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  • 1
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    Contributions of a global network of tree diversity experiments to sustainable forest plantations (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-12
    Beschreibung: The area of forest plantations is increasing worldwide helping to meet timber demand and protect natural forests. However, with global change, monospecific plantations are increasingly vulnerable to abiotic and biotic disturbances. As an adaption measure we need to move to plantations that are more diverse in genotypes, species, and structure, with a design underpinned by science. TreeDivNet, a global network of tree diversity experiments, responds to this need by assessing the advantages and disadvantages of mixed species plantations. The network currently consists of 18 experiments, distributed over 36 sites and five ecoregions. With plantations 1–15 years old, TreeDivNet can already provide relevant data for forest policy and management. In this paper, we highlight some early results on the carbon sequestration and pest resistance potential of more diverse plantations. Finally, suggestions are made for new, innovative experiments in understudied regions to complement the existing network.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Socio-economic vulnerability to climate change in the central mountainous region of eastern Mexico (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-07-30
    Beschreibung: Climate change effects are expected to be more severe for some segments of society than others. In Mexico, climate variability associated with climate change has important socio-economic and environmental impacts. From the central mountainous region of eastern Veracruz, Mexico, we analyzed data of total annual precipitation and mean annual temperature from 26 meteorological stations (1922–2008) and from General Circulation Models. We developed climate change scenarios based on the observed trends with projections to 2025, 2050, 2075, and 2100, finding considerable local climate changes with reductions in precipitation of over 700 mm and increases in temperature of ~9°C for the year 2100. Deforested areas located at windward were considered more vulnerable, representing potential risk for natural environments, local communities, and the main crops cultivated (sugarcane, coffee, and corn). Socio-economic vulnerability is exacerbated in areas where temperature increases and precipitation decreases.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    From jhum to broom: Agricultural land-use change and food security implications on the Meghalaya Plateau, India (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-08-10
    Beschreibung: Human population growth in the developing world drives land-use changes, impacting food security. In India, the dramatic change in demographic dynamics over the past century has reduced traditional agricultural land-use through increasing commercialization. Here, we analyze the magnitude and implications for the farming system by the introduction of cash-cropping, replacing the traditional slash and burn rotations (jhum), of the tribal people on the Meghalaya Plateau, northeast India, by means of agricultural census data and field surveys conducted in seven villages. Land-use change has brought major alterations in hill agricultural practices, enhanced cash-cropping, promoted mono-cropping, changed food consumption patterns, underpinned the emergence of a new food system, and exposed farmers and consumers to the precariousness of the market, all of which have both long- and short-term food security implications. We found dietary diversity to be higher under jhum compared to any of the cash-crop systems, and higher under traditional cash-cropping than under modern cash-cropping.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    Pollinators, pests, and predators: Recognizing ecological trade-offs in agroecosystems (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-09-16
    Beschreibung: Ecological interactions between crops and wild animals frequently result in increases or declines in crop yield. Yet, positive and negative interactions have mostly been treated independently, owing partly to disciplinary silos in ecological and agricultural sciences. We advocate a new integrated research paradigm that explicitly recognizes cost-benefit trade-offs among animal activities and acknowledges that these activities occur within social-ecological contexts. Support for this paradigm is presented in an evidence-based conceptual model structured around five evidence statements highlighting emerging trends applicable to sustainable agriculture. The full range of benefits and costs associated with animal activities in agroecosystems cannot be quantified by focusing on single species groups, crops, or systems. Management of productive agroecosystems should sustain cycles of ecological interactions between crops and wild animals, not isolate these cycles from the system. Advancing this paradigm will therefore require integrated studies that determine net returns of animal activity in agroecosystems.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Large-scale ecological networks do work in an ecologically complex biodiversity hotspot (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-09-17
    Beschreibung: Landscape-scale ecological networks (ENs) are interconnected conservation corridors of high-quality habitat used to mitigate the adverse effects of landscape fragmentation and to connect with protected areas. The effectiveness of ENs for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem function has been challenged. Here we show how an extensive system of ENs of remnant historic land was put in place at a large spatial scale (〉0.5 million ha) in a plantation forestry context in a global biodiversity hotspot in southern Africa. These ENs can maintain indigenous and historic compositional and functional biodiversity, even in an area prone to the challenging effects of El Niño. Furthermore, ENs increase the effective size of local protected areas. Socio-ecological solutions and financial viability are also integrated as part of practical implementation of ENs. By adopting a retrospective analytical approach, biodiversity is maintained while also having productive forestry, making this a powerful agro-ecological approach on a large conservation-significant scale.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    Molecular tools for bathing water assessment in Europe: Balancing social science research with a rapidly developing environmental science evidence-base (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-09-22
