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  • Articles  (2,066)
  • 2015-2019  (2,066)
  • 1930-1934
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  • Medicine  (2,066)
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  • 1
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    Mercury Concentrations in Invasive Burmese Pythons ( Python bivitattus ) of Southwest Florida (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We determined mercury (Hg) concentrations in various tissues of Burmese pythons (〈em〉Python bivitattus〈/em〉; n = 227) caught in southwest Florida from 2012–2018 as part of a program to control this invasive species. Mercury ranged as high as 4.86 mg/kg in liver tissue from a snake that was 4.7 m long but overall averaged 0.12 ± 0.19 mg/kg in tail tips (n = 123). These levels were relatively low as compared to concentrations reported in pythons from Everglades National Park, a recognized Hg hotspot. These results show that snakes, particularly watersnakes, present another opportunity to biomonitor Hg at the aquatic-terrestrial interface. Although capturing snakes presents obvious challenges, which differ from sampling other taxa typically used in monitoring programs, taking advantage of this program to control an invasive species was cost effective and alleviated concerns about sampling and possibly reducing native snake populations.〈/p〉
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  • 2
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    Trace Elements in Surface Soils and Megascolecidae Earthworms in Urban Forests Within Four Land-Uses Around Poughkeepsie, New York, USA (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Amynthas agrestis〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Metaphire hilgendorfi〈/em〉 are being distributed across North America with unknown ecosystem impacts. Forest soils in urban areas sequester trace elements and earthworms may be bioaccumulating them. This study examined Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in soils and earthworm tissues at 28 urban forest sites in and surrounding Poughkeepsie, NY, USA. Megascolecidae were present at 22 sites with means of 12 to 27 individuals m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 and 4 to 12 dry weight g m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉. Urban forest soils within commercial uses had Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations higher than within residential and agricultural uses. Earthworm trace element concentrations were poorly predicted by their respective soil concentrations, except for Pb. Urban forests in commercial uses and land-preserves, earthworm Cd and Pb concentrations were at or above concentrations known to negatively impact small mammal and bird health ( 〉 10 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) with Co and V approaching toxic concentrations.〈/p〉
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  • 3
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    A Review on Adsorption Technologies for Mercury Emission Control (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study summarized existing adsorption technologies for the removal of elemental mercury in the flue gas. Both carriers (e.g., active carbon (AC), pyrolyzed char, inorganic adsorbents and fly ash) and various modification methods (pore structure improvement, oxygen-containing functional groups addition and new active reagents impregnation) were compared to shed light on the development of future adsorption technology. AC and char possibly performed more mercury adsorption capacity (MAC) compared with fly ash and inorganic adsorbents since carbon atom existence was easier to form the active halogen groups (C–X) and oxygen containing groups. Though both pore structure improvement and chemical group formation improved the MAC of adsorbents, the chemical modification methods (oxygen-containing functional groups addition and new active reagents impregnation) were more effective. The impregnation of halogen, sulfur and metal chloride could distinctly form lots of active sites on the adsorbents and developed high effective mercury adsorbents. In the future, the adsorption researches possibly focus on SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O resistance of adsorbents, separable adsorbents, low-cost chemical modification methods, and utilization potential of fly ash.〈/p〉
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  • 4
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    Environmental Risk of Metal Contamination in Sediments of Tropical Reservoirs (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Reservoir sediment can work as both sink and source for contaminants. Once released into the water column, contaminants can be toxic to biota and humans. We investigate potential ecological risk to benthic organisms by metals contamination in six reservoirs in Southeast Brazil. Results of the bioavailable fraction of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in sediment samples are presented. Considering Cu, Cd, and Zn concentrations, about 6% of the samples exceeded the threshold effect levels of sediment quality guidelines. The comparison to sediment quality guidelines is conservative because we used a moderate metal extraction. Control of contaminant sources in these reservoirs is key because they are sources of water and food. The mixture toxicity assessment showed an increased incidence of toxicity to aquatic organisms showing that mixture toxicity should be taken into account in sediment assessment criteria.〈/p〉
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  • 5
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    Gammarus pulex as a Model Organism to Assess the Residual Toxicity of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treated by Electrocoagulation Process (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉It was assessed the efficiency of the electrocoagulation (EC) in slaughterhouse wastewater (SW) treatment by using antioxidant parameters of 〈em〉Gammarus pulex〈/em〉. The SW was treated by EC. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in 〈em〉G. pulex〈/em〉 exposed to pre- and post-treated of the SW during 24 h and 96 h were analysed. Standard methods were applied during the analysing process of the physicochemical quality parameters for both untreated and treated SW. All measured physicochemical parameters were decreased following the treatment process via EC. After the treatment process, it was observed that while SOD activities and MDA levels were decreased, CAT activities were increased and GPx activities did not exhibit any change. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the abilities of untreated SW to promote oxidative stress in model organism. The SOD, CAT activities and MDA levels in 〈em〉G. pulex〈/em〉 revealed that EC process were efficient in the SW treatment.〈/p〉
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  • 6
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    Influence of Ligneous Bulking Agents on the Complexation of Heavy Metals to Humic Substances Formed in Pig Manure Composting (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In order to investigate the influence of different lignin sources on humic substance formation during composting, this study selected two lignin sources, including wood sawdust and maize straw, to be co-composted with pig manure. Humic substances (HS) were characterized based on their fluorescence characteristics and complexing behaviors with heavy metals. The results showed that lignin sources, especially wood sawdust, were more conducive in promoting the formation of humic acids (HAs) than inorganic matter. The fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra also proved the positive effects of lignin on the formation of HAs during the humification process. The binding capacities of HAs isolated from mature composts for Cu and Cd followed the order of WS-90 〉 MS-90 〉 I-90, indicating that organic bulking agents are superior at increasing the complexing capacity of HAs. This finding suggests that the co-composting of pig manure with ligneous bulking agents is more advantageous at reducing the environmental risk of heavy metals.〈/p〉
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  • 7
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    Intraspecific Genetic Variation for Lead-Induced Changes in Reproductive Strategies (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉We aimed to identify genetic variation in the response of reproductive behaviors to lead (Pb〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉) exposure. We reared a subset of the 〈em〉Drosophila〈/em〉 Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) inbred lines on control or Pb-treated (500 μM PbAc) medium and tested for differences in copulation latency, copulation duration, and fecundity. Pb exposure decreased fecundity (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) and increased copulation duration (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) across DGRP lines. We found intraspecific genetic variation in latency, duration, and fecundity in both control and Pb-treated flies, with heritability ranging from 0.45 to 0.80. We found a significant genotype-by-environment interaction for copulation duration (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05). Genetic correlation matrices revealed significant genetic variation in common between control and Pb-treated flies for each trait (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05). Our results indicate that intraspecific genetic variation plays a role in Pb susceptibility and emphasize the importance of considering the impacts of variation in susceptibility to Pb pollution.〈/p〉
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  • 8
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    New Insights into Dose- and Time-Dependent Response of Five Typical PPCPs on Soil Microbial Respiration (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The widespread use of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) has attracted much attention and the impact of PPCPs on indigenous microbial communities has become increasingly important in recent days. Five common PPCPs, including doxycycline (DOX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), triclocarban (TCC), carbamazepine (CBZ), and sulfadimidine (SMZ), were selected and their effects on soil microbial respiration were studied at concentrations of 0, 0.2, 1, 5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results of this study indicate that the effect of five common PPCPs on soil microbial respiration was dose- and time- dependent. At low concentrations (0.2 and 1 mg/kg), CBZ and SMZ exhibited an activation effect on microbial soil respiration at 1 day (58.02%, 26.39% and 1.54%, 1.76% at 0.2 and 1 mg/kg respectively), while DOX showed inhibition for all tested concentrations at 1 day of incubation. At high concentrations (25 and 50 mg/kg) CIP and SMZ showed an inhibitory effect (− 69.13%, − 80.86% for 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively), while TCC and CBZ exhibited stimulatory effect (38.07%, 9.64% and 4.06%, 12.18% at 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively) at 1 day of incubation. Our findings indicate that the effect of tested PPCPs on soil microbial respiration had an inhibitory or stimulatory effect based on the dose and extent of time.〈/p〉
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  • 9
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    Biomonitoring of Air Pollution in Bosnia and Herzegovina Using Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of the study was to assess heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) air pollution in Bosnia and Herzegovina by using a lichen, 〈em〉Hypogymnia physodes〈/em〉. Metal content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and was between very high naturality or alteration to middle naturality or alteration. Strong correlations between Cr and Ni confirmed mainly anthropogenic sources. The scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis of C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Co, As, Sn, Sb, Hg and Bi were performed on the lichen surface and hyphae of the transplanted samples. Despite significant damage to tissue and cell integrity, the recurrent presence of particulate matter in lichen indicates the considerable presence of dust in the urban atmosphere which, according to chemical composition, may be due to anthropogenic and natural sources such as soil.〈/p〉
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  • 10
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    Transport Dynamics of Mercury in Rainfall-runoff After Summer Drought in a Small Agricultural Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The objective of this study was to investigate the transport dynamics of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the first rainfall-runoff event after summer drought, to understand flushing effects (FFEs) and to quantificationally estimate contributions to the annual outputs of Hg. The results showed that both THg and MeHg in rainfall-runoff predominated by particulate fraction peaked at the beginning of the monitoring period. On average, more than 80% of THg and MeHg loadings were transported during the initial runoff (≤ 6 h). Simultaneously, significant FFEs were observed for both THg and MeHg, with a larger effect for MeHg. More importantly, the estimated output fluxes of THg and MeHg in runoff produced by this rainfall event contributed 3.0% (THg) and 7.8% (MeHg) to the annual output fluxes, respectively, suggesting the importance of the first-rainfall on the Hg loss (especially for MeHg).〈/p〉
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  • 11
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    Fungicidal Properties of 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol and Its Derivatives (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Fungicidal effect of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and its derivates, prepared by replacing the hydrogen atom in its amino group by different organic radicals was studied. Evaluation of the biological activity of studied substances by сomputational chemistry methods was performed. Toxicity of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and synthesized N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)formamide and N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)acetamide to six species of phytophatogen fungi were tested in the experiment. The results of the study demonstrate that replacement of the hydrogen atom in the amino group by a aldehyde group leads to an increase in fungicidal activity with respect to 〈em〉Rhizoctonia solani〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Bipolaris sorokiniana〈/em〉. A replacement of the hydrogen atom by a ketone group increases the inhibitory effect on 〈em〉Sclerotinia sclerotiorum〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Venturia inaequalis〈/em〉. The paper contains comparative data on the fungicide effect of commercial preparation for studied fungi also.〈/p〉
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  • 12
