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  • Articles  (582)
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  • 1
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    Benzoic Acid Interactions Affect Aquatic Properties and Toxicity of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Effects of benzoic acid (BA) on physicochemical properties and ecotoxicities of CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) in model aqueous media were studied. The CuONPs had larger hydrodynamic sizes and higher surface zeta potentials during 96 h of settling in the presence of BA than when the BA were not present. BA interaction with CuONPs is shown to promote dissolved Cu release from CuONPs in a dose-dependent manner. The contribution of free Cu 2+ -ions to growth inhibition toxicity of the CuONP suspensions at a toxicologically relevant concentration for the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus was around 22 %, indicating that dissolved fraction was not the major source of toxicity of CuONPs. The toxicity of CuONPs increased as the BA concentration increased. BA significantly altered total antioxidant capacity of CuONPs-exposed algal cells. The mechanism of the BA effect on the CuONPs toxicity may be mainly associated with degree of agglomeration, dissolved Cu, and particle-induced oxidative stress.
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  • 2
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    Distribution of OCPs and PCBs in Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) from the Marmara Sea Coastal Sites (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Mussel samples were collected monthly between October-2010 and October-2011 from four stations (Bosphorus, Bandırma, Gelibolu, Tekirdağ) in the Marmara Sea. Two consecutive months’ samples were homogenized and combined as a single group for analysis. Mussel samples were analyzed for Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs); (total-DDT, total-HCH, Endrin, α-Endosulfan, β-Endosulfan, Heptachlor) and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); (PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 138, PCB 153, and PCB 180). All analyses were done according to Eurofins house method in ERGO Laboratory in Germany. Concentrations of α-endosulfan and heptachlor in mussel tissues were below method detection limits. The annual average OCPs concentrations among the stations ranged between 0.02 and 1.45 ng/g (wet weight), 1.9–99.75 ng/g (lipid weight) whereas the annual average PCBs concentrations among the stations ranged between 0.03 and 0.40 ng/g (wet weight), 1.71–26.48 ng/g (lipid weight), respectively. There was no relation between fat content of mussels and residues of the contaminants. PCB 138 and PCB 153 were the most predominant PCBs, while total-DDT and total-HCH were the most predominant OCPs in the mussels. Total-DDT concentrations were higher compared to total-HCH and PCBs isomers. Measured levels were below the national and international committees’ and institutions’ limits for human consumption and protection of aquatic biota.
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  • 3
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    Legacy Pollutants are Declining in Great Skuas ( Stercorarius skua ) but Remain Higher in Faroe Islands than in Scotland (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: To monitor environmental pollutants in Faroese biota, samples from a top predator were analysed and put into a spatial and temporal context. Analysis of 20 Great Skua eggs sampled in 2012 from the Faroe Islands showed 〉70 % lower concentrations of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) than in samples analysed in 1977. The 2012 Faroese eggs showed higher concentrations than for eggs in Shetland from about the same period (2008). Eggshells were analysed for sub-lethal effects but there were no detectable effects of legacy POP levels on eggshell colour or thickness. A temporal decline in legacy POPs would indicate a reduction in the general pollutant levels present in the environment as has been shown in other areas of the North Atlantic, but there are significant geographic differences in POPs levels likely due to differences in diet resulting in significantly different exposures on a relatively limited spatial scale.
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    Effects of Acute Exposure to Sublethal Waterborne Cadmium on Energy Homeostasis in Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-04
    Description: Effects of acute exposure to sublethal waterborne cadmium (Cd) on energy homeostasis in filter-feeding fishes have rarely been studied. The response patterns of energy substances were investigated in juvenile silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) exposed to sublethal waterborne Cd for 96 h. The results showed the 96hLC 50 of Cd on juvenile silver carp was 1.723 mg/L. Sublethal acute exposure of Cd significantly affected the energy homeostasis of juvenile silver carp, including increase in plasma glucose and lactate, and decrease in plasma triglyceride, muscle glycogen and triglyceride and liver glycogen. The results indicated that glycogen and triglyceride prior to protein were mobilized to meet the increased demands for detoxication and repair mechanism to sublethal waterborne Cd exposure, and glycogen level depleted faster and restored slower in the liver than in the white muscle in juvenile silver carp.
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  • 5
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    Sediment Contaminant Bioaccumulation: With or Without Gut Contents? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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  • 6
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    Nickel and Copper Toxicity and Plant Response Mechanisms in White Birch ( Betula papyrifera ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) are the most prevalent metals found in the soils in the Greater Sudbury Region (Canada) because of smelting emissions. The main objectives of the present study were to (1) determine the toxicity of nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) at different doses in Betula papyrifera (white birch), (2) Characterize nickel resistance mechanism, and (3) assess segregating patterns for Ni and Cu resistance in B. papyrifera populations. This study revealed that B. papyrifera is resistant to Ni and Cu concentrations equivalent to the levels reported in metal-contaminated stands in the GSR. Resistant genotypes (RG) accumulate Ni in roots but not in leaves. Moderately susceptible (MSG) and susceptible genotypes (SG) show a high level of Ni translocation to leaves. Gene expression analysis showed differential regulation of genes in RG compared to MSG and SG. Analysis of segregation patterns suggests that resistance to Ni and Cu is controlled by single recessive genes.
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  • 7
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    Palladium Nanoparticles: Is There a Risk for Aquatic Ecosystems? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Nano-sized palladium (nano-Pd) is used in catalytic converters of automobiles, where it can be released into the environment by abrasion. Although these particles may subsequently be transported into surface water bodies, no data estimating their fate and toxicity in aquatic systems exists. This study characterized the particle size development of nano-Pd (advertised size ~12 nm; hydrodynamic size ~70 nm) in media with variable ionic strength (IS). Additionally, the particles’ acute toxicity for daphnids and chironomids was assessed. While nano-Pd agglomerated more quickly with increasing IS, it caused only marginal effects in both test species after 96 h of exposure. After 144 h of exposure, however, an EC 50 value of 1.23 mg nano-Pd/L for daphnids was determined indicating effects over the long run. When considering the relatively low environmental concentration of elemental Pd in surface waters (usually ng/L), though, this study suggests only a low aquatic risk in response to nano-Pd.
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  • 8
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    Continued Studies on the Effects of Simazine on the Liver Histological Structure and Metamorphosis in the Developing Xenopus laevis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: This study continued our previous work (Sai et al. in Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 95:157–163, 2015a ) by analysing the effects of simazine on the liver histological structure and metamorphosis in the developing Xenopus laevis . Tadpoles (Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 46) were exposed to simazine at 0.1, 1.2, 11.0 and 100.9 μg/L for 100 days. When tadpoles were exposed to simazine at 11.0 and 100.9 µg/L, an increased mortality and damaged liver tissues were observed together with significant inhibition of percent of X . laevis completing metamorphosis on days 80 and 90 and prolonged time of completing metamorphosis. On the other hand, we found that simazine has no significant effects on liver weight and altered hepatosomatic index. Results of this study may be considered to inform risk assessment of the effects of simazine on the development of X . laevis .
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  • 9
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    Substrate Factors Determine Roadside Vegetation Structure and Species Richness: A Case Study Along a Meridional Gradient in Fennoscandia (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: This study assessed the effects of road-related alteration of substrate, including increased salinity, on vegetation along a meridional gradient in Fennoscandia. Vegetation community composition were surveyed in 29 randomly selected 1-m 2 sized roadside plots. Number of plant species and plant cover (%) on the plots were positively interrelated ( p  〈 0.0001). Both variables also decreased towards the north and with increasing coarseness of the substrate. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that roadside vegetation diversity and composition were most related to the importance of the road (i.e. its size and traffic intensity) and substrate pH. Road importance affects plant dispersal, whereas substrate pH was found to be a factor limiting growth. CCA indicated also that vegetation composition was affected by the meridional gradient and by the substrate salinity; both substrate salinity pH and salinity were not related to meridional gradient. Our results indicate that roadside vegetation diversity and composition is driven by natural and anthropogenic factors.
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  • 10
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    Toxicological Effects Induced by Silver Nanoparticles in Zebra Fish ( Danio Rerio ) and in the Bacteria Communities Living at Their Surface (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-09
    Description: The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) makes them useful in a wide range of products although their environmental impact is still uncertain. The main goal of this study was to evaluate short-term effects induced by AgNP on gills oxidative status and bacterial communities living at the skin mucus of zebrafish. Both the number of bacteria colony forming units and bacteria growth obtained from skin mucus were lower in all concentrations tested (25, 50 and 100 µg nAg/L). Besides, AgNP exposure caused a significant decrease in bacteria growth in zebrafish exposed to 100 µg nAg/L. AgNP accumulated in zebrafish gills at both highest concentrations tested, but this accumulation did not appear to result in oxidative stress. Overall the results indicated toxicological effects of AgNP on bacteria communities living at the zebrafish mucus surface. Although silver accumulation was verified in gills, no evidence of toxicity in terms of oxidative stress was found.
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  • 11
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    Chronic Exposure to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Reduces Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans Through Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant. Although multiple adverse effects of PFOS have been demonstrated, whether PFOS can accelerate aging and affect animal longevity remains unknown. In Caenorhabditis elegans , we found that a 50 h exposure to 0.2–200 µM PFOS reduced lifespan in a concentration dependent manner. In transgenic nematodes, lifespans are affected by mutations of daf - 16 , daf - 2 or age - 1 genes, which are related to the Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling pathway (IIS). PFOS exposure caused an additional reduction in average lifespan in daf - 2 ( e1370 ) and daf - 16b ( KO ) nematodes. In contrast, daf - 16 ( mu86 ) nematodes showed no additional reduction with PFOS exposure and age - 1 ( hx546 ) mutants did not exhibit a reduction in lifespan with PFOS exposure, compared with wildtype nematodes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PFOS exposure accelerates aging and shortens longevity of animals. The PFOS-induced effect may involve genes of the IIS pathway, particularly daf - 16 and age - 1 .
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  • 12
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    Correlation Among Soil Enzyme Activities, Root Enzyme Activities, and Contaminant Removal in Two-Stage In Situ Constructed Wetlands Purifying Domestic Wastewater (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Two-stage in situ wetlands (two vertical flow constructed wetlands in parallel and a horizontal flow constructed wetland) were constructed for studying domestic wastewater purification and the correlations between contaminant removal and plant and soil enzyme activities. Results indicated the removal efficiency of NH 4 + and NO 3 − were significantly correlated with both urease and protease activity, and the removal of total phosphorus was significantly correlated with phosphatase activity. Chemical oxygen demand removal was not correlated with enzyme activity in constructed wetlands. Plant root enzyme (urease, phosphatase, protease and cellulose) activity correlation was apparent with all contaminant removal in the two vertical flow constructed wetlands. However, the correlation between the plant root enzyme activity and contaminant removal was poor in horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Results indicated that plant roots clearly played a role in the removal of contaminants.
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  • 13
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    Evaluation of the Methods to Predict Total Serum Lipids and to Determine 22 POPs in the Serum of Pregnant Women (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: The objectives of this study were to determine the suitability of total serum lipid (TSL) concentrations, which were calculated by three different formulae, for pregnant women and to optimize the improved matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method. The results showed that the TSL predicted by the three formulae were significantly correlated to our measured values (sums of the total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids contents). In particular, one of formulae was the most statistically suitable for pregnant women. Meanwhile, an improved MSPD method was developed to extract 22 POPs. The developed MSPD method was compared with SPE and EPA (8081 & 8082) to evaluate the performance of each extract method. The method validation showed that the results obtained using the improved MSPD method were closest to the actual concentration (adjusted by lipids), and the dispersion of the data was minimal.