    Beschreibung: The use of molecular tools, principally qPCR, versus traditional culture-based methods for quantifying microbial parameters (e.g., Fecal Indicator Organisms) in bathing waters generates considerable ongoing debate at the science–policy interface. Advances in science have allowed the development and application of molecular biological methods for rapid (~2 h) quantification of microbial pollution in bathing and recreational waters. In contrast, culture-based methods can take between 18 and 96 h for sample processing. Thus, molecular tools offer an opportunity to provide a more meaningful statement of microbial risk to water-users by providing near-real-time information enabling potentially more informed decision-making with regard to water-based activities. However, complementary studies concerning the potential costs and benefits of adopting rapid methods as a regulatory tool are in short supply. We report on findings from an international Working Group that examined the breadth of social impacts, challenges, and research opportunities associated with the application of molecular tools to bathing water regulations.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Meta-studies in land use science: Current coverage and prospects (2015)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-09-26
    Beschreibung: Land use science has traditionally used case-study approaches for in-depth investigation of land use change processes and impacts. Meta-studies synthesize findings across case-study evidence to identify general patterns. In this paper, we provide a review of meta-studies in land use science. Various meta-studies have been conducted, which synthesize deforestation and agricultural land use change processes, while other important changes, such as urbanization, wetland conversion, and grassland dynamics have hardly been addressed. Meta-studies of land use change impacts focus mostly on biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles, while meta-studies of socioeconomic consequences are rare. Land use change processes and land use change impacts are generally addressed in isolation, while only few studies considered trajectories of drivers through changes to their impacts and their potential feedbacks. We provide a conceptual framework for linking meta-studies of land use change processes and impacts for the analysis of coupled human–environmental systems. Moreover, we provide suggestions for combining meta-studies of different land use change processes to develop a more integrated theory of land use change, and for combining meta-studies of land use change impacts to identify tradeoffs between different impacts. Land use science can benefit from an improved conceptualization of land use change processes and their impacts, and from new methods that combine meta-study findings to advance our understanding of human–environmental systems.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Limitations of recreational camera traps for wildlife management and conservation research: A practitioner’s perspective (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-10-28
    Beschreibung: The availability of affordable ‘recreational’ camera traps has dramatically increased over the last decade. We present survey results which show that many conservation practitioners use cheaper ‘recreational’ units for research rather than more expensive ‘professional’ equipment. We present our perspective of using two popular models of ‘recreational’ camera trap for ecological field-based studies. The models used (for 〉2 years) presented us with a range of practical problems at all stages of their use including deployment, operation, and data management, which collectively crippled data collection and limited opportunities for quantification of key issues arising. Our experiences demonstrate that prospective users need to have a sufficient understanding of the limitations camera trap technology poses, dimensions we communicate here. While the merits of different camera traps will be study specific, the performance of more expensive ‘professional’ models may prove more cost-effective in the long-term when using camera traps for research.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
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    Microscope and spectacle: On the complexities of using new visual technologies to communicate about wildlife conservation (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-10-28
    Beschreibung: Wildlife conservation-related organisations increasingly employ new visual technologies in their science communication and public engagement efforts. Here, we examine the use of such technologies for wildlife conservation campaigns. We obtained empirical data from four UK-based organisations through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Visual technologies were used to provide the knowledge and generate the emotional responses perceived by organisations as being necessary for motivating a sense of caring about wildlife. We term these two aspects ‘microscope’ and ‘spectacle’, metaphorical concepts denoting the duality through which these technologies speak to both the cognitive and the emotional. As conservation relies on public support, organisations have to be seen to deliver information that is not only sufficiently detailed and scientifically credible but also spectacular enough to capture public interest. Our investigation showed that balancing science and entertainment is a difficult undertaking for wildlife-related organisations as there are perceived risks of contriving experiences of nature and obscuring conservation aims.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    Application of a novel modeling tool with multistressor functionality to support management of organic contaminants in the Baltic Sea (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-05-29
    Beschreibung: Organic contaminants constitute one of many stressors that deteriorate the ecological status of the Baltic Sea. When managing environmental problems in this marine environment, it may be necessary to consider the interactions between various stressors to ensure that averting one problem does not exacerbate another. A novel modeling tool, BALTSEM-POP, is presented here that simulates interactions between climate forcing, hydrodynamic conditions, and water exchange, biogeochemical cycling, and organic contaminant transport and fate in the Baltic Sea. We discuss opportunities to use the model to support different aspects of chemicals management. We exemplify these opportunities with a case study where two emission-reduction strategies for a chemical used in personal care products (decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) are evaluated, and where the confounding influence of future climate change and eutrophication on the impact of the emission-reduction strategies are assessed.
    Print ISSN: 0044-7447
    Digitale ISSN: 1654-7209
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Publiziert von Springer im Namen von The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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