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    Can Local Enhancement in Earthworms Affect the Outcome of the Standard Earthworm Avoidance Test? (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Earthworms exhibit clumping behaviour in and out of the soil. However, it remains unknown if such social behaviour ultimately influences the outcome of ecotoxicological experiments in the laboratory. We performed several overnight avoidance tests to determine whether social behaviour (i.e., local enhancement) is a factor in pollution avoidance behaviour in the earthworm 〈em〉Eisenia fetida〈/em〉. The results showed that there was no clear influence of social behaviour on the choice or avoidance of Cd contaminated soils, although we suspect that 50 mg Cd/kg might not have been high enough to elicit a significant avoidance response. Nevertheless, when offered a choice between clean undisturbed soil and previously inhabited soil, the worms preferred the previously inhabited soil (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.01). While the level of metal pollution investigated in this study did not disrupt or help predict social dynamics, local enhancement, perhaps driven by some sort of habitat imprinting, was successfully documented in 〈em〉Eisenia fetida〈/em〉.〈/p〉
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  • 13
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    Lysosomal Membrane Stability in Hemocytes and Micronuclei in Gills of Perumytilus purpuratus Lamarck 1819 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) Exposed to Copper (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of copper on the bivalve 〈em〉Perumytilus purpuratus〈/em〉. The individuals were exposed to three copper concentrations: 1, 30 and 45 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 for 24, 48 and 96 h. Lysosomal membrane stability in hemocytes was determined through the neutral red retention time (NRRT) and micronucleus (MN) frequency tests in hemocytes and gills. The results show that the NRRT decreased significantly at 30 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 after 48 h of exposure. The frequency of MN was significantly greater in gills after 24 h in all concentrations tested. Copper is cytotoxic from 30 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and genotoxic from 1 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. The use of these biomarkers of effects in 〈em〉P. purpuratus〈/em〉 is proposed as an early warning tool for monitoring in environmental assessment of coastal ecosystems impacted by mining activities.〈/p〉
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  • 14
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    Excess Copper-Induced Changes in Antioxidative Enzyme Activity, Mineral Nutrient Uptake and Translocation in Sugarcane Seedlings (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Sugarcane is a potential species for use in heavy metal remediation. To analyze the effect of excess copper on sugarcane, the biomass, mineral nutrient content and activities of antioxidative enzymes were measured under copper stress. The results revealed that the biomass of roots and shoots significantly decreased with increasing copper concentration in solution. Most copper accumulated in the roots, and the translocation factor of copper decreased with an increase in copper stress. The MDA content in sugarcane roots notably increased under copper stress. The POD activity in sugarcane roots increased, and CAT activity decreased under copper stress. The Zn, Fe and Mn contents in shoots increased significantly under 200 μmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 Cu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 treatments. The Zn and Mg contents in roots notably decreased under copper stress, while the Zn and Mg translocation factors increased. These results indicated that the increase in POD activity and the modification of mineral nutrient uptake and transfer might play an important role in reducing the detrimental effects of excess copper.〈/p〉
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  • 15
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    Variable Background Flow on Aquatic Toxicant Exposure Alters Foraging Patterns on Crayfish (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Climate change is expected to alter hydrological cycles on global and regional scales, impacting groundwater and surface water inputs to stream habitats. In the midwestern United States, the volume and frequency of inputs are expected to become increasingly variable. This region has a high incidence of agriculture, creating enormous potential for transport of pesticides and herbicides into aquatic ecosystems. Metolachlor, an herbicide for corn and soybean crops, has been demonstrated to contaminate surface water and groundwater in the region. This study examines the impact of variable flow conditions on the toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of metolachlor in a macroinvertebrate found in midwestern streams, the rusty crayfish (〈em〉Faxonius rusticus〈/em〉). Changes in crayfish foraging behavior were analyzed using a Mixed Model ANCOVA. Under toxicant exposure, crayfish significantly increased their consumption of macrophytes, but only under the variable flow regime. Thus, the increased variability in toxicant exposure impacted crayfish foraging behavior more than other flow regimes. This significant interaction between flow regime and metolachlor exposure suggests that the greater variability in toxicant inputs to streams may lead to more severe changes in behavior for exposed organisms.〈/p〉
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  • 16
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    Accumulation and Depuration of Nonylphenol and Its Effect on the Expressions of Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin Receptor in Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Accumulation of nonylphenol (NP) in hepatopancreas, gonad, eyestalk, and muscle of freshwater prawn 〈em〉Macrobrachium rosenbergii〈/em〉 following 72 h exposure to 100 µg/L NP, and depuration of NP in these tissues at 0.5–192 h post exposure were examined. We also examined the expressions of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) of prawn following 0–20 days exposure to 0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L NP. NP accumulation in hepatopancreas and gonad with high concentration, and low concentration in muscle, but depurated faster in eyestalk and muscle. The expressions of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) increased directly with dose and time. In conclusion, NP accumulated significantly in gonad together with high Vg and VgR expressions, and depurated slow in hepatopancreas and gonad when prawns were removed back to control water. The induction of Vg and VgR under NP exposure might be a stress response in 〈em〉M. rosenbergii〈/em〉.〈/p〉
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  • 17
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    Formaldehyde Adsorption–Desorption of Poplar Bark (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study investigated how the 〈em〉Populus〈/em〉 × 〈em〉euramericana〈/em〉 cv. 〈em〉Pannónia〈/em〉 bark behaves in an environment containing formaldehyde. Prism shaped samples were formed from the bark and the prisms were kept in formaldehyde contaminated atmosphere for 1, 2, 5, 10, 18 and 36 days. After the contamination, the amount of the formaldehyde adsorbed and later the desorbed was measured. The formaldehyde content of the uncontaminated poplar bark was 0.0036 mg/g. The amount of bound formaldehyde showed a saturation curve as a function of time. The formaldehyde adsorption reached an equilibrium value of 0.9 mg HCHO/g bark. The emission of formaldehyde from contaminated bark samples showed an exponential curve as a function of time and some residual formaldehyde content was detected after the formaldehyde was released.〈/p〉
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    Effects of Atmospheric Fallout on Lead Contamination of Wheat Tissues Based on Stable Isotope Ratios (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In order to trace the source of Pb pollution in wheat, the contribution ratio of soil and atmospheric fallout source was quantified based on stable isotope ratios. Results showed that the average Pb content of soil was significantly lower than that of fallout, and Pb in the fallout had a higher weak acid fraction than soil. Pb in wheat had a distinct distribution in its tissues and the content of Pb in wheat roots was significantly higher than it in shoots. The 〈sup〉206〈/sup〉Pb/〈sup〉207〈/sup〉Pb ratio of soil was significantly higher than that in atmospheric fallout (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05). According to a binary mixing model, the 〈sup〉206〈/sup〉Pb/〈sup〉207〈/sup〉Pb ratio in wheat roots, leaves, and grains reflect 67%, 65%, and 90% of Pb content contributions from fallout, respectively. This results suggest that fallout Pb was absorbed by wheat leaves and transferred to other organs, and it is important to develop effective strategies to control fallout Pb risks.〈/p〉
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  • 19
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    Aquatic Phytotoxicity to Lemna minor of Three Commonly Used Drugs of Addiction in Australia (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The manufacturing and consumption of drugs of addiction has increased globally and their widespread occurrence in the environment is an emerging concern. This study evaluated the phytotoxicity of three compounds: methamphetamine, codeine and morphine; commonly reported in Australian urban water, to the aquatic plant 〈em〉Lemna minor〈/em〉 under controlled conditions. 〈em〉L. minor〈/em〉 was sensitive to lower drug concentrations when administered in multi-compound mixtures (100–500 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) than when applied individually (range 600–2500 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉), while no adverse effects were observed at environmentally-relevant concentrations (1–5 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) detected in wastewater effluent. In conclusion, the results show that the concentrations of these compounds discharged into the environment are unlikely to pose adverse phytotoxic effects. These three compounds are known to be the most stable of their group under such conditions indicating that with this respect it is safe to use recycled water for existing regulated reclaimed purposes including agricultural or parklands irrigation or replenishing surface and groundwater. However, more research on the analysis of methamphetamines and opiates in municipal effluents is needed to reassure the likely environmental hazard of these neuroactive drug classes to aquatic organisms. Given the ever-growing production and aquatic disposal of discharge wastewater globally, this study provides timely and valuable insights into the likely drug-related impacts of effluent disposal on aquatic plants in receiving environments.〈/p〉
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    Ecotoxicological Effects of Fungicides Azoxystrobin and Pyraclostrobin on Freshwater Aquatic Bacterial Communities (2019)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Extensive use of the fungicides azoxystrobin (AZ) and pyraclostrobin (PYR) can have negative effects on aquatic environments, but comprehensive studies on their effect on aquatic microbial communities are still lacking. We found that AZ and PYR could both inhibit the growth of 〈em〉Chlorella vulgaris〈/em〉, but PYR also inhibited 〈em〉Microcystis aeruginosa〈/em〉 more strongly than did AZ. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that AZ promoted the growth of 〈em〉Cyanobacteria〈/em〉 in microcosms, and both PYR and AZ disturbed the ecological balance in the aquatic bacterial community and created distinct ecological risks. Our study suggests that the ecological risk of fungicides is complex, and fungicide use should be better managed to reduce potential risks to the environment.〈/p〉
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    Chronic Toxicological Effects of Carbamazepine on Daphnia magna Straus: Effects on Reproduction Traits, Body Length, and Intrinsic Growth (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In recent years, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) that remain in the environment have become increasingly important. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely used antiepileptic drug that has a potential impact on the environment due to its Physico-chemical properties, which are rarely eliminated in conventional water treatment. 〈em〉Daphnia magna〈/em〉 Straus (DMS) is a fundamental link of aquatic ecosystem chain. The influence of CBZ toxicity on DMS can effectively reflect the effects of CBZ toxicity on the aquatic environment. In this study, DMS was used as a subject to assess the chronic effects of CBZ exposure. It was found that after 21 days of CBZ exposure, the breeding frequency, the total number of eggs laid, body length, and intrinsic growth rate of DMS decreased with increasing CBZ concentrations. Maximum reductions of 69% in fecundity and 60% in fertility were observed at 0.5 mg/L CBZ, while a maximum reduction of 60% in body length was observed at 0.001 mg/L CBZ concentration. The integrated biomarker response version 2 (IBRv2) analysis suggests that with the increase in CBZ concentration, the overall negative effect of CBZ on DMS was enhanced.〈/p〉
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    Prediction of Mercury Elimination Rate Coefficients of Fish is Improved by Incorporating Fish Temperature Classification into Models (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study evaluated the dependence of mercury (Hg) elimination by fish on species specific fish metabolic rate in order to generate improved algorithms of Hg elimination rate coefficients. Mercury elimination rate coefficient observations were collected by literature review and fish routine metabolic rate (RMR) estimates calculated using the Wisconsin Fish Bioenergetics Model. Three models were compared that considered body weight, temperature, thermal category, Hg depuration period and RMR as predictors of Hg elimination. The best performing model incorporated body size, temperature and fish thermal category, explaining 79% of the variation of the calibration data and between 20% and 69% of the variation of validation data sets. The results support the conclusion that species-specific differences in metabolic rate influence mercury elimination by fish but also highlight major data gaps in the mercury toxicokinetic literature necessary to develop robust models Hg elimination by fish.〈/p〉