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  • 14
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    Influence of Mining Pollution on Metal Bioaccumulation and Biomarker Responses in Cave Dwelling Fish, Clarias gariepinus (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Cave ecosystems remain largely unstudied and risk being severely degraded as a result of anthropogenic activities. The Wonderfontein Cave, situated in the extensive gold mining region of the Witwatersrand Basin, is one such system that hosts a population of Clarias gariepinus , which is exposed to the influx of polluted mine water from the Wonderfontein Spruit River. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation of metals, as well as relevant biomarkers, in C. gariepinus specimens sampled from the Wonderfontein Cave during high (April 2013) and low (September 2013) flow surveys. Results were also compared to a surface population associated with the Wonderfontein Spruit River. There were temporal differences in metal bioaccumulation patterns and this was attributed to the lack of dilution during the low flow period. Metals associated with acid mine drainage, i.e. Co, Mn and Zn were significantly higher in the Wonderfontein Cave population and were reflected in an increase in oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase, protein carbonyls and superoxide dismutase) and the induction of metallothionein, a biomarker of metal exposure. The surface population was exposed to metals associated with geological weathering processes, i.e. Fe and Al.
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  • 15
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    Toxicity Thresholds for Diclofenac, Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen in the Water Flea Daphnia magna (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been frequently detected in aquatic ecosystem and posed a huge risk to non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of three typical NSAIDs, diclofenac (DFC), acetaminophen (APAP) and ibuprofen (IBP), toward the water flea Daphnia magna . All three NSAIDs showed remarkable time-dependent and concentration-dependent effects on D. magna , with DFC the highest and APAP the lowest toxic. Survival, growth and reproduction data of D. magna from all bioassays were used to determine the LC10 and LC50 (10 % lethal and median lethal concentrations) values of NSAIDs, as well as the EC10 and EC50 (10 % effect and median effect concentrations) values. Concentrations for the lethal and sublethal toxicity endpoints were mainly in the low ppm-range, of which reproduction was the most sensitive one, indicating that non-target organisms might be adversely affected by relevant ambient low-level concentrations of NSAIDs after long-time exposures.
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  • 16
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    Sub-Lethal Effects of Copper on Salmonids: An Avoidance Evaluation Using a Direct Test Method (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-22
    Description: Avoidance of copper (Cu) by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) was evaluated using a Y-maze exposure system, with data collected over a 1-h exposure period using a digital camcorder. In exposures to five measured concentrations of dissolved copper (〈0.3, 1.2, 9.8, 48.3, and 98.6 µg Cu/L), plus control, significant avoidance behavior ( p  〈 0.05) relative to the control was observed at ≥9.8 µg Cu/L, but not at 1.2 µg Cu/L. The chronic value (i.e., geometric mean of these concentrations) was 3.43 µg Cu/L. Estimates of EC 50 values for avoidance of Cu ranged from 4.81 to 9.15 µg Cu/L over four 15-min time intervals of exposure to the metal. Based on water quality characterization of the control/diluent water, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) water hardness- and biotic ligand model (BLM)-based chronic criteria for dissolved Cu were 8.03 and 2.26 µg Cu/L, respectively. This study suggested that enforcement of the BLM-based criterion would provide a higher level of protection of trout for this sensitive response than the hardness-based criterion.
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  • 17
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    The Effects of Salicylic Acid on Juvenile Zebrafish Danio rerio Under Flow-Through Conditions (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-07
    Description: The aquatic environment is becoming increasingly contaminated with pharmaceuticals. Salicylic acid (SA), which can be used individually or appear as a degradation product of the widely used acetylsalicylic acid was chosen for testing. Juvenile zebrafish Danio rerio were subjected to OECD test No. 215 (fish, juvenile growth test) with salicylic acid concentrations of 0.004; 0.04; 0.4; 4 and 40 mg/L. Specific growth rate (SGR), histological changes, and parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated. SA had no effects on histological changes, SGR, glutathione reductase, and lipid peroxidation. Increased catalytic activity of GPx was found at 0.04 mg/L compared to control, increased catalytic activity of catalase was found at 0.04 and 4 mg/L compared to control, and increased catalytic activity of glutathione- S -transferase was found at 0.004 and 0.04 mg/L compared to control ( P  〈 0.05). Juvenile zebrafish turned out to be relatively insensitive to both environmentally relevant (0.004 mg/L) and higher concentrations of salicylic acid.
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  • 18
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    Determination of Synthetic Musks in Sediments of Yellow River Delta Wetland, China (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-07
    Description: In this study, seven kinds of synthetic musks were characterized in sediment samples of Yellow River Delta wetland, including celestolide, phantolide, traseolide, galaxolide, tonalide, musk xylene, and musk ketone. They were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), with recoveries of 91.85 %–105.35 % and the relative standard deviation (% RSD) were 3.30 %–8.11 % for all analytes. Galaxolide and tonalide were the main musk contaminants which were detected in sediment samples. The total concentrations of galaxolide ranged from 1.42 to 8.60 ng/g (mean 2.92 ng/g) (dry weight, dw); the total concentrations of tonalide ranged from the detection limit (LOD) to 3.63 ng/g (mean 1.69 ng/g, dw). The one reason of the higher level of SM pollutants was the domestic wastewater dumped by the local residents in some sites. And there was no significant correlation between SMs and TOC in sediment samples of Yellow River Delta wetland ( p  〉 0.05).
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    Methicillin-Resistant Bacteria Inhabiting Surface Waters Monitored by mec A-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-09
    Description: Part of a 20–60 kb staphylococcal chromosome cassette called mec A encodes low-affinity penicillin-binding protein PBP2a and causes methicillin resistance. Among all methicillin-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen and main concern worldwide. Although the origin of the mec A is not very well-defined, mec A homologues are also ubiquitous in methicillin-resistant non-staphylococcal bacteria. Due to the dissemination of methicillin resistance through the transmission of mec A gene among staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal bacteria inhabiting surface waters, there is a need to monitor mec A gene in these waters for public health safety. Therefore, this study aimed at monitoring mec A harboring bacteria inhabiting surface waters by using fluorescently labelled mec A-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Under the hybridization conditions of 55 % formamide and 0.020 M NaCl at 46°C, the oligonucleotide probe used in the study showed high hybridization stringency to the mec A gene targeted. The strong linear relationships observed between the signal intensity and the target gene were used to assess the population dynamics of mec A harboring isolates over a 2-year-period. The results indicated that mec A-targeted oligonucleotide probes can be effectively used for in situ monitoring of methicillin resistant isolates inhabiting surface waters.
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  • 20
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    A Highly Sensitive and Selective Catalytic Determination of Mercury in Environmental Samples (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: A simple, selective and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for mercury determination utilizing its catalytic effect on the isoniazid-hexacyanoferrate (II) reaction. The paper presents for the first time (1) the catalytic effect of Hg (I) on the cited ligand substitution reactions and (2) the activating effect of thiourea on the behavior of mercury. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 423 nm using the initial rate method. The optimized reaction conditions were 5.0 mmol L −1 hexacyanoferrate (II), 0.5 mmol L −1 isoniazid, 150 mmol L −1 citrate buffer (pH 3.30 ± 0.05), and 0.2 mmol L −1 thiourea, at 50°C. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 1–100 and 1–55 µg L −1 with detection limits, based on the 3S b -criterion, of 1.2 and 1.8 µg L −1 of Hg (II) and Hg (I), respectively. The method was conveniently applied to samples of wastewaters, inactivated vaccines, and frozen Bass fish fillet, without any prior separation or preconcentration.
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  • 21
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    Depleted Uranium Toxicity, Accumulation, and Uptake in Cynodon dactylon ( Bermuda ) and Aristida purpurea ( Purple Threeawn ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Yuma Proving Grounds (YPG) in western Arizona is a testing range where Depleted uranium (DU) penetrators have been historically fired. A portion of the fired DU penetrators are being managed under controlled conditions by leaving them in place. The widespread use of DU in armor-penetrating weapons has raised environmental and human health concerns. The present study is focused on the onsite management approach and on the potential interactions with plants local to YPG. A 30 day study was conducted to assess the toxicity of DU corrosion products (e.g., schoepite and meta-schoepite) in two grass species that are native to YPG, Bermuda ( Cynodon dactylon ) and Purple Threeawn ( Aristida purpurea ). In addition, the ability for plants to uptake DU was studied. The results of this study show a much lower threshold for biomass toxicity and higher plant concentrations, particularly in the roots than shoots, compared to previous studies.
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  • 22
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    Targeted Gene Expression in Zebrafish Exposed to Chlorpyrifos-Oxon Confirms Phenotype-Specific Mechanisms Leading to Adverse Outcomes (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Zebrafish models for mild, moderate, and severe acute organophosphorus poisoning were previously developed by exposing zebrafish larvae to chlopyrifos-oxon. The phenotype of these models was characterized at several levels of biological organization. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were found to be involved in the development of the more severe phenotype. Here we used targeted gene expression to understand the dose-responsiveness of those two pathways and their involvement on generating the different zebrafish models. As the severe phenotype is irreversible after only 3 h of exposure, we also analyzed the response of the oxidative stress pathway at 3 and 24 h. Some of the genes related to oxidative stress were already differentially expressed at 3 h. There was an increase in differentially expressed genes related to both oxidative stress and mitochondrial function from the more mild to the more severe phenotype, suggesting the involvement of these mechanisms in increasing phenotype severity. Temporal data suggest that peroxynitrite leading to lipid peroxidation might be involved in phenotype transition and irreversibility.
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    Toxicity Appraisal of Untreated Dyeing Industry Wastewater Based on Chemical Characterization and Short Term Bioassays (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: Characterizing wastewaters only on a chemical basis may be insufficient owing to their complex nature. The purpose of this study was to assess toxicity of textile dyeing wastewater based on analytical techniques and short term toxicity based bioassays. In this study, screening of the fractionated wastewater through GC–MS showed the presence of phenols, phthalic acid derivatives and chlorpyrifos. Metal analysis revealed that chromium, arsenic and mercury were present in amounts higher than the wastewater discharge limits. Textile dyeing wastewater was found to be highly mutagenic in the Ames test. DNA damage in sheep lymphocytes decreased linearly with an increase in the dilution of wastewater. MTT assay showed that 8.3 percent v/v wastewater decreased cell survival percentage to 50 %. It can be concluded from this study that short term toxicity tests such as Ames test, in vitro comet assay, and cytotoxicity assays may serve as useful indicators of wastewater pollution along with their organic and inorganic chemical characterizations.
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    Leaching of PCBs and Nutrients from Soil Fertilized with Municipal Sewage Sludge (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Although sewage sludge is a rich source of nutrients for arable farming and soil improvement, it can also be a source of pollutants. The effects of the land application of sludge on the PCB and nutrient content of leachate were investigated using cylindrical 650 mm length columns filled with poor quality soil. Treatments included no fertilization (control), fertilization using a 62.5 t/ha dose (O50) of sewage sludge from the largest Polish Wastewater Treatment Plant, in Lodz, and a 62.5 t/ha dose of sewage sludge mixed with CaO (O50Ca). The leaching of sludge-borne PCBs and nutrients was simulated by the application of distilled water in a quantity reflecting the annual rainfall of 562.5 mm. The obtained results demonstrate that application of sewage sludge and water simulated leaching of the most mobile chemical compounds, nitrate for example, whereas the addition of CaO decreased the average PCB and phosphorus concentrations in comparison to the control and O50 samples.
