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  • Articles  (2,504)
  • Springer Nature  (2,504)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Elsevier
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2010-2014  (2,504)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 180185
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  • Articles  (2,504)
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  • Springer Nature  (2,504)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Elsevier
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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  • 2010-2014  (2,504)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1990-1994
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
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    The Issue of Uncertainty for the River Watershed: Data Analysis of Scaled Space and Time Variability (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-07
    Description: The issue of uncertainty is the basis for any application of knowledge (“Uncertainty is an attribute of information.” From L. Zadeh, 2005) and has to be one of the main tasks in Earth’s systems study. Knowledge about natural systems may be only obtained by the analysis of the empirical (instrumental) data. Uncertainty starts from unveiling of the research task by the researcher. The main source of uncertainty comes from the natural system “extraction” (unit’s boundaries) for modeling and limitations of data representing both time and space variability. The consideration of uncertainty is placed in context of time and space with use of the U.S. part of the Great Lakes watershed as an example. All possible empirical (instrumental) data were used for this research. Data analysis was completed for river discharge, precipitation and air temperatures. Results of data analysis provide a base for regionalization, a multi-scaled description of the structure of river watersheds and their interaction with climate characteristics, and uncertainty of the obtained knowledge. The consideration of uncertainty in research helps practical applications like water balance estimations for conservation and/or management of water resources of different scales, and educating the public/communities about environmental issues.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Assisting natural forest regeneration in Northern Ethiopia: one intervention is not enough (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description: Management strategies aimed at rehabilitating degraded and cleared forests often rely on temporary or permanent exclusion of herbivores (wild animals, livestock or both). But in many cases, this simple management technique is not sufficient to induce ecosystem restoration: many negative effects keep the ecosystem in a suboptimal, low biomass state. The presence of such stable states requires restoration measures to act on multiple stress factors simultaneously.Compensating for all limiting factors is neither practically nor economically feasible. But detailed knowledge about the autoecology of tree species – i.e. their site requirements, regeneration strategies and recruitment dynamics – may be used to tailor management to the most pertinent problems. Here we illustrate this approach with results from forest restoration experiments in grazing exclosures in northern Ethiopia using African wild olive (Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata) as a representative Afromontane climax species.The recruitment of African wild olive is affected by seed limitation, restricted seed dispersal and germination and survival limitation. The exclusion of grazing animals as a single measure to restore forest is not enough. Degraded grazing land moves into a state dominated by persistent shrubs, arresting forest succession and discouraging local stakeholders. Direct sowing or planting of seedlings in fertile patches under selected pioneer shrubs, however, may help to overcome this form of bush encroachment, in particular during years with an above-average rainfall.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
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    Convergence of atmospheric and North Atlantic CO2 trends on multidecadal timescales (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-09
    Description: The oceans’ carbon uptake substantially reduces the rate of anthropogenic carbon accumulation in the atmosphere1, and thus slows global climate change. Some diagnoses of trends in ocean carbon uptake have suggested a significant weakening in recent years2-8, while others conclude that decadal variability confounds detection of long-term trends9-11. Here, we study trends in observed surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in three gyre-scale biomes of the North Atlantic, considering decadal to multidecadal timescales between 1981 and 2009. Trends on decadal timescales are of variable magnitudes and depend sensitively on the precise choice of years. As more years are considered, oceanic pCO2 trends begin to converge to the trend in atmospheric pCO2. North of 30oN, it takes 25 years for the influence of decadal-timescale climate variability to be overcome by a long-term trend that is consistent with the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon. In the permanently stratified subtropical gyre, warming has recently become a significant contributor to the observed increase in oceanic pCO2. This warming, previously attributed to both a multidecadal climate oscillation and anthropogenic climate forcing12,13, is beginning to reduce ocean carbon uptake.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    The Issue of Uncertainty for the River Watershed: Data Analysis of Scaled Space and Time Variability (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-07
    Description: The issue of uncertainty is the basis for any application of knowledge (“Uncertainty is an attribute of information.” From L. Zadeh, 2005) and has to be one of the main tasks in Earth’s systems study. Knowledge about natural systems may be only obtained by the analysis of the empirical (instrumental) data. Uncertainty starts from unveiling of the research task by the researcher. The main source of uncertainty comes from the natural system “extraction” (unit’s boundaries) for modeling and limitations of data representing both time and space variability. The consideration of uncertainty is placed in context of time and space with use of the U.S. part of the Great Lakes watershed as an example. All possible empirical (instrumental) data were used for this research. Data analysis was completed for river discharge, precipitation and air temperatures. Results of data analysis provide a base for regionalization, a multi-scaled description of the structure of river watersheds and their interaction with climate characteristics, and uncertainty of the obtained knowledge. The consideration of uncertainty in research helps practical applications like water balance estimations for conservation and/or management of water resources of different scales, and educating the public/communities about environmental issues.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
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    A decline in pollinator dependent vegetable crop productivity in India indicates pollination limitation and consequent agro-economic crises. (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-23
    Description: Approximately 70% of the tropical crop species depend on pollinators for optimum yields (Roubik, 1995, Klein 2007). The economic value of such pollinated crops to India is $726 million and India is the world’s second largest vegetable producer (Sidhu, 2005). This status has been underpinned by large-scale changes in land-use and pesticide dependency (Fazal, 2000; Shaw & Satish, 2007). A method (c.f. Aizen et al. 2008) that partitions crops into categories depending on their relative pollinator dependence (Index of pollinator dependence, DI) was applied to analysis of vegetable yields for India over 45 years (1963-2008) using FAO data. This has revealed that since 1993, relative yields of crop production has either flattened or declined, while pollinator non dependent crops show no similar decline. This pattern of yield limitation may be due to several factors, among which pollinator limitation would be a major factor (Kearns et al. 1998) and this risk is discussed. Pollinator decline will have serious socio-economic consequences for countries like India, which host a large population of small and marginal farms for whom falling yield level would be critical for subsistence (Kearns et al. 1998; Kremen et al., 2002; Klein et al., 2007; Potts et al., 2010). We show here for the first time any indication of pollination limitation in India, an emerging economy that is still predominantly agrarian. Detailed land use and ecological surveys are urgently required to assess the ecology of pollinating insects within and around agricultural systems in India.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 6