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    In-Situ Immobilization of Cd-Contaminated Soils Using Ferronickel Slag as Potential Soil Amendment (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The current study investigated the efficiency and mechanisms of in situ immobilization of artificially Cd-contaminated soils with ferronickel slag (FNS). The available Cd content of soil was measured and the modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure (SEP) was adopted to quantify the evolutions of Cd chemical speciation after the immobilization by the FNS. The results showed that the addition of FNS (5%‒15%) remarkably reduced the available Cd content and increased the pH and cation exchange capacity of soils. The passivation rate of Cd increased from 58.13% to 73.25% as the spiked Cd content rose from 10 to 120 mg kg〈sup〉‒1〈/sup〉. The BCR SEP test revealed that the FNS addition substantially reduced the acid soluble fraction and increased the residual fraction of Cd, indicating the reduction of mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soils. The chemical precipitation, ion exchange and surface complexation might be involved in in situ immobilization of Cd-contaminated soils by the FNS.〈/p〉
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    Historical Pollution and Source Contributions of PAHs in Sediment Cores from the Middle Reach of Huai River, China (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉To investigate the spatial and historical distributions, and source contributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) from the middle reach of Huai River, 15 surface sediments and two sediment cores were analyzed. The Σ〈sub〉16〈/sub〉 PAHs levels in surface sediments varied from 533.15 to 1422.83 ng/g dw, and from 413.27 to 43951.56 ng/g dw in individual sediment layer of sediment cores. The temporal trends of PAHs in sediment cores are the good indicators of the anthropogenic emissions over the last 60 years. The stable carbon isotope ratios of PAHs indicate the primary PAHs sources were the combustion of wood and coal during 1950s–1970s, and automobile exhausts and the coal combustion emissions in recent decades.〈/p〉
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    Batch Adsorption and Column Transport Studies of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in Chinese Loess (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In present study, batch and column tests were conducted to investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption and transport of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Chinese loess with specific focus on the role of inherent colloid particles. Batch tests showed that a lot of TNT was absorbed in suspended colloid particles, and its adsorption reached equilibrium after about 10 h, the adsorption process can be best-fit by the pseudo-second order kinetic and Freundlich model. The adsorption was spontaneous, endothermic process, implying the adsorbed TNT is likely to release from soil matrix. These portend that the adsorbed TNT has a potential to co-transport with inherent colloid particles in loess. The column tests identified the potential, and showed TNT transport had obvious retardation effect, which may be ascribed to the release and transport of inherent colloidal particles as a key carrier. These findings are helpful to evaluate the loess interception and antifouling performance.〈/p〉
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    Tolerance Mechanisms to Copper and Zinc Excess in Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Seedlings Involve Cell Wall Sequestration and Limited Translocation (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Rhizophora mucronata〈/em〉 is a common mangrove growing in habitats subjected to heavy metal (HM) contamination. Understanding their physiological responses to copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) excess and underlying tolerance mechanisms is crucial to assess impacts of metal pollution on mangrove community. Seedlings were treated with Cu or Zn (0, 50 or 100 mg per plant) by means of a single addition. At day 3 and 7, Cu and Zn accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, non-protein thiols, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in roots and leaves were measured. 〈em〉R. mucronata〈/em〉 restricted Cu and Zn translocation, thus accumulated HM mainly in roots while kept the leaves unaffected. However, high root HM did not induce oxidative stress nor anti-oxidative defense as HM were largely deposited in cell wall. We concluded that HM tolerance strategies of 〈em〉R. mucronata〈/em〉 seedlings are exclusion and restriction of translocation to the vital photosynthetic tissue.〈/p〉
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    Growth Inhibiting Effects of Four Antibiotics on Cucumber, Rape and Chinese Cabbage (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Application of manure resulted in high concentration of antibiotics in soil. Compared to the wide literature on the adverse effects of antibiotics on animals and human beings, the effects on plants are less investigated. In this study, we investigated the growth inhibiting effects of four antibiotics (OTC, DOX, OFL, and ENR) on cucumber, rape and Chinese cabbage using hydroponic methods. Seeds of three vegetable varieties were separately exposed to six concentrations of OTC and DOX (0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 mg/L) and OFL and ENR (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/L). The growth inhibiting effects of the four antibiotics on three vegetables were different. This study has shown that these antibiotics can induce potential growth inhibiting effects in the natural environment.〈/p〉
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    Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Phreatic Aquifer of Pampean Region, Argentina (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This work evaluates the factors affecting the presence of organochlorine pesticides in Pampeano aquifer in the Quequén Grande River watershed, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Eighteen sampling sites were selected in order to have representatives of different type of wells and types of soil. Among the analyzed compounds, endosulfan showed the highest concentrations (4.75 ng l〈sup〉− 1〈/sup〉 mean), which could be related to use in the recent past. Others important pesticides groups detected were HCHs (1.1 ng l〈sup〉− 1〈/sup〉 mean) and heptachlors (2.17 ng l〈sup〉− 1〈/sup〉mean). The analysis of the results show that the thickness of the unsaturated zone is the main factor related to the concentrations of pesticides and there were no differences according to wells or soil types. Although agricultural use of most OCPs has been banned in Argentina from more than 30 years ago, their residues are still detected in groundwater of the region, indicating their high persistence.〈/p〉
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    Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Sediments of the Huron–Erie Corridor (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in 182 sediments from the Huron–Erie Corridor, North America. The median (5–95 percentile) Corridor ∑PBDE concentration was 1.03 ng/g dry wt (0.25–13.48 ng/g dry wt). Dry weight ∑PBDEs were elevated in U.S. waters of the Detroit River (US DR) and lowest in Canadian waters of Lake St. Clair (CA LSC). Sediment total organic carbon (TOC) explained some of the variation in ∑PBDEs, particularly in upstream waterbodies except for the Detroit River where local sources were apparent in the US DR and TOC-dilution occurred in CA DR. Canadian Federal Sediment Quality guidelines were exceeded at 19 stations, 14 occurring in the US DR. ∑Hazard Quotients (∑HQ) had a median (5–95 percentile) Corridor value of 0.46 (ND to 2.27). By strata, 43.2% of US DR stations had ∑HQ’s greater than 1 while 21.3% of US SCR stations exceeded a value of 1.〈/p〉
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    Sub-lethal Responses of the Polychaete Armandia agilis in Whole-sediment Toxicity Testing (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The present study assessed biochemical responses as sublethal endpoints in the polychaete 〈em〉Armandia agilis〈/em〉 exposed to contaminated sediments to in order to assess its potential use as a test organism. Sediment samples from several locations at a dredging site were obtained and used in whole-sediment exposures. Samples were tested with 〈em〉A. agilis〈/em〉 to determine the 10-day toxicity of the 100% sample and the enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biochemical measurements made in whole-body homogenates of a subset of the surviving organisms. Biochemical responses reported in 〈em〉A. agilis〈/em〉 were not statistically different from the reference site sediment, however, the integrated analysis demonstrated that contaminants bound to sediment samples influenced the sublethal effects.〈/p〉
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    Hepatic Metal and Metallothionein Levels in a Potential Sentinel Teleost, Dules auriga , from a Southeastern Brazilian Estuary (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The identification of estuarine sentinel species is of paramount importance. The potential of the species 〈em〉Dules auriga〈/em〉 sampled from Guanabara Bay, Brazil regarding metal contamination was assessed. Hepatic metallothionein (MT) and Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Ag concentrations were determined in cytosolic fractions (S50 and HT S50) by polarography and ICP-OES, respectively. HT S50 Fe, Mn and Zn were lower than in the S50 fraction, indicating MT-detoxification. MT was correlated to HT S50 Zn, indicating Zn homeostasis. Zn was negatively correlated to weight (TW) and length (TL), suggesting environmental Zn influence. A moderate negative correlation between HT S50 Cu and the condition factor (CF) was observed, indicating that increasing environmental Cu concentrations may decrease 〈em〉D. auriga〈/em〉 CF. Several inter-elemental correlations were observed. No MT, TW and TL correlations were found. Thus, MT variability is probably linked to environmental metal concentrations. 〈em〉D. auriga〈/em〉 fulfills most sentinel requisites, and MT may be an adequate metal contamination biomarker in this species.〈/p〉
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    Toxicological Assessment of Intermediates in Natural Attenuation of p -Xylene to Marine Microalgae (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The toxic effects of 〈em〉p〈/em〉-xylene, 4-methylbenzyl alcohol, 〈em〉p〈/em〉-methyl benzaldehyde, and 〈em〉p〈/em〉-toluic acid on two marine microalgae (〈em〉Phaeodactylum tricornutum〈/em〉 Bohlin, and 〈em〉Skeletonema costatum〈/em〉) were investigated. 〈em〉p〈/em〉-Xylene was the most toxic to 〈em〉Pha. tricornutum〈/em〉 with a 96 h EC〈sub〉50〈/sub〉 value of 6.76 mg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Based on the 96 h EC〈sub〉50〈/sub〉 values for two microalgae, the toxicity of the four chemicals, in descending order, was: 〈em〉p〈/em〉-xylene, 〈em〉p〈/em〉-methyl benzaldehyde, 4-methylbenzyl alcohol, then 〈em〉p〈/em〉-toluic acid. The results showed that the toxicity of the transformed products of 〈em〉p〈/em〉-xylene was lower than that of 〈em〉p〈/em〉-xylene.〈/p〉
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    Research Progress on Toxic Effects and Water Quality Criteria of Triclosan (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Triclosan (TCS) is an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is widely used in personal care products. It has been detected in different environmental media, and poses high potential ecological risk. In this article, we carried out a literature review of recent studies on the toxic effects of TCS from different aspects at the molecular, cell, tissue, organ, and individual level. TCS can exhibit acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, affect the normal expression and physiological function of enzymes and genes, and produce cytotoxicity. Many studies have demonstrated that TCS exerts significant endocrine-disrupting effects on organisms, interfering the normal physiological functions of the reproductive, thyroid, and nervous systems via related signaling pathways. Moreover, we reported current research on the water quality criteria of TCS and discuss possible future research directions.〈/p〉
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    Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) as a Sensitive Test Species: Can We Rely on Its Use After Repeated Generations, Under Laboratory Conditions? (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In ecotoxicological assays, previously selected and standardized organism tests are exposed to an environmental sample. Some species of the 〈em〉Chironomus〈/em〉 genus have been extensively used in ecotoxicological assays. Among these, 〈em〉Chironomus tentans〈/em〉 is usually utilized in the USA and 〈em〉Chironomus sancticaroli〈/em〉 in Brazil. We conducted ecotoxicological bioassays to compare a population of 〈em〉C. sancticaroli〈/em〉, kept for 6 years under laboratory conditions, with a sylvatic population of the same species, collected in the field. The aim was to test the hypothesis that populations of 〈em〉C. sancticaroli〈/em〉, maintained in the laboratory for long periods, could have a different response to stressors/substances. We analyzed the responses of 〈em〉C. sancticaroli〈/em〉 for potassium chloride, zinc chloride, potassium dichromate, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and caffeine. The results showed no significant differences between the two populations in the analyses and seems to indicate the possible use of 〈em〉C. sancticaroli〈/em〉 from populations kept in the laboratory for long periods.〈/p〉
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    Responses of Antioxidant Enzymes to Chronic Free-Air Ozone Stress in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars with Different Ozone-Sensitivities (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Free-air O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 enrichment was used to investigate the responses of different antioxidant mechanisms in different rice (〈em〉Oryza sativa〈/em〉 L.) cultivars – O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-sensitive hybrid 〈em〉indica〈/em〉 (O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-S) cultivars and O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-tolerant conventional 〈em〉japonica〈/em〉 (O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-T) cultivars across all growth stages. Elevated [O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉] induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-S cultivars, which were more pronounced in the later growing stages. In O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-S cultivars, continuous O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 stress decreased catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, while in O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-T cultivars, short-term O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 stress decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), CAT, POD and GPX activities. The same POD isozyme patterns were observed in both O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-S and O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉-T cultivars, while SOD and APX isozymes varied by cultivar. The results suggest that O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 tolerance might be improved at different rice development stages through regulating the responses of antioxidant mechanisms to O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 stress.〈/p〉