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    Arsenic Speciation of Waters from the Aegean Region, Turkey by Hydride Generation: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Arsenic in drinking water is a serious problem for human health. Since the toxicity of arsenic species As(III) and As(V) is different, it is important to determine the concentrations separately. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an accurate and sensitive method for the speciation of arsenic. It was intended with this work to determine the concentrations of arsenic species in water samples collected from Izmir, Manisa and nearby areas. A batch type hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometer was used. As(V) gave no signal under the optimal measurement conditions of As(III). A certified reference drinking water was analyzed by the method and the results showed excellent agreement with the reported values. The procedure was applied to 34 water samples. Eleven tap water, two spring water, 19 artesian well water and two thermal water samples were analyzed under the optimal conditions.
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    A Study on Sorption of 226 Ra on Different Clay Matrices (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The sorption of radium 226 ( 226 Ra) on different clay materials (bentonite, illite and a mixture of bentonite–illite) was studied. Clay materials are used in the construction of disposal pits for technically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) wastes (i.e., contaminated soil and sludge) generated by the oil and gas industry operations. Experimental conditions (pH, clay materials quantity, and activity concentrations of 226 Ra) were changed in order to determine the optimal state for adsorption of 226 Ra. The results showed that the concentration of adsorbed 226 Ra on clay materials increased with time to reach an equilibrium state after approximately 5 h. More than 95 % of the radium was adsorbed. The mixture of bentonite–illite (1/9) exhibited the greatest adsorption of radium under all experimental conditions.
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    Acanthocephalan Parasites ( Acanthogyrus sp.) of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) as Biosink of Lead (Pb) Contamination in a Philippine Freshwater Lake (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: The potential use of acanthocephalans as bioindicators of Lead (Pb) pollution in Sampaloc Lake, Laguna, Philippines was investigated. Nile tilapias ( Oreochromis niloticus ) were collected and Pb concentrations were determined in fish tissues and in their acanthocephalan parasites, Acanthogyrus sp. Significantly higher levels of Pb were detected in the parasites relative to the fish host tissues ( p  = 0.001). Bioaccumulation capacity of the parasites against fish tissues were 102, 119, and 147 times higher than the fish intestine, liver, and muscles, respectively. Pb sensitivity of the parasites was quantified by exact logistic analysis showing higher odds of Pb detection ranging from 18 to 45 folds ( p  = 0.001–0.009). Interestingly, infected fish showed significantly lower Pb concentration in their tissues compared to uninfected fish ( p  = 0.001), suggesting parasites were able to sequester Pb and served as active biosinks. The Pb levels in the parasites were also hundred folds higher (988 times) relative to the ambient waters, indicating a potential role of fish parasites as metal biosinks in aquatic ecosystems.
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    Agriculturally Induced Heavy Metal Accumulation in Seyfe Lake, Turkey (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: The aim of the present 1-year study was to investigate the effect of heavy metals in synthetic fertilizers on water and sediment quality in the Seyfe Lake, where agricultural activity was the only anthropogenic source. Metal concentrations of five different types of synthetic fertilizers used in agricultural fields within the Seyfe Lake closed basin were as follows: Zn 〉 Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Cr 〉 Cd 〉 As 〉 Ni 〉 Co. The annual average of heavy metal concentrations in the sediment samples were as follows: Zn 〉 Pb 〉 As 〉 Cr 〉 Ni 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Co. Seyfe Lake sediment was classified as anthropogenically “highly polluted” in terms of the As and Zn concentrations at each sample station based on the sediment quality guidelines. Furthermore, the sediment could be classified as “moderately to highly polluted” in terms of the As concentration, based on the geo-accumulation index.
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    Use of the Integrated Biomarker Response to Measure the Effect of Short-term Exposure to Dibenz[ a , h ]anthracene in Common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Dibenz[ a , h ]anthracene (D b A) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is released into the environment through incomplete combustion of gasoline, cigarettes, and coal tar. The effects of short-term (10 days) exposure of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) to D b A (0–50 µg L −1 ) were evaluated using the following four biomarkers: DNA damage, 7-ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase (EROD) activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and vitellogenin (VTG) levels. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) was calculated for exposure to D b A, and the results were compared with those in our previous study of two other PAHs, benzo[ k ]fluoranthene (B k F) and benzo[ a ]pyrene (B a P). D b A exposure resulted in a significant ( p  〈 0.05) increase in DNA damage, EROD activity, and VTG levels relative to the control. By contrast, Db A did not affect AChE activity. The IBR increased as the concentration of D b A increased. Based on the IBR values, the order of toxicity for the PAHs was B k F 〉 B a P 〉 D b A. Our results suggest that the IBR can be used as a quantitative tool for evaluating the responses of multiple biomarkers to PAH exposure.
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    Analysis of Insecticides in Dead Wild Birds in Korea from 2010 to 2013 (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Wild birds are exposed to insecticides in a variety of ways, at different dose levels and via multiple routes, including ingestion of contaminated food items, and dermal, inhalation, preening, and embryonic exposure. Most poisoning by insecticides occurs as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, but intentional killing of unwanted animals also occurs. In this study, we investigated insecticides in the gastric contents of dead wild birds that were suspected to have died from insecticide poisoning based on necropsy. The wild birds were found dead in various regions and locations such as in mountains, and agricultural and urban areas. A total of 182 dead wild birds of 27 species were analyzed in this study, and insecticide residue levels were determined in 60.4 % of the total samples analyzed. Monocrotophos and phosphamidon were the most common insecticides identified at rates of 50.0 % and 30.7 % of the insecticide-positive samples, respectively. Other insecticides identified in dead wild birds included organophosphorous, organochlorine and carbamate insecticides. However, there was limited evidence to conclusively establish the cause of death related to insecticides in this study. Nevertheless, considering the level of insecticide exposure, it is speculated that the exposure was mainly a result of accidental or intentional killing, and not from environmental residue.
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    Nanosilver and Nano Zero-Valent Iron Exposure Affects Nutrient Exchange Across the Sediment–Water Interface (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: To examine how nanoparticles influence biogeochemical cycles in streams, we studied the acute impact of nanosilver (nAg) and nanoparticulate zero-valent iron (nZVI) exposure on nutrient and oxygen exchange across the sediment–water interface of two streams (agricultural canal and wetland) that differed in their water quality and sediment characteristics. At the agricultural site, nAg increased oxygen consumption and decreased N 2 flux rates from that observed in control incubations. nZVI caused sediment–water systems from both streams to go hypoxic within 1.5 h of exposure. N 2 flux rates were at least an order of magnitude higher in nZVI treatments as compared to control. Water column nitrate and nitrite concentrations were not impacted by nZVI exposure but total dissolved phosphorus concentrations were higher in cores treated with nZVI. nAg and nZVI exposure to surface water ecosystems can disrupt ecological function across the sediment–water interface.
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    Determination of TiO 2 and AgTiO 2 Nanoparticles in Artemia salina : Toxicity, Morphological Changes, Uptake and Depuration (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: In this study, aquatic stability and toxic effects of TiO 2 and AgTiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on Artemia salina nauplii. AgTiO 2 was found to be more toxic to nauplii compared to TiO 2 . The mortality rate in nauplii increased significantly with increasing concentrations and duration of exposure. TiO 2 eliminations ranged between 27.8 % and 96.5 % at 50 and 1 mg/L TiO 2 exposed to nauplii, respectively. Accumulation and elimination of Ag in AgTiO 2 exposed nauplii were similar except at 1 mg/L AgTiO 2 . When NPs were mixed with water, the hydrodynamic dimensions of NPs significantly increased because of aggregation in saltwater but NP size decreased over time. NPs-exposed nauplii showed changes in eye formation, enlargement of the intestine, malformations in the outer shell and antennae loss were also observed. Since accumulation and toxicity of AgTiO 2 NPs was higher than TiO 2 alone, inevitably release of AgTiO 2 into aqueous environments can cause ecological risks.
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    Metals in Bone Tissue of Antillean Manatees from the Gulf of Mexico and Chetumal Bay, Mexico (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Concentrations of seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were analyzed in 33 bone tissue samples of Antillean manatees ( Trichechus manatus manatus ) found dead in lagoons and rivers of Tabasco and Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico and Chetumal Bay in the Caribbean region. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were significantly different between regions, with greater levels found in the Gulf of Mexico group than in the Mexican Caribbean group ( p  〈 0.05). Pb concentrations differed significantly between adults and calves. No differences were observed between sexes. Metal concentrations detected in the manatee bones were higher than most of those reported for bones in other marine mammals around the world. Future studies are necessary to establish whether the metal concentrations represent a risk to the health of the species.
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    Extracellular Polymeric Substances of Aphanizomenon flos - aquae (EPS-A) Induced Apoptosis in Astrocytes of Zebrafish (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: In this study, extracellular polymeric substances of Aphanizomenon flos - aquae (EPS-A) were investigated in order to explore their effect on astrocytes of zebrafish and potential risk for environment. Astrocytes were treated with varying concentrations of EPS-A, the results showed that EPS-A inhibited astrocytes growth in a dose-and time-dependent manner. With the concentrations of EPS-A increasing, the adherent ability of astrocytes decreased and the number of astrocytes floating in the culture medium increased. When treated with 2.35 µg/mL EPS-A, EPS-A induced cell cycle arrest and made the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and then led to astrocytes apoptosis. The results suggested that EPS-A could pose a threat to zebrafish and represent risk for environment, so regularly monitoring the presence of EPS-A was very important in nutrient-rich freshwaters when A. flos - aquae blooms broke out.
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    Effects of Barium Chloride Exposure on Hormones and Genes of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonad Axis, and Reproduction of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-13
    Description: Adult zebrafish pairs were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of BaCl 2 for 21 days, and the effects on reproduction, sex steroid hormones, and transcription of the genes belonging to the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis were investigated. The adverse effects on performances of F1 generation were further examined with or without subsequent exposure to BaCl 2 . Egg production was significantly decreased, and parental exposure to BaCl 2 resulted in lesser rates of hatching. In males, exposure to BaCl 2 resulted in greater concentrations of E2 along with greater mRNA expression of cyp19a . The results demonstrated that BaCl 2 could modulate gene transcriptions and hormone production of the HPG axis in a sex-dependent way, which could cause adverse effects on reproduction and the development of offspring.
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    Spatial Eco-Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Surface Soils of Industrial City of Aran-o-Bidgol, Iran (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-04
    Description: Heavy metals usually accumulate and migrate in soil environment due to human activities and this in return poses potential ecological and health risks. A total of 135 surface soil samples were collected from Aran-o-Bidgol City, Iran and were analyzed for their Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu concentrations to determine these elements’ spatial distribution and potential ecological risks. To this end, interpolation mapping was conducted using Ordinary Kriging. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Cu in the samples were 0.72, 11.41, 29.87 and 14.82 mg kg −1 , respectively, which were all higher than their background values. The spatial variation in the concentration of heavy metals could be attributable to point sources and vehicle emissions. Considering the severity of the potential ecological risks of metals, the descending order of contaminants’ concentrations was Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Ni 〉 Pb. The Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) suggested that approximately 40 % and 59 % of the samples posed high and significantly high potential ecological risks, respectively. Moreover, ecological risk decreased progressively going from southwest to northeast over the under-study area. Considering the background values and RI, this area presented a relatively high level of contamination.
