. Helv., 71, 147-159, doi:10.5194/gh-71-147-2016, 2016 During the last 45 years, about 100 people lost their lives in avalanches in the European Alps each year. Avalanche fatalities in settlements and on transportation corridors have considerably decreased since the 1970s. In contrast, the number of avalanche fatalities during recreational activities away from avalanche-secured terrain doubled between the 1960s and 1980s and has remained relatively stable since, despite a continuing strong increase in winter backcountry recreational activities.

Description: Potentiale und Grenzen umweltbasierter Konflikttransformation: Erkenntnisse aus dem Arava Institute for Environmental Studies in Israel N. Fricke, P. Rodrian, and H.-M. Zademach Geogr. Helv., 71, 109-120, doi:10.5194/gh-71-109-2016, 2016 Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel des Arava Institute for Environmental Studies in Israel, wie Friedensbildungsmaßnahmen mit Bezug zu Umweltthemen die Sichtweisen auf einen Konflikt bei Akteuren auf Graswurzelebene verändern können. Ausgangsüberlegung ist dabei, Umwelt nicht nur als Teil des Konfliktes zu interpretieren, sondern als konfliktneutralen Katalysator einzusetzen. Die auf dieser Basis erreichte Veränderung der Wahrnehmung des Konflikts wird in Form von konstruierten Raumbildern konzeptualisiert. Die empirischen Einblicke zeigen zum einen die Bedeutung von physischen wie sozialen Orten und Räumen als Rahmen für die konstruktive Auseinandersetzung. Zum anderen lässt sich in Bezug auf die Konfliktwahrnehmung ein Bruch zwischen einer positiven Veränderung des Bildes der anderen Gruppe und der persistenten Konstruktion des Erbes ableiten.

Description: Book review: „Bourdieu in Bangladesch“: Das umkämpfte Feld der Strassenküchen in Dhaka Norman Backhaus Geogr. Helv., 71, 211-213, doi:10.5194/gh-71-211-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Mixing space: affinitive practice and the insurgent potential of food Benjamin Coles Geogr. Helv., 71, 189-197, doi:10.5194/gh-71-189-2016, 2016 This paper examines artisanal and industrial baking practices to develop the notion of affinitive practice and insurgent space – practices through which affinities can be developed resulting in spaces with the radical potential to challenge the spatial logic of neo-liberal capitalism. It argues that if agri-capitalism seeks an automated and disembodied food system, than affinities through embodied experiences and practices within food production can challenge this hegemonic trope.

Description: Land als Ressource, Boden und Landschaft: Materialität, Relationalität und neue Agrarfragen in der Politischen Ökologie Daniel Münster and Julia Poerting Geogr. Helv., 71, 245-257, doi:10.5194/gh-71-245-2016, 2016 The Anthropocene reorients the agrarian question as an ecological question of planetary scale. Rather than resolving the inherent tension between political economy and the biophysical environment by moving political ecology closer to the natural sciences, we propose an active engagement with impulses from the environmental humanities and anthropological engagements with alternative ontologies. The relational political ecology of agriculture that we outline in this article draws on feminist science studies, multispecies ethnography, new materialism and critical geography. We show the relevance of a relational approach to agriculture as a natureculture entanglement by reviewing three conceptualisations of land in political ecology in relation to our anthropological research in South India (Münster) and geographical research in Northern Pakistan (Poerting). Notions of land as resource, land as soil and land as landscape respectively exemplify shifts in theoretical and political engagements with agriculture in the Anthropocene. A relational political ecology of agriculture incorporates these theoretical sensibilities and brings them in conversation with ontological politics of agro-ecological movements who respond to the variegated crises of the anthropocene. We suggest a perspective on agrarian landscape assemblages as coproduced by histories of capitalist transformations and the (affective) relations between humans, other species and materials.