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    Are Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Sensitive to Environmental Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos Exposed to the Freshwater Crab, Zilchiopsis collastinensis (Decapoda; Trichodactylidae)? (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Global trends in pesticide use can increase aquatic pollution and affect resident fisheries. Crabs exposed to organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, may increase production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), affecting the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. 〈em〉Zichiopsis collastinensis〈/em〉 crabs were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0.1 and 0.5 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉). Effects on the oxidative stress enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione 〈em〉S〈/em〉-transferases, glutathione reductase, and on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydrogen peroxide concentrations were evaluated at four intervals during 96 h exposures. Exposures caused decreased GST activity and increased H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 levels in gills. There were modifications of GST, CAT and SOD activities in the hepatopancreas after 12 h of exposure, and an increase of H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 levels at every exposure interval observed. The present study proved that chlorpyrifos lead to oxidative stress in 〈em〉Z. collastinensis〈/em〉. However other enzymatic/non-enzymatic responses should be further investigated in order to be included as part of a battery of biomarkers, together with H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 levels, which is a parameter highly recommended to be taken into account.〈/p〉
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    Influences of Salinity and Organic Compounds on Embryo Development in Three Medaka Oryzias Congeners with Habitats Ranging from Freshwater to Marine (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉To clarify whether 〈em〉Oryzias〈/em〉 congeners, including freshwater, brackish water, and marine medaka, would be useful models for evaluating environmental chemical effects in various aquatic ecosystems, we examined the influence of salinity on their embryo development. We also compared the toxicity values of the organotin compounds triphenyltin and tributyltin, which remain pollutants of marine and freshwater ecosystems, between 〈em〉Oryzias latipes〈/em〉 (freshwater), 〈em〉Oryzias melastigma〈/em〉 (brackish water), and 〈em〉Oryzias javanicus〈/em〉 (saltwater). Hatching and survival rates of 〈em〉O. latipes〈/em〉 were significantly decreased at a salinity of 34, whereas 〈em〉O. melastigma〈/em〉 and 〈em〉O. javanicus〈/em〉 were adaptable to various salinities from freshwater to seawater. The lowest observed effect concentrations of organotin compounds for survival and embryo development were the similar in the three species. The similarity of the species’ responses to organotin compounds indicated that 〈em〉Oryzias〈/em〉 congeners are useful for ecological risk assessment of chemicals in a range of aquatic ecosystems, from freshwater to marine.〈/p〉
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    Quantitative Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination in Horse Mackerel and Whiting Caught in the Sea of Marmara (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉In this study, the concentrations of lead, cadmium and manganese were determined in horse mackerel (〈em〉Trachurus mediterraneus〈/em〉) and whiting (〈em〉Merlangius merlangus euxinus〈/em〉) that were caught in the Sea of Marmara. These are commonly consumed fish species in this region. Fish were provided by a fishermen quarterly between March 2013 and December 2013 and, separated according to size (small, medium and large). Pb(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) levels were determined using the wet digestion method by Graphite furnace atomic atomic absorption spectrophotometer. According to this study, for horse mackerel, the highest concentration of lead, cadmium, and manganese was 6.69 µg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (September), 5.24 µg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (March) and 9.24 µg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (June), respectively. For whiting, the highest concentration of lead, cadmium, and manganese was 2.25 µg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (June), 0.263 µg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (September) and 10.4 µg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 (June), respectively. These heavy metal levels in fish were found to be acceptable for human consumption according to World Health Organization border values.〈/p〉
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    Rapid Analysis of Acrylamide in Tap and Well Water Samples by Solvent Terminated Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Followed by GC–FID (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉A fast, green and low cost method for analysis of acrylamide in tap and well water has been presented for the first time using solvent terminated-dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (ST-DLLME) with a simple equipment which does not need centrifugation step followed by GC–FID. The use of one variable at a time optimization method revealed that methanol and octanone were the superior disperser and extraction solvents, respectively. A central composite design (CCD) as a response surface methodology was used for multivariate optimization of five independent factors (volumes of extraction and dispersive solvents, pH, salt addition and extraction time) on the extraction efficiency. Under CCD optimal conditions, the linear range, detection limit (S/N = 3) and quantitation limit (S/N = 10) were 0.1, 0.3 and 0.3–550 ng mL〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, respectively. In these circumstances, the recoveries for real samples (tap and well water) spiked with 0.5, 1 and 10 ng g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 were in the acceptable range (90.8%–94.1%). In comparison with other methods in the literature, the suggested ST-DLLME approach showed the best analytical performance. The presented green method has potential application as a routine method in the environmental and analytical laboratories for analysis of acrylamide in water samples.〈/p〉
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    Preliminary Assessment of Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers in Bivalve Molluscs from the Gulf of Annaba, Algeria (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this work is to assess biomarker responses to stresses caused by pollution of the marine environment in the Gulf of Annaba, using the bivalve mollusc 〈em〉Donax trunculus〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Mytilus galloprovincialis〈/em〉. Males and females were collected during the summer from site 1 considered to be far from pollution sources (SM1 and SD1), site 2 (SM2 and SD2) exposed to a mixture of contaminants, and site 3 (SM3 and SD3) receiving the untreated sewage. The whole body was used for the determination of malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and DNA damage. The MDA concentration from site 2 of both species has indicated significant augmentation. The two bivalves from S2 and S3 have recorded significant decrease of GSH level, with the highest number of Comet scores. A significant site and sex effect was measured for the level of GSH and MDA, accompanied with a significant site effect for DNA damage. The genotoxicity seems correlated with the stress biomarkers and dependent on the effluent types.〈/p〉
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    Long-Term Effects of Crude Oil Spillage on Selected Physicochemical Properties Including Heavy Metal Contents of Sandy Tropical Soil (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Crude oil spillage effects on the environment often wane with time, making late remediation of affected soils look irrelevant. Physicochemical quality of a sandy soil under 9-year-old spillage was compared with that of adjacent unaffected site in southern Nigeria. Soil bulk density and equilibrated water content were higher in affected than unaffected site, but permeability did not change. The spillage increased soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus by about 7%, 1700%, 133% and − 16%, respectively. It lowered divalent exchangeable bases/acidity but raised base saturation. It increased total petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and micronutrients/heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb), all of which were below their critical limits in soils by regulatory bodies. Soil pH, organic carbon and PHC〈sub〉t〈/sub〉 correlated positively with all five micronutrients/heavy metals; total nitrogen did so with Zn and Pb. Nine-year period may be insufficient for spillage effects in sandy soils to cease to be evident. Such effects for PHC〈sub〉t〈/sub〉 and heavy metals, however, are deemed tolerable for ecological safety.〈/p〉
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    The Kinetics of Aging and Reducing Processes of Cr(VI) in Two Soils (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉To investigate the aging process and reduction of Cr(VI) in two soils. The adsorption behavior of the soils demonstrated that the paddy soil had higher adsorption capacity for Cr(VI), but the capacity was lower for Cr(III), which contrasted the results for fluro-aquic soil. The mobilizable Cr was assessed using EDTA extraction. The results suggested that the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the aging process occurred simultaneously. A simplified kinetic model was established and the rate constants of the reduction and aging processes were obtained. The aging process and reduction of Cr(VI) were faster in the paddy soil, due to a higher adsorption capacity and stronger reducing ability, as indicated by the organic matter and amorphous Fe oxides. The Cr(III) aging was faster in the fluro-aquic soil due to the low solubility of Cr(III) at a high pH. The modeling study provides a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of Cr mobility in a complicated soil system.〈/p〉
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    Metals Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediments in the Poyang Lake, China (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The concentrations of several metals and their geochemical species in surface sediment from Poyang Lake main channel and its tributary entrance were analyzed. Results showed that the concentrations of Cu (28.1–213 mg/kg), Zn (82.6–257 mg/kg), Pb (49.8–81.4 mg/kg) and Ni (33.5–56.0 mg/kg) were higher than the background values, while Cd (0.15–0.81 mg/kg) was lower. Zn, Cu and Ni were predominately bound to residual fraction. The content of Pb in the Fe–Mn oxides fractions was considerable. And Cd had highest concentration of exchangeable and carbonate fractions. The geoaccumulation index showed that the sediments were unpolluted with Cd, moderately polluted with Pb, Zn and Ni, while moderately to heavily polluted by Cu. Principal component analysis indicated that Ni was mainly lithogenic in origin and Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were influenced by anthropogenic contamination. The concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn were above the threshold effects level (TEL) but below the probable effects level (PEL), Cd was below TEL, whereas the contents of Ni were above PEL. The potential ecological risk index showed Cu posed moderate ecological risks, Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn posed low ecological risk. The general ecological risk belonged to the high risk.〈/p〉
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    Malachite Green Induced Ultrastructural Corneal Lesions in Cyprinus carpio and Its Amelioration Using Emblica officinalis (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Malachite green, a multi-purpose dye induces cyto-toxicity upon its entry and bioaccumulation in tissues. A semi-static chronic (60 days) bioassay was conducted by exposing 〈em〉Cyprinus carpio〈/em〉 to sublethal concentration of the dye and 〈em〉Emblica officinalis〈/em〉 in four experimental groups viz control, malachite green, 〈em〉E. officinalis〈/em〉, and malachite green + 〈em〉E. officinalis〈/em〉. Effect of dye on the cornea was investigated considering ultra-structural alterations owing to its direct contact to the pollutant in the aquatic medium. SEM studies on corneal epithelium revealed broken continuity of pavement cells, shrunk microplicae, increased intra-microplicae distance, globularization and epithelial uplifting, thereby affecting the integrity of corneal surface and tear film adherence. Whereas dietary supplementation with the plant extract served to restore cytoarchitecture with appearance of large number of regenerating cells. Both lesions and restoration were found to be duration dependent. Thus, 〈em〉E. officinalis〈/em〉 can be considered as an effective ameliorant against malachite green induced toxicity.〈/p〉
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    Toxicity of Aqueous l -Selenomethionine Exposure to Early Life-Stages of the Fathead Minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Aqueous exposures to selenomethionine (SeMet), the major form of selenium (Se) in the diet, represent a rapid and simplified method for determining the embryotoxic effects of SeMet. Using fathead minnows (〈em〉Pimephales promelas〈/em〉) as a model test organism, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of waterborne exposure to elevated SeMet on embryos from fertilization to swim-up. Newly fertilized embryos were exposed for 6 days to 30, 90, 270, 810, 2430, 7290, 21,870, and 65,610 µg Se/L (as SeMet). Survival, hatchability, days to hatch, and the frequency and severity of deformities (total and type) were quantified. SeMet exposure reduced hatchability and days to hatch at concentrations ≥ 21870 µg/L. Significant decreases in survival and significant increases in the incidence and severity of deformities were observed at concentrations ≥ 810 µg/L. The results suggest that early life-stage fathead minnows are more tolerant to aqueous exposure to SeMet compared to medaka and zebrafish.〈/p〉
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    Presence and Spatial Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Groundwater of Merida City, Yucatan, Mexico (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The karstic aquifer of Yucatan features a high permeability, therefore, all contaminants placed in the soil surface, can reach it through infiltration along with the rain water. The purpose of the present study is to determine the spatial distribution of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the underground water of Merida City. Fifty wells inside the city were sampled. The sampling took place during the dry season, from October 2007 to March 2008. Liquid–liquid Hydrocarbon extraction was performed using hexane and purification was made by previously packed chromatography columns. Regarding the occurrence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) traces, 28 water samples (56%) contained residues of these compounds. The following PAHs presented the highest concentrations: benzo(a)anthracene y benzo(k)fluoranthene 13.26 and 7.88 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 respectively. Only three of the sampled wells showed levels above those allowed by EPA and WHO norms. The origin of these compounds is mainly pyrogenic.〈/p〉