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    Uptake of 2,4-bis(Isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine by Vetiver Grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) from Hydroponic Media (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: 2,4-bis(Isopropylamino)-6-methylthio-s-triazine (prometryn) poses a risk to aquatic environments in several countries, including China, where its use is widespread, particularly due to its chemical stability and biological toxicity. Vetiver grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides L.) was tested for its potential for phytoremediation of prometryn. Vetiver grass was grown in hydroponic media in a greenhouse, in the presence of prometryn, with appropriate controls. Plant uptake and removal of prometryn from the media were monitored for a period of 67 days. The results showed that the removal of the prometryn in the media was expedited by vetiver grass. The removal half-life (t 1/2 ) was shortened by 11.5 days. Prometryn removal followed first-order kinetics (C t  = 1.8070e −0.0601t ). This study demonstrated the potential of vetiver grass for the phytoremediation for prometryn.
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    Growth and Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Wheat Seedlings to Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride and 1-Octyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-23
    Description: The toxic effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C 8 mim]Cl) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([C 8 mim]Br) on wheat seedlings at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg L −1 were studied on the 7th, 10th and 13th days of cultivation. In addition, the concentrations of [C 8 mim]Cl and [C 8 mim]Br in nutrient solutions were determined by high performance liquid chromatography for the first time. The results showed that the concentrations of [C 8 mim]Cl and [C 8 mim]Br in nutrient solutions were stable during the exposure period. However, the reactive oxygen species levels in the wheat seedling cells were enhanced after exposure to [C 8 mim]Cl and [C 8 mim]Br, which resulted in oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the particular halide anion present in the IL compounds appeared to have little influence on the toxicity of ILs.
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    Lead Concentrations in Raw Cow and Goat Milk Collected in Rural Areas of Croatia from 2010 to 2014 (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: A total of 249 cow and 33 goat milk samples were collected in rural areas of Croatia during the period 2010–2014. Lead concentrations in milk samples were analyzed by graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mean Pb concentrations in milk ranged from (μg/kg): cow 10.8–12.2; goat 9.33–60.0. The highest Pb level of 131 μg/kg in cow milk was measured during 2014. There were no significant differences in Pb levels between cow and goat milk and also in goat milk among the analysed years. However, significant differences were found in cow milk among years. The highest Pb was determined in 2011 (157 μg/kg in goat milk). The calculated estimated weekly intakes of Pb concentrations for cow and goat milk contribute only 1.37 % and 1.84 % to the provisional tolerable weekly intake. Therefore, the consumption of milk from both species should not pose a consumer health risk.
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    Pyrolysis of Plants After Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soil with Lead, Cadmium and Zinc (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: The aim of this study was to remediate lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) from contaminated soil and stabilize to pyrolysis solid product. To accomplish this, phytoremediation of soil contaminated with Pb, Cd and Zn by different plants (sunflower, corn and rape) was performed with and without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). According to phytoremediation results, rape was the most effective plant with 72 %, 76 % and 77 % removal efficiency for Pb, Cd and Zn, respectively. Also, EDTA addition had no significant effect on translocation of the metals from roots to stems. According to pyrolysis results, Pb, Cd and Zn in the contaminated plants were stabilized in the ash/char fraction. In addition, the solid product can be safely landfilled as inert waste since its toxicity leaching value is lower than the limit values given in the Turkish Regulation on Landfilling of Wastes.
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    Detection of Lead (Pb) in Three Environmental Matrices of the Cache River Watershed, Arkansas (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: Water bodies contaminated with lead (Pb) represent a considerable threat to both human and environmental health. The Cache River, located in northeastern Arkansas has been listed as impaired on the 303(d) list due to Pb contamination. However, historical data for the watershed is limited in both sampled waterways and analyses performed. This study measures concentrations of Pb in three environmental matrices of the Cache River Watershed; dissolved in the water column, total Pb (dissolved + particulate), and sediment-bound Pb. A variety of waterways were sampled including main channel and tributary sites. Frequency of detection and mean concentrations were compared to values for the entire Lower Mississippi Watershed. In general, no significant differences were found for the CRW when compared to the LMRW, with the exception of total Pb which was detected more frequently but at lower concentrations in the CRW than in the LMRW, and sediment Pb, which was detected at a significantly lower frequency in the CRW than the LMRW.
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    Organic UV Filters in the Surface Water of Nanjing, China: Occurrence, Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-10
    Description: Organic UV filters (OUV-Fs) are increasingly used for protection against UV irradiation. The widespread occurrence of OUV-Fs residues in aquatic systems has been reported, but little is known regarding their distribution and potential impact to the surface water in China. This study reports the occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of eight widely used OUV-Fs in the surface water of Nanjing. The results indicated butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane, octyl-dimethyl-PABA and benzophenone-types (BP3, BP4 and BP1) were the most frequently detected compounds at concentrations of 3.63–104 ng/L. In general, the concentrations of OUV-Fs were decreased along the rivers; however, due to a substantial pollution load from the tributaries, higher concentrations of OUV-Fs were observed near the tributary inlet, compared to the other study areas. The risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients (RQs) demonstrated that all OUV-Fs posed at least low risks to certain sensitive aquatic organisms, and BP3 posed high risk with RQ values of 1.64. It should be noted that the exclusion of adsorbed OUV-Fs might have contributed to an underestimation of the risk, therefore, it’s necessary to assess both adsorbed and dissolved OUV-Fs in further studies.
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    Biomarkers of Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Apoptotic Effects in Cyprinus carpio Exposed to Complex Mixture of Contaminants from Hospital Effluents (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-12
    Description: Hospital wastewater is an important source of emerging contaminants. Recent studies emphasize the importance of assessing the effects of mixtures of contaminants rather than environmental risk of their individual components, as well as the determination of intrinsic toxicity of wastewater. Mixtures of pollutants has possible interactions that have notable environmental side effects. The aim of this study is an attempt to characterize biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio related to the exposure to a complex mixture of contaminants found in hospital wastewater. Results of a particular hospital effluent show the presence of traces of heavy metals, high chlorine concentration and emerging contaminants such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The LC50 was of 5.49 % at 96 h. The cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic biomarkers increase when fishes were exposed to wastewater (1/10 CL50) from hospital wastewater. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and quantifying the effects of contaminants as pharmaceuticals, disinfectants and surfactants in order to design and implement an ecotoxicologycal plan.
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    Analysis and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Plant Samples of a Coal Mining Area in Nigeria (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-14
    Description: This study analysed coal, plant and soil samples collected from the vicinity of Okobo coal mine in Nigeria for Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and evaluated the sources of the PAH contamination in the environmental samples. The environmental samples were extracted by sonication using a ternary solvent system and analysed for 16 PAHs by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results of the analysis of the samples identified some of the target PAHs. The ranges of total concentrations (in mg/kg) of PAHs in the coal, plant and soil samples were, 0.00–0.04, 0.00–0.16 and 0.00–0.01 respectively. The evaluation of the results of the PAH analysis of the environmental samples using diagnostic ratios revealed that the PAHs in the soil samples were mainly of petrogenic origin, while those in plant samples indicated mixture of petrogenic and pyrolytic origins.
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    The Influence of Soil Characteristics on the Toxicity of Oil Refinery Waste for the Springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: We determined the toxicity of oil refinery waste in three soils using the springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola) in bioassays. Sublethal exposure to a concentration series of API-sludge presented EC50’s for reproduction of 210 mg/kg in site soil; 880 mg/kg in LUFA2.2- and 3260 mg/kg in OECD-soil. The sludge was the least toxic in the OECD-soil with the highest clay and organic matter content, the highest maximum water holding capacity, and the least amount of sand. It was the most toxic in the reference site soil with the lowest organic matter content and highest sand content. The results emphasized the important role of soil characteristics such as texture and organic matter content in influencing toxicity, possibly by affecting bioavailability of toxicants.
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    Chloride Transport Parameters Prediction for a Clay-Loam Soil Column (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-04
    Description: Water scarcity makes treated wastewater an unavoidable supplementary irrigation water source. Furthermore treated municipal wastewater quality depends on the fresh water quality and usage as well as on the wastewater treatment plant’s degree and efficiency. The main recipient of all chemical compounds contained in this effluent, via irrigation, is soil. Models have been developed to predict factors involved in contaminants movement phenomenon through soil. In the reused effluent, chloride is much of a concern as a conservative pollutant. In this work the chloride breakthrough curves were determined for a clay-loam packed soil column by applying a one dimensional advection dispersion equation, to obtain estimates of the solute transport parameters. The comparisons between experimental and calculated results were satisfactory and also conclusions were derived about the flow conditions in the soil column and its uniformity. Also comparisons were made between calculated and cited in the literature values of the parameters satisfactorily.
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    Levels of Mercury in Feathers of Clapper Rails ( Rallus crepitans ) over 45 Years in Coastal Salt Marshes of New Hanover County, North Carolina (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-04
    Description: We sampled clapper rail ( Rallus crepitans ) feathers from museum specimens collected between 1965 and 2010 to investigate changes in mercury (Hg) availability in coastal marshes of New Hanover County, North Carolina. Stable isotope analysis (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) was conducted to control for dietary shifts that may have influenced Hg exposure. Hg concentrations ranged from 0.96 to 9.22 μg/g (ppm), but showed no significant trend over time; diet (δ 15 N) or foraging habitat (δ 13 C) also provided little to no explanatory power to the variation in Hg concentrations among clapper rails. Our findings suggest the bioavailability of Hg to clapper rails in coastal North Carolina salt marshes has remained consistent over time, despite the global trend of increasing mercury in many other bird species, providing an excellent baseline for any future assessment of Hg availability to salt marsh birds in coastal North Carolina.
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    Cadmium Uptake by Cuttings of Impatiens walleriana in Response to Different Cadmium Concentrations and Growth Periods (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-07
    Description: Impatiens walleriana ( I. walleriana ), a potential cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator, can propagate by cuttings, which are less expensive to grow than seedlings. Different growth periods for cuttings, however, may lead to different physiological characteristics. In this study, I. walleriana cuttings were hydroponically grown in Cd-containing solutions (1.0–10.0 μM) for various growth periods (10–60 days). Experimental results showed that the Cd treatments had negative effects on growth compared to the controls that were not spiked with Cd. The extension of the growth period promoted most of the growth exhibitions of I. walleriana , except for SPAD readings for cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions. The accumulation of Cd also increased over time, except in the roots of the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions. The subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd showed that I. walleriana developed better tolerance and detoxification capacities in the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 μM solutions than in the cuttings grown in the other two Cd treatments.
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    Impact of Irrigation Using Water Containing CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles on Spinach oleracea Grown in Soil Media (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-02
    Description: Wastewater reuse is an important adaptation option for mitigating water stress in rapidly growing urban centers. Reuse potential of nanoparticles (NPs) contaminated wastewater for irrigation of Spinacia oleracea grown in soil media were assessed in this study. Irrigation of plant were done with water containing CuO and ZnO NPs as single compound and in binary mixture (10, 100, 1000 mg/L) till 11 weeks. At 1000 mg/L, reduction in root length: 16 %, 12 % and 18 %, shoot length: 22 %, 16 % and 27 %, total weight 37 %, 27 % and 45 %, chlorophyll: 18 %, 7 % and 29 % and carotenoids: 46 %, 33 % and 54 % were found for CuO NPs, ZnO NPs and binary mixture of NPs respectively. Uptake values were found to be 5.65 ± 0.8 Zn 2+ and 3.48 ± 0.75 Cu 2+ mg/g for the case of ZnO and CuO NPs respectively (at 1000 mg/L). For mixture of NPs, uptake of 3.18 ± 1.05 mg/g of Cu 2+ and 3.18 ± 1.05 mg/g of Zn 2+ ions were found. The results shows that water containing low concentration of NPs (10 mg/L) can be used for irrigating spinach grown in soil media as no significant toxic effect on growth and uptake of metal ion were found as compared to control. The results of this study evaluated the suitability of reusing water contaminated with NPs in agriculture. Further studies are however required to understand the toxic mode of action of mixture of NPs on growth and uptake mechanisms.