Description: Editorial: Natur, Gesellschaft, Materialität: aktuelle Herausforderungen der Politischen Ökologie Sören Becker and Antje Otto Geogr. Helv., 71, 221-227, doi:10.5194/gh-71-221-2016, 2016 This editorial introduces different theoretical strands in political ecology both in English and German speaking contexts. Comparing Marxist with more relational and "new materialist" approaches, it is argued that the various theoretical approaches chosen induce different ways of how the relationship between society and nature, between material and culture is conceptualized. The dialectical perspective derived from Marxism is thereby contrasted with the more emergent, and relativist understandings of actor network theory and assemblage thinking. Besides, the six single contributions in this Special Issue are introduced and five areas for further research are laid out: (1) the multiplicity of materiality, (2) the opposition between dialectic and relativist thinking, (3) the tension between elements and entire socio-material configurations, (4) materiality in the production of space and (5) issues of materiality and power.

Description: Migration and post-university transition. Why do university graduates not return to their rural home region? Patrick Rérat Geogr. Helv., 71, 271-282, doi:10.5194/gh-71-271-2016, 2016 This paper addresses migrations taking place during the transition from higher education to the labour market. It analyses the reasons why graduates do not return to their rural home region after university, with a case study in Switzerland. The analysis of the motives reported by graduates indicates that migration decisions cannot be reduced to a single dimension (although job opportunities are central), are diverse (even within a homogeneous group) and depend on a variety of constraints.

Description: Making the drone strange: the politics, aesthetics and surrealism of levitation Peter Adey Geogr. Helv., 71, 319-329, doi:10.5194/gh-71-319-2016, 2016 The paper explores in what ways we might examine the drone from other points of view that are technical and political, but also theological, magical, artistic and aesthetic. The paper draws on notions of aesthetics and politics, not in order to compare the drone with other flying figures and objects, but to enable very different visual and aesthetic regimes to begin to help us see a whole new set of invisible relations, from gender to sexuality, within which the drone is caught.

Description: Politische Ökologie: nicht-deterministische, globale und materielle Dimensionen von Natur/Gesellschaft-Verhältnissen Sybille Bauriedl Geogr. Helv., 71, 341-351, doi:10.5194/gh-71-341-2016, 2016 The article discusses the present debate on Globality, Coloniality and Materiality. The early studies of political ecology related to historical materialism are confronted in recent debates with a new materialist thinking of more fluid interrelations between nature and non-nature. By addressing cultural studies and postcolonial studies the article suggests a decentralized perspective on history and geography in order to understand new forms of connectivity of nature and culture.

Description: Politische Ökologie und Politics of Scale – Vermittlungszusammenhänge zwischen Raum, Natur und Gesellschaft Alina Brad Geogr. Helv., 71, 353-363, doi:10.5194/gh-71-353-2016, 2016 Dieser Beitrag fokussiert die konzeptionelle Erfassung von Fragen der Maßstäblichkeit und Scale in der Politischen Ökologie. Anhand des Beispiels der Palmölproduktion in Indonesien, wird argumentiert, dass die Verknüpfung der Produktion von Natur und der Produktion räumlicher Maßstabsebenen die Veränderungen beim Zugang zu und bei der Kontrolle über natürliche Ressourcen sichtbar machen.

Description: Non-representational thinking: Methodologische Überlegungen anhand des Bonner Sperrmüllassemblages Erik Bertram Geogr. Helv., 71, 283-301, doi:10.5194/gh-71-283-2016, 2016 This paper undertakes a creative exploration of bulky rubbish [sperrmüll] in the City of Bonn by expanding on and utilising what has come to be known as non-representational thinking. Through this engagement, it is possible to see sperrmüll as an area-sized fabrication connecting humans and various other materialities. These perspectives are advanced as a way to expose that certain ecologies enable certain actions and hamper others.

Description: Non-representational thinking: Methodologische Überlegungen anhand des Bonner Sperrmüllassemblages Erik Bertram Geogr. Helv., 71, 283-301, doi:10.5194/gh-71-283-2016, 2016 This paper undertakes a creative exploration of bulky rubbish [sperrmüll] in the City of Bonn by expanding on and utilising what has come to be known as non-representational thinking. Through this engagement, it is possible to see sperrmüll as an area-sized fabrication connecting humans and various other materialities. These perspectives are advanced as a way to expose that certain ecologies enable certain actions and hamper others.