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    No Effect of Polystyrene Microplastics on Foraging Activity and Survival in a Post-larvae Coral-Reef Fish, Acanthurus triostegus (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Microplastics (MP) are ubiquitous in the marine environment and have been shown to alter the behaviour of some species due to potential neurotoxic effect. However, very little is known on the effect of this stressor on behavioural responses of early and more vulnerable life stages. This study explores the effects of polystyrene MP (90 µm diameter) on the foraging activity of newly settled surgeonfish 〈em〉Acanthurus triostegus〈/em〉 and on their survival facing predators. Exposure to a high concentration of 5 MP particles per mL (5 MP mL〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) for 3, 5 and 8 days did not alter their foraging activity nor their susceptibility to predation. This suggests that short-term exposures to reportedly high MP concentrations have negligible effects on the behaviour of newly settled 〈em〉A. triostegus〈/em〉. Nevertheless, responses to MP can be highly variable, and further research is needed to determine potential ecological effects of MP on reef fish populations during early-life stages.〈/p〉
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    A Review of Studies on the Biogeochemical Behaviors of Mercury in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is a relatively large reservoir, and its water level management actions produce a widespread water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ), which has characteristics of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, an integrated overview of current knowledge on Hg behaviors in the TGR, especially the WLFZ, as well as exposure risk to local residents was presented. Hg levels in the TGR were comparable with other natural aquatic systems. WLFZ in the TGR was confirmed to be an environment favorable for Hg methylation by enhancing microbial activity, promoting sulfur cycling and increasing the level of low-molecular-weight organic matters. However, elevated fish Hg concentrations did not follow the impoundment of TGR, indicating no obvious reservoir effect, while it is still noteworthy that frequently consuming fish is likely to be a methylmercury (MeHg) exposure pathway for specific populations e.g. fishermen around the TGR.〈/p〉
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    Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Intestinal Tapeworm Proteocephalus macrophallus Infecting the Butterfly Peacock Bass ( Cichla ocellaris ), from Southeastern Brazil (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Here we evaluate the potential of heavy metal accumulation of 〈em〉Proteocephalus macrophallus〈/em〉 parasitizing the Butterfly Peacock Bass (〈em〉Cichla ocellaris〈/em〉). A total of 19 fish specimens were collected. From the hosts, samples of intestine, liver, muscle, and parasites were taken. Heavy metal concentrations (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, and Zn) were obtained using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. All analyzed elements was found in higher concentrations in the parasites comparing to its host tissues. The bioconcentration factors were higher in the intestine, varying between 5.91 (Ti) to 8.00 (Ba), followed by the muscle, 1.88 (Mg) to 6.39 (Zn), and liver, 1.67 (Al) to 2.02 (Ba). These results show that at the infection site heavy metal concentrations are reduced, since the elements are absorbed directly from the intestinal wall by the parasites. In general, 〈em〉P. macrophallus〈/em〉 presents a reasonable capacity of metal accumulation comparing to its hosts.〈/p〉
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    Investigation of Heavy Metal Levels in Blood Samples of Three Cattle Breeds in Turkey (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this study is to determine seasonal changes in the blood levels of some heavy metals in three Turkey-specific cattle breed: Native Land 〈strong〉(〈/strong〉NL), Grizzle Race (GR), and South Anatolian Red (SR). Blood samples were collected in summer and winter seasons from a total of 180 cattle aged 12–24 months. The levels of the essential (Zn, Cu, Fe, Co etc.) and non-essential (Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Pb, etc.) heavy metals were analyzed. All heavy metal levels, except that of Co, were significantly higher (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) in SR in both seasons compared to the other species. In all breeds, Fe and Co levels were statistically higher (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) in the summer season while Mn level was higher (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) in the winter season. The levels of all metals analyzed are within the internationally acceptable limits for cattle breeds.〈/p〉
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    An Investigation into the Accumulation of Air Borne Trace Metals in the Lungs of Common Myna Acridotheres tristis and Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus Captured from Urban and Semi Urban Areas of Lahore and Pattoki, Pakistan (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉With increasing urbanization and industrialization, clean air is becoming a scarce resource. During the present investigation, concentrations of metals (Pb, Ni and Zn) in the atmosphere and their subsequent deposition in the lungs of two common avian species, common myna, 〈em〉Acridotheres tristis〈/em〉 (n = 30) and bank myna, 〈em〉A. ginginianus〈/em〉 (n = 20), captured from urban areas of Lahore city and semi-urban areas of Pattoki city 80 km away from main city of Lahore were determined. The obtained results were analyzed statistically using Independent sample 〈em〉t〈/em〉 test and Pearson’s correlation. A comparison of trace metal concentrations in air of both the cities was also carried out. Statistically, significant variations were recorded for Pb (t (7) = − 4.276, 〈em〉p〈/em〉 = 0.001) while non-significant differences were observed for both Ni (t (7) = 0.049, 〈em〉p〈/em〉 = 0.962) and Zn (t (7) = 1.555, 〈em〉p〈/em〉 = 0.146).〈/p〉
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    Mineral Content in Honeybee Wax Combs as a Measurement of the Impact of Environmental Factors (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Environmental pollution from metals needs to be constantly monitored due to their predominantly negative impacts on living organisms. As apian products stored in hives are considered useful bioindicators, the objective of this study was to: (a) investigate and compare the essential and toxic metal concentrations in freshly constructed combs (light combs, LC) and old combs (dark combs, DC) in use for two to three beekeeping seasons, and (b) compare the mineral content of beeswax combs from apiaries exposed to different levels of environmental pollution using the energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence method. Concentrations of ten elements (Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Sr, Rb, Ca) were determined in 18 honeybee wax comb samples from three apiaries in continental Croatia. The results showed that the influence of comb age and/or geographical origin (representing varying levels of environmental pollution exposure) on the elemental composition of beeswax was evident for the toxic elements Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni, and for the essential elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Sr, but not Rb. In addition to monitoring the environmental element content, wax combs can be used to determine contamination levels. Additionally, in-time analysis results can enable beekeepers to adjust management practices, such as moving apiaries to better positions. They can also be useful in the creation of policies on acceptable limits for toxic metal levels in particular geographical areas.〈/p〉
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    Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in Surface Waters of the KimNguu River, Vietnam (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This research presents the assessment of contamination status, congener profiles and ecological risk of selected endocrine disrupting compounds (S-EDCs) in surface water from KimNguu River, Hanoi. Selected EDCs compose polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), phthalate esters (PAEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Water sampling and chemical analyses were carried out in collected water samples in dry season (April) and wet season (October) in 2018. Results pointed out a significant contamination with ∑〈sub〉6〈/sub〉PCBs, ∑〈sub〉6〈/sub〉PAEs and ∑〈sub〉7〈/sub〉PBDE concentrations ranging from 1.89 to 8.93 ng/L, from 2.78 to 412.27 ng/L and from 1.92 to 7.08 ng/L, respectively. Composition analyses indicated the predominance of PCB52, PCB118, DEP, DEHP, DBP, BDE-47 and BDE-99. Ecological risks of S-EDCs range from very low to medium levels in the surface water of KimNguu River.〈/p〉
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    Effects of the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Clothianidin on Southern Leopard Frog ( Rana sphenocephala ) Tadpole Behavior (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Neonicotinoid insecticides are highly water soluble with relatively long half-lives, which allows them to move into and persist in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known of the impacts of neonicotinoids on non-target vertebrates, especially at sublethal concentrations. We evaluated the effects of the neonicotinoid clothianidin on the behavior of southern leopard frog tadpoles (〈em〉Rana sphenocephala〈/em〉) after a 96-h exposure at 6 concentrations, including 0 (control), 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 µg/L. We quantified total displacement, mean velocity, maximum velocity, and time spent moving of tadpoles for 1 h post-exposure. Total displacement and mean velocity of tadpoles decreased with clothianidin exposure. Maximum velocity decreased linearly with concentration, but there was no relationship between time spent moving and clothianidin concentration. Our results suggest exposure to clothianidin at sublethal concentrations can affect movement behavior of non-target organisms such as tadpoles.〈/p〉
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    Environmental DNA: An Emerging Tool in Ecological Assessment (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Environmental DNA (eDNA), as a recent research hotspot in environmental science, the use of eDNA in biological monitoring has the advantages of sensitivity and time/labor saving. The eDNA technology combined with scientific advancement has been applied in investigations of target species (such as invasive species, endangered species and other rare species), biomass, and biodiversity. In addition, ecotoxicology studies and environmental pollution impact assessments based on the development of eDNA technology have gradually emerged in recent years. In this article, we summarizes the application of eDNA in ecological assessment, include species diversity assessment and chemical contamination impacts assessment, provide guiding questions for study design. We additionally discuss current challenges associated with eDNA. Finally, looking to the future, we discuss the opportunities of eDNA technology in environmental protein, environmental sample processor and ecogenomic sensors.〈/p〉
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    The Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in Reclaimed Water and Its Influence on Copper Toxicity (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Water samples were collected from five phases of treatment in a municipal sewage reclaimed water plant and the DOM was characterized. Results indicated that the components and properties of DOM varied notably with sequential treatments, such as the fluorescence intensity, the molecular weight and the total acidity. Meanwhile the accumulation of Cu in 〈em〉Daphnia magna〈/em〉 was analyzed following exposure to samples spiked with 50 µg/L copper, which were decreased by the presence of DOM in those water samples. Furthermore, this study found significant associations between fluorescence intensity and Cu accumulation (r〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.778, 〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05), while increased total acidity was found to enhance the unit total organic carbon-Cu accumulation (r〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.979, 〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.01). This study provides useful information on the safety and effective management of reclaimed water as a potential water resource.〈/p〉
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    Using Pb Isotope to Quantify the Effect of Various Sources on Multi-Metal Polluted soil in Guiyu (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Guiyu is known as one of the largest e-waste disposal and recycling sites in China, which suffers greatly from heavy metal pollution. By evaluating the concentrations and distribution of 21 metal elements with Principal Component Analyses (PCA), five principal components were identified, which accounted for 70.4% of the information of the initial data matrix, including one e-waste recycling source, two geological sources, one source of human activities and one ocean aerosol source. Among them, the source of human activities cannot be detailed only by PCA. By using Pb isotope, the unexplained source was judged as battery sludge. Combining 21 metallic and metalloid element datasets with Pb isotope concentrations is more accurate and effective to identify uncertain sources in soil.〈/p〉
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    Modelling Environmental Impacts of Cesium-137 Under a Hypothetical Release of Radioactive Waste (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Waste tanks at the nuclear facility located at Sellafield, UK, represent a nuclear source which could release radionuclides to the atmosphere. A model chain which combines atmospheric transport, deposition as well as riverine transport to sea has been developed to predict the riverine activity concentrations of 〈sup〉137〈/sup〉Cs. The source term was estimated to be 9 × 10〈sup〉4〈/sup〉 TBq of 〈sup〉137〈/sup〉Cs, or 1% of the assumed total 〈sup〉137〈/sup〉Cs inventory of the HAL (Highly Active Liquid) storage tanks. Air dispersion modelling predicted 〈sup〉137〈/sup〉Cs deposition reaching 127 kBq m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉 at the Vikedal catchment in Western Norway. Thus, the riverine transport model predicted that the activity concentration of 〈sup〉137〈/sup〉Cs in water at the river outlet could reach 9000 Bq m〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 in the aqueous phase and 1000 Bq kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in solid phase at peak level. The lake and river reaches showed different transport patterns due to the buffering effects caused by dilution and slowing down of water velocity.〈/p〉