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    Effects of Copper Exposure on Photosynthesis and Growth of the Seagrass Cymodocea nodosa : An Experimental Assessment (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-02
    Description: Seagrasses form some of the most important coastal habitats. They may be negatively affected by trace metal contamination in certain coastal areas. In this study we experimentally assessed selected morphological and physiological traits of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa , with increasing concentrations of copper (Cu) under controlled laboratory conditions. Short term (21 days) sub-lethal effects such as decreased maximum quantum yield, increased leaf necrosis and decreased shoot growth and shoot recruitment were clearly observed at the highest Cu exposure (5 mg L −1 ), while the effects were weaker at the intermediate concentration (2.5 mg L −1 ) and almost absent at the lowest concentration (1 mg L −1 ), indicating that this species is highly tolerant to copper exposure, at least in the short term. This fact could help to explain its distribution in relatively polluted coastal waters.
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    Estrogen as an Environmental Pollutant (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-05
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    Kinetic Study of Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Copper-Coated Iron Nanoparticles (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-04
    Description: Nitrates are considered hazard compounds for human health due to their tendency to be reduced to nitrites, in particular in reducing environment. Nano zero valent iron (nZVI) represents an efficient and low-cost adsorbent/reductive agent for nitrate removal from groundwater and wastewaters and a little addition of a second metal species (Cu, Pd, Ni, Ag) has proven to increase process effectiveness, by enhancing stability and oxidation resistance of nanoparticles. In this work Cu/Fe nanoparticles were loaded in a NO 3 − solution (100 mg L −1 ) and the removal efficiency was tested by monitoring nitrate concentration at selected time intervals. Results showed that the nitrate removal process involves both reduction and adsorption processes: the removal mechanism has been investigated, and the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order-adsorption kinetic models were successfully tested.
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    Leaching Behavior of Selected Trace and Toxic Metals in Coal Fly Ash Samples Collected from Two Thermal Power Plants, India (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-04
    Description: Studies on leaching behavior of metals associated with coal fly ash (FA) are of great concern because of possible contamination of the aquatic environment. In the present study, leaching behavior of metals (As, Se, Cr, Pb, V, Zn, etc.) in two different FA samples (FA1 and FA2) was investigated at various pH (2–12), temperatures of leachate solution and using TCLP. At pH 2, the highest leaching was observed for Fe (21.6 and 32.8 µg/g), whereas at pH 12, Arsenic was found to have the highest leaching (1.5 and 2.4 µg/g) in FA1 and FA2. Leachate solution temperature showed a positive effect on the metal’s leachability. In TCLP, most of the metal’s leachability was observed to be higher than that of batch leaching tests. The present study suggests that, leaching of As and Se from FA samples can moderately affect ground/surface water quality at the study locations.
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    Potential for Phytoremediation of PCDD/PCDF-Contaminated Sludge and Sediments Using Cucurbitaceae Plants: A Pilot Study (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: The current study evaluates the impact of sewage sludge and urban reservoir sediment on changes in total and Toxic Equivalency (TEQ) PCDD/PCDF concentration in soil and phytotoxicity measured using three test species: Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba, and Sorghum saccharatum , during 5 weeks of Cucurbita pepo L. cv ‘Atena Polka’ (zucchini) cultivation. ‘Atena Polka’ was found to reduce total PCDD/PCDF concentration by 37 % in soil amended with sludge and 32 % in soil treated with sediment from an urban reservoir. The TEQ reduction was almost twofold greater: 68 % in soil amended with sludge and 52 % with urban sediment. Addition of sludge increased root growth inhibition of L. sativum, S. alba and S. saccharatum, from 44 % to 90 %. Observed inhibitions were, however, reduced by ‘Atena Polka’ cultivation, and as high as 32 % promotion in root length was noted. Amendment with urban sediment, in turn, resulted in an initial 1 %–36 % promotion of root growth, while ‘Atena Polka’ cultivation reduced this positive effect by inhibition as high as 26 %. Results demonstrated positive influence of ‘Atena Polka’ on the phytotoxicity alleviation and mitigation of total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF concentrations in soil treated with bio-solids from sewage sludge and an urban reservoir.
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    Remediation of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil Using the Acidified Hydrazine Hydrate (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: Acidified hydrazine hydrate was used to remediate Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The content of water-soluble Cr(VI) in contaminated soil was 4977.53 mg/kg. The optimal initial pH of hydrazine hydrate solution, soil to solution ratio and molar ratio of Cr(VI) to hydrazine hydrate for remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil were 5.0, 3:1 and 1:3, respectively. Over 99.50 % of water-soluble Cr(VI) in the contaminated soil was reduced at the optimal condition within 30 min. The remediated soil can keep stable within 4 months. Meanwhile the total phosphorus increased from 0.47 to 4.29 g/kg, indicating that using of acidified hydrazine hydrate is an effective method to remediate Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.
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    Does Uptake of Pharmaceuticals Vary Across Earthworm Species? (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: This study compared the uptake and depuration of four commonly used pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine and orlistat) in two earthworm species ( Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida ). L. terrestris are a larger species and often found in deep burrows whereas E. fetida prefer to reside near the soil surface. Species burrowing habits and sizes may alter uptake by earthworms. All four pharmaceuticals were taken up into both L. terrestris and E. fetida tissue after 21 days exposure to spiked soil. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged between 1.72 and 29.83 for L. terrestris and 1.14 and 63.03 for E. fetida . For carbamazepine and diclofenac, BCFs were similar whereas for fluoxetine and orlistat, BCFs in E. fetida were more than double those seen in L. terrestris . Results indicate that uptake into earthworms cannot be generalised between species and that the influence of species traits can vary depending on the nature of the study chemical.
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    Retrospective: Acute Toxicity of Priority Pollutants (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
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    Ecological Risk Assessment of Metals Contamination in the Sediments of Natural Urban Wetlands in Dry Tropical Climate (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: The pollution load due to metal contamination in the sediments of urban wetlands (Dhanbad, India) due to illegal release of domestic and industrial wastewater was studied by using various geochemical indices, such as contamination factor (C f ), degree of contamination (C d ), modified degree of contamination (mC d ), pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I geo ) for Cu, Co, Cd, Cr and Mn. Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) of metals present in wetland sediments were carried out to assess their origin and relationship with each other. The C f values for different metals in the wetlands under investigation indicated low to very high level of pollution (C f ranged between 0.02 and 14.15) with highest C f (14.15) for Cd. The wetland receiving both domestic and industrial wastewater had the highest values of C d , mC d and PLI as 17.48, 3.49 and 1.03 respectively.
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    The Presence of Stimulant Drugs in Wastewater from Krakow (Poland): A Snapshot (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: An analysis of wastewater from Krakow (Poland) for the presence of controlled and uncontrolled stimulant drugs of abuse was performed. Samples were collected from the Plaszow wastewater treatment plant, Krakow, Poland, and prepared by solid phase extraction. The LC-QTOFMS method was applied for identification and quantification of popular stimulants: MDMA, mephedrone, 4-MEC, MDPV and mCPP. Environmental loads of illicit drugs were calculated; the WWTP discharged loads ranging from 3.6 to 6.7 mg day −1  1000 inhabitants −1 of MDMA, 3.6 to 7.1 mg day −1  1000 inhabitants −1 of mephedrone and 4.8 to 5.8 mg day −1  1000 inhabitants −1 of 4-MEC. The results confirmed the growing popularity of new psychoactive substances in Poland.
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    Tracking Metal Pollution in Lake Chapala: Concentrations in Water, Sediments, and Fish (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: We measured concentrations of selected metals (Al, Ba, Cu, Mn, Hg, Sr, V, and Zn) in water, sediments, and fish from Lake Chapala and a reference site to evaluate potential negative effects on wildlife, particularly fish-eating birds. Fish metal concentrations ranged from 0.05 µg/g wet weight (ww) for Al and Cu to 64.70 µg/g ww for Sr. There was a positive and significant correlation between fish length and metals particularly for Ba, Cu, Mn, and Zn in Lake Chapala ( p  〈 0.05). However, there were no significant correlations between metal concentrations and δ 15 N values in fish indicating no biomagnification through the food web. Overall, metal concentrations in water, sediments, and fish were similar to and in some cases below those reported for Lake Chapala over the last 20 years. Also, metal concentrations were below those that could be of concern for negative effects on fish and wildlife of Lake Chapala.
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    Acute Toxicity of Gamma Radiation to the Monogonont Rotifer Brachionus koreanus (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: We examined the tolerance of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus koreanus in response to gamma radiation. In order to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of rotifers against gamma radiation, we irradiated B. koreanus with gamma rays from 0 to 7000 grays (Gy). The LD50s were 2900 and 2300 Gy at 24 h (LD50-24 h) and 96 h (LD50-96 h) after irradiation, respectively. In addition, the no observed effect levels (NOEL) were 1500 and 1000 Gy at 24 and 96 h, respectively. This is the first determination of lethal doses of gamma radiation for B. koreanus , which could be useful in ecological assessment of gamma radiation toward aquatic life and could be useful for understanding toxic mechanisms over sublethal doses.
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    Distribution of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Soil Samples in China: A Graphical Review (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: Soil pollution in China is one of most wide and severe in the world. Although environmental researchers are well aware of the acuteness of soil pollution in China, a precise and comprehensive mapping system of soil pollution has never been released. By compiling, integrating and processing nearly a decade of soil pollution data, we have created cornerstone maps that illustrate the distribution and concentration of cadmium, lead, zinc, arsenic, copper and chromium in surficial soil across the nation. These summarized maps and the integrated data provide precise geographic coordinates and heavy metal concentrations; they are also the first ones to provide such thorough and comprehensive details about heavy metal soil pollution in China. In this study, we focus on some of the most polluted areas to illustrate the severity of this pressing environmental problem and demonstrate that most developed and populous areas have been subjected to heavy metal pollution.
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    Copper Levels in Tissues of Dolphins Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba and Grampus griseus from the Croatian Adriatic Coast (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: Copper concentrations were determined in muscle, liver, kidney, spleen and lung tissues of three dolphin species. Dolphins of Tursiops truncatus (young and adult), Stenella coeruleoalba and Grampus griseus were stranded along the Croatian coast. Concentrations in tissues of all three dolphin species were highest in the liver (4.92–16.5 μg/g) followed by kidney (2.85–5.29 μg/g). Similar levels were measured in muscle, spleen and lung in range 1.13–3.67 μg/g. Statistics analysis showed significant differences of Cu concentrations for muscle ( p  = 0.008), kidney ( p  = 0.04) and liver ( p  = 0.02) between the three dolphin species. Also, for all three species significant differences between tissue types of the same species were determined ( p  〈 0.001, all). However, there were no significant differences in Cu levels of the same tissues between males and females within same species. Also, significant differences of body length and weight between three dolphin were found ( p  〈 0.001, both).