Description: Carpe noctem: Forschen auf dem Strich – Reflexion ethischer und methodologischer Hürden Sascha Finger Geogr. Helv., 71, 199-209, doi:10.5194/gh-71-199-2016, 2016 Wie sollen gesellschaftlich stigmatisierte und ausgegrenzte Personen in ihren Aktionsräumen erforscht werden ohne sie weiter zu diskriminieren? Dieser Artikel schaut auf die ethischen und methodologischen Hürden, die bei einer qualitativen Feldforschung auf dem Straßenstrich auftreten. Essentiell ist der Zugang zu den Akteurinnen, ohne den es keine Informationen gibt. Doch die Größe ihres Aktionsradius (ganz Europa) ist dabei genauso hinderlich wie die Stigmatisierung ihrer Aktionsräume.

Description: Mixing space: affinitive practice and the insurgent potential of food Benjamin Coles Geogr. Helv., 71, 189-197, doi:10.5194/gh-71-189-2016, 2016 This paper examines artisanal and industrial baking practices to develop the notion of affinitive practice and insurgent space – practices through which affinities can be developed resulting in spaces with the radical potential to challenge the spatial logic of neo-liberal capitalism. It argues that if agri-capitalism seeks an automated and disembodied food system, than affinities through embodied experiences and practices within food production can challenge this hegemonic trope.

Description: Book review: Konstruktion und Kontrolle. Zur Raumordnung sozialer Systeme Tilo Felgenhauer Geogr. Helv., 71, 163-165, doi:10.5194/gh-71-163-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Book review: The Illegal City: Space, Law and Gender in a Delhi Squatter Settlement Karen Coelho Geogr. Helv., 71, 133-135, doi:10.5194/gh-71-133-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Immer Ärger mit der Materialität? – Politische Ökologie und das Dispositiv der Dürre im Nordosten Brasiliens Tobias Schmitt Geogr. Helv., 71, 229-244, doi:10.5194/gh-71-229-2016, 2016 The article examines the relationship between the social and the material sphere and how they can be thought and analysed. Presenting different concepts of materiality in political ecology studies, the concept of a dispositive analysis is introduced to integrate both social and material conditions. By using the example of water and water infrastructure in the semi-arid region in Northeastern Brazil, the papers provides an empirical case study to show the advantages of an integrative approach.

Description: Politische Ökologie des Postsozialismus Matthias Schmidt Geogr. Helv., 71, 259-270, doi:10.5194/gh-71-259-2016, 2016 The consequences and effects of the socialist experiment are still felt today, a quarter century after the system change in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The political, economic and social transformation processes which occurred in this period have only partially led to a convergence with the West. The former socialist societies show, to this day, striking differences and specific paths, which is why "postsocialism" as an explanatory category is still of relevance. Although political ecology was established decades ago, its research activities touching various fields and resulting in numerous studies conducted in rural and urban contexts around the world, there are hardly any political-ecological studies that deal with the post-socialist reality of Eurasia. A central field of political ecology stems from questions about the relationships between political and socio-economic transformation processes, on the one hand, and poverty, vulnerability and environmental change, on the other. Such problems occur in a particularly striking manner in the former "Second World" countries. Here, the spatial and temporal multiscalar approach of political ecology appears well suited to analyse the transformations of human-environment relationships. Political-ecological studies in the post-socialist sphere must take into account some special features, such as the legacy of socialist modernization, the disastrous environmental damages of the planned economy or the reconfiguration of institutions. This article discusses the conceptual particularities and challenges for a political ecology of post-socialism.

Description: Strukturen Sehen. Über die Karriere eines Hexagons in der quantitativen Revolution Boris Michel Geogr. Helv., 71, 303-317, doi:10.5194/gh-71-303-2016, 2016 Publications from the early quantitative revolution in geography saw a significant change in the use of visual material. While the old regionalist paradigm of "Länderkunde" was dominated by images of "geographical individuals" the new geography was dominated by abstract models and visualized laws and theories. Overall visual material gains in importance, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This paper follows the changed functions, possibilities and promises of visualizing epistemic things in geography's new paradigm. This is done by following the translations, transformations and mobilizations of the famous hexagon Walter Christaller published in his 1933 "Theory of central places in South Germany". Since the 1940s this Hexagon has become not only an icon of the new geography, but an instrument for making quantitative-theoretical thinking in the geography plausible and at the same time to build a visual bridge between the old and the new geography.