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    Enzymatic and Histological Biomarkers in Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Decapoda) in an Industrial Port on the North Coast of Brazil (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this study was to evaluate enzymatic (glutathione-〈em〉S〈/em〉-transferase and catalase) and histological (branchial lesions) biomarkers in 〈em〉Ucides cordatus〈/em〉 (Crustacea, Decapoda) from an industrial port region on the north coast of Brazil. The crabs were collected in two distinct locations of the Brazilian coast: A1 = region under influence of port activities; and A2 = low-impacted area. We performed histological examination in the gills and glutathione-〈em〉S〈/em〉-transferase (GST) and catalase activity in the hepatopancreas. The most frequent and severe histological lesions were found in A1, especially rupture of pilaster cells and lamellar collapse. Catalase activity did not show a pattern capable of differentiating the two analyzed areas. On the other hand, GST activity presented a more pronounced response in the crabs of the port area (p 〈 0.05), coinciding with the most frequent branchial lesions in these same organisms. These results suggest that the species is susceptible to environmental stress, once alterations at different organizational levels were verified.〈/p〉
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    Assessing Human Health Risks Associated with Consumption of Metal Content in Shrimp from NW Mexico (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Shrimp of 〈em〉Farfantepenaeus californiensis〈/em〉 (78 groups) and 〈em〉Litopenaeus stylirostris〈/em〉 (14 groups) were caught in the northwestern fishing zones in Mexico during the 2014–2015 fishing season (September–February); both shrimp species have high commercial value. Muscle, hepatopancreas and exoskeleton were analyzed to determine their metal contents. For 〈em〉F. californiensis〈/em〉, the highest Cd, Pb and Zn contents were determined in specimens caught off the State of Baja California Sur (BCS) with 22.4 ± 8.9 (hepatopancreas), 2.83 ± 4.63 (muscle), and 748.5 ± 1567 (muscle) µg/g, in the regions off Mulegé, Los Cabos and Los Cabos, respectively. For 〈em〉L. stylirostris〈/em〉, the fishing zone of Comundú (BCS) showed higher Cd (12.3 ± 11.5 µg/g), Cu (569.1 ± 646.5 µg/g) and Zn (549.7 ± 400.7 µg/g) contents; all values were determined in the hepatopancreas. Regarding the hazard quotient and total hazard quotient calculated in this study, the consumption of marine shrimp caught off NW Mexico does not represent a risk to human health (both 〈 1).〈/p〉
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    Toxic Effects of Selected Textile Dyes on Elemental Composition, Photosynthetic Pigments, Protein Content and Growth of a Freshwater Chlorophycean Alga Chlorella vulgaris (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Toxicity of three textile dyes—Optilan yellow, Drimarene blue and Lanasyn brown, was evaluated in a green alga 〈em〉Chlorella vulgaris〈/em〉. The unialgal populations of the alga showed a concentration-dependent decrease in specific growth rate and pigments after exposure to graded concentrations of above dyes. The elemental profile (C, H, N, S) of the treated and untreated cells showed a change which was evident from a significant decrease in the quantity of elements after exposure to the dyes. The observations provide convincing evidence that the textile dyes inhibited the growth, pigment and elemental composition of the algal cells. The findings of the present investigation will contribute to gaining a better understanding of the impacts of textile dyes on ecologically important aquatic organisms.〈/p〉
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    Effect of Nano-Carbon Black Surface Modification on Toxicity to Earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) Using Filter Paper Contact and Avoidance Test (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Engineered nanomaterials (NMs) may enter the soil through various channels and pose potential harm to soil animals, especially those proactively applied for soil heavy metal remediation. Effects of nano-carbon black (CB) and surface modified carbon black (MCB) on catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in earthworms exposed on filter paper for 48 h were tested. Avoidance test was used to determine hazard of soil treated with 0.015% and 1.5% CB and MCB. Surface properties of NMs were also characterized. MCB has a significant effect on CAT activity at 70 and 1000 mg/L (1.1 and 15.7 µg/cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉), but has no impact on MDA content in earthworm. Strongly avoidance behavior of worms was also found in soil added 1.5% MCB. Negative charges and oxygen functional groups increased for MCB and its adverse effect on earthworm was higher than CB. The application of MCB in soil remediation warrants more attention.〈/p〉
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    Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induced Oxidative Stress and Changes in the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum graecum L.) (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The aim of this work was to study the toxicity of nanosheet zinc oxide nanoparticle with the size of 45 nm. The penetration of nanoparticles at an exposure by a localized spray does not make it possible to understand the mechanism of transport and bioavailability of the nanoparticles. In contrast, nanoparticles penetrated, via the roots, as a function of their diameter, the smaller ones having caused leaf stress (by translocation) at low concentrations. So that the choice of method of root application. Plants treated with 50 mg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 of ZnO-NPs presented disturbance in leaf due to changes in chlorophyll’s biosynthesis. The highest value of the photosynthetic pigments was recorded at 5 mg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 of ZnO-NPs. However, the treatment with 50 mg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 of ZnO-NPs caused a decrease in the levels of chlorophyll a and b. Moreover, ZnO-NPs leaves significantly enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities.〈/p〉
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    Effects of Passivating Agents on the Availability of Cd and Pb and Microbial Community Function in a Contaminated Acidic Soil (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉A 3-year pot experiment was carried out to investigate the efficiencies of hydroxyapatite (H), thiol-functionalized bentonite (T) and biochar (B) alone or in combination in remedying a Cd–Pb-contaminated soil. The application of passivating agents reduced the Cd and Pb mobility in acidic soil and enhanced soil microbial community function. The largest reductions in the Cd and Pb acid-soluble portions were observed under H (33.49%, 37.37%) and hydroxyapatite + thiol-functionalized bentonite + biochar (HTB, 36.70%, 37.31%), respectively. Biological analysis indicated that the AWCD (average well color development) of the B and HTB amendments was 1.42 and 1.51 times higher, respectively, than of untreated soil at 192 h. Moreover, the Shannon–Wiener, Simpson and Pielou indices were significantly increased in these two treatments relative to the values in the other amendment treatments. Therefore, combination amendments, such as HTB, which can reduce the bioavailability of both Cd and Pb and increase soil microbial activity, are recommended for practical applications.〈/p〉
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    Forty-five Years of Foam: A Retrospective on Air Sampling with Polyurethane Foam (2019)
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    A New Perspective is Required to Understand the Role of Forest Ecosystems in Global Mercury Cycle: A Review (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic heavy metal pollutants, which can be easily transmitted and enriched through the food chain, posing severe threat to human beings. Forest ecosystems are one of the most active environments for biogeochemical cycles of Hg. It is essential to research on Hg cycling in the forest ecosystem, which contributes to a comprehensive understanding of global biogeochemical cycle of Hg. However, there is still a lack of consensus on whether the forest ecosystem is a “source” or “sink” of Hg in the global Hg cycle so far. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the current state of knowledge on Hg deposition, transformation and fate in the forest ecosystem, especially the existing puzzles or issues encountered by scientists worldwide. This review highlights the complexity and uncertainties of Hg cycling in forest ecosystems. It is proposed that a new perspective is required to further understand the role of forest ecosystems in global Hg cycle based on a sufficient understanding of Hg exchange fluxes at the interface of air–soil and air–plant, Hg deposition flux through litterfall, and accurate construction of Hg mass balance system.〈/p〉
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    Heavy Metal Atmospheric Deposition Study in Moscow Region, Russia (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The air quality in north-eastern part of Moscow region was evaluated by trace metals atmospheric deposition using moss 〈em〉Pleurozium schreberi〈/em〉 as bioindicator. Thirty six elements were determined in analyzed samples by Neutron activation analysis and Atomic absorption spectrometry. Principal component analysis was used to identify and characterize different pollution sources. Maps showing the geographical distribution of the factor scores were built using ArcGis software. Median values of the elements studied were compared with data obtained for other regions in Russia. The present survey showed that industrial activity, thermal power plants and transport still have the largest anthropogenic impact on air pollution in studied region.〈/p〉
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    The Adsorption Behavior of Atrazine in Common Soils in Northeast China (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of atrazine and the effects of different environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 and biochar on the adsorption characteristics of atrazine in different types of soil using the intermittent adsorption method. The kinetic experiment showed that the adsorption of atrazine in albic, black and saline–alkaline soils reached equilibrium within 24 h. In the thermodynamics experiment, the Freundlich model effectively described the adsorption characteristics of atrazine in all three types of soil, indicating that the adsorption process forms multi-molecular layers. Lower soil pH conditions were more favorable for the absorption of atrazine. The addition of appropriate concentrations of Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 or biochar could promote the adsorption of atrazine by the soil. Biochar could promote the fixation of atrazine in soils.〈/p〉
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    Immobilization Mechanism of Nano-Hydroxyapatite on Lead in the Ryegrass Rhizosphere Soil Under Root Confinement (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The immobilization effect and mechanism of nano-hydroxyapatite(NHAP) on Pb in the ryegrass rhizosphere soil were studied by root-bag experiment. The speciation analysis results revealed that the residual Pb concentrations in the rhizosphere soil significantly increased after NHAP application. The acid-soluble and reducible Pb concentrations significantly decreased, indicating that NHAP had obviously immobilized Pb. Meanwhile, NHAP significantly promoted the secretion of tartaric acid from ryegrass roots, resulting the rhizosphere soil pH had been below that of the control group. This helped to relieve the stress of Pb on ryegrass, also promoted the dissolution of NHAP, resulting the formation of stable precipitation with more Pb ions. NHAP increased the rhizosphere soil pH by 0.03 to 0.17, which promoted the conversion of Pb to non-utilizable bioavailability. The total Pb mass balance indicated only a very small proportion Pb transferred to the shoots through ryegrass roots. The formation of pyromorphite by Pband NHAP in soil was accordingly to interpret the dominant mechanism for Pb immobilization.〈/p〉
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    Enhanced Phytoextraction for Co-contaminated Soil with Cd and Pb by Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three additives – citric acid (CA), polyaspartic acid (PASP), and FeCl〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 – on the phytoextraction efficiency of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by ryegrass (〈em〉Lolium perenne〈/em〉〈em〉L.〈/em〉) from artificially contaminated soils with different heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that as the concentration of pollutants increased, the TI (tolerance index) and BCF (bio-concentration factor) of ryegrass gradually increased only when FeCl〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 was applied. FeCl〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 also exhibited the most significant biomass enhancement and heavy metal accumulation of ryegrass, as well as the highest phytoextraction efficiency in heavily-polluted soils. The overall orders of the optimal phytoextraction efficiency for the three additives in terms of their MER (metal extraction ratio) were: FeCl〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 〉 PASP 〉 CA. Therefore, FeCl〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 can be used to improve the Cd and Pb phytoextraction efficiency of ryegrass in heavily-polluted soils.〈/p〉
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    Analysis of the microRNA Profile of Coal-Burning Endemic Fluorosis Using Deep Sequencing and Bioinformatic Approaches (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉MicroRNAs (miRNAs) differentially expressed in plasma were identified using microRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), and five miRNAs were selected for validation. Potential target genes of these five miRNAs were predicted using the miRWalk3.0 database, and the overlapping portions were analyzed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Comparison of the cases and controls revealed 127 known differentially expressed miRNAs. A total of 44 and 83 miRNAs were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Through target gene prediction of five miRNAs, we obtained 1360 target genes. GO enrichment analysis showed that the target genes of these dysregulated miRNAs were related with secretion, protein binding, and cell growth. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that pathways in cancer, calcium signaling, and rat sarcoma (Ras) signaling, etc. were likely regulated by these five miRNAs. These findings highlight the distinct expression patterns of miRNAs in coal-burning endemic fluorosis.〈/p〉