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    Occurrence and Distribution Pattern of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Sediment Samples from Vaal River, South Africa (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-10
    Description: High environmental concentrations for alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been observed near cities than in rural environment. This is due, in part, to sewage systems receiving effluents from many industrial processes along with domestic wastewater. While these classes of compounds are being phased out in most developed countries, there is still widespread use in low to middle income countries. To better understand the extent of APEs and BFRs contamination in the environment, this study reports on the concentration and distribution of APEs and BFRs in sediments samples collected from Vaal River, South Africa. Measurable concentrations of these contaminants were obtained using GC–MS after heptafluorobutyric derivatization. The concentrations range (ng g −1 ) for these pollutants were as follows: nd–46, 20–127, 24–38, 3–5, 14–28, 16–54 for octylphenol penta ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates (mono- di), nonylphenol penta ethoxylates, PBB101, PBDEs, and HBCD; respectively. The distribution observed in this study indicated higher levels of sediment contamination by APEs relative to BFRs. These results underline the need to further investigate the burden and risks associated with chemical contamination in developing countries.
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    Long-Term (2002–2015) Changes in Mercury Contamination in NE Brazil Depicted by the Mangrove Oyster Crassostraea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: Mercury concentrations in oysters from four estuaries in northeastern Brazil varied following source changes during the past 13 years. Concentrations were higher in urban estuaries relative to rural areas, but decreased in the 13-years interval following improvements in solid wastes disposal and sewage treatment. In rural estuaries, the one located in an environmental protection area showed no changes in Hg concentrations in the period. However, in the Jaguaribe estuary, remobilization from soils and sediments due to regional environmental changes, increased Hg concentrations in oysters to values similar to the most contaminated metropolitan sites.
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    Lead in the Red-Crowned Cranes ( Grus japonensis ) in Zhalong Wetland, Northeastern China: A Report (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: The dietary uptake of Cd and Pb may contribute to the decline of migratory red-crowned cranes ( Grus japonensis ) on the Asian mainland. To uncover the relevance of this hypothesis, we determined the concentrations of Pb and Cd as well as further macro and trace elements (Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Hg and As) in the gastric contents, gastric wall, intestinal wall, liver, kidney, muscle, and feathers of two individuals found dead in Zhalong Wetland in Northeastern China. Indeed, the Pb concentrations in the liver and kidney tissues was with 31.4 and 60.3 mg kg −1 dry weight (dw), respectively, above concentrations considered as potentially toxic level in common birds (i.e. 30 mg kg −1 ). These Pb concentration may have possibly been associated with lethal toxicosis in this endangered species suggesting Pb as major threat for G. japonensis populations. Thus, the inputs of Pb into Zhalong Wetland should be reduced to maintain and reestablish environmental conditions supporting the population development of these migratory red-crowned cranes in the Zhalong Wetland, a critical crane habitat for the long-term sustainability of this species.
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    Differential Toxicities of Nickel Salts to the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: This study focused on assessing whether nickel (Ni) toxicity to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was affected by the molecular structure of the Ni salt used. Nematodes were exposed to seven Ni salts [Ni sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O), Ni chloride hexahydrate (NiCl 2 ·6H 2 O), Ni acetate tetrahydrate (Ni(OCOCH 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O), Ni nitrate hexahydrate (N 2 NiO 6 ·6H 2 O), anhydrous Ni iodide (NiI 2 ), Ni sulfamate hydrate (Ni(SO 3 NH 2 ) 2 ·H 2 O), and Ni fluoride tetrahydrate (NiF 2 ·4H 2 O)] in an aquatic medium for 24 h, and lethality curves were generated and analyzed. Ni fluoride, Ni iodide, and Ni chloride were most toxic to C. elegans , followed by Ni nitrate, Ni sulfamate, Ni acetate, and Ni sulfate. The LC 50 values of the halogen-containing salts were statistically different from the corresponding value of the least toxic salt, Ni sulfate. This finding is consistent with the expected high bioavailability of free Ni ions in halide solutions. We recommend that the halide salts be used in future Ni testing involving aquatic invertebrates.
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    Effects of Chronic Dietary Selenomethionine Exposure on the Visual System of Adult and F1 Generation Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: The effects of chronic dietary selenomethionine (SeMet) exposure on the visual system of adult zebrafish and their progeny were investigated. Adult zebrafish were exposed to measured concentrations of 1.1 (control) and 10.3 µg Se/g dry mass as SeMet for 57 days, then encouraged to breed. Progeny were reared to swim-up and differences in mortality, eye size and visual behaviour were determined. Adult vision was also investigated using behavioural assays. Adults fed the SeMet-spiked diet exhibited significantly fewer positive reactions in the escape response assay when compared to controls. Larvae from adults fed elevated SeMet had smaller eyes and a lower proportion of positive responses in phototaxis, oculomotor and optokinetic response assays compared to controls. These results demonstrate that environmentally relevant elevated dietary SeMet exposure can affect the visual system of both exposed adult zebrafish and their progeny, which could affect fitness and survivability.
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    Seasonal Variation in the Accumulation of Trace Elements and Contaminants in Five Shrimp Species from Iskenderun Bay and Their Consumibility as Human Food (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Seasonal accumulation of trace elements and contaminants in the muscle tissue of five shrimp species; Speckled Shrimp, Deepwater Rose Shrimp, Red Shrimp, Grooved Shrimp and Green Tiger Shrimp, from Iskenderun Bay of Eastern Mediterranean Sea were investigated. It was observed the period of year for the accumulation of such elements is important. Results indicate that peaks are generally reached in autumn and in spring. The levels of Zn, Fe, Cu and Ni were the highest in autumn whereas the maximum Sn and Cr concentrations were obtained in spring. The levels of Cu and Zn were found to be within the permissible limits for human consumption. Contaminants were accumulated at the highest levels in autumn. Attention has to be drawn that Cd values were above permissible limits for deepwater pink shrimp caught in autumn and winter, and for green tiger shrimp caught in autumn. Besides, the accumulation of high level of Pb in the tissue of all species except grooved shrimp whose value was low in spring should also be considered as a warning signal.
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    A Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: In this Issue of BECT (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
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    Reproductive Effects of Two Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-08
    Description: The effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on the reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. Results showed that sexual maturation was promoted by tetra-brominated diphenyl ether-47 (BDE-47) and deca-brominated diphenyl ether-209 (BDE-209), whereas fecundity was inhibited by BDE-47, but promoted by BDE-209. Additionally, both PBDEs affected the expression of two genes, vasa and nanos mRNA, related to rotifer reproduction. This suggests a possible regulatory molecular mechanism at the transcriptional level. Our research extends the current knowledge of the ecotoxicological mechanism induced by PBDEs and provides further essential information for assessing the risks of PBDE contamination in marine ecosystems.
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    Mercury Fractionation in Superficial Sediment and Paddy Soil Samples from Tianjin, Northern China (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Sediment and soil samples from the Beitang River (BR) and the Haihe River (HR) in Tianjin were analyzed to investigate the extent of mercury contamination. The results show that total mercury (THg) contents in the BR and HR sediments were 2241 ± 1024 and 653 ± 450 ng g −1 , and THg in rice paddy soils were 907 ± 345 and 328 ± 286 ng g −1 , respectively. Industrial and domestic sewage were regarded as the main sources of mercury in the two river basins. Sediment-bound mercury in the BR and the HR were found to be predominantly associated with the organic-bound fraction (55 %) and residual fraction and (54 %), while soil-bound mercury was mainly in organic-bound fraction in paddy soils (61 % and 57 %, respectively). The availability of this element (soluble and exchangeable and specifically sorbed fraction) seemed restricted, but significantly higher in the paddy soils than in sediments. Higher soluble and exchangeable, specifically sorbed fraction and organic-bound fraction may promote the higher toxic methylmercury and bioavailable fraction formation in the soils during the rice cultivation.
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    Concentration Trends for Lead and Calcium-Normalized Lead in Fish Fillets from the Big River, a Mining-Contaminated Stream in Southeastern Missouri USA (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-13
    Description: Lead (Pb) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were measured in fillet samples of longear sunfish ( Lepomis megalotis ) and redhorse suckers ( Moxostoma spp.) collected in 2005–2012 from the Big River, which drains a historical mining area in southeastern Missouri and where a consumption advisory is in effect due to elevated Pb concentrations in fish. Lead tends to accumulated in Ca-rich tissues such as bone and scale. Concentrations of Pb in fish muscle are typically low, but can become elevated in fillets from Pb-contaminated sites depending in part on how much bone, scale, and skin is included in the sample. We used analysis-of-covariance to normalize Pb concentration to the geometric mean Ca concentration (415 ug/g wet weight, ww), which reduced variation between taxa, sites, and years, as was the number of samples that exceeded Missouri consumption advisory threshold (300 ng/g ww). Concentrations of Pb in 2005–2012 were lower than in the past, especially after Ca-normalization, but the consumption advisory is still warranted because concentrations were 〉300 ng/g ww in samples of both taxa from contaminated sites. For monitoring purposes, a simple linear regression model is proposed for estimating Ca-normalized Pb concentrations in fillets from Pb:Ca molar ratios as a way of reducing the effects of differing preparation methods on fillet Pb variation.
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    Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown Using Paper Mill Wastewater in Wonji Gefersa, Ethiopia (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Heavy metals are among the major contaminants of vegetables. A study was conducted at Wonji Gefersa farms where paper wastewater is used for cultivation of vegetable crops. Four vegetable samples, namely Swiss chard, carrot, tomato, green pepper, as well as paper wastewater were examined for heavy metal [Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co)] contamination using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The levels of Pb, Cd and Cr in paper wastewater were all above the safe limit for FAO standards for wastewater quality for irrigation. The concentration of Pb in Swiss chard and Green peeper was exceeded the permissible limits. The study reveals that Pb metal contamination in the study area which poses health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue.
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    Comparison of Selenium Toxicity in Sunflower and Maize Seedlings Grown in Hydroponic Cultures (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-11
    Description: Several studies have demonstrated that selenium (Se) at low concentrations is beneficial, whereas high Se concentrations can induce toxicity. Controlling Se uptake, metabolism, translocation and accumulation in plants is important to decrease potential health risks and helping to select proper biofortification methods to improve the nutritional content of plant-based foods. The uptake and distribution of Se, changes in Se content, and effects of various concentrations of Se in two forms (sodium selenite and sodium selenate) on sunflower and maize plants were measured in nutrient solution experiments. Results revealed the Se content in shoots and roots of both sunflower and maize plants significantly increased as the Se level increased. In this study, the highest exposure concentrations (30 and 90 mg/L, respectively) caused toxicity in both sunflower and maize. While both Se forms damaged and inhibited plant growth, each behaved differently, as toxicity due to selenite was observed more than in the selenate treatments. Sunflower demonstrated a high Se accumulation capacity, with higher translocation of selenate from roots to shoots compared with selenite. Since in seleniferous soils, a high change in plants’ capability exists to uptake Se from these soils and also most of the cultivated crop plants have a bit tolerance to high Se levels, distinction of plants with different Se tolerance is important. This study has tried to discuss about it.