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    Remote Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring & Watershed Assessment On the Lake Traverse Reservation (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: During the summer of 2010, three student interns from Sisseton Wahpeton Tribal College along with researchers from South Dakota State University engaged in a pilot project to assess the feasibility of using Landsat imagery to determine water transparency in reservation lakes in northeastern South Dakota. The students were trained to assist with data collection, image processing, and spatial and statistical analyses. Secchi depth measurements and lake algae bloom observations were made on cloud-free Landsat overpass days. Measurement locations were geo-referenced using GPS. Field observations and satellite image classification and interpretation techniques were used to create a land use map for the watershed and explore possible land-use-related causes of the variation in water transparency. The results of this project included a better understanding of the relationship between Landsat images and on site observations of water transparency at first and then land use and water quality in reservation lakes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 7
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    Speciation & the origin of communities (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: Patterns of biodiversity predicted by the neutral theory rely on a simple phenomenological model of speciation. To further investigate the effect of speciation on neutral biodiversity, we define the metacommunity as a system of populations exchanging migrants and use this framework to study allopatric & parapatric speciation. We find that with realistic mutation rates, our metacommunity model driven by neutral processes cannot support more than a few species. Adding natural selection in the population genetics of speciation increases the number of species in the metacommunity but the level of diversity found in Barro Colorado Island is difficult to reach.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
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    Remote Sensing for Water Quality Monitoring & Watershed Assessment On the Lake Traverse Reservation (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: During the summer of 2010, three student interns from Sisseton Wahpeton Tribal College along with researchers from South Dakota State University engaged in a pilot project to assess the feasibility of using Landsat imagery to determine water transparency in reservation lakes in northeastern South Dakota. The students were trained to assist with data collection, image processing, and spatial and statistical analyses. Secchi depth measurements and lake algae bloom observations were made on cloud-free Landsat overpass days. Measurement locations were geo-referenced using GPS. Field observations and satellite image classification and interpretation techniques were used to create a land use map for the watershed and explore possible land-use-related causes of the variation in water transparency. The results of this project included a better understanding of the relationship between Landsat images and on site observations of water transparency at first and then land use and water quality in reservation lakes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    Collective Animal Behavior from Bayesian Estimation and Probability Matching (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-06
    Description: Animals living in groups make movement decisions that depend, among other factors, on social interactions with other group members. Our present understanding of social rules in animal collectives is based on empirical fits to observations and we lack first-principles approaches that allow their derivation. Here we show that patterns of collective decisions can be derived from the basic ability of animals to make probabilistic estimations in the presence of uncertainty. We build a decision-making model with two stages: Bayesian estimation and probabilistic matching.In the first stage, each animal makes a Bayesian estimation of which behavior is best to perform taking into account personal information about the environment and social information collected by observing the behaviors of other animals. In the probability matching stage, each animal chooses a behavior with a probability given by the Bayesian estimation that this behavior is the most appropriate one. This model derives very simple rules of interaction in animal collectives that depend only on two types of reliability parameters, one that each animal assigns to the other animals and another given by the quality of the non-social information. We test our model by obtaining theoretically a rich set of observed collective patterns of decisions in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, a shoaling fish species. The quantitative link shown between probabilistic estimation and collective rules of behavior allows a better contact with other fields such as foraging, mate selection, neurobiology and psychology, and gives predictions for experiments directly testing the relationship between estimation and collective behavior.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
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  • 10
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    Anthropogenic Renourishment Feedback on Shorebirds: a Multispecies Bayesian Perspective (2011)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-02
    Description: In this paper the realized niche of the Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), a primarily resident Florida shorebird, is described as a function of the scenopoetic and bionomic variables at the nest-, landscape-, and regional-scale. We identified some possible geomorphological controls that influence nest-site selection and survival using data collected along the Florida Gulf coast. In particular we focused on the effects of beach replenishment interventions on the Snowy Plover (SP), and on the migratory Piping Plover (PP) (Charadrius melodus ) and Red Knot (RK) (Calidris canutus ). Additionally, we investigated the potential differences between the SP breeding and wintering distributions using only regional-scale physiognomic variables and the recorded occur- rences. To quantify the relationship between past renourishment projects and shorebird species we used a Monte Carlo procedure to sample from the posterior distribution of the binomial probabilities that a region is not a nesting or a wintering ground conditional on the occurrence of a beach replenishment intervention in the same and the previous year. The results indicate that it was 2.3, 3.1, and 0.8 times more likely that a region was not a wintering ground following a year with a renourishment intervention for the SP, PP and RK respectively. For the SP it was 2.5. times more likely that a region was not a breeding ground after a renourishment event. Through a maximum entropy principle model we observed small differences in the habitat use of the SP during the breeding and the wintering season. However the habitats where RK was observed appeared quite different. While ecological niche models at the macro-scale are useful for determining habitat suitability ranges, the characterization of the species’ local niche is fundamentally important for adopting concrete multi-species management scenarios. Maintaining and creating optimal suitable habitats for SP characterized by sparse low vegetation in the foredunes areas, and uneven/low-slope beach surfaces, is the proposed conservation scenario to convert anthropic beach restorations and SP populations into a positive feedback without impacting other threatened shorebird species.
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Geosciences , Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology , Medicine
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