Description: Une ethnologue au Jardin des Plantes — dix petits terrains J. Salomon Cavin Geogr. Helv., 70, 331-332, doi:10.5194/gh-70-331-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: Mäzenatentum in Deutschland. Eine Chance für die Stadtentwicklung? B. Faller and C.-C. Wiegandt Geogr. Helv., 70, 315-326, doi:10.5194/gh-70-315-2015, 2015 The article deals with growing importance of philanthropy regarding German urban development. Regarding financial shortage of public authorities and increasing concentration of private assets, the financial and local engagement of wealthy citizens open up creative leeway for urban policy. Key findings of the article categorize German cities regarding their level of philanthropy activity. Different project types concerning cooperation between philanthropists and local authorities are presented.

Description: The affective life of semiotics J. S. Hutta Geogr. Helv., 70, 295-309, doi:10.5194/gh-70-295-2015, 2015 The paper challenges writings on affect that locate affective dynamism in autonomic bodily responses while positing discourse and language as "capturing" affect. To move beyond such "verticalism", the paper seeks to further an understanding of language, and semiotics more broadly, as itself affective. Drawing on participatory research conducted in Rio de Janeiro, it uses poetic expression as a paradigmatic case of the affective life of semiotics. Conceptually, it builds on Guattari's discussion of affect in connection to Hjelmslev's semiotic approach and Bakhtin's account of the process of enunciation. It is argued that semiotics play a crucial role in conjuring affective intensities, whereby expressions themselves become affective, as they modify sensory and material registers including prosody and the voice. The argument thus leads to a new understanding of the expression of affect as well as the affectivity of expressions . As expressions become affective, they draw subjects into ongoing processes of affecting and being affected. Such a view moves away from conceptions of semiotics "capturing" or even "translating" or "constructing" affect. It also displaces prevalent conceptions of "affective transmission" in terms of the circulation of physical substances body to body. Moreover, it furthers discursive and semiotic methodologies while also inviting a reconsideration of affective ontologies.

Description: Power and space in the drone age: a literature review and politico-geographical research agenda F. Klauser and S. Pedrozo Geogr. Helv., 70, 285-293, doi:10.5194/gh-70-285-2015, 2015 The paper outlines a politico-geographical research agenda for the investigation of the making, functioning and implications of drone systems. Such an agenda, it is claimed, could afford deepened insight into the driving forces that are behind current drone developments, would show how drones work in different institutional contexts, and could highlight how drones impact on the envisioned reality.

Description: Researching affective atmospheres C. Michels Geogr. Helv., 70, 255-263, doi:10.5194/gh-70-255-2015, 2015 In this contribution, I suggest activating the notion of atmospheres as a heuristic device to empirically research affects. I will argue that analysing the composition of atmospheres allows one to take into account three key dimensions of affects: their spatio-materiality, their sensuality and their (in)stability. Building on a process understanding of atmospheres, I reflect on how each of the three dimensions can be empirically researched and how they interplay in the emergence of atmospheres.

Description: Sight lines, sight areas and unbroken open spaces? More-than-representational conceptualisations in Dutch landscape planning M. Bulkens, C. Minca, and H. Muzaini Geogr. Helv., 70, 239-249, doi:10.5194/gh-70-239-2015, 2015 Drawing on the case study of the Wageningse Eng, the Netherlands, this paper examines a set of spatial metaphors (and their attendant grounded impacts) employed within two key policy documents – the allocation plan and a related map – pertaining to how the cultural landscape is to be spatially managed and developed by the municipality. Although promoted as being based on historical facts and a cornerstone of Dutch commitment to participatory planning, the case being studied reveals the ways in which these metaphors are at times not only entirely subjective and arbitrary, but also perceived by residents and users as neglecting their rights with respect to the landscape and as instruments constraining what can or cannot be done in that area. More broadly, in the face of calls for more non-representational approaches to landscape analysis, the paper shows the continued salience of representational practices within spatial planning and how these may hold very material implications for landscapes.