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    Comparison of Maternal and Embryonic Trace Element Concentrations in Common Thresher Shark ( Alopias vulpinus ) Muscle Tissue (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study compared the concentration of essential (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn) and nonessential (Ag, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) trace elements in the muscle tissue of a pregnant common thresher shark (〈em〉Alopias vulpinus〈/em〉) to the concentration in the three embryos. With the exception of Ag, Cd, Cr, and Ni which were below the detection limit, all other elements accumulated in the embryo muscle tissue. The Se:Hg molar ratios in the embryos averaged 9.8, indicating that Se may have a protective role against Hg toxicity during this early life stage. Maternal transfer as a source of trace elements in sharks should not be overlooked and future studies need to focus on how reproductive strategy influences this process.〈/p〉
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    Measurements and Distribution of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Mercury: A Review (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Atmospheric particulate-bound mercury (PBM) plays an important role in the geochemical cycling of mercury (Hg). This study reviewed research progress of the PBM, including the possible emission and deposition pathways, measurement methods and the global distribution. The primary PBM sources are anthropogenic sources, but natural sources could be also a considerable contributor, for instance, chemical transport and dust in the arid and desert area. Different filter methods, such as quartz fibre filters, have been applied to the PBM measurement, and PBM can also be real-time monitored automatically. Generally, the average PBM concentrations were higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. However, the PBM level of Antarctica is quite high. PBM concentrations were higher in the urban areas than in the remote areas, and there was a high PBM level in the developing countries. Moreover, high PBM concentrations were observed in the range 20°–60° of northern latitude.〈/p〉
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    Distribution of Surfactants in the Sea Surface Microlayer and Sub-surface Water in the Melaka River Estuary (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉This study determines the levels of surfactants at 12 stations located in the Melaka River Estuary. This river estuary is located within a tourism area of Melaka Historical City. The concentrations of anionic and cationic surfactants in the sea surface microlayer (SML) and sub-surface water (SSW) were determined by using two colorimetric methods, methylene blue active substances (MBASs) and disulphine blue active substances (DBASs), respectively. The results showed that cationic surfactants as DBAS (ranging between 0.19 and 0.25 μmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) dominated the concentrations of surfactants in SML. The enrichment factor (E〈em〉f〈/em〉) between MBAS and DBAS in the SML and SSW ranged between 1.0 and 2.0, and 1.0 to 1.4, respectively. There was no significant correlation (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〉 0.05) between MBAS and DBAS for both SML and SSW. Nevertheless, there were strong correlations (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05) between both MBAS and DBAS in the SML and SSW. The results showed the potential contribution of degradation processes of organic substances microorganisms in SSW towards the concentrations of surfactants in SML. Compared to previous studies, tourism-related activities may influence the concentrations of surfactants, especially DBAS, in this river estuary.〈/p〉
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    Mercury Accumulation in Millipedes ( Narceus spp.) Living Adjacent to a Southern Appalachian Mountain Stream (USA) (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Millipedes are among the most important processors of leaf litter in temperate forests. Through consumption of leaf litter, millipedes may be exposed to mercury that accumulates in leaf tissues prior to senescence. To investigate mercury uptake in millipedes, 〈em〉Narceus 〈/em〉spp. were collected from a remote site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, an area known to receive high mercury deposition. Additionally, aquatic primary consumers (larval caddisflies and stoneflies), brook trout (〈em〉Salvelinus fontinalis〈/em〉) and rainbow trout (〈em〉Oncorhynchus mykiss〈/em〉) were collected from the same site for comparisons of mercury concentrations and percent methylmercury. Bioaccumulation factors for millipedes were 18.5 and 20.2 for total and methylmercury, respectively. At this site, the mean THg concentration in millipedes was ~ 10 × greater than both brook trout and rainbow trout and ~ 200 × greater than that of aquatic primary consumers. Millipede THg concentrations ranged from 222 to 1620 ng/g ww in an area where EPA fish consumption criteria (300 ng/g MeHg in fish tissue, ww) were not exceeded. The mean percent methylmercury in millipedes was 1.4%, suggesting these animals were accumulating large quantities of inorganic mercury.〈/p〉
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    Metal Accumulation in Muscle and Liver of the Common Nase ( Chondrostoma nasus ) and Vimba Bream ( Vimba vimba ) from the Danube River, Serbia: Bioindicative Aspects (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Accumulation of 17 elements in muscle and liver of common nase and vimba bream, caught between February and May 2016 in the Danube River (1173 river kilometer), were assessed by ICP-OES. The principal component analysis grouped muscle and liver samples based on element concentrations (muscle grouped by higher Ba and Sr values, and liver grouped by higher Al, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn values), but no grouping between the two species was observed. Concentrations of Ba, Cu, Fe, and Zn were significantly higher in muscle, and concentrations of Ba, Cd, Cu, and Mn in liver of common nase, while vimba bream had significantly higher concentrations of Cr and Fe in liver. Common nase has a higher affinity for bioaccumulation of Cu, Fe, and Zn in muscle, while vimba bream has a higher affinity for Al, Cd, and Cr in muscle.〈/p〉
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    Reserve Mobilization, Membrane Damage and Solutes Leakage in Fenugreek Imbibed with Urban Treated Wastewater (2019)
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    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The study aimed to determine the impact of treated domestic wastewater on seed germination, seedling growth and reserve mobilization from Fenugreek (〈em〉Trigonella〈/em〉〈em〉foenum graecum〈/em〉 L.). Seeds were germinated by soaking in distilled water (H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O) or wastewater treated with various methods: activated sludge processes (T1), facultative lagoons treatment (T2) and dilution. Results show high levels of organic matter (OM), suspended solids (TSS) and nutrients in TWW (T2) than that of TWW (T1). The embryo length and biomass of fenugreek imbibed by TWW were higher in TWW (T2) compared with TWW (T1). There was more reduction in free amino acids and soluble sugar contents in fenugreek treated with TWW (T1) than treated by TWW (T2). Important solutes leakage is recorded by measuring electric conductivity during seed imbibition with TWW. Improving the quality of wastewater by dilution (50%) stimulated germination of seeds and the growth of the tested plant. Moreover, it significantly reduces the solutes leakage and enhanced seed metabolites accumulation.〈/p〉
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    EDTA-Assisted Metal Uptake in Raphanus sativus L. and Brassica oleracea L.: Assessment of Toxicity and Food Safety (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉A study was conducted to determine the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on phytoextraction potential of radish and cabbage. Plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, proline and phenolics were significantly affected by the accumulation of heavy metals (HM). The metal uptake potential was increased significantly by the application of EDTA. Target hazard quotient (THQ) associated with exposure of these contaminants to food chain was calculated. Agronomic interventions to increase mineral levels in crops often increases the leaf concentrations only, the mineral concentration in edible portions are not increased at desired level due to low mobility of Zn in phloem. Since the leaves of both these crops are edible and a component of staple vegetarian diet, biofortification through Zn present in soil and its solubilization and mobilization through chelators can be implemented. However in no such instance these crops should be consumed when grown on Pb contaminated soil due to associated hazards.〈/p〉
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    Effects and Removal of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine by Eichhornia crassipes : Potential Use for Phytoremediation (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a challenging threat to the health of aquatic organisms, as it frequently occurs in aquatic ecosystems. Tolerance mechanisms and accumulation of SDZ in a floating macrophyte (〈em〉Eichhornia crassipes〈/em〉) under hydroponic conditions were investigated in this study to provide more insight into the SDZ removal process. Results show that the presence of 1 mg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 SDZ decreased the quickest and ranged from 669.45 to 165.34 μg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 from days 5 to 25. Exposing 〈em〉E. crassipes〈/em〉 to SDZ ( 〈 1 mg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) maintained stable leaf photosynthetic efficiency. The overall increase in superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities with SDZ treatments indicated that leaves were resistant. SDZ was absorbed by 〈em〉E. crassipes,〈/em〉 following the sequence of root 〉 aerial parts under all treatments. These findings suggest that 〈em〉E. crassipes〈/em〉 has the ability to phytoremediation SDZ contaminated water.〈/p〉
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    Enantioselective Behavior of Chiral Difenoconazole in Apple and Field Soil (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Difenoconazole is a universal chiral fungicide which is widely used in apples. Recently, it is still employed as racemic mixtures without distinction of the enantiomers, which may lead to an incomplete risk assessment. Here, we analyzed the stereoselective degradation of difenoconazole in apple fruits and open-field soil using an HPLC–UV system. Different trends were established in various apple varieties under identical environmental conditions. No significant differences were found in its enantioselectivity of the degradation processes applied in the field soil of an apple orchard. However, preferential dissipation of (2〈em〉R〈/em〉,4〈em〉R〈/em〉)-difenoconazole and (2〈em〉R〈/em〉,4〈em〉S〈/em〉)-difenoconazole was observed in 〈em〉Hanfu〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Fuji〈/em〉 apples, resulting in the enrichment of stereoisomers of (2〈em〉S〈/em〉,4〈em〉S〈/em〉)-difenoconazole and (2〈em〉S〈/em〉,4〈em〉R〈/em〉)-difenoconazole. Meanwhile, no significant enantioselectivity was detected in 〈em〉Huahong〈/em〉 apples. The present study will provide additional information that contributes to the comprehensive evaluation of the risks posed by the application of chiral difenoconazole in agricultural production practices.〈/p〉
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    Occurrence and Ecological Impacts of Microplastics in Soil Systems: A Review (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Microplastics, as a group of emerging contaminants, are receiving growing attention. During the last decade, their occurrence and toxicity in aquatic ecosystems have been intensively studied and reviewed, but less attention has been paid on soil ecosystems. Given the importance of soil ecosystems and the call for increasing research on soil from scientific communities, it is predicted that relevant studies will boom in the following years. The present review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on microplastic pollution in soil environments. We critically summarize the source, contamination level and fate of microplastics in (industrial and arable) soils. Then, we thoroughly describe what effects have been observed on soil microbes, animals and plants, and analyze what insights we can get from available information. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled and give suggestions for future research.〈/p〉
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    Characteristics of Speciated Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion in Air and Oxygen-Enriched Environment (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Coal combustion is a dominant source of Hg in atmosphere and is believed to be responsible for increases of atmospheric Hg since industrial revolution. In this study, we compared characteristics of different Hg species emitted from combustion of different types of coal in air and oxygen-enriched environment. Total Hg emissions from coal combustion increased significantly with increase of combustion temperature and the majority of emitted Hg existed in the form of Hg〈sup〉0〈/sup〉. Total Hg emissions were 8.61 (5.38–16.48) ng/g (average and range) at 500 °C, while increased to 18.65 (6.49–40.38) ng/g at 900 °C. After burning at high temperatures, the higher percentage of reactive Hg species was observed in the flue gases, which was probably caused by promotion of Hg〈sup〉0〈/sup〉 oxidation due to the higher flue gas temperature. Compared with air environment, more Hg (3.00–17.96 ng/g higher than air at 900 °C) was remained in ashes, and the percentage of reactive Hg in flue gases increased by 193%–826% at 900 °C under O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉/CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, which is beneficial for reduction of Hg emissions from coal combustion.〈/p〉
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    Botanic Metallomics of Mercury and Selenium: Current Understanding of Mercury-Selenium Antagonism in Plant with the Traditional and Advanced Technology (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The antagonistic effect between mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) is conclusively established in animals and human beings in the past decades. However, the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between Hg and Se in plants, as well as the metabolism of Hg–Se compounds in crops are still far from being understood. The botanic metallomics of Hg and Se mainly focuses on the translocation, transformation, and metabolism of Hg and Se in the environmental and botanic systems employing metallomics methods. An adequate understanding of the biological behavior of Hg and Se in plant is beneficial for sequestration of Hg and Se in soil–plant systems with high Hg and Se contamination. It can also provide a molecular mechanistic basis for Se supplementation in Se-deficient areas. Here, the key developments in current understanding of Hg and Se interactions in plants are reviewed. The metabolism and antagonism of Hg and Se in various plants, as well as the advanced analytical methods commonly used in this field, are summarized and discussed. As suggested, plant Hg and Se uptake, metabolism, and antagonism can be taken into account for detoxification and remediation strategies for the reduction of Hg and Se in the food chain.〈/p〉