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    Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Leaves of Ficus tikoua Under Arsenic Stress (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: A greenhouse culture experiment was used to quantify effects of arsenic (As) stress on the growth and photochemical efficiency of Ficus tikoua ( F. tikoua ). Results showed growth of F. tikoua leaves was significantly inhibited at As concentrations higher than 80 μmol/L in solution. Root arsenic concentration was significantly higher than that in stem and leaf. The 320 and 480 μmol/L As concentrations in solution resulted in significant decreases in maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), variable to initial chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fo), and quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Y(II)) of F. tikoua leaves, whereas significantly higher non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence and photochemical quenching of fluorescence values were found at 160, 320 and 480 μmol/L As concentrations in solution, implying that PSII reaction centers were damaged at high As concentrations and that F. tikoua eliminates excess energy stress on the photochemical apparatus to adapt to As stress.
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    Levels and Profiles of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Breast Milk During Different Nursing Durations (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: Eight PBDE congeners, BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209, were measured using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The concentrations of Σ 8 PBDEs ranged from 0.04 to 19.93 ng g −1 lipid weight (lw), with median and mean value of 1.21 and 2.72 ng g −1  lw. PBDE congeners were detected in approximately 90 % of samples with BDE-209 as the dominant one. No significant correlations were found between the mothers’ age, body mass index and PBDEs concentrations. We estimated the infant’s dietary intake of the studied PBDEs via human milk during different nursing durations, and found that babies younger than 1 month might take a relatively higher body burden of PBDEs. The median levels of Σ 8 PBDEs were 0.74, 2.80, 2.43 and 0.90 ng g −1  lw in colostrum, milk sampled at 1, 3 and 6 months after birth, respectively. High consumption of animal-origin food after birth may lead to the elevated ΣPBDEs concentrations in breast milk. A rational nutrition deployment is essential for postpartum mother.
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    Effects of Elevated In Ovo Selenium Exposure on Late Stage Development of Xenopus laevis Tadpoles (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: The effects of elevated in ovo selenium (Se) exposure on late stage larval Xenopus laevis development were investigated. Adult females were fed diets augmented with selenomethionine for 68 days and bred with untreated males to obtain embryos with measured concentrations of 1.6 (control), 10.8, 28.1 and 81.7 μg Se/g dry mass. Embryos were reared under uncontaminated conditions until 50 % of individuals within an aquarium had completed metamorphosis. The highest in ovo Se exposure group exhibited greater froglet body mass and snout to vent length while having a higher proportion of tadpoles at earlier stages of development. No differences were detected among treatment groups for mortality or metamorphic timing during the rearing period. This research suggests that in ovo Se exposure has minimal effect on the survival and development of late stage larval X. laevis in a controlled laboratory environment with adequate food availability.
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    Low, Chronic Exposure to Endosulfan Induces Bioaccumulation and Decreased Carcass Total Fatty Acids in Neotropical Fruit Bats (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-05
    Description: We investigated the effects of the insecticide endosulfan on energy metabolism and its possible accumulation in fruit bats. Adult male bats ( Artibeus lituratu s) were exposed for 35 days, when they were offered fruit treated with endosulfan (E) and adhesive spreader (AS) in the following concentrations (g/L): 0.0; 0.0 (Control), 0.0; 0.015 (AS), 1.05; 0.015 (E1), 2.1; 0.015 (E2). Concentrations used were those recommended by the manufacturer for fruit crop application (E1) or twice this value (E2). E1 bats showed decreased plasma glucose concentration. Carcass fatty acids were decreased in E1 and E2 bats. Endosulfan bioaccumulation was observed in both liver and adipose tissues from E1 and E2 bats. These results indicate that the chronic exposure of fruit bats to environmentally relevant concentrations of endosulfan can lead to significant bioaccumulation beyond control and also decreased fatty acid content, which may impair the health of this important seed disperser in neotropical forests.
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    Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on Acute Copper Toxicity to Glochidia and Early Juveniles of the Chinese Pond Mussel Anodonta woodiana (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: We evaluated the effects of calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) ions on copper (Cu) toxicity to glochidia and newly-transformed juvenile mussels (age 1–2 days) of the Chinese pond mussel ( Anodonta woodiana ). Acute Cu toxicity tests were performed with glochidia for 24 h and juveniles for 96 h with measured Ca 2+ concentrations of 1.1, 14, 26, 51, and 99 mg L −1 , or measured Mg 2+ concentrations of 2.6, 11, 21, and 39 mg L −1 . The Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ cations provided no statistically significant protection against Cu toxicity to glochidia or juveniles. The 24-h EC 50 value for glochidia was 82 μg L −1 Cu, and contrastly, 96-h EC 50 value for newly-transformed juvenile mussels was as low as 12 μg L −1 Cu, implying that the juveniles of A. woodiana are more vulnerable to Cu contamination at concentrations close to currently-accepted levels.
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    Dissolved Copper, Nickel and Lead in Tampamachoco Lagoon and Tuxpan River Estuary in the SW Gulf of Mexico (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: In order to estimate the effects of a thermal power plant, physicochemical parameters and the concentrations of copper, nickel and lead were evaluated in water from both Tampamachoco Lagoon and the estuary of the Tuxpan River. Average salinities were 33.66 ups in the lagoon area, 32.77 ups in the channel that joins the lagoon and the river, and 24.74 ups in the river estuary. Total average metal concentrations were 21.95 for Cu, 29.67 for Ni and 4.31 µ/L for Pb. Sampling point 1 and samples from the bottom water of the lagoon present the highest salinities and concentrations of suspended matter, TOC, Cu, Ni and Pb.These high values may be associated with the infiltration of sea water either from plant operation or from the channel that connects the lagoon with the sea.
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    Influence of Formulation on Mobility of Clomazone in Soil (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: The mobility of clomazone [2-(2-chlorobenzylo)-4,4-dimetylo-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one] in a loamy sand soil and a sand soil was studied in a soil column under laboratory conditions. Commercial clomazone formulation (Command 480 EC) and clomazone immobilized in an alginate matrix were used for a leaching experiment. For both formulations, the same dose of 2.0 mg of the active substance was applied. After an application of a herbicide, the columns were irrigated with: 100, 40 and 3.7 mm of water. After 1 h, when an addition of water was completed, the soils were sampled in the 5 cm segments and were used for the analysis of the residues. The use of an alginate formulation reduced the vertical mobility of clomazone into a soil layer in comparison with the formulation EC.
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    Investigation of Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Filtered and Unfiltered Groundwater Samples at the Tucson International Airport Superfund Site (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-09-16
    Description: Potential health effects from hexavalent chromium in groundwater have recently become a concern to regulators at the Tucson International Airport Area Superfund site. In 2016, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled 46 wells in the area to characterize the nature and extent of chromium in groundwater, to understand what proportion of total chromium is in the hexavalent state, and to determine if substantial differences are present between filtered and unfiltered chromium concentrations. Results indicate detectable chromium concentrations in all wells, over 75 % of total chromium is in the hexavalent state in a majority of wells, and filtered and unfiltered results differ substantially in only a few high-turbidity total chromium samples.
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    Gamma Radiation Reduced Toxicity of Azoxystrobin Tested on Artemia franciscana (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Fungicide azoxystrobin toxicity was monitored by means of a 96-h biotest with Artemia franciscana nauplius stages after exposure to solutions with concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L −1 irradiated with 60 Co gamma radiation with doses of 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 kGy. The effects of ionization radiation on azoxystrobin toxicity were mainly manifested by a statistically significant reduction of lethality after 72- and 96-h exposure. A maximum reduction of lethality of 72 % was achieved using doses of 1–5 kGy for an azoxystrobin initial concentration of 0.4 mg L −1 and after 72 h of exposure. At a 96-h exposure, a difference of lethal effects reached up to 70 % for a dose of 10 kGy. The observed effect of gamma ionizing radiation on azoxystrobin toxicity suggest that this approach can be applied as an alternative for a reduction of azoxystrobin residua in food.
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    Sensitivity of Four Cyanobacterial Isolates from Tropical Freshwaters to Environmentally Realistic Concentrations of Cr 6+ , Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Sensitivity of four tropical cyanobacteria viz. Coelosphaerium sp., Synechococcus sp., Oscillatoria sp. and Chroococcus sp. to environmentally relevant concentrations of Cr 6+ , Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ was assessed based on fluorescence change as a proxy for growth reduction. At 24 h exposure, the growth reduction inthe cyanobacteria followed the order: Zn 2+  〈 Cr 6+  ≤ Cd 2+ . Of the four cyanobacteria, Synechococcus was the most sensitive for Cr 6+ , where as Chroococcus was the most sensitive for Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ . Sensitivity was gradually decreased by 96 h implying the acquisition of tolerance by cyanobacteria to heavy metal ions with prolonged exposure.
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    Nutrient Mitigation Efficiency in Agricultural Drainage Ditches: An Influence of Landscape Management (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Drainage systems are integral parts of agricultural landscapes and have the ability to intercept nutrient loading from runoff to surface water. This study investigated nutrient removal efficiency within replicated experimental agricultural drainage ditches during a simulated summer runoff event. Study objectives were to examine the influence of routine mowing of vegetated ditches on nutrient mitigation and to assess spatial transformation of nutrients along ditch length. Both mowed and unmowed ditch treatments decreased NO 3 − -N by 79 % and 94 % and PO 4 3− by 95 % and 98 %, respectively, with no significant difference in reduction capacities between the two treatments. This suggests occasional ditch mowing as a management practice would not undermine nutrient mitigation capacity of vegetated drainage ditches.
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    Cadmium Accumulation in Periphyton from an Abandoned Mining District in the Buffalo National River, Arkansas (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The Rush Mining District along the Buffalo River in Arkansas has a significant history of zinc and lead mining operations. The tails and spoils of these operations deposit heavy amounts of raw ore into streams. One element commonly found in the earth’s crust that becomes a minor constituent of the deposition is cadmium. Periphyton samples from Rush Creek and Clabber Creek, two creeks within the Rush Mining District were measured for cadmium as well as two creeks with no history of mining, Spring Creek and Water Creek. Periphyton samples from Rush and Clabber Creek contained mean cadmium concentrations of 436.6 ± 67.3 and 93.38 ± 8.67 µg/kg, respectively. Spring Creek and Water Creek had a mean cadmium concentration of 40.49 ± 3.40 and 41.78 ± 3.99 µg/kg within periphyton. The results indicate increased metal concentrations in algal communities from mined areas. As periphyton is the base of the aquatic food chain, it acts as a conduit for movement of cadmium in the food web.
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    A Market-Basket Approach to Predict the Acute Aquatic Toxicity of Munitions and Energetic Materials (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: An ongoing challenge in chemical production, including the production of insensitive munitions and energetics, is the ability to make predictions about potential environmental hazards early in the process. To address this challenge, a quantitative structure activity relationship model was developed to predict acute fathead minnow toxicity of insensitive munitions and energetic materials. Computational predictive toxicology models like this one may be used to identify and prioritize environmentally safer materials early in their development. The developed model is based on the Apriori market-basket/frequent itemset mining approach to identify probabilistic prediction rules using chemical atom-pairs and the lethality data for 57 compounds from a fathead minnow acute toxicity assay. Lethality data were discretized into four categories based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. Apriori identified toxicophores for categories two and three. The model classified 32 of the 57 compounds correctly, with a fivefold cross-validation classification rate of 74 %. A structure-based surrogate approach classified the remaining 25 chemicals correctly at 48 %. This result is unsurprising as these 25 chemicals were fairly unique within the larger set.