Description: Enjeux de la planification territoriale en Europe sous la direction de Marcus Zepf et Lauren Andres M. Reinhard Geogr. Helv., 70, 329-329, doi:10.5194/gh-70-329-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: La Terre vue d'en haut – L'invention de l'environnement global A. Gillet Geogr. Helv., 70, 327-328, doi:10.5194/gh-70-327-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: Introduction to the special issue of Geographica Helvetica : "Mapping, measuring and modeling in geomorphology" P. Greenwood, M. Hoelzle, and N. J. Kuhn Geogr. Helv., 70, 311-313, doi:10.5194/gh-70-311-2015, 2015 Editorial introducing the special issue of Geographica Helvetica: Mapping, Measuring and Modeling in Geomorphology.

Description: Der Weg entsteht im Gehen K. Thieme Geogr. Helv., 70, 281-283, doi:10.5194/gh-70-281-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: Methods for detecting channel bed surface changes in a mountain torrent – experiences from the Dorfbach torrent C. Willi, C. Graf, Y. Deubelbeiss, and M. Keiler Geogr. Helv., 70, 265-279, doi:10.5194/gh-70-265-2015, 2015 The erosion of and depositions on channel bed surfaces are instrumental to understanding debris flow processes. We present different methods and highlight their pro and cons. Terrestrial and airborne laser scanning, erosion sensors, cross sections and geomorphological mapping are compared. Two of these approaches are tested and applied in a torrent. The results indicate that the methods are associated with variable temporal and spatial resolution as well as data quality and invested effort.

Description: Jenseits der Gründungsmythen – Kiel und die Historische Geographie J.-E. Steinkrüger Geogr. Helv., 70, 251-254, doi:10.5194/gh-70-251-2015, 2015 No abstract available.

Description: Risiko des Eintrags von Phosphor in den Hallwilersee durch Bodenerosion S. Müller and D. Schaub Geogr. Helv., 70, 193-198, doi:10.5194/gh-70-193-2015, 2015 An important factor in the release of phosphorus by soil erosion, with corresponding consequences on the quality of surface waters, is the formation of aggregates and their stability. Around the eutrophic Lake Hallwil six arable lands were examined in five repetitions regarding aggregate and particle size distribution, P-contents of the different fractions and aggregate stability. Central to this was the use of the setting column for fractionation of soil samples. In the case of Lake Hallwil the risk of phosphorus discharges by soil erosion seems low since the phosphorus is mainly bound in aggregates which are transported over short distances only. Thus other pathways (runoff from grassland, leaching via drains) may be more important.

Description: Rhetorics of possibility and inevitability in commercial drone tradescapes A. H. Jackman Geogr. Helv., 71, 1-6, doi:10.5194/gh-71-1-2016, 2016 This paper explores the commercial or civilian drone. In so doing, it focuses on the way in which the drone is rhetorically framed at trade shows. Drawing upon fieldwork experience at a number of industry and advocacy "expo" gatherings, the paper critically unpacks two dominant framings of the drone, namely those of possibility and inevitability. This paper thus responds to calls for further exploration of the non-military drone and to aspects of its "life course" prior to its "functioning".

Description: "We look similar and have the same geographical origin": translocal encounters of second-generation Eritreans with a new generation of refugees from Eritrea Samuel Graf and Susan Thieme Geogr. Helv., 71, 331-340, doi:10.5194/gh-71-331-2016, 2016 The arrival of a new generation of Eritrean refugees has shaped the Eritrean diaspora in Switzerland. This paper reveals that encountering the new Eritrean refugees both personally and as a group present important moments in the process of identity formation of second-generation Eritreans. It provides insights into the diversity in the Eritrean diaspora in Switzerland and highlights the importance of encounters with new immigrants for the identity formation process of post-immigrant communities.

Description: Watching the watchmen: resisting drones and the "protester panopticon" Neil J. Waghorn Geogr. Helv., 71, 99-108, doi:10.5194/gh-71-99-2016, 2016 Protester operated drones are beginning to appear in the skies above protests, offering protesters new ways to watch the police. Previous work on resisting surveillance has focused upon resisting surveillance by state authorities, such as the police. This article, however, reverses this arrangement and explores the ways in which the police can attempt to resist surveillance by protesters. It explores legislation, physical and electronic efforts to minimise the effects of the gaze of the drone.