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    Surface Sorption Site and Complexation Structure of Ca 2+ at the Goethite–Water Interface: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Quantitative XANES Analysis (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The molecular-level surface complexation structure of Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 at the goethite/water interface remains unclear. We investigated the sorption of Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 on the surfaces of goethite using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and Ca 〈em〉K〈/em〉-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The XANES results showed that Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 was sequestered by goethite dominantly via sorption at pH ≤ 9, whereas the Ca(OH)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 surface precipitate formed at pH 10 for an initial Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 concentration of 2 mM. The MD simulations showed that Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 dominantly absorbed on the (100) and (110) surfaces of goethite via bidentate binuclear complexation by forming ≡(Fe-OH)〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉·5H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O species, whereas little Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 adsorbed on the (021) surface. The theoretical Ca 〈em〉K〈/em〉-edge XANES spectrum calculations gave a mean Ca-O interatomic distance of 2.34 Å (2.23–2.55 Å) and a Ca-Fe interatomic distance of 3.80 Å (3.79–3.81 Å) at goethite/water interface. Our results may shed some light on the geochemical cycling of calcium and other related cations and anions.〈/p〉
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    Effects of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Tissue Accumulation and Antioxidant Enzymes of Galleria mellonella L. (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were investigated in the midgut and fat body of 〈em〉Galleria mellonella〈/em〉. Fourth instar larvae were exposed to 10 µg Cu/L of CuO until becoming last instar larvae, and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-〈em〉s〈/em〉-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and metal accumulation were evaluated. Copper accumulation was observed in midgut and fat body tissues of 〈em〉G. mellonella〈/em〉 larvae exposed to CuO NPs. CuO NPs increased CAT activities in midgut and fat body, while SOD activities were decreased. CuO NPs exhibited significant increases in GST activity in fat body, while no significant differences were observed in the midgut of 〈em〉G. mellonella〈/em〉 larvae. AChE activity significantly decreased in the midgut of 〈em〉G. mellonella〈/em〉 whereas there is no significant effect on fat body in CuO NPs exposed larvae. In overall, these findings demonstrate that tissue accumulation and oxidative stress that is countered by antioxidant enzymes occur when 〈em〉G. mellonella〈/em〉 larvae exposed to environmental concentration of CuO nanoparticles.〈/p〉
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    Trace Elements in the Feathers of Waterfowl from Nanhaizi Wetland, Baotou, China (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The trace element concentrations (Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe) of feathers from Ferruginous duck (〈em〉Aythya nyroca〈/em〉), Gadwall (〈em〉Anas strepera〈/em〉), and Green-winged Teal (〈em〉Anas crecca〈/em〉) from Nanhaizi Wetland, China were measured. (1) There were significant differences in the concentrations of the Cr, Ni, and Pb among the waterfowl species. The concentrations of Cr and Ni in Gadwall feathers and Pb in Green-winged Teal feathers were higher than the concentrations of Cr, Ni and Pb in Ferruginous duck. (2) The Pb concentrations in the feathers of four Green-winged Teals and one Ferruginous duck, Cr concentrations in the feathers of Gadwalls (geomean 5.33 µg g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 dry weight) and Green-winged Teals (geomean 4.55 µg g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 dry weight) exceeded the thresholds at which they pose a threat to bird health (i.e., Pb 〉 4 µg g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, Cr 〉 2.8 µg g〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉). (3) The Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn concentrations of feathers were within the normal ranges reported for most waterfowl.〈/p〉
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    Parasites and Metals in Walleye ( Sander vitreus ) and Northern Pike ( Esox lucius ) from Boreal Montreal Lake (Saskatchewan, Canada): Assessment of Human Health Risks (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Industrial activities conducted in Northern Canada have raised concerns among Indigenous communities regarding wildlife contamination and potential consequences for human health. Therefore, an investigation on the chemical (metals/metalloids) and biological (parasite) burden of adult walleye (〈em〉Sander〈/em〉〈em〉vitreus〈/em〉) and northern pike (〈em〉Esox〈/em〉〈em〉lucius〈/em〉) from Montreal Lake, Saskatchewan, was conducted to assess health risks related to fish consumption. Dissection revealed that both fishes displayed typical parasite communities, with 〈em〉Eubothrium〈/em〉 sp. (Cestoda) and 〈em〉Raphidascaris〈/em〉〈em〉acus〈/em〉 (Nematoda) occurring the most frequently. None of the identified parasite species were infectious to humans. Concentrations of most inorganic contaminants in fish muscle were low and both walleye and pike can be considered healthy components of a balanced diet. However, due to slightly elevated mercury concentrations, excessive daily consumption of these fishes is not recommended, as mercury exposure over time may lead to adverse health effects.〈/p〉
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    Determination of the Leaching Potential and Residues Activity of Imidazolinone Herbicide in Clearfield Rice Soil Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The residual activity of herbicides may be detrimental to the environment, requiring analysis of the persistent residues in the soil and water. A field study was conducted to measure the residues of Imidazolinone (IMI) in three Clearfield® rice field soils at three different locations in Malaysia. The analyses of IMI in the soil samples were carried out using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These herbicides are widely used; however, few studies have been conducted on both residues, especially in the context of Malaysian soil. Residues of imazapic and imazapyr were found to fall within 0.03–0.58 µg/mL and 0.03–1.96 µg/mL, respectively, in three locations. IMI herbicides are persistent in the soil, and their residues remain for up to 85 days after application. A pre-harvest study was suggested for these herbicides on water, which will provide a clearer indicator on the use of IMI in Clearfield® rice fields.〈/p〉
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    Species-Specific ( Hyalella azteca and Lymnea stagnalis ) Dietary Accumulation of Gold Nano-particles Associated with Periphyton (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Ecological effects of gold nano-particles (AuNP) are examined due to growing use in consumer and industrial materials. This study investigated uptake and movement of AuNPs through an aquatic food chain. Simple (single-species) and diverse (multi-species) periphyton communities were exposed to AuNP (0, 100, 500 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 treatments). AuNP quickly aggregated and precipitated from the water column, suggesting it is an insignificant route of AuNP exposure even at elevated concentrations. Gold was measured in 100 and 500 µg L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 periphyton treatments. Gold accumulation was similar between periphyton treatments, suggesting physical processes were important for AuNP basal accumulation. 〈em〉Hyalella azteca〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Lymnea stagnalis〈/em〉 whole body tissue analysis indicated gold accumulation may be attributed to different feeding mechanisms, general versus selective grazing, respectively. Results suggest trophic transfer of AuNP is organism specific and aggregation properties of AuNP are important when considering fate of nano-particles in the environment and movement through aquatic food webs.〈/p〉
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    Effects of Farming Activities on the Biogeochemistry of Mercury in Rice–Paddy Soil Systems (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉The biogeochemistry of mercury (Hg) in rice-paddy soil systems raises concerns, given that (1) the redox potential in paddy soil favors Hg methylation and (2) rice plants have a strong ability to accumulate methylmercury (MeHg), making rice an important source for MeHg exposure to humans. Therefore, all factors affecting the behavior of Hg in rice-paddy soils might impact Hg accumulation in rice, with its subsequent potential risks. As a typical wetland, paddy soils are managed by humans and affected by anthropogenic activities, such as agronomic measures, which would impact soil properties and thus Hg biogeochemistry. In this paper, we reviewed recent advances in the effects of farming activities including water management, fertilizer application and rotation on Hg biogeochemistry, trying to elucidate the factors controlling Hg behavior and thus the ecological risks in rice-paddy soil systems. This review might provide new thoughts on Hg remediation and suggest avenues for further studies.〈/p〉
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    Silver Nanoparticles Induced Cell Apoptosis, Membrane Damage of Azotobacter vinelandii and Nitrosomonas europaea via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is widely used as an antibacterial agent, but the specific antibacterial mechanism is still conflicting. This study aimed to investigate the size dependent inhibition of AgNPs and the relationship between inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS). 〈em〉Azotobacter〈/em〉〈em〉vinelandii〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Nitrosomonas〈/em〉〈em〉europaea〈/em〉 were exposed to AgNPs with different particles size (10 nm and 50 nm). The ROS production was measured and the results showed that the generation of ROS related to the particle size and concentrations of AgNPs. At 10 mg/L of 10 nm Ag particles, the apoptosis rate of 〈em〉A. vinelandii〈/em〉 and 〈em〉N. europaea〈/em〉 were 20.23% and 1.87% respectively. Additionally, the necrosis rate of 〈em〉A. vinelandii〈/em〉 and 〈em〉N. europaea〈/em〉 reached to 15.20% and 42.20% respectively. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy images also indicated that AgNPs caused severely bacterial cell membrane damage. Together these data suggested that the toxicity of AgNPs depends on its particle size and overproduction of ROS.〈/p〉
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    Nitrogen Metabolism in Acorus calamus L. Leaves Induced Changes in Response to Microcystin–LR at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈h3〉Abstract〈/h3〉 〈p〉〈em〉Acorus calamus〈/em〉 L., a semiaquatic plant with a high capacity to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted water, is a potential candidate plant for use in the restoration of eutrophic aquatic ecosystems. However, it is not clear how microcystins (MCs), commonly found in eutrophic water, influence plant growth since the effects of MCs are likely to be dose and species dependent. The present study aimed to investigate the regulation of nitrogen metabolism, a key metabolic process related to plant growth, in the leaves of 〈em〉A. calamus〈/em〉 L. exposed to microcystin–leucine-arginine (MC–LR) (1.0–29.8 µg/L). Nitrate (NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉) uptake, assimilation and transformation was stimulated in the leaves of 〈em〉A. calamus〈/em〉 L. when exposed to 1.0 µg/L MC–LR through the elevation of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity. Conversely, MC–LR inhibited nitrogen metabolism by decreasing NO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉−〈/sup〉 uptake and the activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism following exposure to MC–LR (9.9–29.8 µg/L) for 30 days, while, ammonium nitrogen (NH〈sub〉4〈/sub〉〈sup〉+〈/sup〉) content and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity increased significantly (〈em〉p〈/em〉 〈 0.05, LSD test), when compared with the control group. Chronic exposure to MC–LR (9.9–29.8 µg/L) negatively influenced nitrogen metabolism in 〈em〉A. calamus〈/em〉 L. leaves, which suggested that it may not be a suitable candidate species for use in the restoration of eutrophic aquatic ecosystems containing MC–LR at concentrations ≥ 9.9 µg/L.〈/p〉
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    Effect of Nano-Carbon Black Surface Modification on Toxicity to Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) Using Filter Paper Contact and Avoidance Test (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-22
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    Effects of Passivating Agents on the Availability of Cd and Pb and Microbial Community Function in a Contaminated Acidic Soil (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-21
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    A Review of Studies on the Biogeochemical Behaviors of Mercury in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-11
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    Intraspecific Genetic Variation for Lead-Induced Changes in Reproductive Strategies (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-22
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    Reserve Mobilization, Membrane Damage and Solutes Leakage in Fenugreek Imbibed with Urban Treated Wastewater (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
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    Growth Responses and Accumulation Characteristics of Three Ornamentals Under Copper and Lead Contamination in a Hydroponic-Culture Experiment (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-08
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    The Impact of Sublethal Concentrations of Treated Leachate on Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-15
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    Responses of Nonprotein Thiols to Stress of Vanadium and Mercury in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
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