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    Enantioselective Phytotoxicity of Imazamox Against Maize Seedlings (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: There is increasing concern about the enantioselective effects of chiral herbicides. To study the enantioselective toxicity of the chiral herbicide imazamox on maize, maize seedlings (Zhengda 619, Zea mays L.) were exposed to imazamox racemate and enantiomers in hydroponic experiments. The results showed that imazamox enantiomers selectively affected maize. The effective concentration of Rac -, S - and R -imazamox that caused 50 % inhibition after 5 days treatments (EC 50,5d ) were 0.4212, 1.2142 and 0.2460 mg L −1 , respectively, for maize root length; 0.0002, 0.1005, 0.0032 mg L −1 , respectively, for maize root fresh weight; 0.7114, 1.4056 and 0.4530 mg L −1 , respectively, for maize shoot height; 0.6220, 1.5418, 0.2286 mg L −1 , respectively, for maize shoot fresh weight; and 0.1100, 0.3306, 0.0307 mg L −1 , respectively, for the total chlorophyll content of leaves. The root morphological parameters and root activity reflected the toxicity effects in the order R -imazamox 〉  Rac -imazamox 〉  S -imazamox. Maize roots were more sensitive to imazamox than maize shoots. The chiral herbicide imazamox poses enantioselective phytotoxicity on maize seedlings: the order of toxicity is R -imazamox 〉  Rac -imazamox 〉  S -imazamox.
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    Evaluation of Inhibition Efficiency for the Detection of Captan, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, Pentachlorophenol and Carbosulfan in Water: An Electrochemical Approach (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: A novel bio-analytical method has been devised based on the change in catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme induced by captan, carbosulfan, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) for the investigation of inhibition efficiency and sensitivity using Pt/ZnO/AChE/Chitosan bioelectrode. The inhibition curves of captan, carbosulfan, TCDD and PCP were similar to Michaelis–Menten curve. TCDD held the minimum inhibitor Michaelis–Menten constant ( \(K_{M}^{I}\) ) value (10.2 nM) in comparison with PCP (10.9 nM), carbosulfan (14.5 nM) and captan (7.9 × 10 3  nM). The maximum inhibition of AChE enzyme by captan was about 100 %, which was much higher than that of TCDD (72.7 %), PCP (68.1 %) and carbosulfan (47.7 %). The calculated theoretical sensitivity was in the order of TCDD 〉 PCP 〉 carbosulfan 〉 captan. Comparing with TCDD (35.3 %), PCP (47.8 %) and carbosulfan (20.9 %), only the inhibition efficiency of captan (55.0 %) was the maximum. The developed bioelectrode exhibited high recovery and low relative standard deviation in local tap water samples.
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    Photodegradation of Mefenamic Acid in Aqueous Media: Kinetics, Toxicity and Photolysis Products (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: The present study investigated the photolytic behavior and photodegradation products of mefenamic acid (MEF) under ultraviolet-C irradiation. The results demonstrated that the photodegradation of MEF followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the direct photolysis quantum yield of mefenamic acid was observed to be 2.63 ± 0.28 × 10 −3 . Photodegradation of MEF included degradation by direct photolysis and by self-sensitization that the contribution rates of self-sensitized photodegradation were 5.70, 11.25 and 18.96 % for · OH, 1 O 2 and \({\text{O}}_{2}^{ \cdot - }\) , respectively. Primary transformation products of MEF were identified using ultra performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF–MS). The identified transformation products suggested three possible pathways of MEF photodegradation: dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, and ketonized reactions. Toxicity of phototransformation products were evaluated using the Microtox test, which revealed that photodegradation likely provides a critical pathway for MEF toxicity reduction in drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities.
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    Levels of Total Mercury in Tissues of Mallard Drakes from Industrialized Wetlands Area (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: The distribution of total mercury in the bodies of drake mallard ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ) inhabiting an industrialized wetland area in southern Poland was studied. The median Hg concentration in tissue of various bones (0.017 µg/g w.w.) was statistically lower than the concentration found in muscle tissue (0.023 µg/g w.w.) and in internal organ tissue samples calculated across the whole range of organ types (0.036 µg/g w.w.). The median concentrations in muscle tissue and organ tissue were comparable. Significant differences within the examined bones were observed, with the beak accumulating the highest amount (0.105 µg/g w.w.). Concentrations were comparable in tissue from various muscles, whereas internal organ tissue displayed a significant variation. The highest median concentration was detected in the kidneys (0.109 µg/g w.w.). Correlations of Hg concentrations between major groups of tissue (i.e. bone, muscle and internal organs) were not statistically significant, but several significant relationships were noted between internal organs.
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    Uptake and Elimination of 4-Nonylphenol in the Enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: We determined the uptake and elimination kinetics of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in Enchytraeus albidus . A relatively fast degradation of 4-NP in test soil occurred at 20°C ( λ  = 0.11 day −1 ). The concentration of 4-NP in worm tissue followed a three-phase kinetics model, with a short phase of fast 4-NP accumulation shortly after exposure start ( k u  = 0.97 mg kg −1  day −1 ), followed by partial elimination ( K e 1  = 1.47 day −1 ) until reaching the equilibrium phase (A = 44.7 mg kg −1 fresh tissue), and finally the elimination upon transfer to uncontaminated soil ( K e 2  = 0.67 day −1 ). During uptake, the internal concentration was similar to the concentration found in the soil, with a BAF ~ 1. In un-spiked soil, elimination took place within the first 24 h (elimination t 1/2  ~ 1 day).
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    The Effect of Water Hardness on Mortality of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) During Exposure to Oxytetracycline (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: Marking of fish otoliths with oxytetracycline and tetracycline is a widely used method to evaluate the effectiveness of stocking operations. Available protocols for the labeling of fish specify a number of factors influencing mark quality and potential risk for fish during marking. This study investigates the influence of water hardness on mortality of freshwater fish during marking with OTC. In order to pursue this question complexation of OTC with Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ cations was measured spectrophotometrically. Furthermore, zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) were immersed in OTC solutions (1200 mg/L; 48 h immersion) combined with varying levels of water hardness (5.5, 15.5, 25.5, 32.5°dH). The amount of OTC-Mg–Ca-complexes was positively correlated to water hardness. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that mortality of zebrafish during marking varied as a factor of water hardness. Highest mortalities occurred at the lowest (5.5°dH) and the highest (32.5°dH) tested levels during marking with OTC.
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    Identification of Chromium Resistant Bacteria from Dry Fly Ash Sample of Mejia MTPS Thermal Power Plant, West Bengal, India (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: Eight chromium resistant bacteria were isolated from a dry fly ash sample of DVC-MTPS thermal power plant located in Bankura, West Bengal, India. These isolates displayed different degrees of chromate reduction under aerobic conditions. According to 16S rDNA gene analysis, five of them were Staphylococcus , two were Bacillus and one was Micrococcus . The minimum inhibitory concentration towards chromium and the ability to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium was highest in Staphylococcus haemolyticus strain HMR17. All the strains were resistant to multiple heavy metals (As, Cu, Cd, Co, Zn, Mn, Pb and Fe) and reduced toxic hexavalent chromium to relatively non toxic trivalent chromium even in the presence of these multiple heavy metals. All of them showed resistance to different antibiotics. In a soil microcosm study, S. haemolyticus strain HMR17 completely reduced 4 mM hexavalent chromium within 7 days of incubation.
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    Pollution Response Score of Tree Species in Relation to Ambient Air Quality in an Urban Area (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: Multivariate statistical techniques were employed on twelve leaf traits in four selected common tree species ( Mangifera indica L., Polyalthia longifolia Sonn., Ficus benghalensis L. and Psidium guajava L.) to evaluate their responses with respect to major air pollutants in an urban area. Discriminant analysis (DA) identified chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio, leaf dry matter content, carotenoids, net water content and ascorbic acid as the major discriminating leaf traits, which varied maximally with respect to the pollution status. Pollution response score (PRS), calculated on the basis of discriminate functional coefficient values, increased with an increase in air pollution variables for all the tested species, with the highest increase in P. longifolia and the lowest in F. benghalensis . The study highlights the usefulness of DA for evaluation of plant specific traits and PRS for selection of tolerant species.
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    Groundwater Contamination Due to Activities of an Intensive Hog Farming Operation Located on a Geologic Fault in East Mediterranean: A Study on COD, BOD 5 and Microbial Load (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: The application of treated animal wastewater produced in intensive fog farming operations (IHFOs) on surface soil, leads to groundwater contamination. In this study, the contamination of a Mediterranean aquifer caused by long-term application of treated wastewater, produced by an IHFO, on a plot with a geologic fault within the IHFO boundaries, was investigated. Groundwater samples were taken from monitoring wells close to the IHFO. A significant increase of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), total viable count (TVC) and total coliform (TC) concentrations was found in wells, compared to control monitoring well, which were mainly affected by the subsurface flow of contaminated water, due to the presence of the geologic fault. During the winter, significant increases in concentrations of COD, BOD 5 , TVC and TC were noted and attributed to increased precipitation, which assisted in the accelerated transport of organic compounds and microbial load, through geologic fault, to groundwater.
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    Ecological Risk Assessment of EDTA-Assisted Phytoremediation of Cd Under Different Cultivation Systems (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: A long-term field experiment was designed to assess remediation efficiency and ecological risk of phytoremediation of Cd under different cultivation systems with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). EDTA can significantly improve the phytoremediation effectiveness of a historically polluted e-waste dismantling site through enhancing Cd uptake by plants in all cultivation systems along with higher ecological risks to different receptors especially in the presence of Cicer arietinum (chickpea). Moisture content at each layer of soil profile under Eucalyptus globules L. cultivated sites was consistently lower than under chickpea monoculture as a result of E. globules ’ high water use efficiency. Besides low soil moisture, E. globules can intercept more Cd-rich leachate than chickpea regardless of the presence of EDTA. E. globules could be used for Cd phytoremediation as they can take full advantage of EDTA and decrease ecological risk caused by the chelator.
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    Early Life Exposure to Ractopamine Causes Endocrine-Disrupting Effects in Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-01-26
    Description: β-Agonists, which are used as human pharmaceuticals or feed additives, have been detected in aquatic environments. β-Agonists have also been proposed for use in aquaculture. However, there are limited data available regarding the adverse effects of β-agonists in aquatic organisms. In this study, ractopamine was selected as the representative β-agonist, and medaka embryos were exposed at concentrations ranging from 5 to 625 μg/L for 44 days. In contrast to what has been found in mammals, ractopamine caused no growth response in medaka. However, the transcriptional changes of genes related to the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, especially in females, suggested that β-agonists may have the potential to disrupt the endocrine system. Moreover, genes involved in anti-oxidative activity or detoxification were affected in a gender-specific manner. These findings, particularly the effects on the endocrine system of fish, will advance our understanding of the ecotoxicity of β-agonists.
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    Using Kaolin in Reduction of Arsenic in Rice Grains: Effect of Different Types of Kaolin, pH and Arsenic Complex (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-03
    Description: Kaolin was used as a soil amendment to study the effect of different types of kaolin, pH and arsenic complex on arsenic accumulation in rice grains from arsenic (As) contaminated soil. It was found that kaolin released soluble aluminium (Al) and silicon at a pH value of 3. As adsorption by crude kaolin was higher than by washed kaolin and treated kaolin due to the higher Al content found in crude kaolin. Furthermore, the addition of 5 % (w/w) crude kaolin in the solution of As-contaminated soil was able to reduce water-soluble As in the solution. In mesocosm experiments, As accumulation in rice grain was not found under the addition of kaolin conditions. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy study found the crystallinity of Al–As complex in plant roots. This implies that while kaolin adsorbs As from As-contaminated soil, rice plants also simultaneously take up As and Al into their cells. This caused the decrease in As accumulation in rice grain.
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