Description: Book review: „Bourdieu in Bangladesch“: Das umkämpfte Feld der Strassenküchen in Dhaka Norman Backhaus Geogr. Helv., 71, 211-213, doi:10.5194/gh-71-211-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Book review: Im Raume lesen wir die Spuren der Gewalt Benedikt Korf Geogr. Helv., 71, 215-216, doi:10.5194/gh-71-215-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Editorial: Geographie als Geisteswissenschaft – Geographie in den Geisteswissenschaften Benedikt Korf and Julia Verne Geogr. Helv., 71, 365-368, doi:10.5194/gh-71-365-2016, 2016 This editorial provides the intellectual background for a themed issue that argues for a (re)consideration of human geography as a "Geisteswissenschaft". Engaging with the question of how a geography anchored in the arts and humantities might look like today, it tries to unsettle the kind of "theory-driven", post-structuralist research that has come to dominate human geography following the "cultural turn". In proposing a more thorough engagement with the potential of intrepretative, hermeneutic and phenomenological approaches, we conceptualise a "geisteswissenschaftliche" human geography as a much-needed irritation of the social scientific mainstream.

Description: Book review: Biodiversités en partage. Reconfigurations de ruralités dans le corridor forestier betsileo tanàla (Madagascar) Christian Kull Geogr. Helv., 71, 369-372, doi:10.5194/gh-71-369-2016, 2016 No abstract available.

Description: Soil development in high mountains: an example from the Steingletscher foreland, Switzerland. Three soil profiles on moraines of different age were studied, and chemical analyses were made. The oldest soil (age 10 000 years) an iron-humus podzol, showed distinct horizons, the second one (age 300-350 years) showed signs of beginning podzol formation; tendencies to horizons could be seen from the chemical analyses but hardly by the eye. The youngest profile (age 120-130 years) was still an undeveloped raw soil, and not even the chemical analyses showed any differentiation.

Description: Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Ermittlung der Einzelhandelskapazitäten des Lebensmittelsektors in den dem Hauptgeschäftszentrum von St. Gallen nachgelagerten Subzentren. Die Erfassung der Versorgungssituation von der Angebotsseite her erfolgt auf der Grundlage einer Strukturkennziffer. In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Auslastungsgrad der verfügbaren Kapazitäten im Lebensmittel- Einzelhandel abgeleitet. Als Datenbasis dient einerseits die Beschäftigtenzahl in den untersuchten Einzelhandelseinrichtungen und andererseits die Bevölkerungszahl innerhalb der normativ abgegrenzten Versorgungsbereiche. Die Konstruktion gründet auf dem versorgungspolitischen Postulat, mindestens den täglichen Bedarf in Fußgängerdistanz decken zu können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit, welche die Untersuchung der untersten Stufe der Bedarfsdeckung zum Gegenstand hat, sind die Kaufkraftwanderungen unberücksichtigt geblieben. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung, die als Teilstudie einer weiterführenden Arbeit verstanden sein will, haben höchstens tendenzielle Gültigkeit. Sowohl aufgrund der empirischen Basis als auch des methodischen Ansatzes sind keine schlüssigen Aussagen bezüglich der Angemessenheit des räumlichen Versorgungsnetzes möglich. Als erste Annäherung gewinnen die Resultate jedoch insofern praktische Relevanz, als sich am Beispiel der Stadt St. Gallen zeigen läßt, daß die ermittelten Kapazitätsverhältnisse den politisch-normativen Postulaten vielfach nicht bzw. knapp zu entsprechen vermögen. Gilt es überdies die Funktions- und Lebensfähigkeit von Zentren zu beurteilen, so ist einerseits der Betrachtungshorizont über die rein tägliche Bedarfsdeckung hinaus zu erweitern und andererseits den Ansprüchen sowohl der Zentrumsbenützer als auch der Einrichtungsträger vermehrt Rechnung zu tragen. Erst der Grad der Übereinstimmung der Anforderungsprofile beider Gruppen von Akteuren gibt Aufschluß über den Erfüllungsgrad einer bedürfnis- und siedlungsgerechten Versorgung der Bevölkerung mittels Zentren. Diese Überlegungen zeigen, daß nur ein umfassender Ansatz Transparenz in das städtische Versorgungsgefüge bringen kann.